Energía Solar Fotovoltaica Para La Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural Sostenibles

7/24/2019 Energa Solar Fotovoltaica Para La Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural Sostenibles

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FUENTES ALTERNAS D ENERGIA. D01CUCEI.LIC. INGENIERIA MECANICA ELECTRICA.IVAN ANAYA FIGUEROA.302131919.

Energa s!ar "#$!#a%&a 'ara !a agr%&(!#(ra ) *esarr!! r(ra! ss#en%+!es.


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Res(,enE! '#en&%a! *e !s s%s#e,as *e energa s!ar "#$!#a%&a -FV se /a*e,s#ra* en !s 'r)es *e e!er%&a&%n r(ra! rea!%a*s en #* e!,(n* en es'e&%a! e! *e !s s%s#e,as s!ares *,4s#%&s. Cre&e !a %,'r#an&%a

e&n,%&a *e !s s%s#e,as "#$!#a%&s gra&%as a !a &ns#an#e *%s,%n(&%n *es(s 're&%s as &, 'r !a e5'er%en&%a en s( a'!%&a&%n en #rs seres&, !s ser$%&%s s&%a!es ) &,(na!es !a agr%&(!#(ra ) #ras a%$%*a*es'r*(%$as &a'a&es *e re'er&(#%r s%gn%&a#%$a,en#e en e! *esarr!! r(ra!. De#*as "r,as /a&e "a!#a ,6s %n"r,a&%n *e! '#en&%a! ) !as !%,%#a&%nes *eesas a'!%&a&%nes *e !s s%s#e,as "#$!#a%&s.

As '(es e! 'r%n&%'a! +7e#%$ *e es#e es#(*% es &n#r%+(%r a &n&er ,e7r e!'s%+!e e"e ) !as !%,%#a&%nes *e !s s%s#e,as "#$!#a%&s en !a agr%&(!#(ra) *esarr!! r(ra! ss#en%+!es-ADRS s+re #* en !as a%$%*a*es 8(e generan %ngress. Res(!#a en e"e*e 'r%,era %,'r#an&%a *e#er,%nar !a &n#r%+(&%n '#en&%a! *e !s s%s#e,as

"#$!#a%&s a! *esarr!! r(ra! &n e! n *e !grar (n ,a)r &,'r,%se&n,%& ) '!#%& &n !s 'r)es ) 'rgra,as *e energa s!ar FV )'er"e&&%nar s( e!a+ra&%n. Una *e !as e5'er%en&%as ,6s %,'r#an#es *e es#ees#(*% es 8(e e! 45%# *e !s 'rgra,as FV ,e7ra &ns%*era+!e,en#e &n (naes#ra#eg%a %n#egra!.

Ls s%s#e,as s!ares "#$!#a%&s 'r !a e5%+%!%*a* *e s( a'!%&a&%nre'resen#an (na 'r#(n%*a* :n%&a 'ara 8(e e! ser *e !a energa'r'r&%ne ;'a8(e#es< *e ser$%&%s a !as nas r(ra!es a'ar#a*as 'r e7e,'!'ara !s ser$%&%s *e sa!(* e*(&a&%n &,(n%&a&%nes ) !( e!4r%&a as &,'ara !a agr%&(!#(ra ) e! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a. Se es'era 8(e es#e *&(,en#",en#e !a &rea#%$%*a* ) !a &,(n%&a&%n en#re !as *%$ersas %ns#%#(&%nes 8(e

'ar#%&%'an en e! s(,%n%s#r *e es#s ser$%&%s a !as nas r(ra!es ) *e es#a,anera sea (na a'r#a&%n a !as *e&%s%nes ;%n"r,a*as< en ,a#er%a *e'&%nes *e #e&n!ga "#$!#a%&a. =a!a+ras &!a$es> energa s!ar?"#$!#a%&? *esarr!! r(ra!? genera&%n *e %ngress? agr%&(!#(ra? a&(%&(!#(ra?gana*.

Es#a ser%e s(s#%#()e a !as s%g(%en#es>

@ Ser%e s+re Me*% A,+%en#e ) Energa@ Ser%e *e! Cen#r *e Te!e*e#e&&%n@ Ser%e *e Agr,e#er!ga

La energa es (n %,'r#an#e %ns(, 'ara sa#%s"a&er !as ne&es%*a*es /(,anas+6s%&as ) s(,%n%s#rar !s ser$%&%s "(n*a,en#a!es se (#%!%a 'ara &&%nar'r'r&%nar ag(a !( e!4r%&a ser$%&%s *e sa!(* en !as &,(n%&a&%nes ) !ae*(&a&%n. Ta,+%4n es (n e!e,en# $%#a! 'ara ,e7rar !a 'r*(&&%n r(ra! ) !aseg(r%*a* a!%,en#ar%a ,e*%an#e !a 're'ara&%n *e !as #%erras s( "er#%!%a&%n'ara e! r%eg !a %n*(s#r%a agr'e&(ar%a !a &nser$a&%n ) e! #rans'r#e. En,(&/as nas r(ra!es *e !s 'ases en *esarr!! a(a!,en#e !as ne&es%*a*es*e energa se sa#%s"a&en s+re #* &n &,+(s#%+!es *e +%,asa ) &n#ra+a7 /(,an ) an%,a!. Es#e %n%&( 'anra,a !%,%#a ser%a,en#e !a 's%+%!%*a*


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*e ,(&/s '+!a*res *e !as nas r(ra!es *e ,e7rar s( 'r*(%$%*a*agr&!a ) s( &a!%*a* *e $%*a.

