Embedded Systems Final

Advanced Computer Architecture 2011B Embedded Systems

Tiu lun mn hc Kin trc my tnh tin tin

Tn ti:

H THNG NHNG Embedded Systems

GV hng dn H v tn SHHV Lp

TS.Nguyn Kim Khnh Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH

1 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Mc LcPhn 1: Gii thiu v h thng nhng ..................................................................................................... 3 Phn 2: Cu trc ca sn phm nhng .................................................................................................... 6 1. 2. 1. 1.1. 1.2. 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. 2. 3. 4. Cu trc ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Nhng c trng ca h thng nhng ...................................................................................... 6 Mt s khi nim c bn........................................................................................................... 9 Real-Time Processing: ........................................................................................................... 9 B x l tn hiu k thut s (DPS) ........................................................................................ 9 Cc ng dng nhng trong qu trnh x l tn hiu s ............................................................. 9 Tiu chun v nhng ............................................................................................................... 16 Tnh hiu qu v tiu th in nng trong cc qu trnh x l tn hiu ca ng dng nhng 17 a x l nhng ........................................................................................................................ 18 Sony Playstation 2 ................................................................................................................... 20 Sanyo VPC-SX500 Digital Camera............................................................................................ 23 The Cell Phone ........................................................................................................................ 25 Cell Phone Standards and Evolution ....................................................................................... 28

Phn 3: X l tn hiu v ng dng nhng trong x l tn hiu ............................................................... 9

Phn 3: Case Study................................................................................................................................. 20

Phn 4: Kt lun ..................................................................................................................................... 29



Phn 1: Gii thiu v h thng nhngSau s pht trin ca my tnh ln v mini (mainframe v mini computer) giai on 1960-1980, PC-Internet giai dan 1980-2000, th hin nay chng ta ang thi i hu PC. Giai on hu PC-Internet ny dc d on t nm 2000 n 2020 l giai on ca mi trng thng minh m h thng nhng l ct li v ang lm nn ln sng i mi th 3 trong s pht trin ca Cng ngh thng tin. Mt thc t khch quan l th trng ca cc h thng nhng ln gp khong 100 ln th trng ca PC v mng LAN, trong khi chng ta mi nhn thy b ni ca cng ngh thng tin l PC v Internet cn phn chm ca cng ngh thng tin chim 99% s processor trn ton cu ny nm trong cc h nhng th cn t c bit n. Sc y ca cng ngh a cng ngh vi in t, cc cng ngh vi c in, cng ngh sinh hc hi t to nn cc chip ca cng ngh nano, l nn tng cho nhng thay i c bn trong cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng. Sc ko ca th trng i hi cc thit b phi c nhiu chc nng thn thin vi ngi dng, c mc thng minh ngy cng ci thin a n vai tr v tm quan trng ca cc h thng nhng ngy cng cao trong nn kinh t quc dn. H thng nhng l g? Theo nh ngha ca IEEE th h thng nhng l mt h tnh ton nm trong sn phm, to thnh mt phn ca h thng ln hn v thc hin mt s chc nng ca h thng . Ni mt cch n gin khi mt h tnh ton (c th l PC, IPC, PLC, vi x l, vi h thng, DSP vv) c nhng vo trong mt sn phm hay mt h thng mt cch hu c v thc hin mt s chc nng c th ca h thng th ta gi l mt h thng nhng. V d quanh ta c rt nhiu sn phm nhng nh l vi sng, ni cm in, iu ho, in thoi di ng, t, my bay, tu thu, cc u o c cu chp hnh thng minh vv. Ta c th thy hin nay h thng nhng c mt mi lc mi ni trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Cc nh thng k trn th gii thng k c rng s chip vi x l trong cc my PC v cc server, cc mng LAN, WAN, Internet ch chim khng y 1% tng s chip vi x l c trn th gii. Hn 99% s vi x l cn li nm trong cc h thng nhng. Nh vy cng ngh thng tin khng ch n thun l PC, mng LAN, WAN v Internet nh nhiu ngi thng ngh. ch l b ni ca mt tng bng chm. Phn chm ca cng ngh thng tin chnh l cc ng dng ca cc h nhng c mt trong mi ngnh ngh ca i sng x hi hin nay.3 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Cc h nhng c tch hp trong cc thit b o lng iu khin v cc sn phm c in t to nn u no v linh hn ca sn phm. Trong cc h nhng, h thng iu khin nhng ng mt vai tr ht sc quan trng. H iu khin nhng l h thng m my tnh c nhng vo vng iu khin ca sn phm nhm iu khin mt i tng, iu khin mt qa trnh cng ngh p ng cc yu cu t ra. H thng iu khin nhng ly thng tin t cc cm bin, x l tnh ton cc thut iu khin v pht tn hiu iu khin cho cc c cu chp hnh. Khc vi cc h thng iu khin c in theo nguyn l thu lc, kh nn, r le, mch tng t, h iu khin nhng l h thng iu khin s c hnh thnh t nhng nm 1960 n nay. Trc y cc h iu khin s thng do cc my tnh ln m nhim, ngy nay chc nng iu khin s ny do cc chip vi x l, cc h nhng thay th. Phn mm iu khin ngy cng tinh so to nn thng minh ca thit b v ngy cng chim t trng ln trong gi thnh ca thit b. Nh vy khng phi tt c cc sn phm o lng v iu khin u l cc h nhng. Hin nay chng ta cn gp nhiu h thng iu khin t ng hot ng theo nguyn tc c kh, thu lc, kh nn, r le, hoc din t tng t Ngc li phn ln cc sn phm c in t hin nay u c nhng trong n cc chip vi x l hoc mt mng nhng. Ta bit rng c in t l s cng nng ca cc cng ngh c kh, in t, iu khin v cng ngh thng tin. S phi hp a ngnh ny to nn s vt tri ca cc sn phm c in t. Sn phm c in t ngy cng tinh so v ngy cng thng minh m phn hn ca n do cc phn mm nhng trong n to nn. Cc sn phm c in t l cc sn phm c t nht mt qu trnh c kh (thng l mt qu trnh chuyn ng), l i tng iu khin do vy cc sn phm c in t ngy nay thng c cc h nhng trong n nhng ngc li khng phi h thng nhng no cng l mt h c in t. im qua s pht trin ca my tnh ta thy n tri qua 3 giai on. Giai on nm 1960-1980 l giai on pht trin ca my tnh ln v my mini (main frame v mini computer) vi khong 1000 chip/my v mi my c khong 100 ngi dng. Giai on t 1980-2000 l giai on pht trin ca my PC vi s chip vi x l khong 10 chip/my v thng thng cho mt ngi s dng. Thi i hu PC (Post-PC Era) l giai on m mi dng u c chip, trung bnh 1 chip/mt my v s my dng cho mt ngi ln n >100 my. Giai on hu PC c d bo t 2001-2010 khi cc thit b xung quanh ta u c thng minh ho v kt ni vi nhau thnh mng to thnh mi trng thng minh phc v cho con ngi. im qua v chc nng x l tin PC v cc thit b nhng c nhng nt khc bit. i vi PC v mng Internet chc nng x l ang c pht trin mnh cc lnh vc4 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


nh thng mi in t, ngn hng in t, chnh ph in t, th vin in t, o to t xa, bo in t.Cc ng dng ny thng s dng my PC bn, mng WAN, LAN hot ng trong th gii o. Cn i vi cc h nhng th chc nng x l tnh ton c ng dng c th cho cc thit b vt l (th gii tht) nh mobile phone, qun o thng minh, cc in t cn tay, thit b y t, xe t, tu tc hnh, phng tin vn ti thng minh, my o, u o c cu chp hnh thng minh, cc h thng iu khin, nh thng minh, thit b gia dng thng minh..vv



