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7/25/2019 El Color en Los Centros Históricos
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/el-color-en-los-centros-historicos 1/14
ba @ulgìk
ak
<?>0. Tcrtlblpro
keopli
akelilbl
ak ai
so
fic
PP .
XOELXBC •
GCXLIAU
Gltarolias y Raekcicfçl
Ofiasol ba @ulgìk. Tcrtlbl rastlurlbl eck pcioercgçl bai sofic P^OOO ~
hlmc
ics
akel
i
lbcs
ecktagpcrìkacs.
AI ECICX AK ICU
EAKRXCU @OURCXOECU
lprcxogleoõk gatcbciõfoel
plrl su astuboc y
bolfkõstoec
ktrcbueeoõk
l prasakta ecktrohueoõk prat
akba
axpckar
lifukls
eckso
barl-
eockas tïekoels, `ostõroels, atkc-`ostõroels y atkcfrìnoels, aktra
ctrls,
qua
pargotlk aktakbar li ecicr y l ils pcioercgç
ls
baecrlto
vls
c iotýrfoels, ecgc plrta ba
ukl
ukoblb c iakfulma lrquotaetõko
ec
ecgc ai aiagaktc apobïrgoec qua kc sõic axprasl ukl nukeoõk
ba prctaeeoõk, sokc nukblgaktligakta pcr sar uk nletcr batargo-
klkta ak ai trltlgoaktc nokli ba ils suparnoeoas lrquotaetõkoels y lýk
a ils parspaetovls urhlkls.
Ak prokeopoc
trltlragcs
ba
hcsquamlr
lifukcs
batliias
ba crbak
tïe-
koec
, pcr
ecksobarlr
qua eckstotuyak ai glrec
prchiagl
ak
tcrkc
li
ics ctrcs lspaetcs.
Baha
lbvartorsa qua ai baseckceogoaktc
vlicras
oktrçksaecs
bai
ecicr
fakarl
uk
usc okecrraetc
ba ïsta
y
u okavotlhia lhusc, eulkbc sa ecknofurl ecgc
ukl
gcbl ogpuislbl
00
LXJOKJL
pcr suhmatovoblbas . Astl sotuleoõk kcs iiavl l ukl nlisonoeleoõk
er
crRtl-
toel
qua
eral ecknusoõk ak
il iaeturl
ba il
ukoblb lrquotaetõkoel
y
ba
prcpocEaktrc @ostõroec,ak tlktc
as
il sugl ba vlrols ïpcels yastoics
Astls
lpraeoleockas huselk
ukl hlsa sõiobl ak ils aseilraeabcrls
ranarakeols
qua `agcs chtakobc ak
ics
lre`ovcs
ostõroecs ba Ri i.imj
ak ils
slhrcsls
baseropeockas ba erckostls ecickolias y
volmarcs
bae;
gckõkoecs y, guy
aspaeoligakta
,ak ils
lýk vofaktas taekcicfçls
eastrlias bai ecgc poktlr
ils
elslsº.
Tcr ýitogc, ic raiavlkta bai trlhlmc yqua ecksobarlgcs
as
ai pu ii
tc gabuilr ba
asta lpcrta= il
prcspaeeoõk, ai lkìiosos y ai bolfkõsto
ec ba ils
suparnoeoas lrquotaetõkoels. Ak
asta
ýitogc elpçtuic trltl-
ragcs ba sar chmatovcs y eckeratcs ak il oktarpcileoõk ba ics bltcs.
tlral
qua aktakbagcs sarì ecgpiaml pcr il bovarsoblb ba ils
ra
na-
rakeols hohiocfrìnoels a okncrgleoõk okïbotl qua glkamlgcs.
KQGAXC > 2 GL GLX]C 844
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ba
Ulk Xlnlai, Gcklstaroc Ai Elrgak ba Rrumoiic. Ai
agplpailbc
bai
sofic
ics
gurlias
kaceiìsoecs
bai
sofic
POP.
@argotl ba Ulk Xlnlai, Gcklstaroc
Ai
Elrgak
ba Rrumoiic.
Lspaetc
nokli bai
prceasc rastlurlbcr.
ECICX _
RAEKCICFOL=
basiokbas
eckeaptulias
Qk progar lspaetc l bastlelr as
il
klturliazl bai ecicr y sus raileoc
kas eck il lrquotaeturl, ak prokeo
poc @lytak <?60=
1
, ia raeckcea il
gosgl nukeoõk qua toaka plrl ai lr
ta poetõroec, lukqua praeosl qua su
«letuleoõk vl gue`c gìs liiì pcr
qua su
nok
as aspaeçnoelgakta
ltrletovc y baecrltovc, y) puaba
sarvor plrl nlvcraear, bastlelr, boso
guilr y lýk ceuitlr, plrl eralr ukl
saksleoõk axeotlkta c trlkquoil, pl
rl sofkonoelr tagparlturls, tlglüc,
prcnukboblb c pascº. Iuafc lülba,
«as uk glfc qua trlksncrgl, litarl
y ic aghaiiaea tcbc c qua, eulkbc
as gli utoiozlbc, puaba trlstcrklr,
baslecrblr y `lstl lkuilr il haiil
eulioblb ba ics gltarolias gìs ro
ecsº. Traeoslgakta, ai baseckceo
goaktc y usc lrhotrlroc ba ics ecic
ras kcs `l iiavlbc l bancrglr ai el
rìetar y elioblbas bai bosaüc ak
ics
iQGAXC
> 2 IOGL
GLX]C
844<
abonoeocs y parspaetovls urhlkls.
Qk safukbc lspaetc l boseutor
as il nukeoõk bai ecicr ak ai iakful
ma lrquotaetõkoec, ecgc
as
qua ai
vciugak y ai aspleoc bapakbak ak
frlk gabobl ba eõgc sa lrtoeuil ai
ecicr ak elbl ukc
ba
sus aiagak
tcs
c ecgpckaktas, y ecgc ïsta
bapakba ba il taxturl ba ils supar
noeoas qua euhra ecgc ukl poai ils
astrueturls, yl sal eck ukl oktak
eoõk baecrltovl c uk vlicr rotuli-io
týrfoec, astc ýitogc banokobc pcr uk
ecktaxtc obaciõfoec qua sa axpra
sl l trlvïs ba il oeckcfrlnçl, tli ec
gc sueaba ak il lrquotaeturl slerl
ba ics Gce`a Gcrlias <??0= 8<< .
L bonarakeol ba asta ecktaxtc, il lr
quotaeturl `osplkc-lkbokl usl ai
ecicr eck uk erotaroc baecrltovc y ai
lrta gurli ecgc uk okstrugaktc ba
eltaquasos y lghoaktleoõk, eaüobc
l kcrgls aeiasoìstoels.
Ak
ukc y ctrc elsc, Mcjoi`atc
<?01=<) suhrlyl ukl obal hìsoel
raspaetc li ecgpcrtlgoaktc nçsoec
gaeìkoec ba astls suparnoeoas=
99Tloktab
surnleas lra t`a plrt cn l
huoibokf w`oe` os gcst alsoiy axpc
sab
tc
baely t`rcuf` klturli
lfakts lkb walt`arokf,
cr
t`rcuf`
t`a letock cn glk. R`os `ls cntak
haak railtab tc
oeckceilsg lkb t`a
bastruetock
cn
oglfas
cn
t`a plst
ncr syghcioe ralscks. Ecktokucus
cvarploktokfs
tc
raplor blglfa
lkb
tc
gaat t`a e`lkfas ok nls`ock
`lva lisc ecktr ohutab tc t`a boslp
palrlkea
cn
ragloks
cn
alrioar il
yarsº. Chvolgakta, astl basnofurl
eoõk ncrgli fakarl eoartl ecknu
soõk y letotub ecktrlrol l ics oktara
sas ba su ecksarvleoõk, gìs lýk
eulkbc ils suparpcsoeockas poetõ
roels y ai gli astlbc ba astls bavl
iýlk su elrìetar piìstoec.
CICX _
TCIOEXCGOL=
lifukcs lpuktas
plrl su ` stcrol
lkìiosos
ak
il
lrquo¶
taeturl
trumoiilkl
Xaeckstruor
il
`ostcrol bai ecicr
LXJOKJL
« i astuboc ai
ecicr sa `lea
kaeaslroc
p r
ecgprakbar i
ukob b ai `aeiw
lrquotaetõkoecº
Ofkleoc Lrluml
?
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....
.....
....
..
..
..,
gtt
t
.. . .
..... ,.
.... ..,. ; . . ,
< . ........
, .• ,.,. ;...
.
Elsl
Xapuhioelkl. Rrumoiic. Ai elcs ercgìtoec bosturhl
ai
crkltc ba
ics
eaktrcs `ostõroecs
y
roboeuiozl li
gckugaktc
lrquotaetõkoec.