La Organ%a&%n *e !as Na&%nes Un%*as 'ara !a Agr%&(!#(ra ) !a A!%,en#a&%n

s%g(e 'r,$%en* &, rgan%s, &r*%na*r *e !as a%$%*a*es *e!&a'#(! 1 *e! =rgra,a 21 !a agr%&(!#(ra ) *esarr!! r(ra! ss#en%+!es -ADRS.Es#e es#(*% se 'r'ne &n#r%+(%r a ese 'r&es as%s#%en* a !s =asesM%e,+rs *e !a Organ%a&%n en s( #rans%&%n /a&%a e! (s *e s%s#e,as ,6sss#en%+!es *e energa r(ra!. La FAO +ser$a 8(e !a #e&n!ga "#$!#a%&a )aes#6 s(,%n%s#ran* ser$%&%s *e energa en ,(&/s !(gares *e! ,(n* s+re#* en e! 6,+%# *,4s#%& ) !!a,a !a a#en&%n a! '#en&%a! *e !s s%s#e,asFV 'ara 'r,$er n(e$as a%$%*a*es 8(e generen %ngresse %n&re,en#en !a'r*(%$%*a* agr&!a. Una *e !as e5'er%en&%as ,6s %,'r#an#es *e es#ees#(*% es 8(e e! 45%# *e !s 'rgra,as FV ,e7ra &ns%*era+!e,en#e &n (naes#ra#eg%a %n#egra!.

Ls s%s#e,as s!ares "#$!#a%&s 'r s( e5%+%!%*a* *e a'!%&a&%nre'resen#an (na 'r#(n%*a* :n%&a 'ara 8(e e! ser *e !a energa'r'r&%ne ;'a8(e#es< *e ser$%&%s a !as nas r(ra!es a'ar#a*as 'r e7e,'!'ara !s ser$%&%s *e sa!(* e*(&a&%n &,(n%&a&%nes ) !( e!4r%&a as &,'ara !a agr%&(!#(ra ) e! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a. Se es'era 8(e es#e *&(,en#",en#e !a &rea#%$%*a* ) !a &,(n%&a&%n en#re !as *%$ersas %ns#%#(&%nes 8(e'ar#%&%'an en e! s(,%n%s#r *e es#s ser$%&%s a !as nas r(ra!es ) *e es#a,anera sea (na a'r#a&%n a !as *e&%s%nes;%n"r,a*as< en ,a#er%a *e '&%nes *e #e&n!ga "#$!#a%&a.

La energa FV para la agricultura y desarrollo rural sostenibles

Ins#r(,en#s ) es+ *e !s res(!#a*sA%$%*a*es e %ns#r(,en#s

=ara rea!%ar !a %n$es#%ga&%n *es&r%#a en e! &a'#(! 1 se e!a+r (n&(es#%nar% *e (na en&(es#a 8(e se re,%#% a 'ersnas &()a 'ar#%&%'a&%n es*e#er,%nan#e en !s 'r)es *e energa FV as &, a e,'resas &,er&%a!es*e es#s s%s#e,as &n e! n *e 'reg(n#ar!es s( '(n# *e $%s#a s+re e!'#en&%a! ) !as re'er&(s%nes *e !s s%s#e,as FV en e! *esarr!! r(ra!.

Ls '(n#s *e $%s#a ) !a e5'er%en&%a *e es#as 'ersnas "re&%ern (na &!ara%,agen *e !as &nse&(en&%as ) 's%+%!%*a*es *e !as *%s#%n#as a'!%&a&%nes *e !a

energa FV ) (na s!%*a +ase 'ara seg(%r %n$es#%gan*. E! &(es#%nar%&,'!e# *e !a en&(es#a se 'resen#a en e! ane5 B.

A*e,6s *e! &(es#%nar% se %n$es#%g !a %n"r,a&%n *%s'n%+!e !s es#(*%s )'(+!%&a&%ness+re a'!%&a&%nes ) 'r)es 'r,e#e*res *e energa FV. Se es#(*%arn ,6s*e &%en *&(,en#s *e 'r)es es#(*%s *e &ass e %n"r,es -$er !a


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+%+!%gra"a *e! ane5 1. =r :!#%, se !&a!%arn es#a*s#%&as *e !s,er&a*s a(a!es ) '#en&%a!es *e !as *%$ersas a'!%&a&%nes *e energa FV.

=ara ana!%ar !as re'er&(s%nes ) 's%+%!%*a*es *e !as a'!%&a&%nes FV se*en%ern !s s%g(%en#es seres *e !a s&%e*a* r(ra!> *,4s#%& s&%a! )ser$%&%s &,(na!es a'!%&a&%nes n agr&!as ) agr%&(!#(ra. E! &r%#er%

e&n,%& -!a &,'ara&%n *e &s#s ) e! an6!%s%s *e !a re!a&%n en#re &s#s )+ene&% se &ns%*era en e! 6,+%# *e !a agr%&(!#(ra ) *e !as a'!%&a&%nes nagr&!as &, e! ,6s %,'r#an#e 'ara 'n*erar !a $%a+%!%*a* *e !asa'!%&a&%nes FV.

En e! ser *,4s#%& es ,(&/ ,6s *%"&%! &(an#%&ar ,ne#%ar e! %,'a*e ess s%s#e,as ) *e+era %n*agarse ,e7r !a '%n%n *e !s +ene&%ar%s a!res'e a*e,6s *e /a&er (na &,'ara&%n *e &s#s &n #ras #e&n!gas.

Ta,+%4n es %,'r#an#e sea!ar e! &as es'e&%a! *e !a e!er%&%*a* ne&esar%a'ara a'!%&a&%ness&%a!es ) &,(na!es #a!es &, e! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a '#a+!e !as es&(e!as )&!n%&as r(ra!es. S% se &ns%*era 8(e se #ra#a *e ne&es%*a*es ser$%&%s +6s%&s

&()as re'er&(s%nes sn s%gn%&a#%$as 'er *%"&%!es *e &(an#%&ar ,ne#%aren $e *e ana!%ar !a re!a&%n en#re &s# ) +ene&% /a) 8(e &,'arar !sgas#s *e s(,%n%s#r *e! ,%s, ser$%&% &n #ras '&%nes #e&n!g%&as ) !are!a&%n en#re &s# ) +ene&%. Es# *es#a&a !a %,'r#an&%a *e! &a'%#a! *e%n$ers%n -':+!%&a 'ara esas %n$ers%nes s&%a!es ) !a 'r%r%*a* '!#%&a *e !as,%s,as. C, se ,en&%n en e! &a'#(! 1 en !as nas r(ra!es es#e sern s(e!e #ener 'r%r%*a* n% &n#ar &n &,'r,%s '!#%&.