Phn 2: Cu trc ca sn phm nhng1. Cu trc Cc h nhng l nhng h kt hp phn cng v phn mm mt cch ti u. Mt s c trng c bn ca h nhng ngoi tnh chuyn dng n cn b rng buc v hot ng trong ch thi gian thc, hn ch v b nh, nng lng v gi thnh m li i hi hot ng tin cy v tiu tn t nng lng. Cc h nhng rt a dng v c nhiu kch c, kh nng tnh ton khc nhau. V d i vi mt b iu khin t xa ch cn ti tnh ton 100 KIPS v b nh vi KB, i vi thit b iu khin cn tc 1MIPS, 1MB b nh v i vi cc h nhng qun s tc x l c th ln n 1GIPS, tc truyn 1GB/sec v 32 MB b nh. Ngoi ra cc h nhng thng phi hot ng trong mi trng khc nghit c nng m, rung xc cao. V d cc h iu khin cc my diesel cho tu bin, cc thit b cnh bo chy n trong hm l. Cc h thng nhng ln thng l cc h ni mng. my bay, tu v tr thng c nhiu mng nhng kt ni kim sot hot ng v iu khin. Trong t hin i c n trn 80 nt mng kt ni cc u o c cu chp hnh bo m t hot ng an ton v thoi mi cho ngi s dng. 2. Nhng c trng ca h thng nhng H thng nhng (embedded system) c nh ngha l mt h thng chuyn dng, thng c kh nng t hnh v c thit k tch hp vo mt h thng ln hn thc hin mt chc nng chuyn bit no . Khc vi cc my tnh a chc nng (multi-purposes computers), v d nh my vi tnh c nhn (PC), mt h thng nhng thng ch thc hin mt hoc mt vi chc nng nht nh. H thng nhng bao gm c thit b phn cng v phn mm, hu ht u phi tha mn yu cu hot ng theo thi gian thc (real-time). Ty theo tnh cht v yu cu, mc p ng ca h thng c th phi l rt nhanh (v d nh h thng thng trong xe hi hoc iu khin thit b trong nh my), hoc c th chp nhn mt mc chm tr tng i (v d nh in thoi di ng, my lnh, tivi). c th d hnh dung, ta xem v d sau y: mt chic xe hi trung bnh c khong 70-80 chip vi x l (micro controller unit), mi b vi x l m nhim mt nhim v, chng hn nh ng m ca, iu khin n tn hiu, o nhit trong/ngoi xe, hin th giao din ngi dng (dashboard), iu khin thng (nu dng h thng thng in)6 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Mi b phn nh th l mt h thng nhng, tt c c thit k tch hp vo mt h thng chung ln hn, chnh l chic xe hi. Mt v d khc gn gi hn vi cuc sng hng ngy, l nhng chic in thoi di ng. Cc chc nng nh iu khin mn hnh hin th, my nghe nhc v radio, b cm ng chp hnh, kt ni vi my tnh v thit b ngoi vi, hoc cao cp hn l kt ni vi h thng nh v ton cu (GPS), tt c u l nhng h thng nhng c tch hp chung vo chic in thoi. Do tnh cht chuyn bit ca h thng nhng v chng thng c sn xut vi s lng ln nn cc nh sn xut thng yu cu phi ti u ha chng nhm gim thiu kch thc v chi ph sn xut. Nhng yu cu a n nhng khc bit c bn trong lnh vc vit phn mm cho h thng nhng so vi cc phn mm thng thng. Th nht, c rt nhiu hng sn xut b vi x l, phn cng v phn mm trong th trng h thng nhng v ng vi mi nh sn xut li c nhiu dng sn phm, phong ph v chng loi v gi thnh. Cc nh thit k thng c nhng s la chn rt khc nhau v kin trc phn cng v phn mm cho cc h thng ca mnh. V vy, khc vi nhng lp trnh vin thng thng nh lp trnh web hay lp trnh ng dng (application), ch cn thng tho mt vi ngn ng lp trnh, h iu hnh v chng trnh khung (framework) l c th lm vic c hiu qu, mt lp trnh vin h thng nhng phi c s nng ng v kh nng hc hi tt c th lm vic ti u vi: - Nhng b vi x l v phn cng khc nhau: Texas Instrument, Freescale, ARM, Intel, Motorola, Atmel, AVR, Renesas - Nhng h iu hnh khc nhau : QNX, uITRON, VxWorks, Windows CE/XP Embedded, Embedded Linux, Osek, Symbian - Nhng ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau : C/C++, B#, Ada, Assembly, PMC, LabView, PLC Th hai, bn cnh s a dng v kin thc chuyn mn ca lp trnh vin, cn c s a dng v sn phm u ra nh: y t, cng nghip -t, t ng ha, in t gia dng, vin thng, quc phng iu ny i hi nhng ngi lm vic trong ngnh h thng nhng phi c kh nng thch ng cao vi nhiu dng d n v lnh vc hot ng khc nhau. Th ba, cc h thng nhng thng cn c s kt hp lin lc gia phn cng v phn mm. Do , lp trnh cho h thng nhng cng i hi phi c s giao tip v lm vic mt thit gia i ng lp trnh vin v nhng ngi thuc cc lnh vc khc nh t ng ha, phn cng, c in t Ty vo lnh vc, bn cnh nhng kin thc v CNTT thng thng, trong mt s trng hp ngi lp trnh h thng nhng cn phi b sung thm mt s kin thc nht nh v trnh bin dch (compiler), x l tn hiu s, in t v s mch (schematics) c th lm vic c hiu qu vi nhng nhm khc.7 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Tt c nhng khc bit va l thch thc, khin cho ch c t ngi c th tr li lu di, va l ng lc, gi chn nhng ngi tht s am m, thch khm ph v khng thch s nhm chn. Gn y, xu th quan trong trong cc h thng nhng l s dng nhiu core x l cng vi nhau gi l core plus ASIC or h thng trn chp (system on a chip-SOC), ci m c th xem nh l a b x l chung mc ch. Thng cc yu cu v chc nng v hiu nng ca ng dng c p ng bi gii php phn cng ng thi vi phn mm chy trn li x l nhng tiu chun v c thit k giao din lin kt vi phn cng. Thc t, cc vn nhng c gii quyt thng qua cc hng tip cn sau: - Ngi thit k s dng hn hp cc gii php phn cng/ phn mm bao gm mt vi phn cng ca khch hng v li x l nhng tng thch, thng trn chip ging nhau. - Ngi thit k s dng phn mm khch hng chy trn b x l nhng c sn( off-the-shelf). - Ngi thit k s dng b x l tn hiu s v phn mm khch hng cho b x l. Trong b x l tn hiu s l b x l c bit ch to ring cho ng dng x l tn hiu. Trong tiu lun ny ti tp trung vo nghin cu v x l tn hiu v cc ng dng nhng trong x l tn hiu s.



