E in

E & E

Electro-Technology In Energy & Environment

Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, P.Eng,

SM IEEE

UNB, ECE-Department,

Fredericton, NB, Canada

Outline

Title

Summary

Environmental & Environmental Engineering Technologies

Environmental-Interactions & Requirements

Electro technology

Promotional Activities

Methodology & Approach

Planned Research Activities

Dr .Sharaf -Research Activities

Current Research

Sample Presentations

Environment-Triangle

Engineering

Economics Science

Environmental Engineering & Technology is the Science and

Engineering of novel mitigation techniques & tools, Remediation Technology &

Standards for :

1. Recycle & Reuse and Reduce

2. Efficient Utilization of Natural Resources including Alternate/Renewable Energy

Sources

3. Optimized designs, Management Tools and Standards to prolong life cycle, safety

and prevent pollution in water, Air and soil.

4. Ensure Personal Safety to personnel and live stock.

5. Reduce waste and especially hazardous waste

6. Enhance quality of living by reducing Environmental/Safety hazards, Noise and all

forms of pollution & Contaminations.

7. Sustainable Development and Green/Conservation Products.

Environmental-Interactions & Requirements

Areas:

[Mining /Oil & Gas/ Soil Remediation/Transportation /Waste Management/Pollution Abatement]

Soil Water

EnergyAir

Animals Humans

Plants Insects

A

Balanced

B

Harmonious D

Diverse

C

Clean

Electro-technology

The applications of Electrical Engineering Principles and Phenomena in process industries:

Heating, Cooling, processing, smelting and Environmental pollution abatement Systems& Devices with

specific concern to the following

1. Electrical Power Efficiency and Energy Conservation

2. Renewable energy systems (Wind, Photo-voltaic, Fuel Cell, Small Hydro, Hybrid,…..) & utilization

and use in Remote/Isolated Communities.

3. Applications of Electromagnetic (EM) and Electrostatic (ES) fields in process stabilization,

Disinfection, Odor control, Gaseous absorption, Anomaly / Fault / failure, detection using

Electrical Signature FFT Tools, Eddy- Current Mapping/ FFT-Wavelets & Neural Network

Mapping & Identification technologies.

4. Application of AI based-Soft Computing Technologies (ANN, Fuzzy,

Neuro-Fuzzy and Genetic Algorithms in Fault /Anomaly Detection,

Relaying, Control and Safety.

5. Electric Grid Utility Systems :Voltage and Frequency (FACTS-

Based) Stabilization, Blackout-Security and Power Quality PQ

Enhancement

Promotional Activities

M.Eng / M.Sc.

Program in Environmental

Engineering & Technology

Capstone Courses

Courses (PBL) on

Environmental Engineering &

Technology

Interdisciplinary & Interfaculty

Collaborative Research

Short-Term

Consulting Services office

(CSO)

Approach

Student-Annual Environmental design Competition

National International Collaborative Research

Networks of excellence

Seminar U/G Environmental Design projects

Competing in National & International Competitions in Energy & Environmental

NRC (Energy Ambassadors) !! Green-Plug-Winner, OTTAWA 2005

Interfaculty (Science & Engineering) Collaborative Research

Innovative-Teaching by Using Current Research in Teaching !!

Specialized Courses & Programs

C. Courses

“ Environmental Engineering & Technology”

Based on

o Case Studies

o Invited Guest- Seminars & Lectures

o Project Based Learning -PBL

D. M.Eng / M.Sc. & Research Collaboration

Inter-diciplinary / Multi-diciplinary /Inter-Faculty/Inter-Departmental

Research

(M.Eng /M.Sc) Program in Environmental Engineering & Technology

Environmental Engineering/Technology

Promotion Methodology & Approach

1. Creation of Student-Environmental Innovation Club (SEIC)

2. Annual Green Environmental student Competition

3. Joint Interfaculty Engineering & Science Research using Joint

Senior Thesis projects & Co-Supervision of Graduate students

4. Joint Business, Industry and Electric Utility sponsored Value-Added

Research.

5. Short-Term Environmental Consulting Services-Office (CESO)

6. National and International Collaborative Research , Research links,

Bi-lateral International Research Agreements.

7. Joint International Educational Programs & Initiatives (AL-

AHRAM-Cairo-CUC, Middle East, S.E. Asia)

Planned Research Activities

(1) Electricity Power/Energy Conservation & Demand Side Management.

