Empresarial

5/17/2018 Empresarial

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Contenido1 INDICADORES DE GESTIN................................................................................4

1.1 INTRODUCCIN..............................................................................................4

1.2 TEMA: INDICADORES DE GESTIN DE UNA EMPRESA........................61.3 OBJETIVO GENERAL:.....................................................................................61.4 OBJETIVOS ESPECFICOS:............................................................................61.5 JUSTIFICACIN DE LA INVESTIGACIN...................................................61.6 CONTENIDO.....................................................................................................7

1.6.1 IMPORTANCIA DE LA MEDICIN.........................................................71.6.2 ES NECESARIO MEDIRLO TODO!......................................................"1.6.3 LOS INDICADORES # LA ADMINISTRACIN DE RIESGO..............$1.6.4 %UE ES UN INDICADOR.......................................................................1&1.6.5 CARACTERSTICAS DE LOS INDICADORES....................................111.6.6 BENEFICIOS DE LOS INDICADORES.................................................12

1.6.7 TIPOLOGA DE INDICADORES............................................................131.6." CONSTRUCCIN DE INDICADORES..................................................141.6.$ %'( )'*+* ,*- /0-/+/ /0 /, 0++/-*,!.......................................151.6.1& %U SE ACE!......................................................................................151.6.11 %U SE DESEA MEDIR!......................................................................151.6.12 %UIN UTILIAR8 LA INFORMACIN!.........................................151.6.13 CADA CU8NTO SE DEBE MEDIR!....................................................151.6.14 CON %U SE COMPARA!....................................................................161.6.15 ESTRUCTURA B8SICA DE UN INDICADOR.....................................161.6.16 EJEMPLO DE INDICADORES DE GESTIN.......................................161.6.17 RESUMEN POR UNIDAD......................................................................2&

1.7 CONCLUSIN.................................................................................................2&1." BIBLIOGRAFA..............................................................................................2&

2 ADMINISTRACION..............................................................................................212.1 INTRODUCCION............................................................................................212.2 OBJETIVO GENERAL....................................................................................222.3 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS...........................................................................222.4 JUTIFICACIN DE LA INVESTIGACIN...................................................222.5 CONTENIDO...................................................................................................23

2.5.1 DEFINICION............................................................................................232.5.2 N9**, +* +0,-;0.....................................................................24

2.5.3 0?/0*,...............................252.5.5 E0@/'* *0@/ +* +0,-;0....................................................262.5.6 F'0;0 +* */- +0,-9...........................................................272.5.7 T(0, +0,-9,...........................................................................272.5." E9/';0 +* */- +0,-9........................................................2"2.5.$ F-*+*- T=/- = +0,-;0 *[email protected]$2.5.1& F=/ = */- /+*-0 +* +0,-;0 /)*-/0........................3&2.5.11 M--= P*- F/* = *,'* ,.....................................................312.5.12 E0@/'* +0,-9/ +* ))**,............................................................322.5.13 E0@/'* +* ++ /........................................................................33

2.5.14 E0@/'* +* -*0>*0*-.........................................................................342.5.15 A0?;0........................................................36

2


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2.5.16 *0 +0,-;0.........................................................................3"2.5.17 F/-*, )- )-//9*- , 0/-, (,.................................................3$2.5.1" P0@;0 / )0*;0.........................................................................4&2.5.1$ I)/-0 +* )0@;0.................................................................422.5.2& P-/*,/, +* +0,-;0 *,-(>.................................................42

2.5.21 O->0?;0..............................................................................................422.5.22 T)/, +* *,-''-, /->0?/0*,.......................................................432.5.23 A+0,-;0 I0*>-;0 P*-,/0........................................................442.5.24 P-/*+*0/, )- )0@- -*'-,/, '0/,....................................452.5.25 R*'*0/............................................................................................462.5.26 S**;0....................................................................................................472.5.27 O-*0;0 / ,/?;0.......................................................................472.5.2" C);0 = )-/>-,.........................................................................4"2.5.2$ A0,, +*


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1 INDICADORES DE GESTIN

1.1 INTRODUCCIN

S0 +'+ >'0 >*,;0 *,;0 = /0/-*- +* 0*- )*-0*0* *

+*,*)*K/ / ->/ +* /+ /->0?;0 *, )/-0* *0/0- '* ++

/0+;0 +*

E, @'9/ +/ /0-/ = 0**,-/ /0- /0 0@/-;0 +0,- = @* / +* +*,/0*, *,* )/ )-'- +*

0@/-;0 )-/9*0* = ,* +*,--/ -9(, +* /, INDICADORES DE GESTIN

*0++*, ) ,'>*-+ ,* /0,'=* *0 '0 /-*0;0 / 0*+/ = , +->*0, *)-*,-*, *00 *)/ +* 0?- ,',