Phn 3: X l tn hiu v ng dng nhng trong x l tn hiu1. Mt s khi nim c bn 1.1. Real-Time Processing: Trong bi ton iu khin v ng dng chng ta rt hay gp thut ng thi gian thc. Real time c phi l thi gian phn nh v trung thc ca thi gian hay khng? Thi gian thc c phi l hin th chnh xc v ng b theo ng nh nhp ng h thi gian hay khng? Khng hon ton ng nh vy! Thc cht theo cch hiu nu ni trong h thng k thut c bit cc h thng yu cu kht khe v s rng buc thi gian, thi gian thc c hiu l yu cu ca h thng phi m bo tha mn yu cu v tnh tin nh trong hot ng ca h thng. Tnh tin nh ni ln hnh vi ca h thng thc hin ng theo mt khung thi gian cho trc hon ton xc nh vi giy cng c th n vi nano giy hoc nh hn na. y chng ta phn bit yu t thi gian gn lin vi khi nim thi gian thc. Khng phi h thng thc hin rt nhanh s m bo thc hin tnh thi gian thc. Hn th na nu ch nhanh khng th cha m phi m bo duy tr n nh bng mt c ch hot ng tin cy. Chnh v th m h thng khng kim sot c hot ng ca n (bt nh) th khng phi l mt h thng m bo tnh thi gian thc mc d h thng c th p ng rt nhanh, thm ch nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi yu cu t ra. Mt v d tiu biu l truyn thng d liu qua ng truyn.Thng thng, yu cu hiu nng trong h thng nhng l i hi thi gian thc. Chnh l ni m on ng dng c th thi gian thc thi ln nht c cho php. Cho v d, Chun Ethernet truyn thng, mc d ai cng bit tc truyn l rt nhanh nhng vn khng phi h hot ng thi gian thc v khng tha mn tnh tin nh trong c ch truyn d liu (c th l rt nhanh v cng c th l rt chm nu c s cnh tranh v giao thng ng truyn b nghn). B x l tn hiu k thut s (DPS) Mt b x l tn hiu k thut s (DSP) l mt b x l c bit dng ti u ha thc hin cc thut ton x l tn hiu k thut s. 1.2. 2. Cc ng dng nhng trong qu trnh x l tn hiu s Hu ht cc thut ton ny, t qu trnh lc min thi gian (v d nh, qu trnh lc p ng xung v hn v p ng xung hu hn), chp, bin i (v d, bin i Fourier nhanh - Fast Fourier Transform, Bin i c sin ri rc Discrete Cosine Transform),



thm ch hng ti m ha hiu chnh li, tt c lht nhn ca h hot ng tng t: mt hot ng nhn-tch ly.V d, Chuyn i Fourier ri rc c dng:

Bin i c sin ri rc thng c thay th cho iu ny khi n khng yu cu php ton s phc phc tp. Hoc chuyn i c li ca n l tng ca mt tch. tng tc, DSP trong cc phn cng chuyn dng thc hin nhn-tch ly (MAC). Lnh MAC: MAC A, B, C " c ngha l: "A = A + B * C". Trong mt s trng hp,hiu qu ca php ton ny l rt cn thit khi DSP l la chn cho mt ng dng da ch yu vo thng qua php ton MAC ca n. DSP thng s dng php tnh s hc im c nh (fixed-point : chnh l s ch s sau du chm c c nh).Nu bn ngh cc s nguyn c im nh phn bn phi ca bit quan trng nht, im c nh c im nh phn bn phi ca bit du.Do , d liu im c nh nm trong khong -1 v 1. Fixed point numbers: cch ny ngm cho rng c mt mu s c nh v ch cn lu t s l c. Mu s thng c chn trc l ly tha ca 2 hoc 10 hoc 16. (B nh: 1 s int). V d : Cho 3 mu 16-bit: 0100 0000 0000 0000 0000 1000 0000 0000 0100 1000 0000 1000 Tnh s b 2? S lng cc im c nh? Mt s b 2 c c do o tt c cc bit c trong s nh phn (i 1 thnh 0 v ngc li) ri thm 1 vo kt qu va t c. Thc cht, s biu din dng b 2 l s biu din b 1 ri sau cng thm 1. Trong qu trnh tnh ton bng tay cho nhanh ngi ta thng s dng cch sau: t phi qua tri gi 1 u tin v cc s cn li bn tri s 1 ly o li. u tin, chng ta gi thit rng c 3 mu trn u l s nguyn. KHi du chm l bn phi xa nht, v th 3 mu trn i din cho 214 , 211, (214 + 211 + 23 ). Hay l 16.384, 2048 v 18 440. V tr ca im c nh phi bn phi bit du, v th im c nh trong mi xu trn l 2-1 , 2-4, (2-1 + 2-4 + 2-12 ) bng 0.50000, 0..06250, 0.56274. Nh vy, cho mt s b 2 n-bit, tm s im c nh, chng ta phi chia s nguyn bi 2n-1 chng ta a ra mt kt qu tng t.



Fixed point numbers chy nhanh nht, ci t ko kh.N khng bao gm mt s m trong mi t v khng c phn cng c th t ng gn v bnh thng ha cc ton hng.Thay vo , im c nh da trn cc lp trnh DSP gi cho s m trong mt bin ring bit v m bo rng mi kt qu c chuyn sang tri hoc phi gi cho cu tr li ph hp vi bin .K t khi bin s m ny thng c chia s bi mt tp hp cc bin c nh im, phong cch ny ca s hc cn c gi l b chn ni im, k t khi mt khi ca cc bin c mt s m ph bin. h tr cc tnh ton nh hng dn s dng, DSP thng c mt s ng k rng hn bo v chng li li trn, ging nh cc n v im ni ni b c bit bo v thm.Hnh D.2 cc cuc iu tra bn th h ca DSP, lit k d liu kch thc v chiu rng ca s ng k tch ly.Lu rng cc kin trc DSP khng b rng buc bi kch c t.Hnh D.3 cho thy kch thc ca cc ton hng d liu cho TMS320C55 TI DSP.

Thm vo php ton MAC, DSP thng cng c hot ng tng tc cc phn ca cc thut ton thng tin lin lc.Mt lp quan trng ca cc thut ton xoay quanh m ha v gii m sa li v pha trc m s m trong thng tin b sung c thm vo cc dng bit k thut s bo v chng li cc li trong truyn ti. Mt m t l m / n bit thng tin m (m + n) kim tra bit. V vy, v d, 1 / 2 t l m s c 1 bit thng tin trn mi 2 bit. Cc m nh vy thng c gi l m li mt co v mt s dng chy ph bin ha m ha ca h ging nh mt li mt co vn.Mt thut ton chung cho vic gii m trellis m s l do Viterbi.Thut ton ny i hi mt chui cc so snh v11 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


la chn thu hi gi tr tht s mt cht truyn.V vy, DSP thng c so snh, la chn cc hot ng h tr gii m Viterbi cho m FEC. gii thch DSP tt hn, chng ti s c mt ci nhn chi tit hai DSP, c hai u c sn xut bi Texas Instruments.Dng TMS320C55 l mt gia nh DSP nhm ti mc tiu i vi cc ng dng nhng s dng pin.Hon ton tri ngc ny,TMS VelociTI 320C6x l mt dng b vi x l mnh m, VLIW-8 c nhm mc tiu hng ti mt phm vi rng ln hn ca cc ng dng m tn t nng lng nhy. a. TI 320C55 Phn kt thc ca ph DSP l kin trc TI 320C55. C55 ny c ti u ha cho cc ng dng nhng cng sut thp, cc ng dng nhng.Tng th kin trc ca n c th hin trong hnh D.4. Ti trung tm ca n, C55 l by t chc pipelined CPU.Cc giai on c trnh by di y: - Fetch stage: c d liu chng trnh t b nh vo hng i b m cc lnh - Decode stage: gii m lnh v truyn i cc cng vic cho cc n v chc nng chnh khc - Address stage: tnh ton a ch cho truy cp d liu v a ch r nhnh cho chng trnh. - Access 1/Access 2 stage: gi a ch d liu c c vo b nh. - Read stage: chuyn giao d liu ton hng trn bus B, bus C, v bus D. - Execute stage: thc thi cc php ton trong cc n v A v n v D, v thc hin ghi trn bus E v bus F.