(2) AI-Based Fault Detection and Relaying Protection and Safety Schemes

(3) Harmonic/Noise Mitigation and Power Quality Enhancement

(4) Applications of Ripple orthogonal Pulsating and Rotating

Electromagnetic & Electrostatic fields in:-

(a) Germicidal control, sterilization, and Disinfection (Water,

Milk, liquids, Hospital, hazardous waste,…)

(b) Zeolite-Enhanced Gaseous-adsorption and Odor control using

Air Filters and Muffler systems.

(c) Sick Building mitigation and air filter- systems

(d) Efficient Electro-technology based heating (Resistive, inductive,

arc,…) systems

5. Renewable/ alternative dispersed standalone, hybrid and Grid-

interconnected electric energy supply systems using wind, small

hydro, photovoltaic, fuel cell, Micro Gas turbine, Hybrid Systems.

6. Intelligent Electric Arc/ Fire Detection and Relaying Schemes using

harmonic FFT finger printing and Electric Signature Analysis ESA

Tools ( for Buildings, commercial Installation, Mining process

industries and low- voltage Electric Grid systems..

7. Large Machinery/Motorized and Electromechanical Vibration/shaft

Monitoring and anomaly/failure/fault diagnostics using ANN-Basednonlinear pattern recognition mapping and vector transformationswavelets, Short Term FFT, Inverse-Cosine, Temporal, Statistical andAbduction Rules.

8. Active Traffic & Machinery Noise Cancellation in Roads & Buildings

9. Intelligent Fuzzy logic based decision Making Software.

10. Applications of Ground Resistance spectra Scans and Electromagneticfield penetration Mapping in personnel Land-Mine detection & otherArcheological Site-Detection

Dr. A. M. Sharaf ‘s: Current Research Activities

1. The Green Plug & Smart power Filters and Energy Misers/Economics

2. Wind-Utilization schemes

3. Photovoltaic Utilization schemes

4. FACTS Based stabilization Devices For Electric utility Grid Systems

5. Bio-Filter Using (EM/EM/ES/UV)

6. The Electric-Foot-Generator (EFG)

7. Arc Fault-HIF Detection and fire sentry Relaying Systems

8. Zeolite-Gaseous Adsorption & Odor control

9. NG/PEM-fuel cell Efficiency Enhancement Using (LF/HF)Ripple

Electromagnetic Reformer and Cell Polarization filters

10. Efficient Hydrogen Based Hybrid Technology-Storage/Reformer/Fuel Cell

(Hydrogen/PV/Wind/Fuel Cells / Micro-Gas turbines)

Electrostatic/Electromagnetic

Bio-Filter-A for Airborne Contaminant Disinfection

Based on initial design by Dr. Adel M. Sharaf

Prof. Dr. Adel M. Sharaf, SM IEEE

Summary

Background

Methodology

Electrostatic Method

Electromagnetic Method

Work Completed

Work Remaining

Background

• Reasons for This Project• growing concern for indoor air quality

(e.g. mold, smoke)

• allergies, asthma, other respiratory problems

• disease control

• threat of biological terrorism, (e.g. Anthrax)

Background

• Goal of the Project

• Design and construct a bio-filter using the

combined orthogonal electromagnetic and

electrostatic principle developed by Dr. Sharaf

for his Portable Water Germicidal Unit. (Patent

Pending)

Background

HPAC Engineering , January 2002 (http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/pubs/foam.pdf)

Methodology

Electrostatic Component

Process commonly referred to as “Electrostatic Precipitation” or “Electronic Air -Cleaning”

2-stage process; charging stage and collection stage

Effective in filtering particles form .01 to 10 microns

Process consumes relatively low power

Methodology

Dirty Air -

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

--

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

--

Airborne

Molecules

Negative

Ions

Oppositely

Charged Plates

Methodology

Dirty Air -

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

--

-

--

-

-

-

-

-

--

• Airborne molecules collide with negative ions

Methodology

• Airborne molecules acquire a negative net charge and

collect on the positively charged plate

Dirty Air -

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- -

-

--

--

-

-

-

-

-

Clean Air

-

--

-

-

-

-

Methodology

Electromagnetic Component

FDA study in 2000 demonstrated that Bacteria/Cysts/micro Living Cells could be destroyed by an Oscillating or Pulsing Magnetic Field at a given Strength & frequency!!

Depends on pulsing-frequency, magnetic field strength, and duration/length of pulses.

Pulsed magnetic fields will be generated using electromagnetic Magnet-Coils.

Methodology

Leading theory states that a PMF can loosen the covalent bonds between ions and proteins in microorganisms.

Ions move in a circular path when entering a perpendicular magnetic field.