*,-*>, 9,'/ )?/ // >/ )-*+*


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0*-0/,. E, ' '0+/ 0*0 , )*-,)*9, +* '+-/ +* 0+/ 0*>- '*

)*-*0 ,


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1.2 TEMA: INDICADORES DE GESTIN DE UNA EMPRESA

1.3 OBJETIVO GENERAL:

C/0/*- 0@/-;0 0**,- = +*'+ *+0* / ' ,* +,*K0 I0++/-*,+* G*,;0 )- /, +@*-*0*, )-/*,/, +* '0 /->0?;0

1. OBJETIVOS ESPEC!"ICOS:

A0?- /, )-0)*, /0*0+/, *;-/, -*,)*/ /, 0++/-*, +*

>*,;0 *+;0 = / +* -*,'+/,.

D**-0- /, 0?;0

1.# JUSTI"ICACIN DE LA INVESTIGACIN

E, 0**,-/ ,*,;0 / +*,*)*K/ = '* ,/0 +*

>-0 )/-0 )- */- *0 * +*,*)*K/ 0,'/0 ,0 */ ,' +,*K/ *

)**0;0 )0 *0 =/- +* /, ,/, '0 +*,@/ ++ /)*++ +*

, *0++*, '* -*'*-*0 )-/, )/- / '* * )-*,*0* +/'*0/ ,* /0,'=* *0

'0 *--*0 *0*- )- ,' +*,--// /0*)'.

6


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1.$ CONTENIDO

1.$.1 IMPORTANCIA DE LA MEDICIN

E /)-/,/ +* , *)-*,, *, 9 )- 0?- /, /'- /0,*'*0**0* * (/ +* 9,;0 *)-*,- ,*0+/ *

@0 , / +* '0 /->0?;0. E0 *,* /0*/ *+;0 +* +*,*)*K/ *0* '0

-/ -/ = '* + ,*>'*0/ /, +*0/, *0 /, />-/, +* , *,-*>, +*

/->0?;0. P- */ *, 0**,-/ /0- /0 *--*0, '* -*,)/0+0 +* @/-

+*'+ , 0**,++*, +* *,* ,*>'*0/ = *9';0 = )-/9*0 +* 0++/-*,

'* )*-0 /+@- , *, 0**,-/ * -',. U0 +* ,*/+//>, )- *+;0 +* +*,*)*K/ *)-*,- *, * B0* S/-* C-+

*,;0 = *+;0 +*,--/+/ *0 * K/ +* 1$$2 )/- R/0?/0*, /)K, *+- ,', 9++*, *0 (-0/, +* ,' 9,;0 +* @''-/ =

*,-*>, /09*-- (,, , *0 /0*, /0-*, = +- '0 9,;0 +*

+*,*)*K/ +* 0*>//. A+*, * B0* S/-* C-+ /0/-* ,';0 +* '0)-/*,/ /0 * / / )0*;0 0,'/0 /+ 9*? '* *+;0 )*-*

/)-- '0 >0'+ /0 '0 )-;0 )-**,


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*, )/,-/ +* 0*>// *0>

'0 -'*

* ,*-9/ / )-/+'/ >*0*- /0?/0. 1" E,

)/-0* ,*K- '* + /->0?;0 +*'*0* 09*.

1.$.2 7ES NECESARIO MEDIRLO TODO8

L +*,;0 ,/


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N/ ,* +*/ ,* 0-/+'* *0 , *0++*,

)/, / *9*0/, '* )'*+*0 )/0*- *0 )*>-/ ,' *,*0Q +*0-/ +* )-/*,/ '* ,*

)0* )- ,' >*,;0 *@*9 ,* +**-0 '* * /0/-*/ = -*9,;0 *, '0

***0/ -0,9*-, = +0?+/- +* /+/ * )-/*,/ )- ,' **';0 /,

0++/-*, +* >*,;0 ,* /09*-*0 *0 '0 *--*0 //,

)*-* *,/, =

+*0@+/,. P- ,' /0,-';0 = );0 ,* +*'- /, 0**0/,

$


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)-*,*0+/, ,0 +*,/0/*- , /-*0/0*, = */+//> '* ,// *,*.