Es %,'r#an#e *es#a&ar 8(e e! an6!%s%s e&n,%& ) *e nan&%a&%n *e#a!!a**e !s s%s#e,as r(ra!es FV re+asa e! a!&an&e *e es#e es#(*%. =ara /a&er (nan6!%s%s a "n* *e !a nan&%a&%n ) e&n,%& *e !a re!a&%n en#re &s# )+ene&% /a+ra 8(e &,'arar !s s%s#e,as FV &n #ras '&%nes

*es&en#ra!%a*as ) !a e5#ens%n *e !a re* r*%nar%a en a!g:n 'as ) a(n en*%s#%n#s &ass -G(%*% 199. Las res'(es#as *e !a en&(es#a n +r%n*ans(&%en#es 'r,enres 'ara /a&er 's%+!e esa &,'ara&%n. Es *%"&%!genera!%ar a 'ar#%r *e esas &,'ara&%nes *e &ass es'e&%a!,en#e a! #ra#arse*e a'!%&a&%nes en &!%,as s(e!s &(!#%$s #4&n%&as *e (#%!%a&%n ) 're&%s *e!a energa *%s#%n#s. Cn a)(*a *e !s *a#s *e !a en&(es#a ) !a +%+!%gra"a se'(e*e s%n e,+arg %n*%&ar 8(4 a'!%&a&%nes *e !a energa FV #%enen sen#%*e&n,%& ) en 8(4 &%r&(ns#an&%as.

Es+ *e !s res(!#a*s

Se re&%+%ern 3 &(es#%nar%s res(e!#s !a ,a)r 'ar#e *e A,4r%&a La#%na )As%a -ane5 2.Ca+e sea!ar 8(e e$%*en#e,en#e e! es#(*% n 're#en*e "re&er (na ,(es#rare'resen#a#%$a *e res'(es#as *e *n*e sa&ar &n&!(s%nes. Las res'(es#as a!&(es#%nar% *e !a en&(es#a se (#%!%arn &, %n*%&a*r *e! %,'a ) !asa'!%&a&%nes ) s%r$%ern 'ara %*en#%&ar #rs ,a#er%a!es en !s seres ,6s'r,e#e*res e %n#eresan#es. Cn e! ,a#er%a! se&(n*ar% a*%&%na! se '(*


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"r,ar (na %,agen &n ,(&/ *e#a!!e *e !as 's%+!es re'er&(s%nes !asa'!%&a&%nes ,6s 'r,e#e*ras ) !as es#r((ras *e rgan%a&%n ne&esar%as.

E! &(a*r 3 ,(es#ra (n 'anra,a genera! *e !as res'(es#as a !a en&(es#as+re !s (ss *e !ss%s#e,as FV en !s 'r)es e,'resas *e !s a(#res *e esas res'(es#as.

A*$%4r#ase 8(e a ,en(* se #ra#a *e a'!%&a&%nes *%s#%n#as. E! &(es#%nar%'er,%#a sea!ar ,6s *e (na a'!%&a&%n ) 'r ! #an# !as a'!%&a&%nes s(,an,6s *e! 100 'r &%en#. E! &(a*r ,(es#ra &n &!ar%*a* 8(e ;%!(,%na&%n#e!e$%s%n ra*% ) #ras a'!%&a&%nes *,4s#%&as< *e !s !!a,a*s s%s#e,ass!ares *,4s#%&s -SSD &ns#%#()e !a a'!%&a&%n 're*,%nan#e *e !ss%s#e,as FV res(!#a* ra#%&a* 'r !a +%+!%gra"a. O#ras a'!%&a&%nes%,'r#an#es &n&%ernen a !as #%en*as ,%nr%s#as &a"4s ) res#a(ran#es. La(#%!%a&%n &,(na! *e !a energa FV 'ara !s &en#rs *e sa!(* ) !s e*%&%s':+!%&s #a,+%4n es %,'r#an#e.

En !a agr%&(!#(ra 're*,%nan e! +,+e 'ara s(,%n%s#rar ag(a a! gana* ) !a%rr%ga&%n. La %,'r#an&%a *e !as &,(n%&a&%nes 'r ra*% ) !s #e!4"ns

&e!(!ares n 8(e*a &!ara 'r8(e es#a &a#egra a ,en(* %n&!()e a,+ss%s#e,as FV (#%!%a*s en !as es#a&%nes re'e#%*ras -8(e n ne&esar%a,en#e+ene&%an en "r,a *%rea a !as nas r(ra!es ) !s s%s#e,as *era*%&,(n%&a&%n 'ara !s 'r)es *e *esarr!! &en#rs *e sa!(*a(#r%*a*es r(ra!es *e #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes e %n$ers%n%s#as 'r%$a*s -8(e+ene&%an ,6s *%rea,en#e a !as nas r(ra!es.

C(a*r 3 A'!%&a&%nes *e !s s%s#e,as FV -'r&en#a7e *e en#re$%s#a*s *e !aen&(es#a+,+e &n energa FV -%rr%ga&%n 30 a+re$a*ers 'ara e! gana* 9 +,+e &n energa FV -ag(a '#a+!e 3B

'(r%&a&%n *e! ag(a &n energa FV 12 &er&as e!4r%&as FV 1 %!(,%na&%n 'ara a$es *e &rra! gana* 1 e8(%' *e &%na -&,'(#a*ras e#&. 1 &,(n%&a&%n 'r ra*% #e!4"n &e!(!ar 2 &en#rs *e sa!(* -re"r%gera&%n %!(,%na&%n e#&. ser$%&% $e#er%nar% -re"r%gera&%n %!(,%na&%n e#&. 9 re"r%gera&%n -*,4s#%&a 'ara #%en*as ,%nr%s#as 'r*(s agr&!as &arne!6es 'es&a* e#&. 1 %!(,%na&%n TV ra*% a'ara#s 'e8(es 'ara !s ser$%&%s &,er&%a!es-#%en*as ,%nr%s#as &a"4sres#a(ran#es

