Electronic House

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Electronic House

Diploma Project

TYEJ

MOHAMMED ADIL AKRAM

Electronic House TYEJ

ACKNOWLEGEMENT“EDUCATION IS THE MANIFESTATION OF PERFECTION ALREADY IN MAN.”

SWAMI VIVEKANAND

We did have faith in this gospel preached by Swamiji. Butit was our project, which made us understand it in realsense. Our project, at every step, made us think a lot andshowed us the way of interlinking theoretical knowledgewith practical implementation. We do not claim that wehave invented a big thing, but we only want to mention thatthis project has given as a feel of self satisfaction.

We wish to express our profound thanks to our projectguide PROF. VAISHALI RAIKWAR for her meticulous planning, the valuable time that she has spent with us discussing each major and minor aspects of our project.

With profound gratitude we acknowledge our obligation to our H.O.D MR. DEEPAK KULKARNI without his perpetual planned and careful guidance this project would not be a success.

We are also grateful to PROF. OMKAR .Y. GAIDHANI for providing us with his experience that has guided us in achieving our goals with the basic infrastructure and other facilities.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM AND EXPLAINATION

POWER SUPPLY

PCB CONSTRUCTION

PCB LAYOUT

ADVANTAGES

APPLICATION

FUTURE SCOPE

DATA SHEETS

BIBLOGRAPHY

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List of figuresIntroduction………………………………………..07

Circuit diagram of Automatic gate light & call bell system……………………………………………..14

Circuit diagram of Auto adjustable timer unit…….17Circuit diagram of Remote operated electrical

equipments…………...............................................23

Circuit diagram of Touch sensitive burglar alarm for internal security…………………...……………….25

Circuit diagram of Water level indicator and controller ………………………………………….27

POWER SUPPLY………………………………....29Component list…………………………………….36PCB Designing…………………………………….38PCB making……………………………………….39Designing the layout………………………………41Soldering…………………………………………..44PCB Layout of Automatic gate light & call bell

system……………………………………………..46PCB Layout of Auto adjustable timer unit………..47PCB Layout of Remote operated electrical

equipments………………………………………...48

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PCB Layout of Touch sensitive burglar alarm for internal security…………………………………...49

PCB Layout of Water level indicator and

Controller………………………………………….50

Advantages………………………………………...51Applications……………………………………….55Future Scope………………………………………57Data Sheets………………………………………..59Bibliography……………………………………...111Reference…………………………………………113

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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Introduction:-This project proposes the development of security system for farm houses and residential houses.

In an extremely mechanized world such as today’s it is necessary to make our life better, convertible and economical. This is the purpose for which the Electronic house is developed.

Electronic house consists of five major units. They are

Automatic gate light, call bell system Auto adjustable timer unit Remote operated electrical equipments Touch sensitive burglar alarm for internal security Water level indicator and controller in a tank

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I. Automatic gate light, call bell system :

During day time, this unit generates a musical alarm, when anyone enters the compound of the house. During night time, at the entry of any person through the gate, the compound lights are switched ON together with musical bell.

This circuit may used to automatically switch ON a light at the entrance gate to premises, at night, by sensing the presence of a person. In addition, it sounds a musical bell to signify the presence of a person. The lamp is switched ON only for a short interval to save electricity.

II. Auto adjustable timer unit :

This unit can be used to operate electrical equipment for a fixed period of time. The circuit can be used for street lightning, billboard illumination and water supply to the garden where pump can be set to switch ON at one time and switch OFF at another time.

There is a variety of outdoor light controllers available. Some switch lights ON at the fall of dusk and OFF at the break of dawn. Others switch lights ON at the end of dusk and OFF after few hours. But for domestic use, where we require light in the early morning also, these do not serve the purpose. This circuit solves these problems.

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III. Remote operated electrical equipments :

This unit replaces the conventional switch boards. Fans, light and other equipments can be operated and controlled using remote control unit. Also, this unit can be used for opening and closing the gates at the pressing of a button on the remote control.

IV. Touch sensitive burglar alarm for internal security :

This simple circuit when connected to a metal locker or cupboard generates an alarm when touched by an undesired entity.