1.$. )/- *,/

)/+*/, +*- '* ,/0 0* /+/ 0@/-;0 '* >-*> 9/- = 0/ ,)**0* '0

+/ = '* /, +/, /--*,)/0+*0 '0++*, +* 0@/-;0 '* )'*+*0 0'-

0*-/, /+, /0*/, )- ,' 0,,

-**0 +* ,*0+/. P/- ,' )-* 0@/-;0 *, '0 /0'0/ /->0?+/ +* +/, '*

,*- )-/*,+/, )'*+*0 /,-- '0 @*0;*0/ = +0 ,*0+/ '0 ,';0 *0

)-'-. G-@*0* ,* )'*+* *)-*,- // ,>'*:

G-@/ 1. D/, * I0@/-;0

E0 *,* ,*0+/ /, 0++/-*, ,* /09*-*0 *0 '0/ +* /, ***0/, *0-*, +*

*9';0 +* /, +@*-*0*, ,,*, '* )**00 = +*,--/0 , *0++*, =

'* )*-*0 ++ ,' 0'-*? /)-;0 *0 /->0?;0 HR*@*-*0;0

0*-0 / **-/- +* , HR*@*-*0;0 **-0 /*9 +*,+* * ,*/-

+/0+* ,* +*,*09'*9*.1):.'*.*+'./+/'*0,*)//G*-*0-.)+@

1&


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L/, 0++/-*, )*-*0 *9+*0- * 09* +* ')*0/ *- +* / '* *,

*0+/ /->0?;0 = ,/, +* T-*,;0 *0 * ')*0/ +* /, /-+/ *)


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E=,(0ente*: C+ 0++/- *9 '0 ,)*/ *,)*@/ 0/ +*

-*++ '0 +*0,;0 )-'- +* >*,;0. S '0 +* *,

+*0,/0*, H*/0; ,/ ''- )/ ' /-, )*-/ 0/ )'*+*


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;0 *00+/ 0/0,,*0, *0-* * '**- +* 0,';0 = ,',

/0;0 , @'0+*0+ +* /, -*'-,/, )0?;0 - )' )- * ')*0/ +* /, /-* /0/-*- -9(, +* /,

0++/-*, ,,@;0 +* *0* )*-*0+/ * />-/ +* /, -*,'+/,

+*,*+/,.

S*>'*0/ +* )-/*,/: E */-*0/ /00'/ ,// *, )/,, ,* )0*0 +9*-,, ,@/0*, ,0 */ )-*,*0* >'

*,


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,/)/-0 /+ /)*-;0 +* *0++ )0- * )-*,')'*,/.

E0 -*;0 /0 * +*,--// +* /, )-/*,/, >-@*0* )'*+* *)-*,-,* +*

,>'*0* 0*-:

G-@/ 2. P-/*,/ = T)/, +* I0++/-*,

1.$. CONSTRUCCIN DE INDICADORES

L, ,>'*0*, ,/0 9++*, )-/)'*,, )- />-- *,-''-- '0 ,,* +*

0++/-*, +*0-/ +* /->0?;0:

14


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G-@/ 3. C/ B,/ )- C/0,-';0 +* I0++/-*,

1.$. 70?;0 +0+/ -*,)'*, , ,>'*0*, )-*>'0,:

1.$.1 7'0 ,* )-**0+* '* *0++ +*,-0 *

-*-/ '* ,* *,


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)'*+* 0?-,* 0?;0 *0 +

9++ ++/ '* -*,' -*/*0+


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1.$.1$ EJEMPLO DE INDICADORES DE GESTIN

E )-*,*0* **)/ *, -*@*-*0* /, I0++/-*, +* G*,;0 +* '0 *0++ )/0,/, 0/0*, = *-0*-/, )0,/, +* //-+0;0 = )/=/ /.

D* >' /+/ ,* *9 * 09* +* )0**0/ *,*0* *0 + '0 +* ,

'0)++*, '* /0@/-0 '*,- )-- +* , @'0/0*, +* )0**0/

+*@0+/ *0 *= O->0 +* M'0)++*, *, //: )0 +* +*,--//

/0*-+/ )0 0,'/0 )0 /)*-9/ = )0*, 0-0,'/0*,.

A,,/ ,* *9 * 09* +* )**0;0 +* -*'-,/, '0/, 0/ *0 0++

// *0 ++ -*/00+/ )- */ * 09* +* '/?;0 09* +*

)**0;0 /0 '0- 09* +* /-/,++ );0 *0-* /-/,.

D* /- )-* ,* 0? /, 0*, *0 /, ,,*, /)*-9/, @0 +* *+- * >-+/

+* /+*-0++ = *@*0 *0 * 0*/ +* /, ,*-9/, '* *,;0 '0)

*, 0/0.

O-/ ,)*/ 0/ *0/, )/-0* *, >*,;0 @00*- )/- / '* ,* *9 * 09*

+* );0 +* , +9*-,, @'*0*, +* @00*0/ , // * *,@'*-?/ @, '*

-*? + >/


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1"


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E +>0;,/ )-* +* '0 )*-*);0 >*0*- +* ';0 +* /, >/*,;0 +0,-9 @00*-

= )/ -9(, +* '0 A0,, D*,-)9/1 * '


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2&


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1.$.1@ RESUMEN POR UNIDAD

1.@ CONCLUSIN

L/, 0++/-*, +* >*,;0 '0 +*'+ -*-/*0;0 = +*, *, '0 ='+

)- )-*,*0- 0@/-;0 - = /)**0-,* /0 /-, *--*0, +*

>*,;0 '* ='+*0 0?- ',, = *,


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2 ADMINISTRACION

2.1 INTRODUCCION

E0 '++ +0,-;0 *, /- +* +*,/0*, +* 0*- -)+

/0 * )-/);,/ +* /0-'0/, >*0*-

)-/-;0 +* )*-,/0 )- +-*;0

/0-/ = //-+0;0 +* -*'-,/, '0/, /0 '0 @0 +**-0+/. E, , '*

* )*-,/0 +*-')*, *, +*- *0* '* 9*- @'0+*0*0* /0 * ,)*/ 0*-)*-,/0

+* +0,-;0.