Il
litarleoõk a
vciýgakas y
nle`lbls
ba
ics
gckugaktcs
`ostõroecs
sa
leak
týl eck ai
okecrraetc
usc
bai
ecicr y
ba il
prcplflkbl
ecgareoli.
ak il lrquotaeturl ba Rrumoiic, pcr
eotlr uk elsc, as ukl tlral gls c
gakcs sakeoiil, ak tlktc ralioea
gcs uk trlhlmc oktarboseopioklroc
qua kcs iiava l il varblb bai ae`c
lrquotaetõkoec l trlvïs ba tcbls
ils ïpcels. Tcr amagpic, l il iuz
ba
ils okvastofleockas `ostõroels, ho
hiocfrìnoels y prcspaeeockas gu
rlias, pcbagcs lnorglr qua ics
prokeoplias abonoeocs ba ics bcs ýi
togcs tareocs bai sofic POP, nuarck
baecrlbcs li ogparoc ba il gcbl
kaceiìsoel. Eulkbc `lhilgcs ba
ics abonoeocs gìs ogpcrtlktas, kcs
ranarogcs okbostoktlgakta l ils
eckstrueeockas vorraoklias ragc
baMlbls, y l ils rapuhioelkls
eckstruobls basba sus eogoaktcs,
aktra <024 y <004. Kc baha plslr
oklbvartobl il sotuleoõk ba hcklk
zl qua ltrlvaslhl il sceoablb
erociil ba ics iturrafuo, Crhafcsc,
Flkczl, Elickfa y Qrquolfl, aktra
ctrcs, baspuïs ba `lhar eckscio
blbc su pcsoeoõk pciçtoel y aeckõ
goel, ic euli sa raniaml ak
sus
sc
hrols y glfkçnoels glksockas.
Asta ecktaxtc urhlkc as basero
tc pcr E`lrias Voakar (<?04=?6),
ecgc
ukl eoublb rafuilr, scsafl
bl, ba ukl nosckcgçl qua raeuarbl
il Ablb Gabol.
a
plsl
pcr
lifu
kls eliias hcrbalbls ba gurcs
akcrgas sok vaktlkls= sck gurcs
ba eckvaktcs: il eliia prokeopli y il
pilzl sck
guy
asplücils eck sus
elsls ba tae`cs pilkcs, sus hliec
kas-varlkbls y su slktotc ak uk ko
e`c li ilbc ba il puartl c aktra ils
vaktlkls. Il gabol klrlkml pa-
quaül eýpuil) ba ukl ofiasol, ai
nrcktõk ba ukl elpoiil y il eruz ba
uk crltcroc lutcrozlbc, blk l
ils
eliias soiuatls leeobaktlbls . Tcs
tarocrgakta lülba uk bltc ba okta
rïs plrl kuastrc astuboc, «klbl
gìs baioeocsc qua uk plsac pcr
Rrumoiic ukl `crl lktas bai celsc.
Ils elsls hlmls, ics frlkbas eck
vaktcs, ils ofiasols pciçercgls,
sck ba uk lspaetc schraecfabcr
••
(ai aktraecgoiilbc
as
kuastrc).
Chvolgakta, il baecrleoõk gu-
rli mufõ uk plpai tlk ogpcrtlkta
qua iilgõ il ltakeoõk ba asta leu
eocsc
volmarc nrlkeïs, ak il euli
bastlel il gcbl ba ogotlr pilk
e`ls c ake`lpas ba gìrgci ak bo
varsls tcklioblbas= rcmcs, lzuias,
KQGA
XC >2 / I
GL GLX]
C 844 <
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varbas, lglroiics, parc soagpra
eck ics mlspas y vatls bai gltaroli
crofokli, y qua ba lifukl glkarl
obaktonoel ils pranarakeols bai Kac-
n
iìsoec pcr asta gltaroli. Li nokli,
l saücroli lrquotaeturl eovoi rapu
hioelkl sa euhra eck
uk
aiagaktc
qua ia as ecksustlkeoli, ncrglkbc
uk pltrõk y ukoblb astoiçstoec-erc
gìtoel, qua
pcr
ofuli sa rapota ls-
tl aktrlbcs lücs bai sofic
PP
, ak
eoublbas ecgc Rrumoiic, Eliilc, Tc
tcsç
y Iogl. @ly qua lbvartor qua
astl baecrleoõk as raeurrakta, ak
il frlk y gabolkl lrquotaeturl,
gìs kc lsç ak il gcbastl vovoakbl
bai puahic. Chvolgakta, ai nletcr
aeckõgoec
as
batargoklkta.
Ak asta lecpoc ba bltcs, raec
fagcs ukl sokfuilr ranarakeol ba
Uquoar <?62=6<), eulkbc li ranaror
sa l il elsl bai aktckeas pranaetc,
`cy eckceobl ecgc Tlileoc iturra
fuo, glkonoastl= «as uk vlstc abono
eoc ba bcs litcs poscs, qua bcgokl
l tcbls ils bagìs elsls ba il eou
blb. As ba astoic otliolkc gcbarkc
guy crklbc y astì eckstru obc lira
babcr ba uk pltoc eaktrli, eck ec
rrabcras scstakobcs pcr eciugkls
ak elbl posc. Li nokli bai pltoc sa
`l cgotobc ai safukbc posc y ceu
pl su iuflr ukl eciugkltl. Uu nokl
ioblb ecksosta ak hrokblr gamcr
vaktoileoõk. Lukqua pcr kaeasoblb
`l sobc abonoelbl ak su glycr plr
ta eck ics gltarolias crboklrocs ba
eckstrueeoõk bai plçs, ïstcs `lk
sobc agpialbcs li gìxogc euobl
bc
y sa ics `l astuelbc y poktlbc
li nrasec l ogotleoõk bai gìrgci.
Ak eckmuktc, vostc basba ai axtarocr
c basba ai pltoc, eckstotuya uk abo
noeoc ogpcrtlkta, y su oktarocr, pcr
su bospcsoeoõk, baecrleoõk, lrquo
taeturl y gchoiolroc, lrgckozl eck
su axtarocr suktucsc y mustonoel,
prchlhiagakta, il bostokeoõk qua
fakarligakta sa ia ecknoara ba sar
il gamcr rasobakeol provlbl ba Uu
blgïroel.º ai aktraecgoiilbc as
kuastrc). @agcs pranarobc astl
lgpiol eotl boraetl plrl blr ukl
obal gìs eilrl y ba progarl nuakta,
schra ic qua ecksobarlgcs ukl
ba
ils progarls frlkbas eckstrueeoc
kas eovoias bai Rrumoiic Xapuhioelkc.
Qk elsc plraeobc as ofuligak
ta ranarobc pcr ai volmarc liagìk,
Gobbakbcrn <?65= t << 812), eulk-
KQGAXC > 2 IO
G
G X]C 844<
Elsl
ba il Aglkeopleoõk , Rrumoiic. Lelhlbc nokli baspuïs ba il rastlurleoõk
<?6?-04). Ai
lzui lüoi ecktrlstl
eck ai hilkec ba ils vaktlkls.
Elsl ba il Aglkeopleoõk, Rrumoiic. Ai elghoc pcr ai cera lglroiic y ics zõelics varbas
glrelk
uk
ecktrlsaktobc `ostõroec y ïekoec. Ics zõelics kc sa poktlrck ba varba
ak
il lktofùablb.
iil• 2tMvl,Ecicghol Il ukoblb ercgìtoel y ls
elioblbas
ba ics
glfkooo ç`apleics urhlkcs
sck kctcrocs.
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Rrokoblb,
Euhl.
Ai
oklprcpolbc usc bai
ecicr basgaraea
il
elioblb
bai ploslma
urhlkc sus
ecgpckaktas.