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V. Water level indicator and controller :

Generally overhead tanks are filled with water by operating a pump. We have no control over the level to which it may be filled. It may cause overflow or water level may remain too low when we switch OFF the pump motor. Manual operation of the motor pump starter is thus not advisable. Present circuit may be added to the existing manual starter of the pump motor so that it may be operated automatically.

This circuit indicates the water level in the water tank in four steps F, H, L, E, i.e., Full, Half, Low, Empty. When the tank is empty this unit automatically switches ON the water pump and switches OFF when the water level reaches to full.

Four sensor probes made up of brass or stainless steel stiff wires or rods may be hung firmly in the tank. This indicates the water level in the water tank at four steps F, H, L, E i.e., Full, Half, Low, Empty. When there is no water in the water tank the circuit automatically switches ON the pump and switches OFF when the water level comes to Full.

Probes marked E and L are hung with their bottoms near the bottom level of the tank at which we wish to start the pump. The probe F is hung with its bottom

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end in between those probes E and F. It is used for indication of the middle level.

Sensor H, L, F are connected with resistors R1, R2, and R3, where as probe E is directly connected to ground. Resistors R1, R2, R3 are connected to 12V supply through resistors R4, R5 and R6 respectively.

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Chapter 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

& EXPLANATION

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Automatic gate light & Call bell system:-

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Explanation:

This circuit may used to automatically switch ON a light at the entrance gate to premises, at night, by sensing the presence of a person. In addition, it sounds a musical bell to signify the presence of a person. The lamp is switched ON only for a short interval to save electricity.

This circuit has two stages: a transmitting unit and a sensing unit. This transmitting unit consisting of a point bulb and lens to focus the light. The transmitting unit emits a beam of light. This beam falls on LDR1. LDR1 offers a very low resistance. Voltage at pin 2 of IC 1 and IC 2 is more than 1/3 Vcc, so that its output goes low.

When any person tries to enter the gate, the light beam falling on the LDR1 is momentarily interrupted. As a result IC 1, configured as monostable flip-flop, gets a trigger pulse at its trigger input 2. It’s out goes high for a predetermined time period. The period can be adjusted by varying the value of resister R1 or capacitor C1 as T=1.1*R1*C1 sec.

Output pulse from IC 1 forward biases the transistor T1. As a result the musical bell is switched ON. The musical bell is built around IC 2(UM 66). The output from IC 2 is amplified by transistor T2 to drive an 8-ohm, 500mW-load speaker. IC 2 is also gets trigger pulse at its trigger input when IC 1 gets trigger at its trigger input because trigger input pin 2 of IC 1 and IC 2 are shorted. Therefore its out goes high for a predetermined time period. The period can

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be adjusted by varying the value of resister R2 or capacitor C2 as T=1.1*R2*C2 sec. Output pulse from IC 2 forward biases transistor T3 and relay R1 is energized, but the bulb is switched ON only at night.

An LDR based circuit is used to switch ON the bulb at night only. The bulb is switched ON when relay R1 and R2 are energized. Relay R1 and R2 are connected in series with bulbs to the power supply. Two relays are like two switches of the bulb.

During day time LDR offers a very low resistance, and thus the voltage pin 2 of IC 4 is more than 1/3 Vcc, so that its output goes low and the relay R2 is de-energized. These results in opening of power supply contact to the bulbs and thus switching OFF the bulbs. During the night time the dark resistance of LDR is very high, and thus the voltage at pin 2 of IC 4 is less than 1/3 Vcc, so that its output goes low and the relay RL 2 is de-energized. These results in shorting of power supply contact to the bulbs and thus switches ON the bulbs.

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Auto adjustable timer unit:-

Block diagram of Adjustable Timer Unit

1. Triggering

This section is used to trigger the circuit at the fall of dusk. It is configured around IC 1, which is working in the monostable mode. A variable voltage is fed to trigger pin 2 of IC 1 via LDR and VR 1. In the monostable mode of operation, the output of IC 1 stays high as long as its trigger input stays below 1/3 Vcc.