P- *+- = /--*>- * +*,*)*K/ 0+9+' = /->0?/0 ,-9* * /0-/

* ' +*, >-0? '* /, */, ,* )*>'*0 /, )0*,. E0 )/,

)


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2.3 OBJETIVOS ESPECI"ICOS

D@*-*0- /, ***0/, -- '0 / ,* )'*+* /->0?- )0@- +->- = /0-/- /, -*'-,/, +*

'0 *)-*, / '0 *0++ )- * ')*0/ +* /0@ 0?- , *, /->0?/0*,.

23


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L/, +0,-+/-*, +*,*)*K0 , @'0/0*, +* )0@;0 /->0?;0

0*>-;0 +* )*-,/0 +-*;0 = /0-/. L +0,-;0 *, '0 9++

*,*0 *0 /+/, /, 09**, /->0?/0*, ,0 */ , '- '0 -*;0 @9/-0?+/,

*- +* +0,-;0 ,/0 '0 *0. E +*,--// +* */-+0,-9 ,')/0* '0 *-0+*, *)-*,, '-9, = 0/

'-9, 0+',-, +* 0'@'- = ,*-9/,.

L +0,-;0 *, ,/ *- , /,, *0 9, +* ,-*++*, +* '0 ,';0. A'0 , /, +0,-+/-*, -0?+/, *0 /, '* ,* ne).% L, )*-,/0, -*,)/0,*-*0*, 0/ ,')*-9,0 /-/, >*-*0*,. Ge'ente* edio*.%E *-0/ >*-*0 *+ 0'=* 9-/, 09**, +* '0

/->0?;0. L/, >*-*0*, +* 09**, *+/, +->*0 , 9++*, +* /,>*-*0*, +* 09**, ,


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/)*-/0*,. L, -*,)/0,*-*0 *+ *, +->- ,

9++*, '* ,-9*0 )- )/0*- *0 )- , )/, +* ,' /->0?;0 =

*'0?;0

/0 ,' *0/-0/. A>'0/, ->/ )/, +* >*-*0 ,/0 +-*/- >*0*-

**'9/Q +-*/-Q = ,'' /+/ /, /0+/-*, )0 (0, *,)*@, *0 ,',

'- /, ***0/, , ,>0@9/, +* '0

,';0 = /)-*0+*- , -*/0*, *0-* */,. L) )9i(id)d de di*eo.%E, )++ )- -*,/9*- )-/


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F>'- 2.1. / )?/ +* 9/- +* ,', /0*, /-+0-,. E0 *,-/

,*0+/ * // = )


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U0 */- *, >-');0 ,,* +* /, /0*)/, = /, )-0)/,

0*-+*)*0+*0*, '* ,-9* // -/ +* -*@*-*0 / *0* +* '0

)/-0* -* +* /0/*0/,. L/, +/, +,)*-,/, // , 0//0*,

-*?+, *0 '0 )?--;0 +'-0* +,',;0 +* '0 )-/*0*-/, 0/ ,/0 0@/-;0 *0/, '* * /) )dini*t')ti&)

E )/ +* +0,-;0 *0 @'0;0 +* */- ;0 )/- -*,'+/, *,)*-+/, *

)-0)/ +* >'++ +* '/-++ = -*,)/0,*0*-/, '* )0 )-0)/ @,/ +,*K/ +* '0

0,-'*0/ /, +0,-+/-*, '* )0 */- +0,-;0 +*


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/0-/- )- '* )*---

/0?/0*, ,/0 )-/+'/ +* ,' /*0/ = ,'

/0*/ ,;-/ = ,/. P/- / 0/ *9/';0 +* */- +*

+-;0 ,* *0*0+* *0 (-0/, +* ;/ -*,'*/ , )*-,/0, ,

'*,/0*, +* ,', -*/0*, *0 /*0/, /0-*/, +* ,/-. U0 +* ,

*/0*, *0-*, )- * *,'+/ +* +0,-;0 ,* +/ *0 ()/ +*

1$$& /0 *0-= F/-+ = A@-*+ S/0 '* @'*-/0 +@*-*0*, )-*/')/0*,

>*-*0*,. A0 ,* /0,*-90 , -+/0*, '* 0-/0 *,/, / '* ',*+ *, +->*0+/ @-/,. L, -'0, 0+',-*, ,/0 0'*9, +*, '/, +* ,',

*)*+/, ,/0 0>*0*-/, +* /-, *--,. N/


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-'0,0, ',*+ // +-*9/ )-/-/,- * *-+/ +* 0/ +* /