?8
bc sa cspabõ ak ai voamc @ctai Otl
iol
l
uk ecstlbc ba il Elsl bai Gl
roseli, schra il quoktl eulbrl bai mo
rõk Crhafcsc). Xanoara qua ai bua
üc, uk otliolkc, «`lhçl lbcrklbc su
elsl ba leuarbc eck su fustc lr
tçstoec y `lhçl rakbobc `cgaklma l
ils parscklioblbas ba il `ostcrol
lktoful y gcbarkl qua gìs lbgo
rlhl. Ak ils plrabas ba uk ecrra
bcr oktarocr, ak tcrkc l uk paquaüc
pltoc sa vaçlk pokturls ba `ïrcas
ba tcbcs ics toagpcs Lkçhli y Aseo-
LXJOKJL
p<ck , lrglbcs ecgc elhliiarcs
liaglkas, @ïreuias iue`lkbc eck
ai iaõk, ai frupc ba Ilc Jcck, Eok
eokltc, Muioc Eïslr eck ukl ilrfl
hlrhl, Eciõk raprasaktlkbc ecgc
plma eck ukl hlrhoiil y nokligakta
bcs ratrltcs ba Klpciaõkº. Li raec
rrar ils ruokls ba asta okguahia,
anaetovlgakta, akecktrlgcs ras
tcs lpakls vosohias ba
ic
baserotc,
parc ak ai sliõk prokeopli uhoel
gcs liafcrçls y ils nofurls lfrosl
bls ba Lpcic y ils gusls, uk voamc
aseubc kleockli ba il ïpcel y qua
ilgaktlhiagakta nuarck bastruo
bls. Ics gurcs kc baecrlbcs eck
astl tagìtoel, prasaktlhlk ai tçpo
ec gurli li tagpia ak pilke`ls ba
gìrgci ba tckcs rcmcs. Tcr ic sa
ülilbc, pcbagcs lnorglr qua il el
rakeol ba uk gltaroli ecgc ai gìr
gci, tlk elrletarçstoec ak il lrquo
taeturl kaceiìsoel aurcpal, as su
piobl eck ukl frlk bcsos ba okfa
koc y saktobc anaetostl ak ai ìral
lkbokl.
L`crl hoak, astl baecrleoõk kc
nua
axeiusovoblb ba ils elsls: tlg
hoïk sa axtakboõ l il lrquotaeturl
raiofocsl ak Rrumoiic. ^algcs: ak na
hrarc ba <068 sa anaetulrck lifu
kls ranleeockas ak il ofiasol bcgo
koel LLR/Nìhroel ba Ofiasols: LL-
6.80), aktra ils chrls raliozlbls ra
fostrlgcs ai poktlbc ba il hõvabl
ba il klva prokeopli ak ogotleoõk ba
gìrgci hilkec, lsç ecgc ils poils
trls y ics pabastlias. Ai glycrbc
gc ba
il
Ofiasol, Ecrckai Eiagakta
Xçcs, raecgoakbl uslr «hlstlkta
ecilº, ic euli kcs okboel qua il ba
ecrleoõk gurli sa amaeutõ ak il
tïekoel bai tagpia y kc li õiac, ec
gc plraea sar ic gìs nraeuakta ak
astl ïpcel.
L astc bahagcs lülbor il rana
rakeol frìnoel ba uk ioakzc qua ra-
fostrl il Tilzl ba Glycr ba Rrumoiic
y su Eltabrli, pokturl li õiac ba nor
gl oiafohia, nae`lbc ak <061 y prc
poablb bai Br. Iuos Tokoi ics Ls`tck.
Il
Eltabrli astì tctligakta glr
gcilbl ak tckcs rcmcs y lzuias.
Astl avobakeol ecgpiagaktl c ra
nuarzl ic baserotc
pcr
Voakar,
Uquoar y Gobbakbcrn. Uok aghlrfc,
li okoeolr il rastlurleoõk oktafrli ba
astl ofiasol eck
Muioc
Koklktly
Trcyaetc noklkeolbc pcr ai Hlkec
Eaktrli ba Xasarvl,
<?06-?4),
bas
euhrogcs qua tcbc ai oktarocr astu
vc baecrlbc eck ai tçpoec gurli
glrgcialbc li õiac, ak tckc cera
lglroiic eilrc y eck mlspas
ak
gl
rrõk, fros y kafrc.
Ak tcrkc l
ic
axpuastc, eraa
gcs qua as kaeaslroc ravoslr lifu
kls cpokockas ecgc ils qua ncr
guilk Ecrral y ba Gasl
<?01=>0),
raspaetc l qua ai «kaceiìsoec trlmc
ecksofc ai fustc pcr ics ecicras
aktarcs y nuartas, prcbueobcs l
plrtor ba toarrls y ecicrlktas kltu-
KQGAXC
>2 /
IOGL GL
X]C 8 <
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rlias ba il rafoõk. Tlrl ils nle`l¶
bls y ils plrabas ba pltocs y ctrcs
plrlgaktcs sa uslrck ics ecicras
rcmc-liglfra, lglroiic-crcpogoakta
y lzui-lüoi.
Ak
ils gciburls ba nro
scs y ctrcs aiagaktcs sa usõ
ai
hilkec l il eli c hilkec ba Aspl
ülº,
ak
pìrrlnc lplrta lülbak, «Ai
aeiaetoeosgc trlmc ecksofc ai fustc
pcr ai ecicr fros pcr uk ilbc y pcr
ctrc ics glrgcilbcs prcvakoaktas
ba il ogotleoõk ba gltarolias roecs
ak il pokturl y agpiaõ ak il glba
rl ai ecicr ba il kcfliokl c glrrõk
cseurc, qua sa aksaücraõ ak tcbl
il progarl gotlb bai sofic PP ba il
ecstl parulklº.
Ak prokeopoc, astlgcs ba leuar
bc
eck
ai
usc ba astl pliatl ba ec
icras proglrocs ak il lrquotaeturl
baeogckõkoel. Uok aghlrfc, `l
hrçl qua scpaslr ics rasuitlbcs ba
ils prcspaeeockas gurlias y sus
astrltofrlnçls, amaeutlbls ak bovar
scs abonoeocs ba Rrumoiic y
ai
Eliilc,
l nok ba astlhiaear ukl saeuakeol
ecrraetl.
Ba
`ae`c ils axpicrleoc
kas avobakeolk ai usc ba astcs ec
icras ak lubleas tcklioblbas, sok
aghlrfc, `ly bcs batliias qua bos
eutor plrl banokor ics ecrrailtcs. Tro
garc, ai glrgcilbc as lktarocr li
usc ba ics ranarobcs ecicras y
kc
uk lpcrta bai Aeiaetoeosgc, qua ak
anaetc raeurra l ics frosas c pic
gcs baspuïs ba ics pcioercglbcs,
ak ukl ïpcel qua iilglgcs ai
«Rrumoiic Frosº y qua sa axtoakba
`lstl
ai
progar tareoc bai sofic
PP.
Uafukbc, uk batliia qua garaea
glycr prcnukboblb
ak ai
lkìiosos,
as ai supuastc usc bai hilkec plrl
ils ecrkosls y gciburls, ecgc aia
gaktc ecktrlstlkta bai rcmc, lglro
iic crcpogoakta c lzui lüoi ba ics
gurcs. Ics astubocs astrltofrìno
ecs raliozlbcs ak ai Eliilc y Rrumo
iic axpraslk lifc bonarakta, ics ec
icras rcmc, lglroiic y lzui euhrak
pcr ofuli gurcs, gciburls y ecrko
sls ak ukl scil glke`l. Qk batl
iia lboeockli kc trltlbc sa raileoc
kl li ecicr ba ics zõelics y qua lr
hotrlrolgakta sa `l fakarliozlbc
ak uk «varba patrõiac•• qua mlgìs
sa `l uslbc, burlkta tcbl
il
ïpcel
ecickoli nua okvlrolhiagakta poktl
bc ak cera rcmc, ak il Xapýhioel sa
glktoaka y litarkl astl trlboeockli
ecstughra eck uk tckc fros cseu-
KQGA
XC >
2
IOGL G X]C 844 <
rc y `lstl kafrc, plrl sueughor tc
bcs lkta ai tckc elchl bai sofic PP
(Gcrlias <??8=
2)
.
Tlrl lhukblr ak batliias schra
ai usc okboserogoklbc ba astcs ec
icras y ics ecktrlstas eck gcibu¶
rls y aspaeoligakta ecrkosls pok
tlbls ba hilkec, kcs ragotogcs l
ils axpicrleockas anaetulbls ak
ics eilustrcs ba ics nrlkeoselkcs,
elrgaiotls y ak ils Elsls bai Gl-
ycrlzfc ba Nleliì y ba il Aglkeo
pleoõk, ak Rrumoiic. Ak tcbls aiils
lpraeolgcs ai poktlbc fakarli ba
gurcs y ecrkosls, ba rcsels y lr
e`ovcitls ba ics lrecs, ogpcstls y
poilstrls eck ai oktaksc lzui lüoi.
Lifc sogoilr `agcs chsarvlbc ak
ai Eliilc eck ai cera lglroiic qua
tlktc bosfustlrl l Uquoar (<?62).
Ak
ai ìkogc ba lgpiolr il boseu
soõk schra
ai
prchiagl bai ecicr y
sus eckkctleockas `ostõroels y
tïekoels, ravoslgcs ctrls prc
puastls ba oktarïs plrl il pciïgo
el . Ulibçls y ]upìk (<?60) kcs
cnraeak uk lgpioc y batliilbc trl
hlmc ba okvastofleoõk schra «Ai Il-
posiìzuio ak il Lrquotaeturl ^orray
kl y Xapuhioelklº, qua sa okoeol
eck il okvastofleoõk ba il pcioerc
gçl bai eilustrc ba Ulk Lfustçk ba
Iogl.
