Ekonomi Mikro Semester 1

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    2

    Thinking Like anEconomist  Premium

     PowerPointSlides by

     Ron

     N. Gregory Mankiw

    EconomicsPrinciples of 

    Sixth Edition

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    2

    In this chapter,

    look for the answers to these questions:

    •  Apakah dua peran ekonom? Apa bedanya?

    •  Apa yg dimaksud dengan model? Bagaimanaekonom menggunakannya?

    •  Apa saja elemen dari the Circular-Flow Diagram?Ilustrasinya?

    • Bagaimana hubungan antara the Production

    Possibilities Frontier  dengan opportunity cost ?

    •  Apa perbedaan antara microeconomics denganmacroeconomics? Antara positive dg normative?

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    The Economist as Scientist

    Ekonom memainkan dua peran:1. Scientists: menjelaskan situasi dunia/the

    world 

    2. Policy adisors: memperbaiki perekonomian

    Pada peran pertama! ekonom meman"aatkan

    the scientific method ! yg netral terhadap per#

    kembagan dan menguji (testing $ teori tentang

    bagaimana kejadiannya %the world works$&

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    !

    Assumptions & Models

     Asumsi dapat menyederhanakan kejadian ygrumit! sehingga lebih mudah di"ahami&

    'ontoh: untuk mempelajari perdagangan

    internasional! diasumsikan hanya ada dua

    negara dengan dua barang& (emang tidak

    realistis! tetapi mudah dipelajari dan dapat

    mencerminkan inti permasalahan yang dihadapi&

    Model:  gambaran sangat sederhana bagi reali#tas yg lebih kompleks& Ekonom menggunakan

    model) utk mempelajari berbagai isu ekonomi&

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    "

    Some Familiar Models

     A road map

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    #

    Some Familiar Models

     A model o" human

    anatomy "rom highschool biology class

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    $

    Some Familiar Models

     A model airplane

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    %

    Some Familiar Models

    *he model teeth at the

    dentist+s o""ice Don’t forgetto floss! 

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    &

    Our First Model:

    The Circular-Flow Diagram

    *he Circular-Flow Diagram: model isual ttgekonomi! yg menunjukkan perputaran uang

    melalui pasar di antara para pelaku ekonomi!

    perusahaan dan rumah tangga&

    ,ua jenis -actors.:

    umah tangga

    Perusahaan

    ,ua pasar: Pasar barang 0 jasa

    Pasar "aktor produksi

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    ''

    F!"#$E %: The Circular-Flow Diagram

    Households:

    12n the "actors o" production!sell/rent them to "irms "or income

    Buy and consume goods 0 serices

    3ouseholds4irms

    Firms:

    Buy/hire "actors o" production!

    use them to produce goods

    and serices

    Sell goods 0 serices

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    '2

    F!"#$E %: The Circular-Flow Diagram

    (arkets "or4actors o"

    Production

    3ouseholds4irms

      Income5ages! rent!pro"it

    4actors o"production

    6abor! land!capital

      Spending

    7 0 Sbought

    7 0 Ssold

    eenue(arkets "or

    7oods 0Serices

    '2

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    '

    Our Second Model:

    The roduction ossiilities Frontier

    *he Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF:gra"ik yg menunjukkan kombinasi dua barang yg

    mungkin diproduksi di suatu negara %perekono#

    mian$ dengan meman"aatkan sumberdaya dan

    teknologi yg tersedia 'ontoh:

    ,ua barang: komputer dan gandum

    Sumberdaya: tenaga kerja %diukur dlm jam$ Perekonomian memiliki 89!999 labor hours per

    month yg tersedia untuk berproduksi&

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    F E'ample (emproduksi satu komputer perlu 99 hours labor &

    (emproduksi ton gandum perlu 9 hours labor &

    8!9999

    ;!99999

    )!899)89

    !999;99

    89!9999

    ;9!9999!999

    )8!999)8!999

    9!999;9!999

    9899989!999

    E

    ,

    '

    B

     A

    5heat'omputers5heat'omputers

    ProductionEmployment o"

    labor hours

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    Point

    on

    graph

    Production

    'om#puters

    5heat

     A 899 9B ;99 !999

    ' )89 )!899

    , 99 ;!999

    E 9 8!999 !

    "

    C

    D

    #

    F E'ample

    '"

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    '#

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % oints o( the F

    !. ,i gambar! cari titik yg mencerminkan produksi99 komputer0

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    '$

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % Answers

    *itik F:99 komputer!