%!(,%na&%n /erra,%en#a e!4r%&a 'e8(ea 'ara ,%&re,'resas -#a!!eres *ere'ara&%n ar#esanas 19 %!(,%na&%n TV ra*% e#&. 'ara (s *,4s#%& 1 ser$%&%s #(rs#%&s -%!(,%na&%n TV re"r%gera&%n *e 'ens%nes /#e!es e#&.21 %!(,%na&%n ) e8(%' a(*%$%s(a! 'ara es&(e!as ) #ras %ns#a!a&%nes ':+!%&as3


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%!(,%na&%n *e !as &a!!es 2 #e!es('er$%s%n -%rr%ga&%n 2 8(%s&s *e '(+!%&%*a* B %!(,%na&%n 'ara 'es&a B #rs a sa+er>!%n#ernas 'r#6#%!es 1

Ls &ass ,6s %!(s#ra#%$s ) !as &n&!(s%nes a 'ar#%r *e !s ,%s,s se*es#a&an en re&(a*rs en !as 'r5%,as se&&%nes rgan%a*as 'r seres. Lase&&%n 3.2 se &('a *e! ser *,4s#%&? !a 3.3 ana!%a !as a'!%&a&%nes *e !ss%s#e,as FV en !s ser$%&%s &,(na!es ) s&%a!es? !a 3. &,en#a e! '#en&%a!*e !a energa FV 'ara a%$%*a*es 'r*(%$as n agr&!as? ) !a se&&%n 3.Ba+r*a !a a'!%&a&%n *e !s s%s#e,as FV en !a agr%&(!#(ra.

Energa FV 'ara !s /gares r(ra!es> s%s#e,as s!ares 'ara (s *,4s#%&

Ls s%s#e,as s!ares *,4s#%&s -SSD sn !a a'!%&a&%n 're*,%nan#e *e !a

energa FV en!as nas r(ra!es *e !s 'ases en *esarr!! ) es# se ree7a en e! 1 'r &%en#*e !as res'(es#as *e !a en&(es#a *e 'ar#%&%'an#es en 'r)es *e es#e #%'.C, se *%7 an#es -se&&%n 2.3 !a '&%n *e !s SSD se /a *%"(n*%* a #ra$4s*e (na $ar%e*a* *e 'rgra,as &,er&%a!es ) *e '!#%&a s&%a! )a ana!%a*s en(na a+(n*an#e +%+!%gra"a. Ls es#(*%s *%s'n%+!es se &('an *e !as&n*%&%nes "a$ra+!es 'ara (na 'rs'era &,er&%a!%a&%n *%"(s%n 'er engenera! n ana!%an !as &nse&(en&%as 'ara e! *esarr!! r(ra!. Es#a se&&%n se'r'ne res(,%r ! 8(e se sa+e *e es#e #e,a. Ls SSD /an 'r*(&%*re'er&(s%nes s+re #* en e! 6,+%# *,4s#%& 8(e &n nes ana!#%&s'(e*en *%$%*%rse a gran*es rasgs en re'er&(s%nes s(s&e'#%+!es *e ,e*%rsee&n,%&a,en#e ) re'er&(s%nes ,6s "6&%!es *e &!as%&ar +a7 e! r(+r

;&a!%*a* *e $%*a< +%enes#ar -'6rra"s 3.2.1 ) 3.2.2 res'e%$a,en#e.En e! '6rra" 3.3.3 se 'n*r6n *e re!%e$e %,'r#an#es as'es *e esasre'er&(s%nesre!a&%na*s &n !as &(es#%nes *e g4ner.

Un &,en#ar% genera! *e! *ese,'e *e !s SSD es 8(e s(e!en 'r'r&%nar(na "(en#ea+!e *e e!er%&%*a*. Es#a a+%!%*a* "re&e (na garan#a *e ser$%&% &n#%n(aes'e&%a!,en#e 'r8(e !a '&%n *e &ne5%n a !a re* 'resen#a "re&(en#es%n#err('&%nes ) !as '&%nes *e *%ese! Hersen n &(en#an &n (na*%s'n%+%!%*a* seg(ra *e &,+(s#%+!es s%#(a&%nes *e,as%a* "re&(en#es en!as nas r(ra!es. Ls (s(ar%s *e SSD a're&%an ,(&/ es#a a+%!%*a* 'er

/a&e "a!#a %n$es#%gar ,6s e! $a!r %n#rnse& -e&n,%& *es*e e! '(n# *e$%s#a *e! 'r&es *e *esarr!! r(ra!.

A*e,6s *e #ra#ar *e e$a!(ar !as re'er&(s%nes *e !s SSD ;*es*e "(era< )#ra#ar *e /a&er (n an6!%s%s +7e#%$ *e !a re!a&%n en#re &s# ) +ene&% !s'+!a*res *e !as nas r(ra!es /a&en s( 'r'% an6!%s%s *e es#a re!a&%n a!*e&%*%r a*8(%r%r (n SSD. La &an#%*a* *e SSD %ns#a!a*s %n*%&a 'r ! #an# !a'%n%n *e !s (s(ar%s na!es. A &nse&(en&%a !s es#(*%s *e !a


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;*%s'n%+%!%*a* a 'agar< '(e*en (#%!%arse &, 'r5) 'ara ese an6!%s%s. =re7e,'! !s es#(*%s *e! ,er&a* *e energa FV en en)a *n*e !a $en#a *e!a ,a)ra *e !s SSD %ns#a!a*s &rre a &arg *e e,'resas 'r%$a*as ,(es#ran8(e se /an %ns#a!a* en#re B0 ,%! ) 0 ,%! SSD ,6s *e! 90 'r &%en# en$en#as en e"e%$ ) 8(e &(an* !a e5#ens%n *e !a re* e!4r%&a n es (na'&%n rea!%s#a e! 0 'r &%en# *e !s 'r'%e#ar%s *e s%s#e,as FV es#6n

*%s'(es#s a gas#ar (na ,e*%a *e 390 *!ares EE.UU. 'ara %n&re,en#ar !a'#en&%a *e s(s SSD -Van *er =!as JanH%ns 199. O#ras e5'er%en&%as *e'r)es *e SSD %n"r,an 8(e !s (s(ar%s *e es#s s%s#e,as es#6n*%s'(es#s a 'agar e! *+!e *e s( gas# ,ens(a! nr,a! en e!er%&%*a* 'r+#ener (n ser$%&% *e %!(,%na&%n *e +(ena &a!%*a*.