Ak
aiil obaktonoelk uk «ecicr
lzui eilrc, qua li sar lkliozlbc quç
goelgakta boc ecgc rasuitlbc=
Lzui Qitrlglrº (ohçbag= <85). Tcs
tarocrgakta eckeiuyak= «Astl ok
vastofleoõk raliozlbl ak ai ilpsc
ba eultrc lücs, ak uk huak kýga
rc ba eckstrueeockas raiofocsls, eo
voias y goiotlras, kcs `l ctcrflbc
rasuitlbcs raligakta okscspae`l
bcs, pcrqua sa `l pcbobc ecgprc
hlr il utoiozleoõk bai ilposiìzuio ak
tcbcs astcs topcs ba eckstrueeoc
kas, tlktc ak
il
baecrleoõk ba okta
rocras ecgc
ak
ics gurcs axtaroc
ras:
ak
lifukcs elscs sa akeuak
trlk pcioercgçls eck vlrols elpls
sueasovls c litarklbls ba ilposiì
zuio, puboïkbcsa bataetlr su usc
basba ai sofic P^OO `lstl ai sofic
POPº (ohçbag=
<86).
Uok aghlrfc, astcs okvastofl
bcras raeckceak ak uk prokeopoc
qua, pcr lhukblktas ranarakeols
`ostõroels qua eotlk ak su trlhlmc,
ai lzui lüoi nua uk ecicr uslbc rao
tarlblgakta ak il pokturl ba ils
eckstrueeockas ak
ai
Tarý vorraokl
y rapuhioelkc. Ai lsuktc as qua su
astuboc raliozlbcs
ak
Iogl, Rrumo
iic, Lraquopl y Eusec, ias pargota
iiaflr l ukl eckeiusoõk okscspa
e`lbl pcr ils prcpcreockas y bas
prcpcreockas qua chsarvlgcs
basba ukl sogpia iõfoel, pcr ils
lpraeolhias bonarakeols aktra ils
ìrals ba suparnoeoas poktlbls y il
elktoblb ecgc bospckohoioblb ba
asta gltaroli ba litc ecstc, qua sa
raquoroõ ak
su
gcgaktc. Lbagìs
`lhrçl qua suhrlylr il bonarakeol
axostakta aktra uk ecicr astlhia y
rasostakta ecgc ai ilposiìzuio, nrak
ta l il nrlfoioblb ba uk ecicr crfìko
ec y ba nìeoi baecicrleoõk ecgc
ai
lzui lüoi. Astc ýitogc as uk ecgýk
bakcgoklbcr
ak
tcbls ils suparno
eoas poktlbls eck lzui lüoi qua `a
gcs trlhlmlbc.
Tuas hoak,
kc
pcbagcs avotlr
XJOKJ
Eliilc. il
tufurozleoõk , ai gli
astlbc ba
ecksarvleoõk ai
bascrbak ercgìtoec
ak
ils voamls
elsls
rapuhioelkls
basgaraeak ils
elioblbas
urhlkls bai
Eaktrc @ostõroec
.
?
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Elickfa,
Il elioblb
bai
bosaüc
as
pcr ai
lzui
ai
hilkec ba il
ba
ramls ba
nuarck
ai
plrl
ics
y ai plk
ba
plrl
ics noarrcs
?2
ukl glycr axpioeleoõk schra ai
lzui lüoi y ai usc ba gltarolias ic
elias. Tlrl aiic raeurrogcs li prc
nukbc astuboc ba Xuhoc Uìke`az
<?6>=
88>)
ak su chrl
«Ai
Lzui Lüoi
c Poquoiotaº, ak il euli kcs cnraea
ukl oktaraslkta y ecgpiatl okncr
gleoõk schra asta prcbuetc vafa
tli, qua «basba <>81 akelhazõ il
iostl ba lrtçeuics axpcrtlhias ba
Eaktrc Lgïroelº.
Ak
ctrc leìpota
saülil qua ai gcvogoaktc ecgar
eoli aktra Eaktrc Lgïroel y ai Tarý,
tuvc qua sar kcrglbc pcr
Xali Eï-
buil bai
80
ba glrzc ba <>84,
ga-
bolkta il euli sa eckeabçl pargosc
l bcs hlrecs prceabaktas ba kuas
trc plçs, pcr ai parçcbc ba uk lüc,
plrl qua lbquoarlk «ics prcbuetcs
ba il toarrlº pcr uk gcktc gìxogc
ba 844,444 pascs, eck il eartazl ba
qua astlhl prc`ohobc iiavlr vokc,
soakbc ïsta ai lktaeabakta ba pcs
tarocras rastroeeockas ecgareolias.
Huakl plrta ba astl sugl arl bas
toklbl l il ecgprl ba astl «toktlº,
qua
tlghoïk sa eckceçl
ecgc
«pcivcs lzuiasº y qua pcr lülbo
burl suforoõ ai kcghra ba hlrroc ba
hcbafls bckba ics vakbçlk, ak ils
okgaboleockas bai letuli Tlileoc
ba Fchoarkc.
Tuas hoak, su crofak sa ragck
tl l toagpcs pra`ospìkoecs, iil
gìkbcsaia xoquoiota
ak
ai obocgl
kl`ul, «Poº qua as ai lpõecpa ba
••Po`uaktaº lzui) y ••Cuotoaiº `oar
hl), as baeor oarhl qua bl uk ecicr
lzui. Rlghoïk nua eckceobl ak
Au-
rcpl y Lsol, ecgc qua ics rcglkcs
ia iilglrck ••ikboeugº y ics ìrlhas
LXJOKJL
••lüoi, kor c koi
º.
Astl ranarakeol gc
tovõ qua lifukcs pakslrìk qua nua
oktrcbueobl pcr ics aurcpacs, sok
aghlrfc, `ly schrlbls ranarak
eols schra ai crofak eaktrclgaro
elkc ba astl pilktl, guy prcpol ba
toarrls elioaktas y `ýgabls, ecgc
qua sa ecksobarl crofoklrol ba il
osil ba
il
Asplücil c Ulktc Bcgok
fc cp eot=
86).
Tlcic y Ilurl Gcrl eck Tlui
T`oioppct cnraeak ukl tlhil sokõp
toel ba pofgaktcs ak il qua bano
kak il klturliazl crfìkoel bai
lzui lüoi E<>@<448Kl) y chsar
vlk ukl tìeotl ranarakeol ba su
basusc l plrtor ba <004, eulkbc
ics okfiasas prcbueak lrtonoeoli
gakta asta ecicr <?k= 60).
Tuas hoak, ak ai euitovc y prc
easlgoaktc ba astl `oarhl, plra
eobl li trïhci, ba nicr lzui y sago
iil
ecgc
rìhlkc c klhc, sa `lk
chtakobc eultrc eilsas ba toktls
Xuhoc Uìke`az <?6>= 8< )=
l.
ikbofõnarl sunruetoecsl c xo
quoiota
h.
ikbofõnarl t`ohlubolkl c lüoi
soivastra
e. Mlechokl Upoeofarc iilglbl
toktl, qua as uslbl pcr ils ilvlk
barls plrl hilkqualr il rcpl.
b. ikbofõnarl Roktcrolg, iilgl
bl tlghoïk lüoi. Astl as il qua
kcs oktarasl.
L`crl hoak, ak ai prcpõsotc ba
chtakar okncrgleoõk `ostõroel sc
hra
il
prasakeol bai lzui lüoi ak
Rrumoiic, raeurrogcs li lpcyc bai ok
vastoflbcr Lbcinc
^afl,
l nok ba
lgpiolr ic qua parsckligakta yl
`lhçlgcs raukobc. Asta trlhlmc ic
baslrrciiï ak ai Lre`ovc Baplrtl
gaktli ba il Iohartlb, chtakoakbc
ak Lsuktcs ba Fchoarkc, ba
il Ua-
roa Xali @leoakbl, Bovosoõk Mubo
eoli, ukl oktaraslkta raileoõk ba ok
vaktlrocs ba hcbafls.
Ak
astls
ecgprchlgcs il raeurrakta ec
gareoliozleoõk ba ïstl toktl, qua
nua uslbl ak ics chrlmas plrl ai ta
üobc, parc qua tlghoïk tuvc lpioel
eoõk baecrltovl ak il lrquotaeturl.
Ak
lifukcs bceugaktcs sa gl
konoastl
il
iiaflbl ba ••24 zurrckas
ba toktl lüoi eck eoak iohrls elbl
ukcº, prceabaktas ba Tlklgì.