This Ion- motion causes the protein molecules and other-ions to oscillate and eventually break the covalent bonds that bind them.

B

Methodology

Initial Design

(DESIGNED

BY DR.

SHARAF)

Oppositely

Charged

Plates

Negative

Ion

Generator

Needles

Electromagnetic

CoilAir Hole

Methodology

Initial Design

(DESIGNED

BY DR.

SHARAF)Fan

Methodology

B

E

• E = V/d KV/m

E is a function of the

Electric Potential divided

by the distance between

the plates.

Orthogonal Electric and

Magnetic Fields

Methodology

l

r d1

d2

B

2r2d1

d1

2r2d2

d2

2l

NIr

μo

μB

l

ANL ro

2

Cross-section of a

finite solenoid Magnetic flux density B along

the axis of finitely long

solenoid.

Inductance of a solenoid

Methodology

• Quick-Field Software-Simulations

• 2-D finite element analysis-FEM program (free student edition)

• Electrostatic simulations based on Poisson’s Equation

• Magnetic simulations are based on vector Poisson’s Equation

Work Completed

Researched several methods of airborne filtration and disinfection including electrostatic and electromagnetic methods.

Simulated magnetic and electric field strengths of the design elements using Quick-Field software.

Initiated the design of dual frequency triggering circuits for electromagnetic Magnet-Coils.

Work Remaining-SEE PART B

Complete design-Simulations to determine selection of ferrite cores, and placement of field intensifier-Magnetic collector Plates.

Design of High Voltage Source (Cockroft-Walton Voltage- Multiplier Circuit.)

Construction of the First-Prototype.

Testing (possibly at NRC, UL or New Brunswick-RPC testing facilities.)

References

1. 1.) Hofmann, G.A. 1985. Deactivation of microorganisms by an oscillating magnetic field. U.S. Patent 4,524,079.

2.

3. 2.) Moore, R.L. 1979. Biological effects of magnetic fields. Studies with microorganisms. Can. J. Microbiol., 25:1145-1151.

4.

5. 3.) Kinetics of Microbial Inactivation for Alternative Food Processing Technologies . U. S. Food and Drug Administration. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004

6.

7. 4.) Gary Wade and Rifetech. (1998). EXCITING POSSIBILITIES IN PULSED INTENSE MAGNETIC FIELD THERAPY. Rife Healing Energy. Available: URL http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~comm/ift-omf.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

8.

9. 5.) Aerobiological Engineering: Electrostatic Precipitation. The Pennsylvania State University Aerobiological Engineering. Available: URL http://www.arche.psu.edu/iec/abe/electro.html. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

10.

11. 6.) What is an Ionizer. What is an Ionizer. Available: URL http://www.ionizer.com.my/What_is_ionizer.htm. Last accessed 10 February 2004.

QUESTIONS ??

A EM/EM/ES Ripple Frequency Excited Gasous -Adsorption Zeolite Muffler-Air Filters.

Prof. Dr. Adel Sharaf

Objective:

Gaseous Adsorption using natural

/Synthetic Zeolites for

(CO,CO2,NOx,SO2) &Possibly VOC- Volatile- Organic Compounds

Device :

Based on Dr.Adel Sharaf Design of Three/Four–Axis EM/EM/EM/ES Electromagnetic & Electrostatic Ripple Field -Excitation

Introduction to control Gaseous emission control:

Atmospheric Emission Control Activities

• Air toxic pollutants

• Fine particulates-Smog

• Flue gas conditioning for enhanced particulate control

• Fine particulate control

• Hot-gas cleaning

• Acid–gas emission control

• Fuel and sorbent characterization

• VOC-Adsorption

• Waste utilization and and disposal

• Fuel conditioning

• Land-Fill Odor Emission Control(DALHOUSIE/ACOA-AIF)

1.2 Zeolite Compounds:

Zeolite powder crystals are used in the chemical process industry as filters, and chemical agents and adsorbents. Zeolite crystals are often used as chemical sieves to filter specific molecular compounds selectively

Zeolite are also used in ODOR-Control in Land - Fill sites.

Zeolites are used extensively in Petroleum Refinery & other Chemical Process.

Zeolite Compounds:

Consumption

Zeolites are found in abundance throughout the world…. However, the value of the synthetic zeolites sold is far higher…. Many of the uses for natural zeolites are environmentally related.

Detergent –Cleaning Industries

Health and Safety

Far and away, the largest outlet for zeolite volume is the global laundry detergent market. By the end of 1992 [it was expected that the world would] be consuming detergent zeolite (zeolite A) at the rate of 1.44 million - metric tons per year. Unlike phosphates, zeolite A- cannot contribute to the pollution of lakes, streams or bays....