Pipeline trong C55 thc hin pht hin hazard v s ngng trn cc hazard WAR v RAW. C55 c mt b nh cache lnh 24 KB , nhng n c th c cu hnh h tr khi lng cng vic khc nhau. N c th c cu hnh l nh x kt hp hai ng, nh x12 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


trc tip, hoc "ramset." y l mt cch h tr cc ng dng thi gian thc cng. Trong ch ny, cc khi trong b nh cache khng th thay th. C55 cng c qun l in nng tin tin.N cho php qun l in nng ng thng qua phn mm idle domains. Cc khi ca mch in trn thit b c t chc vo cc thnh phn ny ang ri.Mi min c th hot ng bnh thng hoc c th c t trong trng thi nhn ri nng lng thp.Mt lp trnh vin c th truy cp ng k kim sot trng thi ngh (ICR) xc nh nhng thnh phn s c t trong trng thi nhn ri khi thc hin ca lnh IDLE tip theo xy ra.Su thnh phn ny gm CPU, DMA, thit b ngoi vi,b pht xung ng h, b nh cache lnh, v giao din b nh ngoi.Khi tng thnh phn trong trng thi nhn ri, cc chc nng ca tn min c th l khng c sn.Tuy nhin, trong thnh phn thit b ngoi vi, mi thit b ngoi vi u c mt bit nh ri iu khin khi c hay khng c thit b ngoi v p ng s thay i trng thi nhn ri.V vy, thit b ngoi vi c th c cu hnh c lp nhn ri hoc vn hot ng khi thnh phn thit b ngoi vi l ngng hot ng. K t khi C55 l mt DSP, tnh nng trung tm l n v MAC ca n.C55 c hai n v MAC, bao gm 17-bit 17-bit nhn cng vi mt b cng dnh ring cho 40bit.Mi n v MAC thc hin cng vic ca mnh trong mt chu k n, do C55 c th thc hin hai MAC trn mi chu k trong hot ng pipelined y .y l kh nng l rt quan trng thc hin c hiu qu cc ng dng x l tn hiu.C55 cng c mt b so snh, la chn, v n v lu tr (CSSU) thm / so snh phn ca cc b gii m Viterbi. b. The TI 320C6x Tri ngc hon ton vi dng DSP C55 l dng x l Texas Instruments VelociTI 320C6x cao cp.Cc b vi x l C6x gn gi hn vi cc b x l VLIW truyn thng bi v h tm cch khai thc mc song song mc lnh cao (ILP) trong nhiu thut ton x l tn hiu.Texas Instruments l khng phi l n v duy nht la chn VLIW khai thc ILP trong khng gian nhng. Cc nh cung cp VLIW DSP khc cng la chn cch thc tng t nh Ceva, StarCore, Philips / TriMedia, v STMicroelectronics. Ti sao cc nh cung cp ng h VLIW superscalar? i vi khng gian nhng, kh nng tng thch m l vn quan trng, v v vy cc ng dng mi c th l iu chnh bng tay hoc bin dch li cho cc th h b vi x l mi nht.L do khc ca siu v hng (supperscalar) vt tri trong my tnh bn l bi v trnh bin dch khng th d on thi gian tr b nh ti thi gian bin dch.Trong nhng, tuy nhin, tr b nh thng nhiu hn d on.Trong thc t, rang buc thi gian thc nh hng n kh nng d on tr b nh.Tt nhin mt superscalar cng s thc hin tt trong mi trng ny vi nhng hn ch, nhng cc phn cng thm t ng a vo lp lch13 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


cho lnh l lng ph v chip v tiu th in nng.V vy, VLIW l mt s la chn t nhin i vi nhng hiu sut cao. Cc dng C6x s dng su ng ng pipeline khc nhau ty thuc vo thnh vin trong dng. i vi C64x, v d, ng ng c 11 giai on.Bn giai on u ca ng ng thc hin np lnh, hai giai on gii m lnh, v cui cng l giai on thc hin lnh.Tng th kin trc ca C64x c hin th di y trong hnh D.5.

Giai on thc hin lnh trong dng C6x c chia thnh hai phn, "1" bn tri, v 2 bn phi. n v L1 v L2 thc hin cc php ton logic v s hc.Cc n v D ngc li thc hin mt tp con cc hot ng logic v s hc, nhng cng c th thc hin cc truy cp b nh (ti v lu tr).Hai M n v thc hin php nhn v cc hot ng lin quan n (v d nh, thay i).Cui cng n v S thc hin so snh, chi nhnh, v mt s hot ng SIMD (Single Instruction Multi Data).Mi bn c 32-file, tp tin ng k 32-bit (Mt tp tin cho pha bn 1, cc tp tin B cho 2 bn).Mt bn c th truy cp ng k pha bn kia, nhng tr gi l 1 chu k.V vy, mt lnh thc hin bn 1 c th truy cp B5, v d, nhng n s mt thm 1 chu k thc hin v iu ny. VLIWs l truyn thng rt xu khi ni n kch thc m, chy tri vi nhu cu ca cc h thng nhng.Tuy nhin, cch tip cn ca gia nh C6x "nn" lnh cho php cc m VLIW t c mt tng t nh m RISC tng ng. lm nh vy, hng ly c thc hin trn mt gi tin lnh, "th hin trong hnh Q.6.Mi hng dn c ap bit xc nh liu hng dn ny l mt thnh vin ca t VLIW hin ti hoc14 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


VLIW tip theo t (xem hnh minh ha cho mt li gii thch chi tit).Nh vy c by gi khng c NOPs cn thit cho vic m ha VLIW. Phn mm Pipelining l mt k thut quan trng t c hiu sut cao trong mt VLIW.Tuy nhin, pipelining da trn mi ln lp ca vng lp c mt lch trnh ging ht nhau cho tt c cc ln lp khc.Bi v lnh r nhnh c iu kin ph v m hnh ny, dng C6x cung cp mt phng tin c iu kin thc hin cc hng dn s dng s truyn giao .Trong s truyn giao , hng dn thc hin cng vic ca mnh.Nhng khi n c thc hin thc hin, mt ng k b sung, v d A1, c kim tra. Nu A1 bng khng, lnh khng ghi kt qu ca n.Nu A1 l khc khng, lnh tin hnh bnh thng.iu ny cho php cu trc n gin if-then v if-then-else b ph v thnh m thng cho phn mm pipeling. c. Media Extensions C mt nn tng chung gia DSP v vi iu khin l m rng truyn thng.Vic m rng ny thm kh nng DSP-kin trc vi iu khin vi chi ph tng i thp.Bi v x l truyn thng c nh gi bng nhn thc ca con ngi, d liu cho cc hot ng a phng tin thng hp hn nhiu hn t d liu 64-bit ca my tnh bn hin i v b vi x l my ch.V d, php ton s phy ng cho ha bnh thng trong chnh xc duy nht, chnh xc khng tng gp i, v thng mt chnh xc thp hn yu cu ca IEEE 754.Thay v lng ph php ton s hc 64-bit khi hot ng trn 32-bit, 16 bit, hoc thm ch s nguyn 8-bit, lnh a phng tin c th hot ng trn mt s d liu hp hn mt hng cng mt lc.Do , mt phn vng thm hot ng trn 16-bit d liu vi mt ALU 64-bit s thc hin bn vng 16-bit cho bit thm trong mt chu k ng h duy nht.Chi ph phn cng m rng ch n gin l ngn cn mang gia bn phn vng 16-bit ca ALU.V d, lnh nh vy s dng cho cc php ton ha trn pixels.Cc hot ng ny thng c gi l mt lnh nhiu d liu (SIMD) hoc lnh vector. ha Hu ht cc ng dng a phng tin s dng php ton s phy ng 32bitM t s my tnh tng gp i hiu sut cao im chnh xc duy nht, php ton s phy ng, cho php mt lnh duy nht khi ng hot ng trn cc ton hng c tm thy bn cnh nhau trong mt ng k tng gp i chnh xc 32-bit.Hai phn vng phi c cch ly ngn chn cc hot ng trn mt na t nh hng n nhau.Nhng php ton s phy ng c gi l kt hp cc hot ng duy nht.V d, mt hot ng c th c s dng chuyn i ha nh.Tng gp i trong hot ng ny thng c thc hin bng cch tng gp i s lng cc n v du chm ng, lm cho n thm tn km hn l ch mang c ch trong adders s nguyn. Hnh Q.7 tm tt cc hng dn a phng tin SIMD c tm thy trong my tnh gn y.15 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


DSP cng cung cp cc hot ng c tm thy trong ba hng u tin ca hnh Q.7, nhng h thay i ng ngha mt cht. u tin, bi v h thng c s dng trong cc ng dng thi gian thc, c khng phi l mt la chn gy ra mt ngoi l trn s hc (nu khng n c th b l mt s kin), do , kt qu s c s dng khng c vn g cc yu t u vo. h tr mt mi trng khng nhng b, DSP kin trc s dng s hc bo ha: Nu kt qu l qu ln, n c thit lp vi s lng biu din ln nht, ty thuc vo du ca kt qu. Ngc li, s hc b sung ca hai ngi c th thm mt s lng nh tch cc tch cc ln.