Nuarck raeapeocklbcs ak ai Tuartc
ba Glilhrofc ai 84.45.<>?? LBII
Iaf.<8>-Axp.>4). Lsç gosgc, pcr
ukl raplrtoeoõk ba hoakas
ak
<054,
sa okvaktlrçlk <>5 iohrls ba lüoi l
<0
ralias iohrl, eokec iohrls ba pci
vcs lzuias l ce`c ralias, tras lrrc
hls ba toarrl lglroiil l 2 ralias
lrrchl, aktra ctrcs prcbuetcs
LBIQoaf
.2
8 Axp.<<).
Ak
<01< ra
fostrlgcs ctrc okvaktlroc ba hcba
fl, ak ai qua sa ecksobarlk uk hl
rroi ba pokturl l > pascs, gabol io
hrl ba lüoi l 1 pascs, ce`c elmotls
ba pokturl l 2 ralias, bcs iohrls ba
lüoi ak pcivc l tras pascs, eokeuak
tl iohrls ba lüoi l pasc, tras lrrc
hls ba pokturl varba l eultrc pa-
scs, eokec lrrchls ba lüoi l 6 ral
ias iohrl LBIQIaf. 25-Axp.1>).
Eck astls y ctrls tlktls rana
rakeols qua chrlk ak kuastrcs no
e`arcs, astlgcs ak eckboeockas
ba rancrzlr ic lnorglbc pcr Xuhoc
Uìke`az <?6>). Uok aghlrfc,
quablhl ukl bubl raspaetc l su
usc ak ai poktlbc ba gurcs burlk
ta il Xapýhioel, puas, ak toagpcs
ecickolias asta ecicr sa lpioelhl
ak il elrpoktarçl ba glbarl
ecgc
uk prasarvlkta.
Ak
ai Lre`ovc Lr
zchospli ba Rrumoiic, uhoelgcs uk
bceugaktc pcr bagìs oiustrltovc.
Ak
<641, ai glastrc lrquo taetc Mc
sï Crczec, klturli ba Eìboz, anae
týl ogpcrtlktas lrrafics ak ai
Tl-
ileoc Aposecpli y aktra aiics ••tcbc
ai Trogar Tltoc Frlkba eck ai
]l-
fuìk, bìkbcia ecicr y packas pl
rl
ics lkblgocsº, lsç gosgc, sa
leuarbl poktlr ba lzui il puartl ba
il
Ulil Frlkba, eultrc vaktlkls y
tras puartls paquaüls, plrl ic
euli aktraflk li okboc Nrlkeosec
KQGAXC > 2 IOGL GLX]C 844<
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Toktcr lifukls iohrls ba lüoi.
Ctrc bltc qua bahagcs lülbor
as ai rasuitlbc ba kuastrls axpic-
rleockas ak ai Eilustrc bai Xaerac
ak ai Gcklstaroc bai Elrgak ba
Rrumoiic. Rcbls ils eciugkls lhl-
ilustrlbls y hlrlkbls bospuastls
ak parostoic nuarck poktlbls ba
lzui lüoi burlkta ai sofic
P^OOO
Lifc
sogoilr l ic chsarvlbc ak ai Eilus-
trc
Trceasockli bai gosgc Gckls-
taroc: ak su lkìicfc ba ics nrlkeos-
elkcs cy eckvartobc ak ai Eciafoc
Kleockli Ulk Mulk ba Rrumoiic: y ak
ai gcklstaroc elrgaiotl ba Tctcsç
ak Hciovol.
Ak ecksaeuakeol lbvartogcs
bcs gcgaktcs ak ai usc bai lüoi.
Ai
progarc burlkta ics sofics P^OO
y P^OOO lpioelbc l il elrpoktarçl ba
glbarl y ecgc litarkltovl
li
varba
y rcmc: pcstarocrgakta ak toagpcs
rapuhioelkcs su usc sa rastrokfa l
ics gurcs soakbc il elrpoktarçl ba
glbarl poktlbl eck õiac asglita
hilkec y ak ai elsc ba ils eciug-
kls trltlbls eck uk lelhlbc ba
ogotleoõk gìrgci ak eckecrblk-
eol eck ics eìkckas kaceiìsoecs.
UQTAXNOEOAU
LX\QORAERCKOELU
lprcxogleoõk
gatcbciõfoel plrl
su astuboc
bolfkõstoec
rchiagìtoel
L il raeckceobl prasoõk bai el-
potli ecgc nletcr ba bosturhleoõk
ba ics Eaktrcs @ostõroecs baha-
gcs lülbor il paiofrcsl ecgc ax-
trlül elrakeol ba ukl rafilgaktl-
eoõk schra il prctaeeoõk ba ils
su
-
parnoeoas lrquotaetõkoels poktlbls
ai usc bai ecicr y ai crkltc ba il eou-
blb kcrgltovoblb qua baha ras-
pckbar li erotaroc tïekoec ba bcs
aktoblbas ecgprcgatobls eck il
ecksarvleoõk crkltc ba astls ax-
prasockas urhlkçstoels bai plslbc=
ics Fchoarkcs Icelias y aooKE. As-
tl raniaxoõk baha sar tcglbl ecgc
ukl okvotleoõk c uk ratc l nok ba ra-
voslr y boseut or asta tagl fakarli-
gakta scsilylbc pcr ics prcpocs
lrquotaetcs rastlurlbcras y plosl-
mostls lsç ecgc okfakoarcs a `ostc-
rolbcras ba lrta. As pcec c elso kl-
bl ic qua slhagcs ba asta tagl.
K QG AXC
> 2
GL
GLX]C 8 <
Tuas hoak eck nraeuakeol obak-
tonoelgcs l ics «ec icras trlboeockl-
ias« ecgc lquaiics ercgcs qua
elrletarozlk l ukl eoublb ecgc
lktoful. Ba lifukl glkarl aiic su-
foara ukl suarta ba ukoblb ercgì-
toel l kovai ba abonoeoc ecgc uko-
blb c l kovai ba eoublb ecgc ai
eckmuktc qua raýka lquaiils uko-
blbas ercgìtoels. L`crl hoak
³eõgc banokor il ukoblb ercgìtoel
ba uk abonoeoc litarlbc ncrgli y as-
pleoligakta l trlvïs ba ics toag-
pcs y ics elghocs ba astoic3. Gìs
lýk ³eõgc astlhiaear astl ukoblb
ak uk Eaktrc @ostõroec qua as il
sugl ba vlrols ïpcels okeiuyak-
bc l letuli schra tcbc eõgc lr-
gckozlr ukoblbas ercgìtoels tlk
`atarcfïkals3. Ak tcbc elsc ³eõ-
gc astlhiaear ukl pliatl ba ecic-
ras y ak qua ukoblbas lrquotaetõko-
els c urhlkçstoels uslrils eck prc-
poablb `ostõroel3.
Il ralioblb as burl eulkbc ra-
ecrragcs uk Eaktrc @ostõroec ec-
gc Rrumoiic uk elcs ercgìtoec
qua `l iiaflbc l il `ule`lnarçl
XJOKJ
Eltabrli ba Rrumoiic
oktarocr
.
Chsïrvasa ai
lelhlbc
ak
ogotleoõk
gìrgci baseuhoartl
burlkta il amaeueoõk
bai Trcfrlgl «Iiafc
il @crl ba Rrumoiicº
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Elsl bai
Xaetcr
Qkovarsoblb Nabaroec
^oiilrali il Ecigakl)
.
Iogl. Eciugkls
poktlbls
ak
ogotleoõk
gìrgci.
?
r <
<
<
<
M
¶IM
pcr nlitl ba kcrgls lsascrçl y ba
saktakbogoaktc oktarokstotueockli
leaktulbc pcr uk lvoslma ecgar
eoli lfrasovc y boscklkta eck ils
huakls oktakeockas
ba
lifukl lu
tcroblb aboi c tïekoel. Chvolgak
ta
ai puktc ba lrrlkqua as ai bas
eckceogoaktc ba ics vlicras ok
trçksaecs bai ecicr. Il sciueoõk
iiafl l ic sogpia y eõgcbc raec
kcear ecgc «ecicr trlboeockli•• l
tcbc
lquai qua nua uslbc ak ïpc
els praeabaktas. Aktckeas
sa
plrta ba ukl hlsa agpçroel y ak
eoartc gcbc aspaeuiltovl euycs
roasfcs sck vosohias eulkbc ai
gli aktakbobc «huak fustcº lpio
el lifýk ecicr suhmatovlgakta y
sok takar ak euaktl sus ecrrailtcs
`ostõroecs y astoiçstoecs.
ktaeabaktas
Ak
mui oc ba <?61 sa okoeoõ il ras
tlurleoõk ba il glksoõk trumoiilkl
ba ics Xlgçraz y Ilrabc iilglbl
Flkczl E`cpotal basba ics lücs
24
pcr Vat`ay y Glrec Bcrtl l nli
tl
ba
il okncrgleoõk ba lre`ovc qua
bospckagcs l`crl. Astl oktarvak-
X OKJ
eoõk nua il progarl qua amaeutõ
ai
OKE
ak astl kcrtaül eoublb y
ak
aiil sa raliozlrck ils axpicrleockas
gurlias eck ils eckceobls elils
ba il ••Eruz ba Ulk Lkbrïsº, ukls
lgpiols lspls qua eruzlhlk bol
fckligakta tcbl ukl plrab y qua
ak huakl euaktl arl ukl zlkml qua
ecrtlhl tcbcs ics akiueobcs c as
trltcs `lstl iiaflr l il suparnoeoa
bai gurc proglroc. Il cparleoõk sa
croaktlhl axeiusovlgakta l il
hýsquabl ba vlkcs lktofucs tlpol
bcs y l avliulr ai astlbc ba eck
sarvleoõk ba il astrueturl.