Zeolite Compounds:

Zeolites possess high adsorption capacity, undergo reversible adsorption/desorption, and are structurally stable.

These properties enable zeolite to be used in solar-powered refrigerators and to store energy during off-peak periods and release it during peak periods. Zeolites can also be used in refrigeration and air cooling systems to reduce water in the air to very low concentrations, allowing very effective evaporation.

Zeolite Molecular Sieve

GRACE Davison---- zeolite molecular sieves are characterized by the following properties:

1. Selective adsorption due to the uniform pore size of the zeolite structure

2.High adsorption capacity for polar substances at low concentrations

Industrial Products: Absorbents for oil and spills Gas separations

Radioactive Waste, Site remediation/decontamination

Catalytic-Treatment Natural zeolites are being used to treat low and intermediate aqueous waste: Nuclear waste treatment: British Nuclear Fuels in Great Britain, West Valley

Nuclear and Date Ridge National Laboratory. Natural zeolite has been used in the clean-up at Three- Mile Island, USA and Chernobyl-Disaster, Ukraine.

Zeolite Are :

Zeolites can be manufactured in robust small- granules which can be placed on a metal mesh0 conveyer belt which would, at some predetermined interval, refresh itself with a new load of zeolite granules.

Zeolites tend to provide zero- release for the entire period that they are adsorbing SO2.

Chemical Compound: Silicates with Aluminum ,Sodium & Potassium Composition.

Zeolites

What is adsorption?

involves nothing more than the preferential partitioning of substances from the gaseous or liquid phase onto the surface of a solid substrate.

Adsorption phenomena are operative in most natural physical, biological, and chemical systems

Physical adsorption is caused mainly by Van der Waals forces and electrostatic- type Bonding-Force between adsorbate molecules and the atoms which compose the adsorbent surface

Van der Waals Term and the Electrostatic Term

These terms are by far the most important and the accuracy of our models depend largely on the parameterisation and description of these terms.

The forces between atoms due to van der Waals -electrostatic interactions may be summarised as follows; no effect at very large distances, repulsive but attractive at very short and short distances respectively.

Zeolites adsorption can be increased using both Electrostatic and Electro magnetic Ripple-Frequency-Excitations(Dr.Sharaf).

1.3 Thesis objectives:

The project is about a simple-prototyping and building of an EM/EM/EM/ES Excited Gasous -Adsorption Zeolite-Filter/Muffler for SOX, NOX, CO and CO2 gaseous adsorption.

This project required research in the field of electrical Energy, physics, and chemistry .

Understand the different Zeolite compounds that can be used.

Select Suitable Natural and synthetic high adsorption-Zeolites

Build a low cost Zeolite Based Muffler/Filter for Autos/Trucks/Locomotives based on Dr.A.M.Sharaf Basic Three /Four Axes EM/EM/EM/ES Ripple Frequency Excitation.

1.3 Thesis objectives cont.

• (1)The most important point in this project is to

find the best distribution magnetic Field in X,Y ,Z

directions.Using FEM-QUICK-FIELD software

and Specific Coil-Design formula for sizing

excitation coils-MMF/Size/Polarity.

• (2) Design an electrostatic Quasi- uniform DC-

Field distribution within Zeolite-Cartridge core

using a low cost High Voltage-Multiplier Circuit .

Thesis objectives Cont.

Need to know the effects of EM/EM/ES on Zeolites-Adsorption .

The Basic principle is to try to polarize the electrons orbits for SOX,

NOX, CO and CO2 gas atoms.

To enhance Zeolite absorbability by combined Multi-Axial

Electrostatic / Electromagnetic Variable Frequency-Variable Intensity-Magnetic field.

2.Zeolite Muffler Design :

D = 5 – 8 “

D = 2 - 3 “ 0.1 L 0.1 L

Gas in

Gas out

L = 2D – 3D = 10 – 25 ‘

Zeolite Muffler Design :

2.1 Muffler-Filter Layout:

Design

(1) Electromagnetic Coil #1 , Coil #2 & possibly a third Coil #3 .Excitation (variable-F) circuit using CD-4046 ,V/F or (555)-Timer-circuits: Variable Frequency from: 0 < f < 25 KHz (adjustable).

• (2) High voltage DC-Multiplier Circuit: H.V =(2-10KV), E = 20kv/m

• Use thermal-Plastic or solid- Aluminum /Copper.