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    '%

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % Answers

    *itik $:

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    '&

    The F: )hat )e *now So Far

    *itik) pada PP4 %misalnya !  #$ mungkin

    e"isien: semua sumberdaya telah diman"aatkan

    sepenuhnya

    *itik titik di ba2ah PP4 %misalnya F$ mungkin

    tak e"isien: beberapa sumberdaya tak terman#

    "aatkan %misalnya! ada pengangguran dan mesin

     juga menganggur$

    *itik#titik di atas PP4 %misalnya $$

    *ak mungkin diproduksi

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    2(

    The F and Opportunit+ Cost

    Ingat: *he opportunit% cost dari item yg perludikorbankan untuk memperoleh barang yg diinginkan&

    Bergerak sepanjang PP4! berarti juga mengge#ser

    sumberdaya %misal buruh$ dari untuk produksi barang

    yg satu ke barang yg lain& (asyarakat menghadapi tradeoff : mendapatkan

    barang tertentu lebih banyak! berarti mengorbankan

    barang yang lain&

    Slope PP4 menunjukkan opportunity cost  barang

    tertentu diukur dari barang yg lain&

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    2'

    The F and Opportunit+ Cost

    Slope suatu titik @

    -rise oer the run!.

    the amount the line

    rises 2hen you

    moe to the right by

    one unit&

     999

    99slope @ @ 9

    =adi! opportunity

    cost satukomputer adalah

    9 ton gandum&

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    22

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G , F and Opportunit+ Cost

    In 2hich country is the opportunity cost o" cloth lo2er?

    F$ACE E".AD

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    2

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G , Answers

    #ngland! because its PP4 is not as steep as 4rance+s&

    F$ACE E".AD

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    2!

    Economic "rowth and the F

    Penambahan sum#berdaya atau pe#

    ningkatan tehnologi!

    negara dapat mem#

    produksi lebih ba#

    nyak komputer dan

    atau gandum!

    dengan berbagai

    alternati" kombinasi&

    Economicgro2th shi"ts

    the PP4

    out2ard&

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    2"

    The Shape of the F

    PP4 dapat berupa garis lurus atau lengkung/ bow-shaped 

    *ergantung pada opportunity cost yg terjadi saat

    pergeseran sumberdaya dari industri satu ke yg

    lain& alau opp& cost tak berubah! maka PP4 berupa

    garis lurus %pada contoh yl! opp& cost komputer

    selalu9 ton gandum$

    alau opp& cost barang tertentu naik ketika

    diproduksi lebih banyak! PP4nya akan lengkung/

    bow-shaped &

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    2#

    )h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped

    Mountain

    "i&es

          "     e     e     r

    alau terjadipergesaran

    produksi dari bir ke

    sepeda gunung:

    PP4 menjadi

    semakin tajam

    opp& cost sepeda

    gunung naik

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    2$

    )h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped

    Pada titik !! sebagi#an besar buruh

    memproduksi bir!

    2alaupun lebih baik

    memproduksisepeda gunung&

    =adi! tak harus

    mengorbankan

    produksi bir banyakuntuk mendapatkan

    sepeda lebih banyak&

    !

    Mountain

    "i&es

          "     e     e     r

     At !! opp& cost o"mtn bikes is lo2&

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    2%

    )h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped

    Pada titik "! seba#gianbesar buruh mempro#

    duksi sepeda& Buruh

    yg memproduksi bir

    adl yg terbaik utk itu&(emproduksi lebih

    banyak sepeda perlu

    menggeser buruh

    penghasil bir terbaik

    tsb dari pabrik bir! ygakan memerosotkan

    produksi bir&

    "

    Mountain

    "i&es

          "     e     e     r

     At "! opp& costo" mtn bikes

    is high&

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    2&

    )h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped

     Akibatnya! PP4 akan melengkung kalau buruhyg berbeda memiliki kompetensi berbeda! juga

    terdapat perbedaan opportunity costs untuk

    memproduksi barang tertentu diukur dengann

    barang lain& PP4 juga akan melengkung kalau ada sumber

    daya lain atau campuran sumber daya yg

    disertai opportunity cost yg berariasi/beragam&

    %(isal: tanah yg berbeda baik untuk tanaman yg

    berbeda pula$&

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    (

    The F: A Summar+

    PP4 menunjukkan semua kombinasi dua barangyg mungkin diprodksi di suatu negara! dengan

    sumberdaya dan teknologi yg tersedia&

    PP4 mencerminkan konsep tradeoff  dan oppor-

    tunity cost ! e"isiensi dan ine"isiensi! pengang#

    guran! dan pertumbuhan ekonomi&

     A bow-shaped PPF  menggambarkan konsep

    increasing opportunity cost &

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    '