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1. E +*,--// +* '0 9*-++*- *0 +* +0,-;0 +*

0*- '* ,* )'+*- +**-0- * */- (/+/ )- -*?- +

-*.2. L ,**;0 *0@ +* /, --; /, )-/0*, '* * )>-0 /, -


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1. A'/-++ = -*,)/0,/ , / , * -0>/ , '*0/ @'*- )*-'+.4. E,)-' +* '*-)/. ,* *, * )-0)/ +* '0;0 * @'*-?Q ,

// '0 )-//0>;0 +* )-0)/ +* '0++ +* 0+/ /0 )-'-

0,,*0 *0 0**,++ +* -*0 /->0?;0.7. U0++ +* +-*;0. , /)*-/0*, +* , /->0?/0*, /0 *

,/ /0?;0 *0*-.$. C*0-?;0. A -*+'- )-);0 +* /, ,'


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2.#.11 M)'' P)Ke' "o((et () e*,0e() ,(*i,)

M--= P*- F/* @'* '0 +* , -*+/-, 0@ >/ , +* / '* /'--* *0 '0 /->0?;0

''*-. F/* 0'- *)*0* * *0/-0/ +* /->0?;0 *0 ,'

*/- )-*)-; * 0/ )- '* */- +* +0,-;0 0'=*- '0

-*;0 , ) +* -*/0*, >'0, +*0-/ +* /->0?;0 = /-, ,

+* ,', @-/0*-,. E0 *,* ,*0+/ = '0 ,*- +* */-, +0,-9, '*

-0+*0 -+/-*, 0 09*,>+/

/, 9/-*, -**, +* /, +0,-+/-*, M0? *, '*0 )'*,/ =/-

*)*K/ *0 +@',;0 +* *,* *0@/'*.

E0 *0@/'* +* M0? ,+/ +* -,.E0 )-*- '>- '*,- +* 0/ **'9/, '* ',/ *0 ,' 09*,>;0 *,

+*,+/ -*+'+ // )- )*-- /0',/0*, 0 0*,.E0 ,*>'0+/ 0?- , 9++*, -**, +* /, +0,-+/-*, H+*

+-*/-*, >*0*-*, / ,')*-9,/-*, ''*- 09*,>+/- ,* +- '*0 +*

'* /+/, /, +0,-+/-*, -*?0 *-,


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E0 *-*- '>- *0 -*++ ', +* , 9++*, +*0@+, )/-

M0? ,/0 *9+*0, +* )0*;0 /->0?;0 0*>-;0 )*-,/0

+-*;0 = /0-/. L/, +*? ))**, ,/0: P)**, 0*-)*-,/0*,

1. P)* +* -*)-*,*0;0 H')*0/ +* +*0?;0.

2. P)* +* +*-.3. P)* +* *0* H)-'-*0* /0 , /->0?/0*, = )*-,/0,

*0, /->0?;0. P)**, +* 0@/-;0

1. P)* +* -**)/- H-**);0 ,// = J'-0 @'*-/0 /, )-*'-,/-*, +* /9*0/ +*

+0,-;0 +* ++. O-, )/-0*, /0-*-*0* +,0. P- D*0> ++

,>0@ /@-**- /, *0*, )-/+'/, / ,*-9/, /0@


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0?/0 /-*0+/ *0* = ++. C-/,-- , /0 *0/, -*'-,/,.

M* -0*- = J*, C*0*- ,+/ +*@0+ // *

-*)0**0/ @'0+*0 = -*+,*K/ -+ +* /, )-/*,/, +* , *)-*,,

)- /0,*>'- */-, ,',0*, *0 *++, +* +*,*)*K/ /0*)/-0*,

0 +*,9, // /,/, ++ ,*-9/ = -)+*?. L, )*0*-. E )-/*,/ +* '0 *)-*,


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)-/*,/ / )-/*,/, *)-*,-*, ) /- +* /0*0--,* *0 , */-, /->0?/0*, *- = C)=

-*/*0+0 '0 -*+,*K/ -+ *'9*0* 9/9*- *)*?-.

F>'- 2.3. M/+*/ +* 0,'/,)-/+'/.