At night, the resistance of LDR is high, so the voltage at pin 2 is at a low level and hence the output of IC 1 goes high at night. The output condition of IC 1 can be detected from LED 1. The output of IC 1 gives power supply to the next stage.

2. Resetting

The next section is used to reset two 4017 decade counter ICs used in the counter section. This is also based on a 555 timer [IC 2]. Its trigger pin 2 is connected to capacitor C3 and resistor R4. In the absence of supply, there is no voltage across capacitor is bellow 1/3 Vcc and its output goes to a high state. The voltage

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across capacitor C3 increases, so that the voltage at pin 2 crosses 1/3 Vcc. The time period for which the output stays in the high state depends upon resistor R5 and capacitor C4 and is given by the relationship 1.1*R5*C4.

The output of IC 2 is given to the reset pin 15 of decade counter IC 3 and IC 4. These ICs are reset when IC 2 is triggered, and as long as the output of IC 3 is in the high state, the counters sty in the reset position.

3. Oscillator

This section is used to produce a square wave output. It is based on IC 5 an NE 555. Its output frequency depends upon resistors R6 and R7 and capacitor C5 and is calculated by the equation

1.443/ ((R7+2R6) C5)

The output frequency is fed to the counter section.

4. Counting

The counter section is used to count the output frequency from the oscillating section. It uses two CMOS CD4017 ICs. The frequency from oscillating section, IC 5, is fed to the input pin of IC 3. IC 3 works as frequency divider and its output is fed to the input pin of IC 4.

The four outputs of IC 4 are combined by using diodes D1 through D4. This combined output is given to the last section. If any of the output is high, then the load is ON state. The condition of this combined output is detected by LED 2.

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5. Output

The output section is used to switch the relay ON and OFF. It is based on BEL 187 transistor. The relay is connected at the collector of transistor. Diode D5 is connected to protect transistor. The output from the counting section is fed to the base of transistor through resistor R3. If the output from counting section is high, it biases the transistor and thus the relay is activated.

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Explanation

At the fall of dusk, the resistance of LDR increases, so a large voltage is dropped across it, resulting in a decrease in the voltage at pin2.

When the voltage at pin 2 drops below 1/3 Vcc, IC 1 is triggered and stays in the high state till morning. Since the output of IC 1 is high, the next three states get power supply.

When C3 is fully charged, IC 2 is triggered and reset pins of IC 3 and IC 4 both get a positive value. Therefore, the first outputs of both ICs are high. This condition changes when the voltage across capacitor C4 crosses 1/3 Vcc, because then the output of IC 2 goes to a low state and the reset pins of IC 3 and IC 4 get a negative pulse each. In this condition IC 3 gets ready to accept pulses from the oscillating section and its outputs are changed.

For each set of ten pulses from IC 5 the outputs of IC 4 are changed one by one. The output time period of oscillating section is about 0.187 seconds. Since IC 3 divides the output frequency from IC 5. IC 4 gets a time period 0.187*10=1.87 seconds. So, the outputs of IC 4 are changed every 1.87 seconds duration.

When the controller is switched ON, the output Q0 at pin 3 of IC 4 is high and it turns on the load for first 1.87 seconds. Then, the next output Q1 at pin 2 is high, which switches ON the load

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for the second 1.87 seconds. Next, output Q2 at pin 4 goes high, which switches ON the load for the same period again.

When the output Q3 at pin 7 is high it switches off the relay as pin 7 has no connection. Then, the output of IC 6 changes to Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8 for each 1.87 seconds.

At the break of dawn, the resistance of LDR decreases, and the trigger pin of IC 1 gets a positive voltage greater than 1/3 Vcc, so that its output goes low which, in turn cuts off power supply to the next three stages.

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Remote operated electrical equipments:-

Transmitter

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Explanation

This unit replaces the conventional switch boards. Fans, light and other equipments can be operated and controlled using remote control unit. Also, this unit can be used for opening and closing the gates at the pressing of a button on the remote control.