3. Tiu chun v nhng N c s dng phi l trng hp ch l mt vi nm trc y trong th trng nhng, nhiu nh sn xut trch dn Dhrystone hiu sut, mt chun mc b ch trch v a ra bi cc h thng my tnh bn cch y hn 20 nm!Nh cp trc , s a dng rt ln trong cc ng dng nhng, cng nh s khc bit v yu cu thc16 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


hin (thi gian thc cng, thi gian thc mm, v hiu sut tng chi ph), lm cho vic s dng mt b tiu chun khng thc t.Trong thc t, nhiu nh thit k ca cc h thng nhng a ra cc tiu chun phn nh ng dng ca h, hoc nh l ht nhn hay cc phin bn c lp ca ton b ng dng. i vi nhng ng dng nhng c th c c trng bi hiu sut ht nhn, thit lp tiu chun ha tt nht ca tiu chun dng nh l mt bng gh d b-nh du thit lp: B vi x l nhng EDN Benchmark Consortium (hoc EEMBC, pht m l "embassy").Cc tiu chun EEMBC thnh su lp (c gi l "tiu ban" trong cch ni ca EEMBC): cng nghip / t, ngi tiu dng, vin thng, gii tr k thut s, mng (hin ang trong phin bn th hai ca n), v t ng ha vn phng (cng l phin bn th hai ca tiu ban ny).Hnh D.8 cho thy trong su lp ng dng khc nhau, trong bao gm 50 tiu chun. Mc d nhiu ng dng nhng l nhy cm vi hiu sut ca cc ht nhn nh, hy nh rng thng l hiu sut tng th ca ton b ng dng (c th l hng ngn dng) cng rt quan trng.V vy, i vi nhiu h thng nhng, cc tiu ch chun EMBCC ch c th c s dng nh gi hiu sut mt phn.

4. Tnh hiu qu v tiu th in nng trong cc qu trnh x l tn hiu ca ng dng nhng Chi ph v nng lng thng c ti thiu ha v cng quan trng nh hiu qu trong th trng nhng.Ngoi ra chi ph ca m-un b x l (trong bao gm chip giao din bt k yu cu), b nh thng l phn tip theo tn km nht ca mt h thng17 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


nhng.Khng ging nh mt my tnh bn hoc h thng my ch, hu ht cc h thng nhng khng c lu tr th cp, thay vo , ton b ng dng phi nm trong hoc FLASH hoc DRAM.Bi v nhiu h thng nhng, chng hn nh PDA v in thoi di ng, b hn ch bi chi ph v kch thc vt l, s lng b nh cn thit cho cc ng dng l rt quan trng.Tng t nh vy, quyn lc thng l mt yu t quyt nh trong vic la chn mt b x l, c bit l i vi cc h thng chy bng pin. EEMBC EnergyBench cung cp d liu v lng nng lng b x l tiu th trong khi chy cc tiu chun hiu sut ca EEMBC.Mt EEMBC chng nhn Energymark s im l mt s liu ty chn cho mt nh sn xut thit b c th chn cung cp kt hp vi im s chng nhn cho hiu sut thit b nh l mt cch ch ra hiu qu ca b x l thng qua in nng v nng lng.EEMBC tiu chun ha v vic s dng ca mi trng LabVIEW ca National Instruments pht trin ha v phn cng thu thp d liu thc hin EnergyBench. Hnh D.9 cho thy hiu qu tng i cho mi ot ca in nng tiu th.So snh con s ny Hnh D.10, m l nguyn liu hiu sut, v thng bo kt qu khc nhau nh th no.NEC VR 4122 c mt li th r rng v hiu sut trn mi ot, nhng l thp nht thc hin b x l th hai!T quan im ca tiu th in nng, VR NEC 4122, c thit k cho cc h thng da trn pin, chin thng.IBM PowerPC hin th s dng hiu qu nng lng t c hiu sut cao ca n, mc d lc 6 W in hnh, n c l l khng ph hp cho hu ht cc thit b da trn pin.

5. a x l nhng Multiprocessors c ph bin trong mi trng my ch, v mt s multiprocessors my tnh bn c sn t cc nh cung cp, chng hn nh Sun, Compaq v18 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Apple.Trong khng gian nhng, mt s mc ch thit k c bit, s dng multiprocessors ty chnh, bao gm c Sony Playstation 2 (xem Phn D.5). Nhiu mc ch c bit thit k nhng bao gm mt b vi x l lp trnh c mc ch chung hoc DSP vi mc ch c bit, my chuyn trng thi hu hn c s dng cho dng theo nh hng vo ra.Trong cc ng dng khc nhau, t ha my tnh v cc phng tin truyn thng x l cho vin thng, phong cch ca a mc ch c bit ny ang tr nn ph bin.Mc d tng tc interprocessor trong cc thit k ny c nh gi cao regimented v tng i n gin bao gm ch yu l mt knh giao tip n gin bi v phn ln ca thit k l cam kt silicon, m bo rng cc giao thc truyn thng gia cc b vi x l u vo / u ra v b x l c mc ch chungng l mt thch thc ln trong thit k nh vy. Gn y, chng ta thy s xut hin u tin, trong khng gian nhng, multiprocessors nhng c xy dng t mt s b x l c mc ch chung.Nhng multiprocessors c tp trung ch yu vo vin thng cao cp v th trng mng, ni m kh nng m rng l rt quan trng.Mt v d ca thit k nh mt l b vi x l MXP c c thit k bi Networks empowerTel s dng trong cc h thng voiceover-IP. B x l MXP bao gm bn thnh phn chnh: - Giao din dng sui ni tip bng ging ni, bao gm h tr x l jitter - H tr cho nh tuyn gi d liu nhanh v tra cu knh - Giao din Ethernet hon chnh, bao gm cc lp MAC - Bn MIPS32 R4000-vi x l lp, mi vi cache ring ca mnh (tng cng 48 KB hoc 12 KB cho mi b vi x l) Cc b vi x l MIPS c s dng chy p ng m cho vic duy tr cc knh voice-over-IP, bao gm c vic bo m cht lng dch v, hy b ting vang, nn n gin, v m ha gi tin.K t khi mc tiu l chy nh sui ging ni c lp cng tt, a l mt gii php l tng. Bi v kch thc nh ca cc li MIPS, ton b cc chip ch c cc bng bn dn 13.5M.Cc th h tng lai ca chip c d kin s x l cc knh thoi, cng nh xa ting vng phc tp hn, pht hin hot ng bng ging ni, v nn phc tp hn. a x l ang tr thnh ph bin trong lnh vc in ton nhng trong hai l do chnh.u tin, cc vn tng thch phn mm nh phn gy hi cho my tnh bn v h thng my ch, nhng li t lin quan trong khng gian nhng.Thng th phn mm trong mt ng dng nhng c vit t u cho mt ng dng hoc c thay i ln (lu rng y l cng VLIW l do c a chung trn superscalar trong vic song song mc lnh trong h thng nhng).Th hai, cc ng dng thng c song song, c bit l cao cp ca khng gian nhng.V d ny song song t nhin rt nhiu trong cc19 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


ng dng nh mt hp set-top, chuyn i mt mng li in thoi di ng (xem Phn Q.7) hoc mt h thng tr chi (xem Phn D.5).Cc ro cn thp hn s dng song song mc lung cng vi b cm nhn ln hn c mc chi ph cht (v do hiu qu s dng ca silicon) l hng u p dng rng ri ca a trong khng gian nhng, nh nhu cu ng dng pht trin nhu cu hiu sut hn.