M, *,)*@*0* M*X -0*- = J*, C)= +*@0*0

-*0>*0*- /-0/ * -*)0**0/ @'0+*0 = -*+,*K/ -+ +* /,

)-/*,/, *)-*,-*, )- /0@ )-*,*0* *,/: 0/ '0

35


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/+@;0 ,0/ '0 -*09*0;0 ,)*/ '* /0,+*--/0 * ,

)/-0* +* ,' (/+/

E -*/-* / +*';0 +* )*-,/0 0/ *, * )-/);,/ *0*- '0'* *0 '/, ,/, (, +*,**0*- ,+/ )-/-+*0*

-*9/ /0 0*0;0 +* -*+'- /,/, ,0 0**,-*0* *0+*- ,

0**,++*, = *)*9, +* /, *0*,.

2.#.1# A9iente e=te'no de () o')ni5),i+n.

E +0,-+/- *@? +*-+/ )-/*+*0 +* , 0*- *0 , /+, , +*,

,*, +* 9++*, +0,-9,.

I0+*)*0+*0**0* +* '* /)*-*0 *0 '0 *)-*, /->0,/ >'*, 0,'/0*, +* -+/, /, ***0/, = @'*-?, +*

,' **-/-. A'0'* '? ,* )// / 0+ / '* )'*+*0 *- )/- /+@-

*,, @'*-?, 0/ *0*0 /- *-09 '* -*,)/0+*- *,.

Condi,ione* e,on+i,)*

A 9**, ,* -** '* , /0+/0*, */0;, ,;/ 0*-*,0 ,

*)-*,, '= ,;0 ,/*0* )-/-. P*-/

/ *-/ *, '* 0?+,. U0 /->0,/ >'


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//, /- +*,/0*,. P/- *//> *0*0+*/, -*;0 +* /,

,*-*, '0/, = /, +*, ,*-*, 99/, /0 ,' '

= -*. L /00;0 +* *-- * >' = * -* )-*/')*0/-**0* /+, , )*-,/0,.

2.#.1$ ti,) en () )dini*t'),i+n

I0+*)*0+*0**0* +* '* -, /0@/-* , '*, '0 0+9+'/ /0+'* ,' 9+ )*-,/0 *0

0/ '* )/- **)/ ( /0'

/0+' )-/@*,/0 +* /, /0+/-*,. L ( *)-*,- *0* '* 9*-

/0 9*-++ = ', = )/,** '/, ,)*/, // , *)*9,

+* ,/*++ /)**0 * )'


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/)/-*0/ +* , *)-*,, 0/ *0 ,' ), +* /->*0 // *0 *

*-0*-/.E (-0/ ( ,* +*@0+/ // * *,'+/ +* @/- *0 '* 0'*,-,

+*,/0*, @*0 /, +*,. C// ,* ,*K; 0*, 0*, -*@*-*0*, , 0,'/0*,

'- -*)-*,*00+/ '0 *-/ (/ )- ', /)K,. L/,

,'0/, +* *-*0* / *0 / )*-,/0 )'*+* -- +* 0@'- *0 *

+*'0+/ )/ +* 0*--/>0*, (, ,* -*@*-* /, >-')/, +* 0*-(,

*, +*- )-/9**+/-*, *0*, /0,, = +*,. E0 *,* 0*, *0 '0/ -/ '* *)-*, +*-')/, **-0/, '* ,* 9*0 @*+/, )/- ,', +*,/0*, ,

// -/ '* /, >-')/, +* 0*-(, +*-')/, +* 0*-(,. U0

,/0 ,-0,/0*, 0*-0, /- *, /;0 '* *0* /)K +*

0@/-- ,', *0*, *- +* /, )/,-/, +* ,',

)-/+'/,.

Ni&e( de () -o(>ti,) inte'n)E *-*- 09* +* ( )/+- ,*- * +* )/ 0*-0. E0 *,*

,/ , 0*--/>0*, ,* -*@*-*0 ;/ ,/0 , -*/0*, +* *)-*,

/0 ,', *)*+/,. %'( )/ +* /0-/ *-*0*, = -


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/-0+ +* '0 >* -*0*. L/, +*,)+/, , )-*,/0*, , -*>, +*

-- 0'*,-/ @0! E, )/,-0*0 ,' ')*0/. L/, +0,-+/-*, '*

0'--0 *0 )-, 0/-*, +*-, '0 +*@0;0 , - +* , *)*9,. P/- /- )-* 0/

,* +*/ ) '0 /)/-*0/ (/

/0,,*0* = * )/=/ +* +-*;0.

3$


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2.#.1 P()ni/i,),i+n o -()ne),i+n

A +,*K- '0 *0/-0/ )- * *@? +*,*)*K/ +* 0+9+'/, '* --')/, -* , )/-0* +* '0 +0,-+/- *, /)-/*0* 0/ *0+- 0*- +* ,* +;0+* '*-* - H-*,'+/ +* -* +* /0-/ ,0

0*, ,0?;0 '*0 /0 -*'-,/, +/, = '0

), ,*-* +* )/,ti,)*

L, )/, *0*-*, '* /-*00 / *0'?0

* )*0,*0/ *0 / +* +*,/0*, P'o,ediiento*

4&


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L/, )-/*+*0/, ,/0 )0*, )/- *+/ +* /, '*, ,* *,, +* , /0*, -*'*-+,. S/0 >', +* ;0 0/ +*

)*0,*0/ *0 , '* ,* +* 0*- * *0 '* +*- *0 @-,. D* */

)-*,')'*,/ @00*-/ /)*-/0 ,* * +*0/0 *0'+/ )0 +*

'++*,.

