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Howaboutthisone?

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Embedded Systemsby

Amitgupya

Trishita

Kajalkumari

Vibhuarya

Sk.Gousebaba

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WhatisanEmbeddedsystem?

Anembeddedsystemisaspecial-purposecomputersystemdesignedtoperformoneor

afewdedicatedfunctions,oftenwithreal-time

computingconstraints.Itisusuallyembedded

aspartofacompletedeviceincludinghardwareandmechanicalparts.Incontrast,a

general-purposecomputer,suchasa

personalcomputer,candomanydifferent

tasksdependingonprogramming.Embeddedsystemscontrolmanyofthecommondevices

inusetoday.

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Examples

Airconditioner

ATMmachine

Batterycharger

Digitalcamera

DVDplayer

Faxmachine

Homesecuritysystem Mobilephone

Modem

Navigationsystem

PDA

Photocopier

Printer Router

Scanner

TV

Videogameconsole Wearablecomputer

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History

Intheearliestyearsofcomputersin193040s,computersweresometimesdedicatedtoasinglepurpose

task.

Oneofthefirstrecognizablymodernembeddedsystem

wastheApolloGuidanceComputer,developedbyCharlesStarkDraperattheMITInstrumentationLaboratory.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Dsky.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGC_user_interface.jpg

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History

Sincetheseearlyapplicationsinthe1960s,embeddedsystemshavecomedowninpriceandtherehasbeenadramaticriseinprocessingpowerandfunctionality.Thefirstmicroprocessorforexample,theIntel4004wasdesignedforcalculatorsand

othersmallsystemsbutstillrequiredmanyexternalmemoryandsupportchips.

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History

Bythemid-1980s,mostofthecommonpreviouslyexternalsystemcomponentshadbeenintegratedintothesamechipastheprocessorandthismodernformofthemicrocontrollerallowedanevenmorewidespreaduse,whichbytheendofthe

decadewerethenormratherthantheexceptionforalmostallelectronicsdevices.

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.oli.tudelft.nl/uselog/pictures/Philips_remote_control.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.uselog.com/2007/06/i-love-my-remote-control.html&h=600&w=800&sz=114&hl=en&start=16&um=1&tbnid=Mzm5HClSBnWkAM:&tbnh=107&tbnw=143&prev=/images?q=remote+control&ndsp=20&um=1&hl=en&rlz=1T4SKPB_enUS270US270&sa=Nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:153056995_5ef8b01016_o.jpg

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Characteristics(1/4)

Special-purpose

Typically,isdesigned

toexecuteasingleprogram,repeatedly

Itusedtobesingle-

purpose

Now,multi-functioned,butsingle-purpose

TacticandStrategy

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Tightlyconstrained

Lowcost

Simplesystems Fewercomponents

based

Performsfunctions

fastenough Minimumpower

Characteristics(2/4)

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Reactiveandreal-

time

Reactive:Continuallyreactstoexternal

events

Real-time:Must

computecertainresultsinreal-time

Characteristics(3/4)

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Hardwareand

softwareco-exist

Thesoftwarewrittenforembeddedsystems

isoftencalled

firmware

Isstoredinread-onlymemoryorFlash

memorychipsrather

thanadiskdrive

Characteristics(4/4)

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Differencebetweenmicrocontrollerandamicroprocessor

Microcontroller MicroprocessorSinglefunctioned-

executesaspecifictask

Designedformultitasking

Availableatlesscostandworksathighspeed

comparedtoMP.

Highlyexpensiveandworksatlowspeed

comparedtoMC.

On-chipRAM,ROM NeedsexternalROMandRAM

Examples:Intels8051,

ZilogsZ87PIC16X.

Examples : Intel pentium,

i3,i5,i7,AMD.

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Programming Language HighlevellanguagessuchasC

languagecanbeused.

Evenassemblylanguagecanalsobe

used.

Software development stages: Analysis

Design

Implementation

Maintenance

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OperatingSystem

Usuallythereisnooperatingsystem

Embeddedoperatingsystem:designedtobeverycompactand

efficient,forsakingmanyfunctions

thatnon-embeddedcomputeroperatingsystemsprovide.

RTOSmaynotbenecessaryina

small-scaledembeddedsystem.AnRTOSisnecessarywhenscheduling

ofmultipleprocessesanddevicesis

important.

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EmbeddedSystemStructure

(Generic)

Memory

MC & ICsA-D

SensorD-A

Actuator

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A li i

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Applicationareas

Automotiveelectronics

Aircraftelectronics

Trains

Telecommunication

A li ti

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Applicationareas

Consumerelectronics

Fabricationequipments

Smartbuildings

A li ti l

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Applicationareasexamples

LatestBMWsconsistofover100MCs

orMPs(personalcommunications).

InIndia,embeddedsystemshas

enteredeveninbikessectors-SUZUKI

GS150RusesaMCinordermakethe

bikerunintwomodes.

l i

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... the New York Times has

estimated that the average

American comes into contact

with about 60 micro-processors every day....

Most of thefunctionalityof embedded

systemswill be

implementedin software!

conclusions