    Microeconomics and Macroeconomics

    Microeconomics' studi tenteng bagaimana ru#mah tangga 0 perusahaan mengambil keputus#

    an dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi di pasar&

    Macroeconomics' studi ekonomi dlm arti luas!

    a&l in"lasi! pengangguran! dan pertumbuhanekonomi&

    edua cabang ilmu ekonomi ini saling terkait

    erat! 2alaupun memang dapat dibedakan&

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    2

    The Economist as olic+ Ad0isor

    Sebagai ilmu2an! ekonom membuat positie

    statements! yg bertujuan untuk menjelaskan situasi&

    Sebagai penasehat ekonomi! ekonom membuat

    normatie statements! yg bertujuan untuk merumus#

    kan mengenai apa yg harus dilakukan/yg diinginkan&

    Positive statements dapat didiskusikan! diterima atau

    ditolak! sedangkan normative statements, tidak bisa&

    Pemerintah mempekerjakan banyak ekonom sebagai

    analis/penasehat ekonomi! sehingga pemerintah/presiden laimnya memiliki sta"/penasihat ekonomi

    %Council of conomic Advisors!&

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    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 !dentif+ing positi0e 0s2 normati0e

    (ana di antara pernyataan ini yg termasuk - positive.dan mana yg -normative.? Apa bedanya?

    a. 3arga) naik kalau Pemerintah meningkatkan

    uang beredar&b. Pemerintah harus mencetak uang lebih sedikit&

    c. Pemotongan pajak diperlukan untuk

    menstimulasi perekonomian&d. enaikan harga burritos akan menyebabkan

    kenaikan permintaan terhadap music

    downloads&© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, ecept !or use as

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    !

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers

    a. 3arga) naik kalau pemerintah meningkatkanuang beredar&

    Positive " men#elaskan hubungan sebab-akibat,

    dapat memanfaatkan data untuk menyetu#ui ataumenolak$

    b. Pemerintah harus mengurangi pencetakan uang&

    %ormative " merupakan value #udgment, takdapat dikonfirmasi atau pun ditolak$

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    "

    A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers

    c. Pemotongan pajak diperlukan untuk menstimulasiperekonomian&

    %ormative "value #udgment$

    d. enaikan harga burritos akan menyebabkan

    kenaikan permintaan konsumen terhadap music

    do2nloads&

    Positive " men#elaskan hubungan sebab akibat$Perlu dicatat, bahwa pernyataan ini tidak harus

    benar$$

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    #

    )h+ Economists Disagree

    Economists o"ten gie con"licting policy adice& *hey sometimes disagree about the alidity o"

    alternatie positie theories about the 2orld&

    *hey may hae di""erent alues and! there"ore!di""erent normatie ie2s about 2hat policy

    should try to accomplish&

    Cet! there are many propositions about 2hich

    most economists agree&

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    $

    ropositions aout )hich MostEconomists Agree 3and 4 who agree5

     A ceiling on rents reduces the Duantity and Dualityo" housing aailable& %

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    %

    ropositions aout )hich MostEconomists Agree 3and 4 agreeing5

    *he gap bet2een Social Security "unds and

    ependitures 2ill become unsustainably large

    2ithin the net "i"ty years i" current policies remain

    unchanged& %H8F$

     A large "ederal budget de"icit has an aderse e""ect onthe economy& %H

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    &

    F6!: )ho Studies Economics7 onald eagan! President o" the Gnited States

    Barbara Boer! G&S& Senator

    Sandra ,ay#1+'onnor! 4ormer Supreme 'ourt =ustice

     Anthony Kinni! 4ormer 7eneral! G&S& (arine 'orps

    o"i Annan! 4ormer Secretary 7eneral! Gnited Lations

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    Stee Ballmer! 'hie" Eecutie 1""icer! (icroso"t

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  • 8/19/2019 Ekonomi Mikro Semester 1

    40/40

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    • As scientists! economists try to eplain the 2orld

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    • *2o simple models are the 'ircular#4lo2 ,iagramand the Production Possibilities 4rontier&

    • (icroeconomics studies the behaior o"consumers and "irms! and their interactions in

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    •  As policy adisers! economists o""er adice on ho2to improe the 2orld&