This circuit has two stages: a transmitting unit and a receiver unit. The transmitting unit consisting of an infrared LED and its associated circuitry. The receiving unit consists of a sensor and its associated circuitry. The IR LED emit infrared light switch is put on in the transmitting unit. To generate IR signal 555 IC based astable multivibrator is used. Infrared LED is driven through transistor BC 177.

In receiver section, the first part is a sensor, which detects IR pulses transmitted by IR-LED. When any key on the remote control handset is depressed, the output of IR sensor momentarily transits through low state. As a result the monostable is triggered and a short pulse is applied to the clock input (pin 14) of IC 7493, which is a counter IC. Thus Q1 output (pin1 &12) of IC 7493 becomes high and transistor T2 is forward biased to ON state and the relay is energized. These results in shorting of power supply contact to the bulbs or any equipments and thus switching ON the bulbs or any equipments.

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Touch sensitive burglar alarm for internal security:-

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Explanation

This simple circuit when connected to a metal locker or cupboard generates an alarm when touched by an undesired entity.

The transistor gets saturated by just touching its base. Here is a simple, low cost touch switch with alarm based on this idea. The 50 Hz hum present in our body is the key to this circuit. BC 549 transistor has been chosen for this circuit. The circuit is basically a burglar alarm with timer. Timer circuit is a monostable multivibrator. Initially voltage at pin 2 of IC 1 is low.

If the sensor, which is the base of the transistor T1 is touched by the finger (even the slightest, touch will do) transistor T1 is saturated. Now the voltage at pin 2 of IC 1 is greater than 1/3 Vcc. As a result IC 1 gets a trigger pulse at its trigger input pin 2. Therefore its out goes high for a predetermined time period. The period can be adjusted by varying the value of resistor R1 or capacitor C1 as T=1.1*R1*C1 sec.

The siren circuit is build around IC 2 (UM 3561). Since the output of IC 1 is high, the IC 2 gets power supply. The output from IC 2 is amplified by transistor to drive an 8-ohm, 500mw load-speaker.

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Water level indicator and controller:-

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Explanation

When the water level in the tank is below probes E and L, output of gate N9 is logic low and output of gate N12 is latched to logic high level. Simultaneously output of gate N11 goes logic low and is inverted by inverter. Now the output of gate N10 becomes logical high, and thus the transistor is forward biased to ON state and the relay is energized. These results in shorting of power supply contact to the pump and thus switching ON the pump motor.

As the water starts filling in the tank and ultimately touches probe F, the output of gate N11 goes high and is inverted by inverter. Now the output of gate N10 becomes logical low, and thus the transistor is reverse biased to OFF state and the relay is de-energized. These results in opening of power supply contact to the pump and thus switching OFF the pump motor.

Water level states are displayed using IC 5 and IC 6 in conjunction with 7-segment display. The display indicates F for Full, H for Half, L for Low and E for Empty level condition.

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Chapter 3

POWER SUPPLY

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Power supply design: -

Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we require +12V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500Ma.

Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY

Step down Transformer: -

Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of electronic transformer.

Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a single freq.

It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric strength.

Transformer ratings are expressed in volt–amp. The volt-amp of each secondary winding or windings are

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added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load losses.

Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.

Rectifier Unit: -

Rectifier unit is a ckt which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally semiconducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in one direction only. Generally there are two types of rectifier.

1. Half wave rectifier2. Full wave rectifier.

In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its efficiency is very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used. In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at o/p.

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Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge type rectifier ckt.

Advantages:

1. The need of center tapped transformer is eliminated.2. The o/p is twice that of center tap circuit for the same

secondary voltage.3. The PIV rating of diode is half of the center tap

circuit.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires four diodes.2. As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes

are conducting therefore voltage drop in internal resistance of rectifying unit will be twice as compared to center tap circuit.

Filter Circuit: -

Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C.

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and D.C. components. The A.C. components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so a filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltages regulator. In our project we use capacitor filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic. Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not pass D.C. at all.

Three terminal voltage regulator: -

A voltage regulator is a ckt that supplies constant voltage regardless of change in load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consists of three terminal positive voltage regulator. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate heat sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices do not require external component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit and current limiting protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage regulator IC.

