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Punctuation marksfull stop or period.hyphen-dashslash, forward slash or oblique/backslash\apostrophe'underline____underscore_

Present Simple of the Verb to be: am, is, are

Short Forms of the Verb to be

Examples of to be: My motherisa teacher. This soupisvery tasty. John and his wifeare from Manchester. The flowersare on the table.

Isyour brother taller than you? AmIbotheringyou?

They are not working hard. Sheisnot angry.

They are not working hardBasic Business TermsAccounting a system that provides quantitative information about finances. Assets the value of everything a company owns and uses to conduct their business. Business an organization that operates with the intention of making a profit. Contract a formal agreement to do work for pay. Entrepreneur someone who organizes, manages and takes on the risk of starting a new business. Expense money spent on supplies, equipment or other investments. Finance the management and allocation of money and other assets. Management the act of organizing and conducting a business to accomplish goals and objectives. Marketing the process of promoting, selling and distributing a product or service. Net Income/Profit revenues minus expenses. Net Worth the total value of a business. Product something produced or manufactured to be sold; a good. Supplier an organization that provides supplies to a business. Introduction5A / ANUse'a'with nouns starting with aconsonant(letters that are not vowels),'an'with nouns starting with avowel(a,e,i,o,u)ExamplesAboyAnappleAcarAnorangeAhouseAnopera

INDEFINITE ARTICLE: A / ANto refer to something for the first time:An elephantanda mousefell in love.Would you likea drink?I've finally gota good job.to refer to a particular member of a group or classwith names of jobs:John isa doctor.Mary is training to bean engineer.He wants to bea dancer.with nationalities and religions, with names of days, etcBut we do not use a/an with plural nounsThe indefinite article is used:We use question words to ask for informationWhen? Where? Who? Why? How? Time Place Person Reason Manner What? : Object/Idea/ActionWe usually formwh-questions withwh-+ an auxiliary verb (be, door have) + subject + main verb or withwh-+ a modal verb + subject + main verb:Be: Whenareyou leaving?Do: Wheredothey live?Have: Whathasshe done now? Whathavethey decided?Modal: Whowouldshe stay with? WhereshouldI park?

WH Question Words

Introducing yourself:My name is ...I'm ....Nice to meet you; I'm ...Pleased to meet you; I'm ...Let me introduce myself; I'm ...I'd like to introduce myself; I'm ...Introducing others:Jack, please meet Nicolas.Jack, have you met Nicolas?I'd like you to meet Liza.I'd like to introduce you to Betty.Leila, this is Barbara. Barbara this is Leila.

Introducing yourself and other peopleNice to meet you.Pleased to meet you.Happy to meet you.How do you do?

Useful responses when introducing yourself or other people:Saying "Goodbye" in EnglishFormal goodbyes: Goodbye, Farewell,Have a good day, Take care.Casual goodbyes: Bye, See you later. / Talk to you later, Have a good one, So long, All right then.

Begin with a greetingIt's important to always open your email with a greeting, such as"Dear Lillian,". Depending on the formality of your relationship, you may want to use their family name as opposed to their given name, i.e."Dear Mrs. Price,". If the relationship is more casual, you can simply say,"Hi Kelly,"If youre contacting a company, not an individual, you may write"To Whom It May Concern:

How to Write a Professional Email in EnglishThank the recipientIf you are replying to a client's inquiry, you should begin with a line of thanks. For example, if someone has a question about your company, you can say,"Thank you for contacting ABC Company."If someone has replied to one of your emails, be sure to say,"Thank you for your prompt reply."or"Thanks for getting back to me."If you can find any way to thank the reader, then do. It will put him or her at ease, and it will make you appear more courteous.

State your purposeIf, however, you are initiating the email communication, it may be impossible to include a line of thanks. Instead, begin by stating your purpose. For example,"I am writing to enquire about "or"I am writing in reference to "It's important to make your purpose clear early on in the email, and then move into the main text of your email. Remember to pay careful attention to grammar, spelling and punctuation, and to avoid run-on sentences by keeping your sentences short and clear.