Re'er&(s%nes *e !s SSD en !a e&n,a "a,%!%ar

En !a %n#r*(&&%n *e es#a se&&%n se *%7 8(e 'r ,#%$s ana!#%&s !asre'er&(s%nes *e !sSSD '*an *%$%*%rse en e&n,%&as ) *e ;+%enes#ar


8/23

reg%s#ran !s es#(*%s s%n 8(e %n&re,en#an a%$%*a*es &, $er !a #e!e$%s%n/a&er #areases&!ares !a &n$%$en&%a ) !a !e(ra. O#ras a%$%*a*es -a ,en(* *e !as,(7eres %n&!()en,6s #%e,' 'ara !as a%$%*a*es *,4s#%&as a#en&%n a !s n%s ) #areases&!ares?

a%$%*a*es n &ns%*era*as 'r*(%$as 'er n 'r e!! ,ens $a!%sas. E!;#%e,' e5#ra e!a/rr *e #%e,' en e! a&'% *e ag(a re"ran* e! +,+e *e ag(a? "a&%!%#ar!as !a+res*,4s#%&as e %n&re,en#ar !a 'r*(%$%*a* *e !as ,(7eres ,e*%an#e e! (s *e'e8(ese!er*,4s#%&s &, !%&(a*ras e %!(,%na&%n &,er&%a!? ) !s +ene&%s'ara !a san%*a*,e*%an#e '(r%&a*res *e a%re ) 'e8(es a+an%&s *e CD 'ara e!%,%nar e!

/(, *e !as&&%nas -Ce&e!sH) 2000.

La e5'er%en&%a *e !a J%,a!a)an L%g/# F(n*a#%n en Ne'a! -re&(a*r 2 es (n+(en e7e,'!*e en&(en#r *e !a &,er&%a!%a&%n *e SSD e! *esarr!! *e !a ,%&re,'resa!s (ss


11/23

'r*(%$s ) !s as'es *e g4ner a #ra$4s *e (na s%ng(!ar "(en#e *enan&%a,%en#'r%$a* -!a %n*(s#r%a *e! e(r%s,.

3.3 Energa FV 'ara !s ser$%&%s s&%a!es ) &,(na!esC, se ,en&%n en !a se&&%n 3.1 e! 0 'r &%en# *e !as res'(es#as %n*%&8(e !a energaFV re'er&(#e en !s ser$%&%s s&%a!es ) &,(na!es es'e&%a!,en#e 'r8(e,e7ra !as%ns#a!a&%nes *e sa!(* !a %ns#r(&&%n ) !s &en#rs &,(na!es seg:n se,(es#ra en e!&(a*r .C(a*r T%' *e ser$%&%s s&%a!es ) &,(na!es 8(e 'r'%&%a !a energa FV -*e! ##a!*e res'(es#asIns#a!a&%nes *e sa!(* -,e7ra*as

E*(&a&%n B1 Cen#rs *e &a'a&%#a&%n -'r"es%na! agr&!a 21 I!(,%na&%n ':+!%&a 33 Ag(a '#a+!e en#(+a*a -&,'ren*%* e! +,+e '(r%&a&%n ) *esa!%n%a&%n*eag(a2 Ser$%&%s $e#er%nar%s -,e7ra*s B Cen#rs &,(na!es ) re!%g%ss -%g!es%as ) ,e8(%#as

Te!e&,(n%&a&%nes 3 F(en#e> En&(es#a *e !a FAOE! &(a*r %n*%&a (na *%s#r%+(&%n ,6s ,ens (n%"r,e *e !as re'er&(s%nes

%n*%&a*as 'r!as res'(es#as en#re !as *%s#%n#as &a#egras.C(a*r Re'er&(s%nes *e !s s%s#e,as FV en !s ser$%&%s s&%a!es )&,(na!es - *e!##a! *e res'(es#asC(rss ) &a'a&%#a&%n *e ,e7r &a!%*a* 30 Ma)r 'ar#%&%'a&%n en !as a%$%*a*es *e ",en# *e !a &,(n%*a* 3B A%$%*a*es 'r*(%$asar#esanas -*e n&/e 3B C(rss&!ases&a'a&%#a&%n #areas es&!ares 'r !a n&/e 3 Me7r /rar% 'ara #%en*as res#a(ran#es e#&. 2

T%e,' *%s'n%+!e 'ara #ras a%$%*a*es en es'e&%a! 'ara !as ,(7eres 3B Me7res &,(n%&a&%nes e %n"r,a&%n 0

Me7r &a!%*a* *e sa!(* 3 Me7ra *e! ,e*% a,+%en#e na#(ra! !&a! 19 F(en#e> En&(es#a *e !a FAOA*$%4r#ase 8(e e! 3B 'r &%en# *e !as res'(es#as ,en&%na 8(e !s s%s#e,asFV &,(na!es#a,+%4n se (#%!%an en a%$%*a*es 'r*(%$as *(ran#e !a n&/e. N /a)%n"r,a&%n *e


12/23

&(6n#as /ras 'ara 8(4 #%' *e #ra+a7 n% *e !a &an#%*a* *e %ngress 8(e'(*%eran +#enerse *eesas a%$%*a*es. La (#%!%a&%n ) !a e&n,a *e !s s%s#e,as FV 'ara esasa'!%&a&%nes'r*(%$as se %!(s#ra &n ,6s *e#a!!es en !a se&&%n 3.. Es *%"&%! &(an#%&ar !a,a)r 'ar#e