Phn 3: Case Study1. Sony Playstation 2 My tnh bn v my ch da trn h thng phn cp b nh gim thi gian truy cp trung bnh n d liu tng i tnh, nhng trong cc ng dng nhng, d liu thng l dng lin tc.Trong cc ng dng nh vy c khng gian a phng, nhng thi gian a phng l hn ch hn nhiu. cung cp cho ci nhn khc v hiu nng b nh ngoi my tnh bn, phn ny s a ra v d b vi x l ca Sony Playstation 2. Nh chng ta s thy, cc dng n nh ca ha v m thanh theo yu cu ca tr chi in t dn n mt cch tip cn khc nhau thit k b nh. Phong cch l bng thng cao qua nhiu b nh c lp dnh ring cho chng.Hnh D.11 cho thy mt s khi ca Sony Playstation 2 (PS2). Khng c g ng ngc nhin cho mt my chi game, c giao din cho m thanh, video, v my nghe nhc DVD. ng ngc nhin, c hai tiu chun bus vo ra, USB v IEEE 1394, mt khe cm PCMCIA nh tm thy trong my tnh xch tay, v mt modem. Nhng b sung ny cho thy rng Sony c k hoch ln hn cho PS2 ngoi tr chi truyn thng. Mc d n ch c b vi x l vo ra (IOP) n gin l x l cc thit b vo ra v giao din iu khin tr chi, n bao gm mt b x l 34 MHz MIPS rng cng hot ng nh my tnh m phng chy cc tr chi cho Playstations ca Sony trc . N cng kt ni vi mt my tnh card m thanh tiu chun cung cp cc m thanh cho cc tr chi. V vy, mt trong nhng thch thc i vi h thng b nh ny trong ng dng nhng ny l hot ng nh ngun hoc ch n s lng phong ph ca cc thit b vo ra.Cc nh thit k p ng thch thc ny vi hai PC800 (400 MHz) DRDRAM chip hai knh, cung cp 32 MB dung lng lu tr v b nh bng thng cao im 3,2 GB / giy. Nhng g cn li trong hnh v c bn hai chip ln: Synth ha v ng c ca cm xc.



Figure D.11: Block diagram of the Sony Playstation 2 B tng hp ha c cc lnh dng hnh t ng c trong nhng g thng c gi l danh sch hin th.y l danh sch lnh 32-bit phc ha hnh dng cho ni t chng v mu sc cng nh ch thch in vo chng. Chip ny cng c phn bng thng cao nht ca phn mm s dng DRAM nhng Synthesizer ha, con chip cha y b m hnh nh v c giao din rng 2048-bit in im nh m khng b tht nt c chai. DRAM nhng ny lm gim ng k bng thng d DRDRAM.N cho thy mt k thut ph bin c tm thy trong cc ng dng nhng:b nh ring bit dnh ring cho chc nng lu tr bng thng b nh ln cho ton b h thng. Chip ln cn li l Emotion Engine, v cng vic ca n l chp nhn u vo t IOP v to ra danh sch hin th ca hnh nh game cho php bin i hnh nh 3D trong thi gian thc. Mt ci nhn su sc ln hnh Engine destion: Ni chung, trong mt tr chi ua xe c tin cnh thay i lin tc v nn i tng thay i trong cc s kin, mc d nn c th c hu ht cc mn hnh. iu ny cho mt phn chia trch nhim. CPU hot ng vi VPU0 l mt b ng x l cht ch, trong tt c cc lnh VPU0 l lnh b ng x l MIPS tiu chun, v cc a ch c to ra bi CPU ca MIPS.VPU0 c gi l mt b x l vector, nhng n l tng t nh cc phn m rng 128-bit SIMD cho a phng tin c tm thy trong mt s b vi x l my tnh bn (xem Phn D.2). VPU1, ngc li, ly hng dn ring ca mnh v cc d liu v cc hnh vi song song vi CPU/VPU0, hnh ng ging nh mt n v vector truyn21 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


thng. Vi phn chia ny, cc CPU/VPU0 linh hot x l cc hnh ng nn trc v VPU1 x l nn. C hai tin gi kt qu danh sch hin th giao din ha gi danh sch n b tng hp ha. V vy, cc lp trnh vin ca Emotion Engine c ba b vi x l b la chn thc hin cc chng trnh ca h: MIPS 64-bit truyn thng kin trc bao gm mt n v s du phy ng, kin trc MIPS m rng vi cc lnh a phng tin (VPU0), v mt b x l vector c lp (VPU1). tng tc gii m MPEG, c mt ng vi x l khc(Image Processing Unit) m c th hot ng c lp. Vi phn chia chc nng ny, cu hi sau l lm th no kt ni cc n v vi nhau, lm th no lm cho lung d liu gia cc n v, v lm th no cung cp bng thng b nh cn thit cho tt c cc n v ny.Nh cp trc , Emotion Cng c thit k chn nhng k c nhiu chuyn dng.CPU c mt b nh 16 KB m u (SPRAM) Ngoi vic b nh cache lnh 16 KB v b nh cache d liu 8 KB. VPU0 c b nh lnh 4 KB v 4 KB b nh d liu, v VPU1 c b nh lnh 16 KB v 16 KB b nh d liu.Lu rng y ch c bn b nh, khng lu tr ca b nh ln hn cc ni khc.Trong b nh mi tr ch l 1 chu k ng h.VPU1 c b nh nhiu hn VPU0 bi v n to ra phn ln cc danh mc hin th, v bi v n phn ln hot ng c lp. Lp trnh vin t chc tt c b nh hai b m i, mt cp cho cc d liu DMA n v mt cp cho cc d liu DMA i.Lp trnh sau s dng b vi x l khc nhau chuyn i d liu t b m u vo b m u ra. gi cho d liu c chuyn gia cc n v, cc lp trnh vin tip theo thit lp 10 knh DMA, chm sc p ng thi hn thi gian thc cho vic thc hin hin th hnh nh thc t ca 15 khung hnh mi giy. Hnh D.12 cho thy rng t chc ny h tr hai ch hot ng: ni tip, ni CPU/VPU0 hot ng nh mt tin x l trn nhng g cung cp cho VPU1 cho n to ra cho ha giao din s dng b nh m l b m; v song song, ni m c hai CPU/VPU0 v VPU1 to cc danh sch hin th. Danh sch hin th v b tng hp ha c nhiu nhn dng bi cnh phn bit cc danh sch hin th song song to ra mt hnh nh thng nht cui cng.Tt c cc n v trong Emotion Engine c lin kt bi hy ht bus 150 MHz, 128-bit. cung cp bng thng ln hn, cng c hai bus chuyn dng: 128 bit gia CPU v VPU0 v 128-bit gia VPU1 v giao din Graphics. Lp trnh vin cng c th chn bus s dng khi thit lp cc knh DMA.