Closing remarksBefore you end your email, it's polite to thank your reader one more time as well as add some courteous closing remarks. You might start with"Thank you for your patience and cooperation."or"Thank you for your consideration."and then follow up with,"If you have any questions or concerns, don't hesitate to let me know."and"I look forward to hearing from you.

End with a closingThe last step is to include an appropriate closing with your name."Best regards,""Sincerely,"and"Thank you,"are all professional. It's a good idea to avoid closings such as"Best wishes,"or"Cheers,"as these are best used in casual, personal emails. Finally, before you hit the send button, review and spell check your email one more time to make sure it's truly perfect!

GOOD EXAMPLE

Subject: Revisions For Sales ReportHi Jackie,Thanks for sending that report last week. I read it yesterday, and I feel that Chapter 2 needs more specific information about our sales figures.I also felt that the tone could be more formal.Could you amend it with these comments in mind?Thanks for your hard work on this!Monica(Monica then follows this up with a separate email about the PR department meeting.)

BAD EXAMPLE

Subject: Revisions For Sales ReportHi Jackie,Thanks for sending that report last week. I read it yesterday, and I feel that Chapter 2 needs more specific information about our sales figures. I also felt that the tone could be more formal.Also, I wanted to let you know that I've scheduled a meeting with the PR department for this Friday regarding the new ad campaign. It's at 11:00 a.m. and will be in the small conference room.Please let me know if you can make that time.Thanks!Monica

Prepositions (time phrases)atfor a PRECISE TIMEinfor MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODSonfor DAYS and DATESLook at these examples:I have a meetingat9am.The shop closesatmidnight.Jane went homeatlunchtime.In England, it often snowsinDecember.Do you think we will go to Jupiterinthe future?There should be a lot of progressinthe next century.Do you workonMondays?Her birthday ison20 November.Where will you beonNew Year's Day?

Present simple tense

The Present Simple Tense for Habits and Routines

We use the present tense for an activity, celebration, habit or custom that is habitually repeated, existed in the past and will probably exist in the future, relatively permanent.We eat locally produced food.The priest blesses the food.We color eggs bright red.This tradition bonds one generation to the next.

We often use the present simple with adverbs of frequency:never, hardly ever, usually, sometimes, often, alwaysAdverbs of frequency gobeforethe main verb:Iusuallywake up at 7am.Adverbs of frequency goafter"be":Hes alwayslate.Expressions of frequency (every day, twice a week, once a month etc) usually go at the end of a sentence:I have English lessonsevery day.

Adverbs and expressions of frequency He goes out twice a week.She usually wakes up early.We visit my grandmother in Spain twice a year.I often eat at the restaurant opposite my school.Pedro is always the first student in class.They hardly ever stay at home on a Saturday night.We go to the cinema once a week.Jane and I see each other every Wednesday.I sometimes walk to work.We usually listen to the radio in the car.

Answers Too / EnoughTooandenoughindicate degree. They are used with adjectives.Toomeans more than what is needed.Enoughmeans sufficient.ExamplesHe istoo oldto play football with the kids.Dave isintelligent enoughto do the right thing.You're not workingfast enoughI don't haveenough time.He hastoo many friends.She has gottoo much patience

Simple Present: Negatives and Questions1. Forming a negativeNegatives in the simple present are formed by addingdon'tordoesn'tbefore the simple form of the verb:In other words, onlythird person singularsubjects (he, she and it) havedoesn't the rest havedon't.

2. Forming a yes/no questionYes/no questions are also created using the auxiliarydo. This time, the auxiliary is placed before the subject. Here are the rules:

Make questions and negative sentences:1 They play tennis.Question:Negative:2 Ramn likes pizza.Question:Negative:3 My best friend works in a hotel.Question:Negative:4 My parents get up early.Question:Negative:5 We like your house.Question:Negative:

SOME & ANY

CAN/CANTCAN/CANT

THERE IS /THERE ARE

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