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POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

Design of Step down Transformer

The following information must be available to the designer before he commences for the design of transformer.

a)Power Output.b)Operating Voltage.c)Frequency Range.d)Efficiency and Regulation.

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Rectifier Design: -

R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12V. So maximum voltage (Vm) across Secondary is:

=Rms. Voltage × √2

=12×√2

=16.97

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COMPONENTS LIST:

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Sr. no.

Description Quantity COST

1. 555 IC 9 Rs.722. 4017 IC 2 Rs.243. CD 4030 1 Rs.124. CD 4071 1 Rs.125. CD 40106 1 Rs.126. CD 4093 1 Rs.127. LTS 543 DISPLAY 1 Rs.18

8. PRESET 50K 2 Rs.49. RELAY(12V) 5 Rs.10010. 7393 IC 1 Rs.911. UM 3561 1 Rs.1012. UM 66 1 Rs.1013. RESISTOR 38 Rs.3814. CAPACITOR 14 Rs.2815. LDR 3 Rs.2416. P-N JUNCTION

DIODE9 Rs.9

17. LED 2 Rs.118. ZENER DIODE(3V) 1 Rs.219. ZENER DIODE(5V) 1 Rs.220. IR LED 1 Rs.521. IR SENSOR 1 Rs.2522. BC 547 2 Rs.423. BC 549 1 Rs.624. BC 548 4 Rs.825. BEL 187 1 Rs.526. BC 558 2 Rs.1027. BC 177 1 Rs.528. SPEAKER (800

OHMS)2 Rs.36


Chapter 4

MAKING OF PCB

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PCB DESIGNING:-

The basic steps involved in PCB Designing are as follows,

• Utilizing minimum space by proper placement of chips.

• The ICS should be so placed that the connecting tracks have to cover a minimum distance.

• The number of layers required must be determined.

• Providing required connectors for all the points, which need to be brought out of the PCB.

While designing the PCB, we first placed the chips so that a minimum area was covered. This was done after preparing a rough out lay. The ICS, which had most number of connections between them, were side by side. There are 2 layers for tracks and the upper screen for components. In the first layer, horizontal tracks and the upper screen for components. In the first layer, horizontal tracks were used, while in the second layer, vertical tracks were used, as far as possible. This was done in order to give the PCB a neat look and avoiding overlapping of tracks.

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The power supplies needed that is +15V, +5V, +12V, -12V, -15V and GND are taken from external circuit using a connector.

P.C.B. MAKING:-

P.C.B. is printed circuit board which is of insulating base with layer of thin copper-foil.

The circuit diagram is then drawn on the P. C. B. with permanent marker and then it is dipped in the solution of ferric chloride so that unwanted copper is removed from the P.C.B., thus leaving components interconnection on the board.

The specification of the base material is not important to know in most of the application, but it is important to know something about copper foil which is drawn through a thin slip.

The resistance of copper foil will have an effect on the circuit operation.

Base material is made of lamination layer of suitable insulating material such as treated paper, fabric; or glass fibers and binding them with resin. Most commonly

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used base materials are formed paper bonded with epoxy resin.

It is possible to obtain a range of thickness between 0.5 mm to 3 mm.

Thickness is the important factor in determining mechanical strength particularly when the commonly used base material is "Formea" from paper assembly.

Physical properties should be self supporting these are surface resistivity, heat dissipation, dielectric, constant, dielectric strength.

Another important factor is the ability to withstand high temperature.

DESIGNING THE LAYOUT:-

While designing a layout, it must be noted that size of the board should be as small as possible.

Before starting, all components should be placed properly so that an accurate measurement of space can be made.

The component should not be mounted very close to each other or far away from one another and neither one should ignore the fact that some component reed ventilation, which considerably the dimension of the

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relay and transformer in view of arrangement, the bolting arrangement is also considered.

The layout is first drawn on paper then traced on copper plate which is finalized with the pen or permanent marker which is efficient and clean with etching.

The resistivity also depends on the purity of copper, which is highest for low purity of copper. The high resistance paths are always undesired for soldered connections.