*e !as re'er&(s%nes *e !as a'!%&a&%nes s&%a!es ) &,(na!es *e !s s%s#e,asFV. En !s'6rra"s s%g(%en#es se &,en#an !as 'r%n&%'a!es a'!%&a&%nes *e !s s%s#e,as FVen !sser$%&%s s&%a!es ) &,(na!es as &, s(s re'er&(s%nes &n a') *e&%"ras ) e7e,'!s#,a*s *e !a +%+!%gra"a.Energa FV 'ara !a a#en&%n san%#ar%aRe"r%gera&%n *e $a&(nasLa re"r%gera&%n *e $a&(nas ) !a &nge!a&%n &n +!8(es *e /%e! sn !asa'!%&a&%nes ,6s&n&%*as ) "re&(en#es *e !a energa FV en !as &!n%&as r(ra!es *e sa!(*. Ls

'rgra,as *e2%n,(n%a&%n (#%!%an es#e e8(%' en #* e! ,(n*. S%n (n ,4#* a+!e *ere"r%gera&%n -a! !arg *e #* e! 'r&es *es*e !a "a+r%&a&%n /as#a e! #rans'r#e en e! !(gar*e (#%!%a&%nse '%er*en !as 'r'%e*a*es *e !as $a&(nas. =er e! 'ersna! san%#ar% n s(e!e'er&a#arse *ees#a s%#(a&%n ! 8(e 'ne en 'e!%gr ,6s #*a$a !s 'rgra,as *e%n,(n%a&%n. En !as&!n%&as *e sa!(* ,6s re,#as #a,+%4n es ne&esar% &n#ar &n &nge!a,%en#&n +!8(es *e/%e! 'ara #rans'r#ar !as $a&(nas en re"r%gera*res 'r#6#%!es.

Ls re"r%gera*res *e Hersen 8(e se (#%!%an &n "re&(en&%a n +r%n*an (n&n#r! a+!e *e!a #e,'era#(ra. Es#(*%s rea!%a*s 'r !a OMS en Ma!%/an *e,s#ra* 8(e !sre"r%gera*res *e Hersen s('eran !as #e,'era#(ras 'ara a!,a&ena,%en# *e$a&(nas ,6s *e!3B 'r &%en# *e !as $e&es %g(a! 8(e en ,(&/s #rs 'ases. Lsre"r%gera*res *e Hersen#a,'& sn a*e&(a*s 'ara e!a+rar /%e!. Ls re"r%gera*res *e gas !%&(a**e 'e#r!e-GL= ) !s *e e!er%&%*a* "re&en (n &n#r! a*e&(a* *e !a #e,'era#(ra )'(e*en e!a+rar

/%e! 'er e! s(,%n%s#r *e GL= ) *e e!er%&%*a* en n(,ersas nas r(ra!es*e !s 'ases en*esarr!! es ,() %nes#a+!e. O#ra $en#a7a *e !s re"r%gera*res FV es s( grana+%!%*a*. Unes#(*% *e !a OMS rea!%a* en #res 'ases a"r%&ans ,s#r 8(e es#sre"r%gera*res *(ran s%n*es&,'nerse 3B as ) &n&!() 8(e es#e "ar /a+a ,e7ra*&ns%*era+!e,en#e !a


13/23

seg(r%*a* a !arg '!a *e !s 'rgra,as *e %n,(n%a&%n ) !a &a*ena"r%gr&a. Lsre"r%gera*res FV #a,+%4n 'er,%#an a#en*er a nas ,6s a'ar#a*as 8(e se#ra*(&e en ,a)ra&&es a !s ser$%&%s r(ra!es *e sa!(*. =er #a,+%4n se &n&!() 8(e 'ese a !agran a+%!%*a*

seg(an s%en* ,() a!#s !s gas#s *e ,an#en%,%en# en !as nas a!e7a*as )8(e e! #%e,',e*% en#re a$eras *e+a e!e$arse a s%e#e as. O#ra '&%n sera &,'ar#%r!s &s#s *eser$%&% *e ,anera ,6s a,'!%a &n #ras a'!%&a&%nes e5#ernas a !s ser$%&%s*e sa!(*.O#ras a'!%&a&%nesLa %!(,%na&%n e!4r%&a ,e7ra ,(&/ !a a&&es%+%!%*a* ) !a &a!%*a* *e !aa#en&%n -*e(rgen&%a n(rna. A*e,6s !a ra*%&,(n%&a&%n '(e*e ,e7rar ,(&/ !sser$%&%sr(ra!es *e sa!(* a! 'r'r&%nar &,(n%&a&%n %n%n#err(,'%*a &n e! 'ersna!

,4*%& *ea'). En "e&/a re&%en#e se /a e5'er%,en#a* en #ener a&&es a +ases *e*a#s ,4*%&s a#ra$4s *e In#erne# ! 8(e /a 'r'r&%na* (na $a!%sa "(en#e *e &n&%,%en#a! 'ersna!,4*%& r(ra!. Cas% en #*s !s &ass !a energa FV es !a :n%&a "(en#e *eenerga ,6se&n,%&a *e es#as a'!%&a&%nes. O#rs a'ara#s ,4*%&s 8(e se '(e*en(#%!%ar &n s%s#e,asFV sn> ne+(!%a*res &en#r"(gas es#er%!%a&%n ) e8(%' 'ara e! #ra#a,%en#*e! ag(a.=r :!#%, es ,() *%"&%! &n#ra#ar 'ersna! ,4*%& &a'a&%#a* 'ara !as

&,(n%*a*es r(ra!esa'ar#a*as 8(e n &(en#an &n e!er%&%*a*. Ls s%s#e,as FV 8(e 'r'r&%nan%!(,%na&%n,:s%&a TV ) &,(n%&a&%nes '(e*en ser %,'r#an#es %n&en#%$s 'ara 8(e e!'ersna!'r"es%na! -#a,+%4n ,aes#rs e5#ens%n%s#as e#&. *%s"r(#e *e (na $%*a ,6sagra*a+!e en !asnas r(ra!es.S%#(a&%nLs s%s#e,as FV 'ara !a a#en&%n san%#ar%a en e! ,e*% r(ra!&,enarn a (#%!%arse en e!*e&en% *e 190 &(an* !a Organ%a&%n M(n*%a! *e !a Sa!(* -en &!a+ra&%n