3. Variable-Frequency 555-Timer-Pulsing Driver- Circuit

0< f < 25 KHz

Electrostatic –DC-High Voltage Driver Circuit

5.Triggening –Test-electronic circuits and interface

devices .

To D1V dc

V

Coil Trigger

Flux/Current- Adjustable Magnetic Flux density-BFrom Car Battery/ V Regulator

R2

1kR3

50K

C20.01MF

R510K

C4

0.1

C10.1MF

Coi l 1

R4100

R7

10

C31000MF

VCC + 12v

Q1

Q2N3055

Coi l 2

u1

555D

1

234

567

8G

ND

TRIGGEROUTPUTRESET

CONTROLTHRESHOLDDISCHARGE

VC

C

D1

R11k

Will be conducted at NB-RPC/ UNB-Chemical Engineering Laboratory for (CO,CO2,NOx,SO2)-Adsorption:

(1) The Device will be tested for specific-gas adsorption efficiency under variable Frequency f from 0-25 KHZ-Pulsing

NOx SOx CO,CO2 (2) Study the Effect of Axial/Resultant Flux Density B1,B2,B3,Br BR = SQRT (B1

^2 + B2^2 + B3^2 ) -Range from 100-1000 Mill-iTesla!!

E = K V /r(radius)-Range from 20-200 KV/m (3) Automotive Exhaust-Testing under Running/Idle/Variable

RPM conditions.

TESTING

The prototype Zeolite –Muffler-attachment will be Mounted on a Car-Exhaust

Idle/Run Field testing will be conduct using a global-Gaseous Monitoring Meter to asses the effectiveness of the EM/EM/EM/ES polarizing-Dual Field on Zeolite-Adsorption Efficiency!!

Future Applications & Testing

Different-Prototype devices-2 AXIS/THREE AXIS/FOUR AXIS EM/ES based on Dr.A.M.Sharaf’s Principle of

RIPPLE OTHOGONAL EM/ES EXCITATION for Zeolite-Polarization and Crystalline Elasticity for other applications:

(1) Ai-ventilation and VOC-Compound adsorption.

(2)Odor- Control in sick Building & land-Fill sites

Work Done On thesis

Work cont..Fiber glass

Work cont..

Work cont..

Work cont..

Prototype-Results:

The coils resistance are about 3.5 Ohm each .

Magnetic Field strength B= 100-1000 Milli-TESLA

High voltage measurement 2-20KV

Frequency measurement –Variable: 0-25 KHz

Q field Software

Project Design

Device-Triggering Circuit- Photo

AL-MUFFLER ATTACHEMENT-FILTER 3 COIL-XYZ ATTACHMENT

Coil-Layout Design

Triggering -Circuit with Variable F, B and H.V. Generator

Using a Car in idle ,Running Conditions.

Measure Adsorption-Efficiency for different Zeolite Compounds at different Resultant-Field (Br) strength(100-1000mTesla) &different frequencies from 0-25 KHZ without and with DC Electrostatic Field enhancement

RPC-NB Proposed TESTING

Use Calibrated Gas Detector

The Polytron 2 XP Ex is an explosion proof gas detector for continuous

monitoring of combustible gases and vapors in amb

Toxic Gas Testing

SO2 NO2 NO CO NH3 H2SHCN HCl H2 O2 O3 EtO Cl2

Toxic gas sensors for measuring SO2, NO2, NO, CO, NH3, H2S, HCN, HCl, H2, O2, O3, EtO, Cl2, and more.

Up to 5 gas sensors (in addition to a temperature sensor) can be configured into a single TG-501 probe. Combine the best available electrochemical gas sensor technology with mobile computing for on-site application info access and to efficiently log/document your surveys.

Hand Field –PC-Based Acquisition &Test system

Reference:

TITLE: THE REMOVAL OF SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO2) DATE: April 1998 FROM FLUE GAS USING UTILITY

SYNTHESIZED ZEOLITES

http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/proceedings/98/98ucr/GRUTZECK.PDF

Text adapted from:Slejko, F.L., Adsorption Technology, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985M. Suzuki, Adsorption Engineering, Elsevier,Amsterdam, 1990

• Gray Wolf :

http://www.wolfsense.com/demos.html

• Dragar Safety http://www.draeger.com/ST/internet/US/en/Industries/GDS/gds_engineering.jsp

Questions ??