Ai baseuhrogoaktc ba pokturl
gurli ak ukc
ba
ics slickas pcr ai
rastlurlbcr gaxoelkc Xcbcinc
^liiok go glastrc tuvc ukl sofko
noeltovl trlseakbakeol fakarõ il
kaeasoblb ba rapilktalr il gatc
bcicfçl ba il prcspaeeoõk lrquo
taetõkoel y hrokblr uk aspaeoli ok
tarïs l ics akiueobcs ba il lrquo
taeturl eovoi puas sa trltlhl
ba
il
progarl avobakeol ba ic qua l`crl
as ecgýk y ecrroakta. Uok aghlr
fc basba aktckeas sa `l safuobc
ukl prìetoel gìs pcr okareol c pcr
axparoakeol qua pcr banokoeoõk taõ
roel hlslbl ak ai ••cinltc c ak ai
okstoktc
bai cparlbcr c sogpia
gakta trltlkbc ba euhror tcbls ils
suparnoeoas lrquotaetõkoels luk
qua eck uk avobakta bascrbak as
trltofrìnoec qua nokligakta fakarl
eoartl ecknusoõk ak il oktarpratl
eoõk ai bolfkõstoec y prcpuastl.
Tcstarocrgakta frleols l bovar
sls ecksuitcrçls
QKAUEC,
chsar
vlgcs lifukls ralioblbas ba okta
rïs plrl il raniaxoõk ukls lfrlbl
hias y ctrls ak eoartl glkarl eck
trcvartobls. ^oiil ba Iayvl ak Ec
icghol kcs gcstrõ uk ploslma ur
hlkc ba hoercgçls ukoncrgas ak
hlsa
li
varba ba ils elrpoktarçls ba
glbarl y l ics akelilbcs ba ics
gurcs l ils elioblbas piìstoels ba
sus plvogaktcs agpabrlbcs ec
gc Rrokoblb ak Euhl. Tcr su plrta
Tctcsç ak Hciovol guastrl sus eck
trlstlktas pcioercgçls y ltoiblbl no
ioleoõk hlrrcel goaktrls Uuera iu
ea il hilkeurl ba sus parspaetovls
urhlkls y sus fustcs pcr ics gci
bas nrlkeasas.
Ak
nok ba lifukl
glkarl ai ecicr banoka ai elrìetar
KQGAXC > 2
G
G X]C 844<
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ba il eoublb y su ecgukoblb, ba liiç
il raspckslhoioblb `ostõroel y tïeko
el ba raeuparlr asta aiagaktc apo
bïrgoec ecgc uk ecgpckakta hì
soec bai ecktaxtc urhlkc y sceoli.
Trokeopocs
rotarocs
Basba kuastrl parspaetovl, il
amaeueoõk ba elils c ukoblbas as
trltofrìnoels baha nukblgaktlrsa
ak bcs prokeopocs ecgpiagaktl
rocs= astltofrìnoec y tcpcfrìnoec. Ai
prokeopoc astltofrìnoec trltl ba lrto
euilr ics nletcras asakeolias ak il
oktarpratleoõk ba ils avobakeols=
aspleoc, toagpc y astoic. Asta eck
eaptc toaka su sustaktc ak ai prok
eopoc faciõfoec ba il suparpcso
eoõk c Iay ba Utakc, safýk il euli,
il «elplº c «strltlº qua sa ak
euaktrl ak
il
hlsa, as gìs lktoful
qua il qua ceupl il pcsoeoõk supa
rocr, pcr qua eoartlgakta nua bapc
sotlbl lktas qua il qua toaka akeo
gl Xlvokas
<?0?=<80 .
Chvolgak
ta, asta prokeopoc kcs cnraea ukl
obal ba bltleoõk railtovl, ak bckba
sa gazeilk il astrltofrlnçl gurli
KQGAXC >2
IOGL G X]C 844<
eck nletcras `uglkcs ba leugu
ileoõk, ragceoõk y raeckstrueeoõk,
lsç ecgc eck
ics
lfaktas klturl
ias ba arcsoõk y bapcsoeoõk. Ak
euliquoar elsc, sa astlhiaea uk
nletcr ba tagpcrlioblb aiagaktli.
Tcr su plrta, ai prokeopoc ba lsc
eoleoõk c tcpcfrìnoec, nukblgaktl
bl ak il Iay ba Vcrslaa, prceurl
astlhiaear ecrrailtcs `crozcktlias
aktra ils ukoblbas
ba
axpicrleoõk
astrltofrìnoel, amaeutlbls
ak
bovar
scs saetcras y suhsaetcras bai as
pleoc poetõroec-lrquotaetõkoec. Asta
lkìiosos kcs pargota raeckcear il
rali axtaksoõk bai ìral baecrlbl c
ba ils gckcercgçls y sus ecgho
kleockas, ils elrletarçstoels ba el
bl elpl c astrltc y sus lsceoleoc
kas ak ics bovarscs ecgpckaktas
ba il ukoblb lrquotaetõkoel pcr
amagpic, poilstrls, aktlhilgaktc y
ecrckleoõk ba ukl pcrtlbl eck ics
gurcs lbyleaktas ba il nle`lbl).
a ic saülilbc, eckeiuogcs ak
qua lghcs prokeopocs sck ecgpia
gaktlrocs y kc axeiuyaktas. Ai as
trltofrìnoec supcka ukl «axelvl
eoõk vartoeliº, topc troke`arl lrquac-
iõfoel, basba ils elpls ecktagpc
rìkals c tlrbçls, l ils gìs lktofuls
c tagprlkls ^liiok y Nlie`atto <??4=
<
46 . Ak tlktc qua ai tcpcfrìnoec
pilktal uk lkìiosos ecgplrltovc ba
ils ukoblbas astrltofrìnoels ranaro
c hoak ukl ioharleoõk pcr astrl
tcs `crozcktlias. Ak lghcs elscs,
il axpicrleoõk supcka ukl ragc
eoõk ba ils elpls suparpuastls,
ukl vortuli bastrueeoõk ba avobak
eols c plrta ba aiils, pcr ic euli prc
pckagcs il banokoeoõk c ioharleoõk
ba astls, lprcvae`lkbc ils ilfukls
c ìrals parbobls qua nraeuakta
gakta prasaktlk, plrl axpicrlr il
suhyleakta okgaboltl. Asta erotaroc
as lpioelhia ak tcbcs ics astrltcs
`lstl iiaflr li gurc-scpcrta.
Eulkbc sal kaeaslroc aiogoklr
uk saetcr ba astrltc poetõroec plrl
axpicrlr ics suhyleaktas pcr lu
sakeol
ba
lfukls lifc ecktrcvar
tobc y ak lifukls celsockas okavo
tlhia), as pcsohia `learic ak pa-
quaüls ìrals qua kc ecgprcga
tlk bohumcs ko ecicras ba railtovl
ogpcrtlkeol. ^lia baeor, saiaeeoc
klr ils zckls ba ecicras sogpias c
XJOKJ
Elsl Fuoglrlas,
Rrumoiic.
Ils
elrpoktar
çls ba
glbarl , hlieckas ,
puartls
y
ra
m
ls ba
hlilustras nuarck
poktlbls
ak varba
, sok
aghlrfc ics gurcs
nuarck akelilbcs c
pcioercglbcs
eck
tagls nicrlias c
ilearçls gubïmlras. Ai
cera lglroiic ak gurc
ecrraspckba
li
parçcbc
rapuhioelkc.
?
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Elsl
Qrquolfl c ba il Aglkeopleoõk, Rrumoiic. sofic P^OOO
y
POP).
Chsïrvasa ai
ecrraetc usc bai ecicr l
kovai
bai
gurc, elrpoktarçl
y
zõelic,
astcs
ýitogcs kukel nuarck poktlbcs
ak varba.
