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2
Thinking Like anEconomist Premium
PowerPointSlides by
Ron
N. Gregory Mankiw
EconomicsPrinciples of
Sixth Edition
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2
In this chapter,
look for the answers to these questions:
• Apakah dua peran ekonom? Apa bedanya?
• Apa yg dimaksud dengan model? Bagaimanaekonom menggunakannya?
• Apa saja elemen dari the Circular-Flow Diagram?Ilustrasinya?
• Bagaimana hubungan antara the Production
Possibilities Frontier dengan opportunity cost ?
• Apa perbedaan antara microeconomics denganmacroeconomics? Antara positive dg normative?
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The Economist as Scientist
Ekonom memainkan dua peran:1. Scientists: menjelaskan situasi dunia/the
world
2. Policy adisors: memperbaiki perekonomian
Pada peran pertama! ekonom meman"aatkan
the scientific method ! yg netral terhadap per#
kembagan dan menguji (testing $ teori tentang
bagaimana kejadiannya %the world works$&
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!
Assumptions & Models
Asumsi dapat menyederhanakan kejadian ygrumit! sehingga lebih mudah di"ahami&
'ontoh: untuk mempelajari perdagangan
internasional! diasumsikan hanya ada dua
negara dengan dua barang& (emang tidak
realistis! tetapi mudah dipelajari dan dapat
mencerminkan inti permasalahan yang dihadapi&
Model: gambaran sangat sederhana bagi reali#tas yg lebih kompleks& Ekonom menggunakan
model) utk mempelajari berbagai isu ekonomi&
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"
Some Familiar Models
A road map
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#
Some Familiar Models
A model o" human
anatomy "rom highschool biology class
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$
Some Familiar Models
A model airplane
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%
Some Familiar Models
*he model teeth at the
dentist+s o""ice Don’t forgetto floss!
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&
Our First Model:
The Circular-Flow Diagram
*he Circular-Flow Diagram: model isual ttgekonomi! yg menunjukkan perputaran uang
melalui pasar di antara para pelaku ekonomi!
perusahaan dan rumah tangga&
,ua jenis -actors.:
umah tangga
Perusahaan
,ua pasar: Pasar barang 0 jasa
Pasar "aktor produksi
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''
F!"#$E %: The Circular-Flow Diagram
Households:
12n the "actors o" production!sell/rent them to "irms "or income
Buy and consume goods 0 serices
3ouseholds4irms
Firms:
Buy/hire "actors o" production!
use them to produce goods
and serices
Sell goods 0 serices
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'2
F!"#$E %: The Circular-Flow Diagram
(arkets "or4actors o"
Production
3ouseholds4irms
Income5ages! rent!pro"it
4actors o"production
6abor! land!capital
Spending
7 0 Sbought
7 0 Ssold
eenue(arkets "or
7oods 0Serices
'2
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'
Our Second Model:
The roduction ossiilities Frontier
*he Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF:gra"ik yg menunjukkan kombinasi dua barang yg
mungkin diproduksi di suatu negara %perekono#
mian$ dengan meman"aatkan sumberdaya dan
teknologi yg tersedia 'ontoh:
,ua barang: komputer dan gandum
Sumberdaya: tenaga kerja %diukur dlm jam$ Perekonomian memiliki 89!999 labor hours per
month yg tersedia untuk berproduksi&
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F E'ample (emproduksi satu komputer perlu 99 hours labor &
(emproduksi ton gandum perlu 9 hours labor &
8!9999
;!99999
)!899)89
!999;99
89!9999
;9!9999!999
)8!999)8!999
9!999;9!999
9899989!999
E
,
'
B
A
5heat'omputers5heat'omputers
ProductionEmployment o"
labor hours
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Point
on
graph
Production
'om#puters
5heat
A 899 9B ;99 !999
' )89 )!899
, 99 ;!999
E 9 8!999 !
"
C
D
#
F E'ample
'"
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'#
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % oints o( the F
!. ,i gambar! cari titik yg mencerminkan produksi99 komputer0
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'$
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % Answers
*itik F:99 komputer!