A NOVEL Maximum POWER-TRACKING CONTROLLER

FOR A STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV-DC 1) SCHEME

A.M. Sharaf, SM IEEE

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

University of New Brunswick

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Introduction

System Model Description

Novel Dynamic Error Driven PI Controller

Digital Simulation Results

Conclusions

Future Work

Introduction

The advantages of Photo-Voltaic-PV solar energy:

Clean and green energy source that can reduce green house gases

Highly reliable and needs minimal maintenance

Costs little to build and operate ($2-3/Watt-Peak)

Almost has no environmental polluting impact

Modular and flexible in terms of size, ratings and applications

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

The photovoltaic system displays an inherently nonlinear current-voltage (I-V) relationship, requiring an online search and identification of the optimal maximum power operating point.

MPPT controller/interface is a power electronic DC/DC converter or DC/AC inverter system inserted between the PV array and its electric load to achieve the optimum characteristic matching

PV array is able to deliver maximum available solar power that is also necessary to maximize the photovoltaic energy utilization in stand-alone energy utilization systems (water pumping, ventilation)

I-V and P-V characteristics of a typical PV array at a fixed

ambient temperature and solar irradiation condition

The performance of any stand-alone PV system depends on:

Electric load operating conditions/Excursions/ Switching

Ambient/junction temperature (Tx)

Solar-Insolation / Irradiation variations (Sx)

System Model Description

Key components:

PV array module model

Power conditioning filter:

♦ Blocking Diode

♦ Input filter (Rf & Lf)

Storage Capacitor (C1)

Four-Quadrant PWM converter feeding the

PMDC (Permanent Magnet Direct Current)

motor (1-15kW size)

Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC

motor drive system

Novel Dynamic Error DrivenPI Controller

Three regulating loops:

The motor reference speed (ωm-Reference)

trajectory tracking loop

The first supplementary motor current (Iam)

limiting loop

The second supplementary

maximum photovoltaic power (Pg) tracking loop

Novel Dynamic tri-loop error driven

Proportional plus Integral control system

The global error signal (et) comprises

3-dimensional excursion vectors (ew, ei, ep)

The loop weighting factors (γw, γ i and γ p) and gains (Kp, Ki) are assigned to minimize the time-weighted excursion index J0

Digital Simulation Results

Photovoltaic powered Four-Quadrant PWM converter PMDC motor drive system

model using the MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems software

where

is the total excursion error,

N= T0/Tsample,

T0: Largest mechanical time constant (10s),

Tsample: Sampling time (0.2ms)

Test Variations of ambient temperature and solar irradiation

Variation of

ambient temperature (Tx)

Variation of

solar irradiation (Sx)

For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory

ωref & ωm vs. time ωm vs. Te

For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)

Iam vs. time Pg vs. time

For trapezoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)

Vg vs. Ig Pg vs. Ig & Vg

For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory

ωref & ωm vs. time ωm vs. Te

For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)

Iam vs. time Pg vs. time

For sinusoidal reference speed trajectory (Continue)

Vg vs. Ig Pg vs. Ig & Vg

The digital simulation results validate the tri-loop dynamic error driven

PI controller, ensures:

Good reference speed trajectory tracking with

a small overshoot/undershoot and minimum

steady state error

The motor inrush current Iam is kept to a specified

limited value

Maximum PV solar power/energy tracking near

knee point operation can be also achieved

Conclusions

The proposed dynamic error driven controller requires only the PV array output voltage and current signals and the DC motor speed and current signals that can be easily measured.

The low cost stand-alone photovoltaic renewable energy scheme is suitable for village electricity application in the range of (150 watts to 15000 watts), mostly for Village-water pumping and irrigation use in arid developing countries.

Future Work

Other PV-DC, PV-AC and Hybrid

PV/Wind energy utilization schemes and Control Strategies

New control strategies for MAX-P/Energy Utilization

Household Green Plug

Prof. Dr. A. M. Sharaf

Description of Green Plug

Modulated/Switched Dynamic Filter Capacitor Compensator

(MSDFCC) for Electrical-Energy Efficiency, $$$-Savings and Power

Quality Enhancement for a 3-wire 2-ph Household Load

Outline

Objectives

Designs

Benefits / Application

Control-Strategies

Digital- Simulation Results-MATLAB

Conclusions

Future / Extended Work/Testing

Objectives

Create a low cost Green Plug –Compensator design by using the

neutral or return current for the control loop activation.

Run various Digital simulation scenarios to test the Green Plug and

control loop effectiveness

Select a final low cost-design

Designs

Family of Green Plugs, Energy Misers & MPF/SPF Compensator

Developed by Dr. A.M. Sharaf

Designs

Designs

Designs

Designs

Designs

Control Schemes

Designs

Designs

Benefits / Application

Enhance Power-Quality PQ and reduce HARMONIC-

POLLUTION

Reduce Energy Consumption

Improve Power Factor

Reduce THD-Total Harmonic Voltage/Current Distortion

Clean AC- Waveforms

Regulate Supply Voltage

Reduce Light Flickering-Voltage Sags

Reduce Hazardous-GPR/Hot Ground/Shock-Potential

Benefits / Application

Reduce Green- House Gases by better Energy Utilization.