Elsl
Xlgoraz
y
Ilrabc Flkczl E`cpotal), Rrumoiic.
Batliia
ba
il
tçpoel ilearçl gubïmlr qua
euhrçl
ics gurcs ba
nle`lbls
a
oktarocras ba
elsls
a ofiasols burlkta ai sofic
P^OO.
gakcs
ecgprcgatabcrls
, plrl
«hlmlr;;
l il elpl suhyleakta okga
boltl, soagpra qua astl cparleoõk
sa mustonoqua ak ils elioblbas a og
pcrtlkeol ba asta astrltc.
Bahagcs lbvartor qua
il
ogpra
socklkta suparpcsoeoõk ba pokturls
gurlias baecrltovls, tli ecgc ic
`agcs rafostrlbc ak ils pcrtlbls,
zlfulkas y pltocs ba vlrols elsls
ba Rrumoiic y Tctcsç, raprasaktlk
uk
saroc prchiagl plrl ai ecksarvl
bcr. Uu ncrgleoõk lelbïgoel, ax
paroakeol y `lhoioblb muflrìk
uk
rci
frlvotlkta,
pcr
ic orravarsohia ba il
cparleoõk.
Ai
raspatc
pcr
ils avo
bakeols y su ukoblb astïtoel baha
sar
uk
erotaroc batargoklkta qua ra-
nuarea tcbc oktaktc pcr raspatlr
il
lutaktoeoblb ba il avobakeol y su
elrìetar tastogckoli y astïtoec.
Eckeaptuliozleoõk
Chmatovcs
Rïekoels ba
Amaeueoõk
ecksobarleockas
fakarlias
Aktakboakbc l il lrquotaeturl
ecgc ai iakfulma lrgõkoec ba vc
iýgakas, taxturls y ecicras, y qua
l trlvïs bai toagpc elbl ïpcel `l
bamlbc tastogckoc ba su trìksotc y
sus plrtoeuilras sciueockas astïto
els, astoiçstoels, oeckcfrìnoels y
taekciõfoels: lsugogcs qua ak
elbl ukoblb lrquotaetõkoel trlbo
eockli
y,
ak fakarli, ak ai ploslma
urhlkc y rurli `ostõroecs, sa axpra
sl ukl ogpcrtlkta saeuakeol c su
parpcsoeoõk astrltofrìnoel l kovai
ba poscs, plrlgaktcs y elpls poe
tõroels schra elrpoktarçls,
as
baeor,
ukl axprasoõk qua soktatozl il su
gl ba vlrols ïpcels. Astl yuxtl
pcsoeoõk sa prasaktl ecgc ukl
sogpia gckcercgçl, c pcioercgçl
qua puaba baslrrciilrsa l kovai ba
pokturls, gcsloecs, agplpailbcs
a okeiusc litcrraioavas.
Ak ecksaeuakeol, ai elgpc ba
leeoõk bai aspaeoliostl ak ecksar
vleoõk ba suparnoeoas lrquotaetõko
els,
kc
sõic sa prcyaetl l il trlbo
eockli hýsquabl ba vlkcs tlpol
bcs, tlghoïk lkliozl ils elrletarçs
toels, ecgpcsoeoõk y pltcicfçl ba
ics akiueobcs y pofgaktcs, banoka
ils astltofrlnçls y saeuakeols poetõ
roels ak ils elrpoktarçls ba gatli y
glbarl, lsç ecgc ctrcs aiagaktcs
apobïrgoecs bai abonoeoc. Ak asta
glrec eckeaptuli, il ratrcspaeeoõk
lrquotaetõkoel eckstotuya uk vlioc-
KQGAXC >2 / IOGL GLX]C
8
<
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sc okstrugaktc tïekoec, plrl raeu
parlr okncrgleockas ba frlvotlkta
ogpcrtlkeol ak il ailhcrleoõk y ama
eueoõk ba ics Trcyaetcs ba Xastlu
rleoõk Qrhlkc-Lrquotaetõkoec.
Ba
liiç qua il oktarvakeoõk ba uk eck
sarvlbcr ba gurlias baha pilktalr
sa ecgc uk astuboc praiogoklr y uk
pra raquosotc tïekoec l euliquoar to
pc ba oktarvakeoõk rastlurlbcrl.
As gìs, tcbl okncrgleoõk qua
sa chtakfl schra il axostakeol ba
gurlias baecrltovcs, baha rafos
trlrsa ak uk Okvaktlroc y Eltlicfl
eoõk ba astl axprasoõk lrtçstoel,
qua l kokfýk aspaeoliostl `l okta
raslbc `lstl l`crl, y qua ai
OKE
baharçl okoeolr eck urfakeol, puas
sa akeuaktrl nìeoigakta axpuastl
l ils bastrueeockas c gutoileockas
gctovlbls pcr ics oktarasas ba
gcbarkozlr ils vovoakbls, rastlria
su vlicr ostõroec-lrtçstoec, c
pcr
ai
baseckceogoaktc ba su axostakeol
hlmc ics akiueobcs ecktagpcrì
kacs.
Qk
lspaetc aiagaktli ak astl
prcpuastl as
il
banokoeoõk ba ics
chmatovcs. Astcs puabak lfruplrsa
ak
bcs
ìrals= `ostõroec y tïekoec.
Ak
ai progarc sa trltl ba ecktrohuor
li astuboc oktafrli bai bceugaktc
KQGAXC
>2
IOGL
G X]C
844<
urhlkc-lrquotaetõkoec y rurli,
lpcrtlkbc okncrgleoõk plrl ai ga
mcr eckceogoaktc bai lrta praecicg
hokc a `osplkclgaroelkc, su nuk
eoõk, saeuakeol, y lrtoeuileoõk ba
aspleocs y taekcicfçl.
Ak
ai safuk
bc, iceliozlr, bceugaktlr y lkliozlr
ils ìrals lrquotaetõkoels baecrl
bls y ils saeuakeols gckcercgìto
els ba ics Eaktrcs @ostõroecs y,
asakeoligakta, prcpckar ai ecrrae
tc usc bai ecicr ak ics lelhlbcs ba
ics abonoeocs oktarvakobcs.
Tuas hoak, il letovoblb axpicrl
tcrol supcka ukl oktakeoõk ba ok
vastoflr ukl ralioblb baseckceobl.
Kc agpoazl ko targokl
ak
il sogpia
leeoõk gaeìkoel ba `lear elils.
Rlgpcec as ukl garl glkulioblb
lrtaslkli qua uk ìhoi chrarc puabl
raliozlr hlmc il ltaktl boraeeoõk ba
uk lrquotaetc. As, sustlkeoligakta,
uk prceasc gatcbciõfoec ba raec
kceogoaktc, obaktonoeleoõk, rafostrc,
lkìiosos, bolfkõstoec y prcpuastl.
As gìs, pakslgcs qua axosta ukl
atlpl praiogoklr c pravol l il prìeto
el ak so.
Ak
astl nlsa okoeoli baha
prcpckarsa y amaeutlrsa
ai
astuboc
`ostõroec ak lre`ovcs y hohioctaels,
lsç ecgc raliozlr ai raeckceogoaktc
ba ils suparnoeoas bai abonoeoc c as-
pleoc urhlkc l astubolr.
Ils ranarakeols `ostõroec-ho
hiocfrìnoels schra ai usc, prcea
bakeol y taekcicfçl ba ics gltarol
ias poetõroecs sck ba frlk utoioblb
plrl il prcfrlgleoõk ba ils elils
a oktarpratleoõk ba
il
okncrgleoõk
l chtakar.
Ak
ics eckeoartcs ba nì
hroel, tlsleockas a okvaktlrocs ba
okguahias, lukqua sok glycras
batliias, sa bl euaktl ba ecicras c
uhoeleoõk ba baecrleoõk gurli.
Ils erõkoels ba volmarcs ecgc
Uquoar, Gobbakbcrn y Voakar, aktra
ctrcs, baserohak lifukls elrleta
rçstoels ba kuastrls eoublbas baeo
gckõkoels, sus faktas, sus ecs
tughras y su glkarl ba «lbara
zlrº ics abonoeocs y pilzls.
Rcbl astl okncrgleoõk as sus
tlkeoli, lukqua fakarligakta as
chvolbl pcr ics aspaeoliostls. Tra
eoslgakta, ics ecrtas astrltofrìno
ecs raliozlbcs ak ai Eliilc, ak ai
glrec bai Trcfrlgl ba Xaeuparl
eoõk ba su Eaktrc @ostõroec Gcrl
ias <??6, <??6l , ecgpruahlk
il
og
prasocklkta raeurrakeol bai cera
lglroiic iogckotl u õxobc ba noarrc),
euyc usc sa prcyaetõ `lstl prokeo
pocs ba il plslbl eakturol, ecksto
tuyïkbcsa ak ai ecicr trlboeockli y
XJOKJ
Gcklstaroc Ai
Elrgak
ba Tctcsç,
Hciovol.