&n UNICEFUSAID ) !s g+%erns na&%na!es e,'earn a e$a!(ar !a (#%!%a&%n *e !aenerga FV 'ara!a re"r%gera&%n *e $a&(nas. R6'%*a,en#e se a&e'# !a &na+%!%*a* *e !a#e&n!ga FV 'arare"r%gera*res 'ara &nser$a&%n *e $a&(nas. Se %n#r*(7ern 'rgra,as engran es&a!a en


14/23

In*nes%a M)an,ar =er: Ugan*a a%re ) ,(&/s #rs 'ases. La OMS-1993 &a!&(!a 8(e/as#a 1992 se /a+a %ns#a!a* (n ##a! *e 13 MK' en e! ser *e !a sa!(* !a,a)r 'ar#eIT=PerOMS Ma!% 1990? &%#a* en OMS 1993.

F(en#es> NREL 199? ) OMS 19932B'ara re"r%gerar $a&(nas -B 'r &%en# #r 3B 'r &%en# 'ara %!(,%na&%n )10 'r &%en#'ara #ras a'!%&a&%nes san%#ar%as. E! ,%s, es#(*% &a!&(!a e! ##a! *e!,er&a* *e energa FV'ara a'!%&a&%nes *e! ser sa!(* en 12B2B MK'. Un es#(*% *e !a C,%s%nE(r'ea -CE199 es#a+!e&e (na &%"ra *e 112 MK' 'ara e! ,%s, ,er&a* -$er #a,+%4n e!ane5 .O+s#6&(!s e5'er%en&%as ) '!an#ea,%en#s %nn$a*resLa energa FV 'ara e! ser san%#ar% /a *e,s#ra* ser a+!e ) "(n&%na!s+re #* 'ara

re"r%gerar $a&(nas 'er #a,+%4n #%ene *es$en#a7as ,6s 8(e na*a 'r !e!e$a* *e! &s#%n%&%a! *e %ns#a!a&%n ) !a ne&es%*a* *e ser$%&%s &a!%&a*s *e ,an#en%,%en#.S% +%en !a a!#aa+%!%*a* re*(&e !a "re&(en&%a -) !s gas#s *e ,an#en%,%en# 'ara !ss%s#e,as a%s!a*s es#egas# '(e*e res(!#ar 'r/%+%#%$. Gra*(a!,en#e se es#6n 'r+an* en"8(es,6s %n#egra!es8(e &ns%s#en en *ar a !s s%s#e,as FV ,6s a'!%&a&%nes en !s &en#rs *esa!(* -%!(,%na&%n&,(n%&a&%nes e#&. ) en !a &,(n%*a* en genera!. La ,#%$a&%n *e "n**e es#e

'!an#ea,%en# es 8(e a! s(,%n%s#rar (na ser%e *e ser$%&%s &n s%s#e,as FV se'(e*e "r,ar(na ,asa &r#%&a 'ara ss#ener !a %n"raes#r((ra !&a! *e %ns#a!a&%n ),an#en%,%en#. Es##a,+%4n '(e*e ,#%$ar a !as "a,%!%as a %n$er#%r en s%s#e,as FV ! 8(e a,'!%ara,6s #*a$aesa +ase. O#ra ran *e &rear n(e$s '!an#ea,%en#s es 8(e !a a#en&%nsan%#ar%a en n(,erss'ases en *esarr!! a ,en(* &(en#a &n '&a nan&%a&%n ) !as &!n%&asr(ra!es n s(e!en#ener "n*s *e 'era&%nEn n(,erss 'r)es e5'er%,en#a!es se /an %n#egra* .

a%$%*a*es !(&ra#%$as Q&, sa!as *e $*e ) es#a&%nes 'ara !a &arga *e+a#eras a !ae!er%&a&%n *e !as &!n%&as r(ra!es *e sa!(* &n s%s#e,as FV &n ! 8(e se /a!gra*generar "n*s &ns%*era+!es 'ara /a&er!s "(n&%nar ) *ar!es ,an#en%,%en#-$erre&(a*r 3.


15/23

Re&(a*r 3 La energa FV 'ara !a a#en&%n san%#ar%a> '!an#ea,%en# %n#egra! enC!,+%aC(a#r &,(n%*a*es r(ra!es *e !a 'r$%n&%a *e C/& en !a &s#a *e! =a&&*e C!,+%a (#%!%ans%s#e,as FV 'ara 'r'r&%nar a !s ser$%&%s *e sa!(* re"r%gera&%n *e$a&(nas %!(,%na&%n

&,(n%&a&%nes ) a'ara#s ,4*%&s. Ca*a (na *e es#as &,(n%*a*es &re (n&nse7 &,(na! 'ara"r,ar ,%&re,'resas *es#%na*as a 'r*(&%r !s "n*s 'ara *ar,an#en%,%en# a !s s%s#e,as FV.Ls &nse7s re&%+%ern s%s#e,as FV 'ara /a&er "(n&%nar ,%&re,'resas en#ree!!as sa!as *e$*es *s &en#rs *e &arga *e +a#eras ) $en#a *e !%n#ernas FV. Ta,+%4n&(a#r %g!es%as re&%+%erns%s#e,as *e %!(,%na&%n. Se es&g% a *s #4&n%&s *e &a*a &,(n%*a* se !es%,'ar#% &a'a&%#a&%nen %ns#a!a&%n ,an#en%,%en# ) re'ara&%n *e !s s%s#e,as.A'ar#e *e !as ,e7ras a !s ser$%&%s *e sa!(* -$a&(nas ser$%&% n(rn )

"r,a&%n san%#ar%a segenerarn #rs %ngress -33BBB *!ares EE.UU. 'r &,(n%*a* en (n'er%* *e n(e$e ,esess+re #* a #ra$4s *e !a $en#a *e +!e#s 'ara !asa!a *e $*es ) !a &arga *e +a#eras. Ls %ngresse *e's%#arn en (n "n* *e,an#en%,%en# 'ara !s s%s#e,as. E! "(#(r *e es#e #%' *e res(!#a*sen ,a)res&a!a *e'en*e ,(&/ *e s%s#e,as %nn$a*res *e nan&%a&%n %n$ers%n )&rea&%n *e(n ,er&a* 'r%$a* *e energa.F(en#e> NREL 199