Dynamic Reactive Energy Compensation to release System

Capacity to allow Electric Load Growth without new Generation

Maximize Energy Utilization & Improve Power Factor

Reduce Anomalies/Faults/Failure impact and associated Risk-

Safety Issues!!!

Strategies

•Digital Simulation using SIMULINK, MATALB software

developer for model analysis and function constructor

•Simple Idea of reducing the Reactive Power Component Q-

reduce Supply Current needed and KVA and compensate for a

higher Power Factor above 90-95 % Targeted!!

Strategies

2 Phase 3 Wire -Scott Connection Household Wiring-Model

Digital Simulation of the Three GP- SCHEMES

Green Plug Scheme 1, 2, 3-Study under----

Imbalance-1 (Phase 1: 4.5kW + 1.9kVAR; Phase 2: 3.5kW +

1000VAR)

Imbalanced -2 (Phase 1: 4.5kW + 1.9kVAR; Phase 2: 5.5kW +

2.5VAR)

Non-Linear Load operation (Phase 1: 500W + 60VAR RECTIFIED;

Phase 2: 2kW + 150VAR)

Fault (OC/SC) Conditions: One Phase Open Circuit; One Phase Short

Circuit.

Digital Simulation

Select about 9kVA loading @ 90%PF

Select-Filter Parameters:

50uF, 10mH, & 0.25 ohms

Digital Simulation

Green Plug Design 1

Digital Simulation

Green Plug Design 2

Digital Simulation

Green Plug Design 3

Digital Simulation

W/out GP1 GP2 GP3

St (VA) 8595

7715

9220

8292

7494

8912

8250

7495

8910

n/a

PF

(%)

92

94

91.5

97.2

98.6

96.4

97.5

98.6

96.3

n/a

THD-i

(%)

27 17 13.6 n/a

Digital Simulation

Non-Linear Current Waveforms: Before and After

Conclusion

Green Plug-GP ADVANTAGES:

Raised PF by average 5%

Reduced Energy Consumption by an average 5%-for load scenarios

Reduced Harmonics to almost 50% for the Nonlinear-NL load

Raised Phase Voltage slightly,while reducing the imbalance neutral-

current

Fault Cases showed no sign of excess Risk/Safety/Shock/Hazard

ground and neutral currents and associated GPR-HOT GROUNDS!!

All controllers were effective, but the GP-Filter objectives change from

Energy Savings to Harmonic Filtering/PQ Enhancement or both..

Conclusion

Neutral current control has somewhat limited capabilities which

in turn showed limited effectiveness.

Green Plug design 2 performed the best!!!!

Green Plug 3 was not very effective when used with limited

ON-OFF TRIAC CONTROLLER

These GP-PLUGS/FILTERS can become unstable if used with

improper or non-optimized Controller

GP/ Capacitive-Compensators/Filters can be used for other

Large Commercial/Residential/Office/Malls/Process Plants

; LOSSES. As well as Electric Utility Substations.

Conclusion

Theoretically; During Summer time (fans, AC...) GP will reduce

KVA/Energy and compensate high Reactive Power Demand.

Winter time (Resistive heating Loads),the GP will reduce needed

load-current due to imbalanced phase currents in a household,

therefore reducing KVA/KVAR/kWh Daily-Consumption

The project has earned the title of Energy Ambassador from the

Dept. of Natural Resources-Canada with A Student Prize of $

1000.00(Mr. Rene Rioux)

Future / Extended Work

Study different GP-FILTER Schemes.

Use maximum PF controller, or minimum power controller with

Green Plug, which uses both phase current and voltage (more

costly, and compare advantages)

Uses dedicated-single phase filters /GP on both phases, treat

each phase independently

Transient Analysis on Green Plug on the Household Model

Techniques for selecting/ optimizing controllers

Future /Extended Work

Build the Prototype, Lab-Validation Testing, & Field Summer/Winter

household-Testing

Study other GP-TOPOLOGIES/INTERFACE METHODS/Control Schemes

for specific objective/combination of objectives such as:

Electricity Savings

Harmonic reduction

Neutral/Hot GROUND/High GPR reduction

Power Factor Correction

Power Quality Enhancement

Questions

A Novel Foot Power Generator

Prof. Dr. Adel Sharaf

Presentation Layout

Summary

History & Background

Moving Platform-FOOT-GEN

DC-Generator

Charging Circuit & DC-Source

Future Recommendations

Questions

Summary

Purpose is to generate electrical energy from a foot- step.