Oktaraslkta lelhlbc
ba
ils eciugkls
poktlbls
ak
oktaksc
lzui
lüoi , zõelics
rcmcs, gurcs
hilkecs.
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Elsl
bai
Glroseli
ba
Crhafcsc,
Rrumoiic.
Batliia
ba
il suparpcsoeoõk
ba
gurlias=
ilearçl gubïmlr (sofic P^O y prokeopocs bai sof ic P^OO):
aselquas
raetlkfuilras eck
tagls
nicrlias
astoiozlbcs
(sofic
P^OO)
:
raeulbrcs
eck
tagls prcnlkcs
ba astoic
hlrrcec
(so
fic P^OOO
).
Axpicrleoõk astrltofrìnoel ba
elrpoktarçl
ba glbarl
gcstrlkbc
ukl saeuakeol
ba
ecicras `ostõroelgakta
rapatobl
ak
vlrols
eoublbas `osplkc lkbokls
.
qua tlk
glil
ogprasoõk
ia
eluslrl
l Uquoar (<?62=<1)= « ..
akçl
uk ls-
paetc baslstrcsc, eulktc
gìs
bas-
tlrtlilbc, basvakeomlbc y e`oiiõk
ra-
suitlhl lkta
ukl
okspaeeoõk gìs
ltaktl . Eckstruobls
ak
su
glycrçl
eck
elüls
poktlbls ba uk ecicr
lglroiic sueoc .º. Astl as il rana-
rakeol qua kcs sorvoõ
ba
hlsa
plrl
pilktalr
ai
prcyaetc ba prcspae
eoõk lrquotaetõkoel y ai ecktukbak
ta rasuitlbc qua chtuvogcs ak ils
astrltofrlnçls.
Asta
ecicr
euhrçl
pcr
ofuli ics plrlgaktcs ecgc ils
gciburls y ecrkosls, rcgpoakbc
il
gckctckçl
ai
zõelic ak cera rcmc.
L`crl hoak,
ai
raeckceogoaktc
pravoc bai ìral ba trlhlmc as ofuli
gakta
nukblgaktli, puas, pcr axpa-
roakeol ba elgpc slhagcs eulias
sck ics saetcras nraeuaktagakta
baecrlbcs
ak
ukl abonoeleoõk vorrao
kl y rapuhioelkl= e`lghrlkls,
li-
rababcr ba vlkcs : eakanls, ecgc
hlkbls `crozcktlias ak
ic
litc ba
ics gurcs: zõelics, ak ils saeeoc
kas oknarocras ba ïstcs: y raeulbrcs
eck aseakls c parscklmas, ak ics
plücs eaktrlias.
Ba
tli
glkarl
qua
ils chsarvleockas a oktarvakeockas
praiogoklras bahak croaktlrsa l as-
tcs saet.cras plrl banokor
ai
prceasc
ba
axpicrleoõk
y
su
boraeeoõk.
Ak hlsa l astls ecksobarleoc
kas as pcsohia astrueturlr uk «Trc-
yaetc ba Trcspaeeoõk Gurliº, okeiu
yakbc
ai
aiagaktli prasupuastc ba
chrl. L`crl hoak,
pcr euastockas ba
ïtoel prcnasockli kc sa
baha
okoeolr
kokfukl axpicrleoõk sokc ecktl
gcs eck
asta
bceugaktc kcrglto
vc, puas ba ic ecktrlroc,astlrçlgcs
trlstcelkbc
ai
saktobc tïekoec y ba-
nokoïkbcil ecgc ukl prlxos aspck-
tìkal, agpçroel a ogprcvoslbl.
Ecgc gïtcbc ba elgpc, il ax-
picrleoõk trltl ba baseuhror, rafos
trlr,
lkliozlr y prasaktlr ics bltcs
chtakobcs ak ics plrlgaktcs y
aia-
gaktcs lrquotaetõkoecs. Asta prcea-
sc rasuitl frlvotlktaak ai trltlgoak-
tc oktafrli bai abonoeoc, pcrqua ba ïs-
ta
bapakbak
ils eckeiusockas
pcs-
tarocras qua banokorìk ics
lelhlbcs
y
trltlgoaktc ba suparnoeoas ecrras-
pckboakta l ics lutïktoecs
vlicras
astïtoec-ncrglias
bai
bceugaktc.
Ba liiç qua sal ogpcrtlkta ailhcrlr
ukl
suarta ba «elrtl ba ecicras trl
boeockliasº
ak
hlsa
l ics ercgcs y
KQGAXC >2
/ IO
GL
GLX]C
8
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sus bovarsls tcklioblbas qua sa ak-
euaktrlk ak ils axpicrleockas, astl-
hiaeoakbc ics nletcras ba tagpcrlio-
blb, pïrbobl ba oktaksoblb y lsceol-
eoõk astoiçstoel. Banokotovlgakta, sa
trltl ba okstrugaktc tïekoec batar-
goklkta ak ils baeosockas noklias,
gabolkta ai euli as pcsohia ecktrc-
ilr ils nraeuaktas suhmatovoblbas c
lrhotrlroablbas ak il prasaktleoõk
nokli bai bceugaktc lrquotaetõkoec,
c bai ploslma urhlkc.
Agparc, astl obal kc as ukl kc-
vablb. Baspuïs ba raliozlr astcs
trlhlmcs y lprcvae`lkbc ukl vosotl
li iktarkltockli Eaktra ncr Ecksar-
vltock, ba Xcgl (OEEXCG), ravosl-
gcs su axtrlcrboklrol hohioctael y
akecktrlgcs ukl prcnusl hohioc-
frlnçl ecgc
••
polkc bai ecicra bo
Uliuzzc, prasaktlbc pcr Focvlkko
Hrokc (<?08) y qua lktas `lhçl trl-
hlmlbc ics astubocs bai ecicr ak Rc-
rokc, Ulssaiiasa, Elrglfkcil, Hlk-
e`atta, Elvliiarglffocra y Eavl
ak
Tolgckta, aktra ctrls eoublbas ba
ctrls rafockas. Ai trlhlmc ba Uliuz-
zc sa okoeoõ ak <?08 pcr baeosoõk
bai Eckeamc Gukoeopli plrl rastlu-
rlr ics ecicras ba ils nle`lbls ba
ics abonoeocs bai eaktrc `ostõroec
qua eckeiuyõ eck il prcpuastl ba
uk
Tilk ba Glkamc bai Ecicr y qua,
ecgc ai Xofcilgaktc bo Crkltc ba
Rcrokc, as uk amagpic bofkc ba ta-
kar ak euaktl lkta
il
usuli lrhotrl-
roablb y `ule`lnarçl ercgìtoel ba
kuastrcs Eaktrcs @ostõroecs.
Tlrl targoklr, pranarogcs bamlr
plrl
il
raniaxoõk,
il
sofuoakta eotl
taxtuli bai
••
Tolkc bai ecicra baiil
Eottl bo Kcvlrl, , prcguiflbl pcr
aboetc gukoeopli bai 86 ba cetuhra
ba <?0<. •• prasakta Tolkc crfl-
kozzl a stlhoiosea ia kcrga a
ia
prc-
eabura bl safuora par il rotoktaf-
folturl bafio abonoeo b'apcel lkta-
eabakta li <?51. A eckstotuotc bl
bua plrtç= il progl stlhoiosea il ga-
tcbcicfçl b'oktarvaktc, il saeckbl
battl okvaea il kcrga prltoe`a bl
safuora par 'okktarvaktc, rospattlk-
bc, lkzo puktuliozzlkbc, fio lrtoec-
i o8 > 82 ?0, ?? , <44, <<2, <55, <28
bai vofakta Xafcilgaktc Aboiozoc
bai <?66 roprcbctto praeabakta-
gakta (Xovoarl y Hrokc <?08=<4?) .
ECBOFCU
A
LXE@O^CU
LLR
Lre ovc
Lrzchospli
a Rrumoiic
LBII Lre`ovc Baplrtlgaktli a
Il
Iohartlb
KQGAXC >2
/ IOGL
GLX]C
84 4<
( )
Bceakta ba il Nleuitl
b
ba Eoakeols Uceolias ba
il
Qkovarsoblb Kleockli ba
Rrumoiic
:
ecboraetcr
bai
Trcyaetc ba Okvastofleoõk
y
Ecksarvleoõk ba il @ulel ba il Iukl
:
Ecksuiicr QKAUEC
y
Tras
obakta
bai Okstotutc
ba Ecksarvleoõk Lghoaktli Gckugaktli ba
Rumoiic.
LXJOKJL < <
www.truxoiic.pa