2.#.1 I-o't)n,i) de () -()ni/i,),i+n

E0 , /->0?/0*, )0@;0 *, * )-/*,/ +* *,- /, *+/, )- 0?- +, *,. S0 )0*, /, >*-*0*, 0/

)'*+*0 ,0?- ,' )*-,/0 0 ,', -*'-,/,

+*0. S0 '0 )0 /, >*-*0*, = ,', ,*>'+/-*, 0/

*0*0 ', )/, *, * 0/


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E, 0+'+' , *)-*,, )-9+, ' /->0,/,

>'0@+/ )- /,

0+9+'/, +*-')0 = //-+00 , 9++*, +* /->0?;0 *0 '0/ ,

-*/0*, *0-* /, >*-*0*, = /, *)*+/, *0-* >*-*0*, =

>*-*0*, = *0-* *)*+/, = *)* +/,. L/, +*)-*0/, +*

'0 /->0?;0 ,* )'*+*0 *,-''-- @/- *0* *0 -*,

@/-, 0?;0 +9++ )/-

@'0/0*, )'*+* *0*- +*)-*0/, )- )-/+';0 *-+/*0

= 9*0,. E >*-*0* +* 9*0, +* + /->0?;0 ,*- *

-*,)/0,0?;0 @'0/0 ,* @/- , ;> =


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)-/9* /0 *@*0 /, -*'-,/, *,)*?+/,. O- 9*0

)/-0* +* *,-''- )/- @'0/0*, *, '* @ '/

,')*-9,;0 )'*, + >*-*0* ,;/ +*-')/ -*/0+/ +* )-/+'/, /+/, /, '* *,0 *0 *- ?/0

>*/>-@ / /+/, /, '* -0 /0 *-/ )/ +* *0*.

L /->0?;0 )/- )-/+'/*-+/ )'*+* ,*>'- '0/ +* -*,

)-/0*,. E , *9+*0*, *, +9,;0 )/- )-/+'/ +9,;0

>*/>-@ '* *, ',+ )/- *)-*,, +* ,*-9/, @00*-, = /-, 0/

@


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= *@*0**0* ,', -*,. E, *9+*0* '* 0*>-;0 +* )*-,/0 +*.0?;0 *, +*- /0 *

*,*-*0*, +* '0 )-/>- +* -*'-,/, '0/, )- *-/

*@*9*0* +*0?;0. P/- **)/ '0

*,-*> )- * -**0/ 0*-0/ ,>0@ '* ,*- 0**,-/ /0--

, *)*+/,. P/- /- )-* , +',/0*, = , @',/0*, /0 /+

)-/*0*-. L/,>*-*0*, +* ', *)-*,, 0* +* +* *0*- '* +*,)*+- ,',

44


44/50

*)* +/, 0 /+/ *++, *-/-+0-, )- ='+- ,', *

*)*+/, *0/0-- /-/, --')/ +* 0++/, / -0+* // )- '* /, >*-*0*, )'*+0 **>- /, *)*+/, @+/,

'* 0**,0. S/0= *, ,*)-* 0?;0.

A0*, +* -*'- /, *)*+/, /, -*'+/-*, +*'*0* * 0,, +* /, -0>- *,

>+/ '0 +*,-);0 '* *0'*- * 0/-+/ +* *,'+/, /, K/, +* *)*-*0 = /,/0/*0/, '* +*-+/ +* -9/ '*

+*0?;0 = *

*)*/ /@-*+/ ,* ',0 ,', 0**,++*, = *,. E0 -*++ *

)-/*,/ +* ,**;0 ,* ,'** 00- , >'0/ +* /, +/,.

45


45/50

C'0+/ * *-+/ +* --0+*, @/0*,

/-*+/ )/- 9-, /->0?/0*, /, >*-*0*, +* /->0?;0 *0+-0

'* +/-0- /@*- = /- ,' +*,;0 ,0 -+0? >'0.

2.#.2@ O'ient),i+n o *o,i)(i5),i+n

L /-*0;0 / ,/?;0 *,0 +,*K+, )- /@-**- /, *)*+/,

0'*9/, 0@/-;0 '* 0**,0 )- @'0/0- *0 @/- ;/+ =

*@? +*0-/ +* /->0?;0. P/- -*> >*0*- ,/?;0 *0*- ,/0?;0 , // '0 +* +* 0*- *0

'* * -,

0?;0.