The most difficult part of making an original printed circuit is the conversion from, theoretical circuit diagram into wiring layout without introducing cross over and undesirable effect.

Although it is difficult operation, it provides greater amount of satisfaction because it is carried out with more care and skill.

The board used for project has copper foil thickness in the range of 25 40 75 microns.

The soldering quality requires 99.99% efficiency.

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It is necessary to design copper path extra large. There are two main reasons for this,

i) The copper may be required to carry an extra large overall current

ii) It acts like a kind of screen or ground plane to minimize the effect of interaction.

The first function is to connect the components together in their right sequence with minimum need for interlinking i.e. the jumpers with wire connections.

It must be noted, that when layout is done, on the next day it should be dipped in the solution and board is move continuously right and left after etching perfectly the board is cleaned with water and is drilled.

After that holes are drilled with 1 mm or 0.8 mm drill. Now the marker on the P. C. B. is removed.

The Printed Circuit Board is now ready for mounting the components on it.

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SOLDERING:-

For soldering of any joints first the terminal to be soldered are cleaned to remove oxide film or dirt on it. The required flux is applied on the points to be soldered.

Now the joint to be soldered is heated with the help of soldering iron. Heat applied should be such that when solder wire is touched to joint, it must melt quickly.

The joint and the soldering iron are held such that molten solder should flow smoothly over the joint.

When joint is completely covered with molten solder, the soldering iron is removed.

The joint is allowed to cool, without any movement.

The bright shining solder indicates good soldering.

In case of dry solder joint, an air gap remains in between the solder material and the joint. It means that soldering is improper. This is removed and again soldering is done.

Thus is this way all the components are soldered on P. C. B.

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Chapter 6

ADVANTAGES

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Advantages:-

a)These circuits make the optimum use of electricity thus saving a lot of power.

b)These circuits reduce human effort and make life more comfortable.

c)These circuits provide a low cost solution to make our houses more secure by using negligible power.

d)The water level indicator and controller used is very helpful to save water by preventing overflow of the tank.

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e)The automatic call bell and gate light system used switches on the gate light only when required for a short period of time thus saving electricity.

f) When we fall asleep on the table while studying at night the adjustable timer unit saves a lot of power by switching off the lights.

g)The remote control unit saves human efforts by switching on or off any equipment remotely.

h)The burglar alarm when connected to a metal locker or cupboard generates an alarm when touched by an undesired entity thus keeping our important stuff secure.

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i) These circuits could have easily been made by using a microcontroller, but in cases where only a few of the applications are required it would prove very costly. Also, in case of failure all the circuits would fail and would require reprogramming which would take longer. But here, if any component is faulty it can simply be replaced which would be cheaper and less time consuming.

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Chapter 7

APPLICATIONS

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Applications:

a)Water level indicator can be used in housing societies.

b) Automatic Call bell and gate light circuit can be used in Bungalows.

c)Burglar alarm can be used in offices, home, shops etc.

d)Remote control circuit can be used for handling home appliances.

e)Auto Adjustable timer unit can be used in street light.

f) Timer Unit can also be used water sprinkles in garden.

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Chapter 8

FUTURE SCOPE

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Future scope:

1. The automatic call bell and gate light system can be used in combination with the remote control unit and a CCTV camera to provide better comfort.

2. The burglar alarm can be combined with a GSM based home security system to inform the police automatically in case of a robbery.

3. The timer unit can be combined with voice controlled device switching for better flexibility.

4. The water level indicator and controller can be modified to check the water levels of both, the overhead tank and the ground tank and accordingly switch the pump ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’.

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Chapter 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Bibliography:

Basic Electronics

B A Ram

Basic Electronics

R. S. Sedha

Digital Electronics

R. P. Jain

Electronics for you

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Reference:

www.electrofriends.com

www.makethings.com

www.logicinside.net

www.rickey’s world.com

Indianengineer.co.in

www. Electronic projects design.com

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http://www.rickey's

http://www.logicinside.net/

http://www.makethings.com/

http://www.electrofriends.com/

Documents

Electronic House