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'%
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G % Answers
*itik $:
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'&
The F: )hat )e *now So Far
*itik) pada PP4 %misalnya ! #$ mungkin
e"isien: semua sumberdaya telah diman"aatkan
sepenuhnya
*itik titik di ba2ah PP4 %misalnya F$ mungkin
tak e"isien: beberapa sumberdaya tak terman#
"aatkan %misalnya! ada pengangguran dan mesin
juga menganggur$
*itik#titik di atas PP4 %misalnya $$
*ak mungkin diproduksi
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2(
The F and Opportunit+ Cost
Ingat: *he opportunit% cost dari item yg perludikorbankan untuk memperoleh barang yg diinginkan&
Bergerak sepanjang PP4! berarti juga mengge#ser
sumberdaya %misal buruh$ dari untuk produksi barang
yg satu ke barang yg lain& (asyarakat menghadapi tradeoff : mendapatkan
barang tertentu lebih banyak! berarti mengorbankan
barang yang lain&
Slope PP4 menunjukkan opportunity cost barang
tertentu diukur dari barang yg lain&
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2'
The F and Opportunit+ Cost
Slope suatu titik @
-rise oer the run!.
the amount the line
rises 2hen you
moe to the right by
one unit&
999
99slope @ @ 9
=adi! opportunity
cost satukomputer adalah
9 ton gandum&
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22
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G , F and Opportunit+ Cost
In 2hich country is the opportunity cost o" cloth lo2er?
F$ACE E".AD
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2
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G , Answers
#ngland! because its PP4 is not as steep as 4rance+s&
F$ACE E".AD
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2!
Economic "rowth and the F
Penambahan sum#berdaya atau pe#
ningkatan tehnologi!
negara dapat mem#
produksi lebih ba#
nyak komputer dan
atau gandum!
dengan berbagai
alternati" kombinasi&
Economicgro2th shi"ts
the PP4
out2ard&
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2"
The Shape of the F
PP4 dapat berupa garis lurus atau lengkung/ bow-shaped
*ergantung pada opportunity cost yg terjadi saat
pergeseran sumberdaya dari industri satu ke yg
lain& alau opp& cost tak berubah! maka PP4 berupa
garis lurus %pada contoh yl! opp& cost komputer
selalu9 ton gandum$
alau opp& cost barang tertentu naik ketika
diproduksi lebih banyak! PP4nya akan lengkung/
bow-shaped &
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2#
)h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped
Mountain
"i&es
" e e r
alau terjadipergesaran
produksi dari bir ke
sepeda gunung:
PP4 menjadi
semakin tajam
opp& cost sepeda
gunung naik
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2$
)h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped
Pada titik !! sebagi#an besar buruh
memproduksi bir!
2alaupun lebih baik
memproduksisepeda gunung&
=adi! tak harus
mengorbankan
produksi bir banyakuntuk mendapatkan
sepeda lebih banyak&
!
Mountain
"i&es
" e e r
At !! opp& cost o"mtn bikes is lo2&
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2%
)h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped
Pada titik "! seba#gianbesar buruh mempro#
duksi sepeda& Buruh
yg memproduksi bir
adl yg terbaik utk itu&(emproduksi lebih
banyak sepeda perlu
menggeser buruh
penghasil bir terbaik
tsb dari pabrik bir! ygakan memerosotkan
produksi bir&
"
Mountain
"i&es
" e e r
At "! opp& costo" mtn bikes
is high&
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2&
)h+ the F Might /e /ow-Shaped
Akibatnya! PP4 akan melengkung kalau buruhyg berbeda memiliki kompetensi berbeda! juga
terdapat perbedaan opportunity costs untuk
memproduksi barang tertentu diukur dengann
barang lain& PP4 juga akan melengkung kalau ada sumber
daya lain atau campuran sumber daya yg
disertai opportunity cost yg berariasi/beragam&
%(isal: tanah yg berbeda baik untuk tanaman yg
berbeda pula$&
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(
The F: A Summar+
PP4 menunjukkan semua kombinasi dua barangyg mungkin diprodksi di suatu negara! dengan
sumberdaya dan teknologi yg tersedia&
PP4 mencerminkan konsep tradeoff dan oppor-
tunity cost ! e"isiensi dan ine"isiensi! pengang#
guran! dan pertumbuhan ekonomi&
A bow-shaped PPF menggambarkan konsep
increasing opportunity cost &
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'
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics' studi tenteng bagaimana ru#mah tangga 0 perusahaan mengambil keputus#
an dan bagaimana mereka berinteraksi di pasar&
Macroeconomics' studi ekonomi dlm arti luas!