M'/, *,'+/, 0 +*/,-+/ '* /, *)*+/, ,* ,*0*0

0*-9/,/, '0+/ 0>-*,0 '0 /->0?;0. L*, )-*/')0 /, -*,'+/,

'* /-, +* ,/?;0 +,0'=*0

* 0*-9/,,/ +* /, *)*+/, 0'*9/, )'*, *, )-/)/-/00 0@/-;0

,/-, +* );0 *0*0 * )-/);,/ +* 0*0*- / */--

* +*,*)*K/ *0 * --, +* +*,--//

)-**0+*0 +*,--/- )++*, )- *)*/, @''-/,. T0/ /,

>*-*0*, // , )*-,/0, '* 0/ +0,-0 )'*+*0 /


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)*-,/0, '* 0/ ,/0 +0,-+/-, -*/, = +*/>-@/, , // /, -*/0+/,

/0 * *-+/ +* -


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,')*-9,/-*, , '*0* ,* ,'** +*- '* * /0*0+/ +* '0 */- +* /9;0

-+ *0 ,' /0*);0 )-'- +* , )*-,/0,. E /0*0+/ +* '0 */-

+* /9;0 0/, ,-9* )- *0*0+*- * '0+/ +* +*,*)*K/ +0/*0 * ' /)*-0 , /->0?/0*, +*,-*-*0*, = /,

*)*+/, '* )-)0 *0 , /->0?/0*, /+/, /, +,. C// ,

*/-, +* /9;0 -0 +* +*,--// +* , )*-,/0, * /0*0+/ +*

'0 */- +* /9;0 *-*0*, = /, *)*+/,

)- 0*- +0 +* 9+ +* , /->0?/0*,.

Lide')5o

S* *0*0+*- * +*-?>/ >*-*0 // * )-/*,/ +* +->- , 9++*,

-')/ +* )*-,/0, , '* // >-')/ ,* *,

*0/*0+ '0 ,'0/. L/, /(, )'*+*0 ,*- +* 0* / +0,-9/,

@/-*, / 0@/-*, )*-0*0*, / *)/-*,. S-9*0 )- /0,*>'-

+*-')*, )*+- '* '0 )*-,/0 ''* **,9

4"


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'/-++ = )-*,*0- , /)0/0*, +* +@*-*0*, >-')/,. S* *, *)*

-') -9(, +* /(,. A+*, (,/, ,'**0

0-**0- /9;0 )*-- '* /, 0+9+'/, )-)*0 *0 *

)-/*,/ +* / +* +*,/0*,. N/ /'--,*

+* '* *,0 90?0+/ ,,@/-*0* ,', *, = +* '**,0 ',0+/ ,', -*'-,/, +* 0*- *@*0*. A'0'* /)K, >'0,

'? +*)*0+0 , +* )-/*+*0/, +* /0-/ '* ', /-,

/)K, +*0 '0 +*@0;0 * /0-/ +0,-9/ *, * )-/*,/ '* )*-*

>-0?- '* , 9++*, -**, ,* ',*0 , 9++*, )-/=*+,.

D* */ * /0-/ *, '/ , >*0*-?+/ '* )0@;0.

T,ni,)* *i*te)* de ,ont'o(L, (0, = ,,*, +* /0-/ ,/0


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3 /--*;0 +* .9-*0*- *,,

(0, ,/0 *0 )-*- 0,0 0,-'*0/, +* )0*;0 +* /+/ '*

',-0 * */ +* '* /, /0-/*, +*0?;0 '0 )/- 0?- ,', *,.

E (-0/ +0,-;0 +* /)*-/0*, ,* -*@*-* ,*-* /)* +*

9++*, +0,-9, '* *0-K )0@- /->0?- +->- =

/0-/- , /)*-/0*, +* '0 /->0?;0. '-+*-*0*, +* '0

/->0?;0 '0+/ *0/, )/- +/, -?/0*,. E0 )-*- (-0/ )'*+*

*/-- )-/+'9++ '* */- ,'+ @00*- +* /->0?;0.

E0 ,*>'0+/ )'*+* ='+- , /->0?/0*, ,,@*- , )-/-++*,

/)*9, +* /, *0*,.

2.$ CONCLUSIONES

L +0,-;0 *0>/0?;0 +-*;0 = /0-/ /, '*, *+0* *,-*>,

* 0*>-;0 +* )*-,/0 @/-0 * 0/ '0 ***0* +0,-;0.

E /0-/ = +-*;0 *0 +0,-;0 ,/0 ***0/, '* ='+0

+,-


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2.@ BIBLIOGRA"!A

LIBROS -/+ . H1$$".Administracin: Una perpectiva global.M*/ DF: M G-

.

J*, S. F-**0 E. Y G E+/-.

51

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