Nhn rng ra, nu mt nh thit k my ch theo nh hng c a ra vn , chng ta c th nhn thy ng bus chung duy nht vi lu tr nhiu cache a phng v cc c ch b nh cache cht ch duy tr tnh nht cho d liu.Ngc li, Playstation 2 theo truyn thng ca cc nh thit k nhng v c t nht chn module b nh ring bit. gi cho d liu chy trong thi gian thc t b nh hin th, PS2 s dng nhng bus b nh dung chung, bus chuyn dng, v cc knh DMA.S truyn thng l cng vic ca cc lp trnh vin, v vi yu cu v dng chy lin tc t b nh chnh giao din ha v thi gian thc, lp trnh vin cn iu khin s lin la c hot ng tt cho ng dng ny. 2. Sanyo VPC-SX500 Digital Camera Mt h thng nhng rt quen thuc l mt my nh k thut s. y chng ta xem xt dng sn phm Sanyo VPC-SX500. Chic my nh ny s dng mt silic a tinh th nhit thp 1,8-inch LCD TFT mu.Khi chp nh,u tin phi gi chp b vi x l c th mt mt c nh sng.B vi x l sau gi cho mn trp m ra c c nh sng cn thit, c chp bi mt thit b charged-couple(CCD) l mu , xanh l cy, v mu xanh pixels. CCD l mt 1/2-inch, 1360 1024 pixel, tin b, qut con chip.Cc im nh c qut hng bi hng v sau c truyn thng qua cc thi quen cho cn bng trng, mu sc, v chnh sa rng ca, v sau c lu tr trong mt b m khung MB 4.Bc tip theo l nn hnh nh sang mt nh dng tiu chun, chng hn nh JPEG, v lu tr n trong b nh Flash di ng.Cc nhip nh gia chn nn, my nh ny c gi l hoc tt hoc bnh thng, vi mt t l nn t 10 n 20 ln.Mt b nh Flash 512 MB c th lu tr t nht l 1200 m cht lng nn hnh nh hoc khong



2000 nn hnh nh cht lng bnh thng.Cc b vi x l sau cp nht mn hnh hin th LCD cho thy rng c ch cho hnh nh t. Mc d on trc bao gm nhng iu c bn ca mt my nh k thut s, c nhiu tnh nng hn c bao gm: hin th cc hnh nh ghi li trn mn hnh mu LCD, ch ng tit kim pin, pin nng lng gim st, m cho php ghi m mt chui nhanh chng cakhng nn hnh nh trong my nh ny, quay video bng cch s dng nh dng MPEG v ghi li m thanh s dng nh dng WAV. B no in t ca my nh ny l mt my tnh nhng vi mt s chc nng c bit c gn trn chip [Okada et al. 1999].Hnh D.13 cho thy s khi ca mt con chip tng t nh mt trong nhng my nh.Nh cp trong mc Q.1, chip nh vy c c gi l cc h thng trn mt chip (SOCs) bi v h ch yu tch hp vo mt chip duy nht tt c cc b phn c tm thy trn mt bng mch in ca qu kh.SOC thng lm gim kch thc v lm gim sc mnh so vi cc gii php t tch hp.Sanyo i hi cc SOC cho php my nh hot ng trn mt na s pin v cung cp mt yu t hnh thc nh hn so vi my nh i th cnh tranh. i vi hiu sut cao hn, n c hai us.Cc bus 16-bit l chm hn nhiu cc thit b I / O: giao din Smart Media, chng trnh v d liu b nh, v DMA.Cc bus 32-bit cho SDRAM, b x l tn hiu (c kt ni vi CCD), cc b m ha Motion JPEG, v m ha cc NTSC / PAL (c kt ni vi mn hnh LCD).Khng ging nh b vi x l my tnh bn, lu s a dng ln ca xe but I / O chip ny phi tch hp.32-bit RISC MPU l mt thit k c quyn v chy mc 28,8 MHz, tc ng h tng t nh cc xe bus.700 mW con chip ny cha cc bng bn dn 1.8m trong 10,5 10,5 mm cht thc hin bng cch s dng mt qu trnh 0,35-micron.



Figure D.13: The system on a chip (SOC) found in Sanyo digital cameras Mc d my chi game v my nh k thut s l nhng h thng nhng quen thuc, hin nay cc h thng nhng quen thuc nht l in thoi di ng.Nm 1999, c 76 triu thu bao di ng ti Hoa K, tc tng trng 25% so vi nm trc. l tc tng trng gn 35% mi nm trn ton th gii, nh cc nc ang pht trin tm thy n r hn nhiu ci t cc thp di ng hn so vi dy ng da trn c s h tng.Nh vy, nhiu nc, s lng in thoi di ng c s dng vt qu s lng in thoi c dy s dng. Khng c g ng ngc nhin, th trng thit b cm tay di ng ang tng trng mc 35% mi nm, vi khong 280 triu thit b cm tay in thoi di ng c bn vo nm 1999. t rng trong quan im, trong cng mt doanh s bn hng nm ca my tnh c nhn l 120 triu. Nhng con s ny c ngha l cc ngun lc k thut to ln ci thin in thoi di ng, v in thoi di ng c th l cc nh lnh o trong i mi k thut trn mi inch khi [Grice v Kanellos 2000]. 3. The Cell Phone Hnh D.15 cho thy cc thnh phn ca mt i pht thanh, m l li chnh l in thoi di ng.Tn hiu radio u tin nhn c ng-ten, khuch i, thng qua thng qua mt my trn, sau lc, gii iu ch, v cui cng c gii m.ng-ten cc hnh vi nh giao din gia cc phng tin truyn thng thng qua sng radio i du lch v cc thit b in t ca my pht hoc thu.Cc ng-ten c th c thit k lm vic tt nht theo cc hng c th, cho c truyn ti v ti sn tip nhn hng.iu ch m ha thng tin trong bin , giai on, hoc tn s ca tn hiu tng sc mnh ca n trong iu kin suy gim.Thit b pht i thng qua cc bc tng t, ch trong th t ngc li. Ban u, tt c cc thnh phn tng t, nhng theo thi gian c thay th bi cc thnh phn k thut s, yu cu cc tn hiu v tuyn c chuyn i t analog sang k thut s.Mong mun cho s linh hot v s lng ca cc di radio dn n thi quen phn mm thay th mt s cc chc nng ny trong cc chip lp trnh, chng hn nh x l tn hiu k thut s.Bi v b vi x l nh vy thng c tm thy trong cc thit b di ng, nhn mnh c t trn hiu sut mi Jun ko di tui th pin, hiu sut trn mi milimet vung ca silic gim kch thc v chi ph, v byte mi nhim v gim kch thc b nh.



Figure 15: A radio receiver consists of an antenna, radio frequency amplifier, mixer, filers, demodulator, and decoder Hnh D.16 cho thy s khi chung ca cc thit b in t ca mt chic in thoi in thoi di ng, vi DSP thc hin x l tn hiu v vi iu khin vic x l phn cn li ca nhim v.Thit b cm tay in thoi di ng c bn my tnh di ng ng vai tr l mt radio.Chng bao gm cc tiu chun I / O thit b bn phm v mn hnh LCD hin th cng vi mt microphone, loa v ng-ten cho mng khng dy.Pin hiu qu nh hng n doanh s bn hng, cho c in d phng khi ch i cho mt cuc gi v pht ni.