a&l in"lasi! pengangguran! dan pertumbuhanekonomi&
edua cabang ilmu ekonomi ini saling terkait
erat! 2alaupun memang dapat dibedakan&
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2
The Economist as olic+ Ad0isor
Sebagai ilmu2an! ekonom membuat positie
statements! yg bertujuan untuk menjelaskan situasi&
Sebagai penasehat ekonomi! ekonom membuat
normatie statements! yg bertujuan untuk merumus#
kan mengenai apa yg harus dilakukan/yg diinginkan&
Positive statements dapat didiskusikan! diterima atau
ditolak! sedangkan normative statements, tidak bisa&
Pemerintah mempekerjakan banyak ekonom sebagai
analis/penasehat ekonomi! sehingga pemerintah/presiden laimnya memiliki sta"/penasihat ekonomi
%Council of conomic Advisors!&
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A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 !dentif+ing positi0e 0s2 normati0e
(ana di antara pernyataan ini yg termasuk - positive.dan mana yg -normative.? Apa bedanya?
a. 3arga) naik kalau Pemerintah meningkatkan
uang beredar&b. Pemerintah harus mencetak uang lebih sedikit&
c. Pemotongan pajak diperlukan untuk
menstimulasi perekonomian&d. enaikan harga burritos akan menyebabkan
kenaikan permintaan terhadap music
downloads&© 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, ecept !or use as
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!
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers
a. 3arga) naik kalau pemerintah meningkatkanuang beredar&
Positive " men#elaskan hubungan sebab-akibat,
dapat memanfaatkan data untuk menyetu#ui ataumenolak$
b. Pemerintah harus mengurangi pencetakan uang&
%ormative " merupakan value #udgment, takdapat dikonfirmasi atau pun ditolak$
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"
A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers
c. Pemotongan pajak diperlukan untuk menstimulasiperekonomian&
%ormative "value #udgment$
d. enaikan harga burritos akan menyebabkan
kenaikan permintaan konsumen terhadap music
do2nloads&
Positive " men#elaskan hubungan sebab akibat$Perlu dicatat, bahwa pernyataan ini tidak harus
benar$$
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#
)h+ Economists Disagree
Economists o"ten gie con"licting policy adice& *hey sometimes disagree about the alidity o"
alternatie positie theories about the 2orld&
*hey may hae di""erent alues and! there"ore!di""erent normatie ie2s about 2hat policy
should try to accomplish&
Cet! there are many propositions about 2hich
most economists agree&
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$
ropositions aout )hich MostEconomists Agree 3and 4 who agree5
A ceiling on rents reduces the Duantity and Dualityo" housing aailable& %
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%
ropositions aout )hich MostEconomists Agree 3and 4 agreeing5
*he gap bet2een Social Security "unds and
ependitures 2ill become unsustainably large
2ithin the net "i"ty years i" current policies remain
unchanged& %H8F$
A large "ederal budget de"icit has an aderse e""ect onthe economy& %H
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&
F6!: )ho Studies Economics7 onald eagan! President o" the Gnited States
Barbara Boer! G&S& Senator
Sandra ,ay#1+'onnor! 4ormer Supreme 'ourt =ustice
Anthony Kinni! 4ormer 7eneral! G&S& (arine 'orps
o"i Annan! 4ormer Secretary 7eneral! Gnited Lations
(eg 5itman! 'hie" Eecutie 1""icer! eBay
Stee Ballmer! 'hie" Eecutie 1""icer! (icroso"t
Arnold Sch2arenegger! 4ormer 7o& o" 'ali"ornia! Actor
Ben Stein! Political Speech2riter! Actor! 7ame Sho2 3ost
(ick =agger! Singer "or the olling Stones
=ohn El2ay! L46 Muarterback
*iger 5oods! 7ol"er
,iane on 4urstenburg! 4ashion ,esigner &
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!(
) * M M ! + ,
• As scientists! economists try to eplain the 2orld
using models 2ith appropriate assumptions&
• *2o simple models are the 'ircular#4lo2 ,iagramand the Production Possibilities 4rontier&
• (icroeconomics studies the behaior o"consumers and "irms! and their interactions in
markets& (acroeconomics studies the economy
as a 2hole&
• As policy adisers! economists o""er adice on ho2to improe the 2orld&