Courtesy: www.3dcharacter.com

History & Background

The project is based on a foot generator designed by a group of 2nd year mechanical engineering students in 2004 ,under Dr. sharaf supervision.

A DC generator was their method of producing electrical energy.

Platform & Generator

Courtesy: Floor Generator manual, ME2332, Winter 2004

Moving Platform

Redesign or Reuse the old Plateform

Tested the prototype design with pre-established requirements of output Power/Voltage!!-Low output

A new design was built by Students in for a Sr.-Thesis Project

Moving Platform Testing

Tests Measured or Observed

Required

Average peak voltage per foot step

2.4 V peak 9.0 V peak

Platform vertical displacement

15 mm Between 5 and 20 mm

Repeated foot strikes

Gears cracked No failures

Moving Platform Design

Goals: 15 mm displacement and sturdy

Red = Frame

Green = Moving Platform Welding Design

Moving Platform Construction

The frame was welded by Mr. Oscar Robichaud.

The main assembly/construction was performed by two Students.

Functional Diagram DC-Generator

Charger- circuit

Source-Storage

Utility/Load circuit

Generator

Three methods were suggested by our advisor.

Piezoelectric-Electrostatic ceramics

DC generators

Variable reluctance coils

Secondary DC-Generator

Variable/Movable Capacitor Storage

DC Generator Design

Decision: DC Generator

Restrictions:

Small Linear Vertical Movement

Two main concerns:

High Gear Ratio

Total Voltage Rating of about- 9V DC

DC Generator 1

Tamiya 72005 6-Speed Gearbox

Specifications:

•RPM: 5040-6300

•Rated: 3V

•Amperage: 0.64A

•Variable gear ratio

DC Generator 2

Specifications:

•RPM: 6990-9100

•Rated: 3V each

•Amperage: 0.66A

•Variable gear ratio

Tamiya 70097 Twin-Motor Gearbox

Generator Mechanisms

2 Attempted –Motional-Mechanisms

Air Pressure

Mechanical Arm

Mechanical Arm Design

Green = Moving PlatformRed = FrameObjectives:

• Increase Linear Motion

• Interact with Shaft

• Easy to adjust

Mechanical Arm

Problems:

Quick change in direction, hard on gears

Change in direction will change current-Polarity, requires H- Rectifier-Bridge

Counterweights required due to motor torque

One-Way Bearing

Solution: Use a one-way bearing

Benefits:

Eliminate H- Rectifier-Bridge

Decrease needed-Plate Resistance

Easier on Gears

Generator System

Generator Results

Peak Voltage = 8.20 Volts ,Noise!!!!

Generator Results

Max Current = 1.20A

Max Power = 9.84W

Assumptions for plot: Constant- Velocity

No time delay from plate movement to generator output

Charging Circuit & Source

Two methods can be used:

Sealed lead-Gel Batteries

Not Expensive(5$)

Requires Charging Circuit

Super-Capacitor-1 FARAD at 12 Volt!!!

Expensive(100$+)

No Charging Circuit Required

Sealed Lead Gel Battery

Specifications:

• 6V, 4Amp-Hours

• Charging Voltage

6.7-7.3 Volts

Charging Circuit Design

Charging Circuit Result

1.10 Voltage drop across the regulator

Charging Circuit Modification

Voltage Regulator LM317T will be replaced

An LDO Voltage Regulator, LM1117 will be used in its place

Expected results: Lower voltage drop across the regulator

Need to use a good Low Voltaage drop Regulator

Need to use a unidirectional Diode to ensure Current Flow to Storage at all times!!

Future Recommendations

Generator:

Piezoelectric-Effect using Ceramics

Variable reluctance coils

Variable/Movable Core Capacitor

Source/Storage:

Super Capacitor

Piezoelectric Generator

Possible Future Applications

Wave Generator

Conclusion

F-Gen-First Prototype demonstrates that a floor generator can be designed at low cost!!

A DC-Generator can be used but reliability and durability may be questionable

Methods to increase output Dc-Power: Increase Displacement-up to 20 mm

Increase Applied Force

Use a technique to filter output voltage notching-a input Filter(LC) can be used

Use a better uniform motion-mechanism!!

Use Piezo-Converter)

Questions

Charger-Current Sensing