Figure 16: Block diagram of a cell phone. Khi mt in thoi di ng c bt, nhim v u tin l tm ngn nh, nng lng. N qut y bng thng tm cc tn hiu mnh nht, n vn khng ngng lm by giy hoc nu cng tn hiu gim xung, k t khi n c thit k lm vic t cc phng tin di chuyn. Sau chn mt knh v tuyn khng s dng. Ni chuyn i cc b ng k in thoi di ng v ghi li s in thoi v s serial in t, v gn cho n mt knh ting ni cho cuc tr chuyn in thoi. chc chn in thoi di ng c knh phi, cc trm gc s gi mt giai iu c bit vo n, m in thoi di ng gi li xc nhn n. Ln in thoi di ng ra sau 5 giy nu n khng nghe thy nhng giai iu gim st, v n bt u qu trnh trn mt ln na. Cc trm c s ban u lm cho mt yu cu bn giao cc trm c s n khi cng tn hiu gim xung ht. t c mt cuc i thoi hai chiu trn i pht thanh, bng tn s c thit lp dnh cho mi hng, to thnh mt cp tn s hoc knh.Cc t bo gc c s cc i truyn 869,04-893,97 MHz (gi l forward path), v in thoi di ng truyn 824,0426 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


848,97 MHz (reverse path), vi khong cch tn s gi chng t can thip vi nhau.Mt cell c th c t 4 ti 80 knh.Knh c chia thnh cc knh ci t cho thit lp cuc gi, v cc knh thoi c th x l d liu, lu lng thoi. Thng tin lin lc c thc hin k thut s, ging nh mt modem, ti 9.600 bit / giy. K t khi khng dy l mt phng tin tn hao, c bit l t phng tin di chuyn, chic in thoi gi tin nhn mi nm ln. gi gn tui th pin, in thoi di ng ban u thng truyn hai tn hiu im mnh 0,6 W v 3,0 W-ty thuc vo khong cch n cell. Ci ny tng i thp khng ch cho php nh hn pin v in thoi di ng nh hn nh vy, nhng n cng h tr ti s dng tn s, l cha kha cho in thoi di ng. Hnh D.17 cho thy mt bng mch t mt in thoi Nokia k thut s, vi cc thnh phn xc nh. Lu rng trong bng mch gm hai b x l.Mt vi iu khin Z80 c trch nhim kim sot cc chc nng ca ton b bng mch, I / O vi bn phm v mn hnh hin th, v phi hp vi trm gc.DSP x l tt c cc tn hiu nn v gii nn.Ngoi ra cn c chip chuyn dng chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s v ngc li, b khuch i, qun l in nng, v cc giao din RF.

Nm 2001, mt in thoi di ng c khong 10 mch tch hp, bao gm cc b phn trong cng ngh k l nh arsinide gallium v silicon germanium, cng nh tiu chun CMOS. Kinh t v mong mun s linh hot b thu hp ny ch l mt vi chip. Tuy nhin, nhng SOCs vn cn cha mt vi iu khin ring bit v DSP, vi vic thc hin rt nhiu m trong nhng chc nng va m t.



4. Cell Phone Standards and Evolution Ci thin tc truyn thng cho in thoi di ng c pht trin vi nhiu tiu chun.Tiu chun CDMA-Code division multiple access, l mt v d ph bin nht, s dng tn s v tuyn bng tn rng hn cho mt con ng hn so vi cc in thoi di ng ban u, c gi l dch v in thoi di ng tin tin (AMPS-Advanced mobile phone service) chnh l h thng tng t.Cc tn s rng hn lm cho n kh khn hn ngn chn v c gi l tri ph.Cc tiu chun khc l thi gian truy cp phn chia nhiu (TDMA) v h thng thng tin di ng ton cu (GSM).Nhng tiu chun th h th hai - CDMA, GSM, TDMA - ch yu l k thut s.S khc bit ln cho CDMA l tt c nhng ngi gi chia s cng mt knh, m hot ng vi tc cao hn nhiu, v sau phn bit cc cuc gi khc nhau bng cch m ha mi mt c o.Mi cuc gi in thoi CDMA bt u t 9600 bit / giy, sau c m ho v truyn tin nhn c kch thc bng nhau ti 1,25 Mbits / giy.Thay v gi mi tn hiu nm ln trong AMPS, mi bit l ko di m phi mt 11 ln tn s ti thiu, do c sc cha can thip v truyn ti thnh cng.Cc trm c s nhn c tin nhn, v tch chng thnh 9600 ring bit sui bit / giy cho mi cuc gi. tng cng s ring t, CDMA s dng chui gi ngu nhin t mt tp hp ca 64 m c xc nh trc. ng b ha cc trm in thoi v c s chn mt ht gi ngu nhin chung, CDMA da trn mt ng h t h thng nh v ton cu, m lin tc pht i mt tn hiu thi gian chnh xc.Bng cch cn thn la chn cc m s, giao thng chia s m thanh nh ting n ngu nhin cho ngi nghe.Do , nh nhiu ngi dng chia s mt knh c nhiu ting n hn, v dn dn lm gim t l tn hiu n.V vy, nng lc ca h thng CDMA l ty thuc vo s nhy cm ca ngi nghe vi ting n xung quanh. Ngoi ra, CDMA s dng cng ngh nn ging ni v thay i t l d liu c chuyn ty thuc vo bao nhiu hot ng ang din ra trong cuc gi. C hai k thut bo tn bng thng, cho php cho cc cuc gi cho mi cell. CDMA phi iu chnh in cn thn cc tn hiu gn cc thp di ng khng p o nhng ngi t xa, vi mc tiu ca tt c cc tn hiu n thp cng mc . Cc li ch ph l cc thit b cm tay CDMA pht ra t in nng hn, m c hai s gip tui th pin. Nh vy, so vi AMPS, CDMA ci thin kh nng ca mt h thng ln mt th t cng , cht lng cuc gi tt hn, c tui th pin tt hn, v tng cng quyn ring t ca ngi dng.Sau khi cuc khng hong thng mi ng k, c mt tiu chun th h th ba mi c gi l in thoi di ng quc t 2000 (IMT-2000), ch yu da trn hai phin bn cnh tranh ca cng ngh CDMA v TDMA mt.Tiu chun ny c th dn n in thoi di ng lm vic bt c ni no trn th gii.28 Nguyn Th Minh CB110185 2011B.CNTT-KH


Phn 4: Kt lunCc h thng nhng l mt th loi rt rng ca cc thit b my tnh. Tiu lun ny ch cp mt kha cnh rt nh trong phm vi rng ln . V d, TI 320C55 DSP l tng i "RISC nh b vi x l c thit k cho cc ng dng nhng, vi kh nng iu chnh rt tt. u bn kia ca quang ph, 320C64x TI l mt hiu sut rt cao VLIW tm vn x l cho cc nhim v rt kh. Mt s b vi x l phi hot ng trn pin mt mnh, nhng ngi khc c s sang trng l cm vo dng hin ti. Trong phn tiu lun ny tp trung ch yu vo s cn thit thc hin mt s qu trnh x l tn hiu cho cc ng dng nhng. M rng phng tin truyn thng c gng kt hp DSP vi kh nng x l thm mt s mc ch chung lm cho nhng b vi x l ny c th s dng cho cc ng dng x l tn hiu. Tiu lun xem xt cc ng dng nhng c th, bao gm c Sony PlayStation 2, my nh k thut s, v in thoi di ng. PS2 thc hin chi tit ha 3D, trong khi mt in thoi di ng m ha v gii m tn hiu theo xy dng tiu chun thng tin lin lc. Nhng c hai u c kin trc h thng l rt khc nhau t my tnh bn hoc cc nn tng my ch c mc ch chung. Ni chung, cc quyt nh kin trc m dng nh thc t cho cc ng dng c mc ch chung, chng hn nh nhiu cp ca b nh m hoc theo n t hng thc hin superscalar, t hn nhiu mong mun trong cc ng dng nhng. iu ny l do khu vc chip, chi ph, in nng, v rang buc thi gian thc. M hnh lp trnh cc h thng ny trnh by nhng ni nhu cu v lp trnh v trnh bin dch cho qu trnh song song m lnh.


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