Energa FV 'ara e! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a '#a+!eE! ag(a es (na ne&es%*a* +6s%&a ) &n#ar &n (n s(,%n%s#r &na+!e *e ag(a!%,'%a '(e*ere*(&%r !a &an#%*a* *e en"er,e*a*es #rans,%#%*as 'r e! ag(a -s+re #* en#re!s n%s?'(e*e a)(*ar a ,e7rar !a sa!(* !a /%g%ene ) !a &a!%*a* *e $%*a ) *e7ar #%e,'!%+re 'ara #rasa%$%*a*es s+re #* a !as ,(7eres. E! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a '#a+!e a ,en(*es (na *e !as'r%r%*a*es ,6s %,'r#an#es *e !s a!*eans 8(e n &(en#an &n es#e ser$%&%.Se /a a$ana*

F(en#e> NREL 199 'er se ,en&%na ,6s a ,en(* &, ran *e 8(e n/a)a %n$ers%n en%n"raes#r((ra.2,(&/ en e! s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a '#a+!e> en 191 se &a!&(!a+a 8(e e! 10 'r&%en# *e !as"a,%!%as r(ra!es *%s'na *e ag(a '#a+!e en 199 !a &%"ra )a era *e B 'r&%en#. Cn #*


16/23

se es#%,a 8(e a!re*e*r *e ,%! ,%!!nes *e 'ersnas s%g(en s%n &n#ar &n (ns(,%n%s#ra+!e *e ag(a '#a+!eS%#(a&%nDes*e e! *e&en% *e 190 se /an (#%!%a* s%s#e,as FV en 'r)es *e+,+e *e ag(a en e!

,e*% r(ra! ) #ras n(,erss "a!!s e! +,+e &n energa FV /a *e,s#ra*ser ,() a+!e) en ,(&/s &ass (na s!(&%n e&n,%&a. Un es#(*% rea!%a* 'r !a GT-=srsH%199B en s%e#e 'ases !!eg a !a &n&!(s%n *e 8(e !s s%s#e,as FV *e +,+e*e ag(a '#a+!esn #4&n%&a,en#e $%a+!es ) e&n,%&a,en#e &,'e#%#%$s en &,'ara&%n &n!as +,+as'e8(eas *e *%ese! -s%s#e,as s!ares *e 1 HK'. N +s#an#e !a *%$ers%*a**e 'ases )"ares !&a!es es ,() gran*e %n&!(s e! 'ersna! -'era*r ) !s &s#s *e&ns#r(&&%n

'ara a!,a&ena,%en#. =r es es ne&esar% /a&er e$a!(a&%nes 'r 'as.C(a*r 9 V%a+%!%*a* e&n,%&a *e !s s%s#e,as FV *e +,+e *e ag(a -en1993Argen#%na ras%! In*nes%a r*an%a F%!%'%nas T:ne %,+a+Pe1 HK'2 HK' HK' &,'e#%#%$%*a* *e !s s%s#e,as FV 'ara +,+e *e ag(a en &n*%&%nesnr,a!es *e &r4*%# &,'e#%#%$%*a* *e !s s%s#e,as FV 'ara +,+e *e ag(a &n a&(er*ses'e&%a!es *e &r4*%#F(en#e> =srsH% 199B

E! &(a*r 9 ,(es#ra !as *%"eren&%as *e $%a+%!%*a* e&n,%&a ,e*%an#e !a&,'ara&%n *e !ss%s#e,as *e +,+e *e *%ese! ) FV. S! en In*nes%a !s s%s#e,as FV n sn&,'e#%#%$s&n n%ng:n s%s#e,a *e &r4*%#. Des*e 1993 !s 're&%s *e !s s%s#e,as FV se/an re*(&%*a!re*e*r *e (n 0 'r &%en# -Ma)&&H 199? (na &,'ara&%n 'are&%*a &n!s 're&%sa(a!es *ara 'r res(!#a* en &nse&(en&%a (na ,a)r &,'e#%#%$%*a* *e!s s%s#e,as FV*e +,+e.Es *%"&%! &a!&(!ar !a &an#%*a* ##a! *e s%s#e,as FV 'ara +,+e *e ag(a

%ns#a!a*s en #* e!,(n* !a +%+!%gra"a es#a+!e&e &%"ras *%s#%n#as> !a OMS -1993 &%#a 2 ,%!s%s#e,as FV *e+,+e )a %ns#a!a*s en 1992 ,%en#ras 8(e =srsH% -199B es#a+!e&e ,6s *e10 ,%!s%s#e,as FV 'ara e! +,+e *e ag(a '#a+!eF(en#es e(r'eas ) es#a*(n%*enses %n*%&an .


17/23

8(e en#re &/ ) 12 'r &%en# *e !a 'r*(&&%n an(a! *e ,*(!s FV -en MK'se (#%!%a'ara +,+e *e ag(a -$er ane5 ? s% se /a&e (na 'r)e&&%n *e !a &a'a&%*a*,(n*%a! ##a!%ns#a!a*a *e s%s#e,as FV *e +,+e e! res(!#a* es *e 1001B0 MP'. Unes#(*% *e !a CE

-199 es#a+!e&e (n ,er&a* '#en&%a! *e s%s#e,as FV 'ara +,+e *e ag(aen !s 'ases en*esarr!! en 2 3 MK' a 'ar#%r *e! &6!&(! *e !as ne&es%*a*es +6s%&as.E5'er%en&%a ) +s#6&(!sS% +%en e! +,+e *e ag(a &n s%s#e,as FV /a *e,s#ra* ser e&n,%& )(na #e&n!gaa*e&(a*a se #'a &n !s ,%s,s +s#6&(!s 8(e !as #ras a'!%&a&%nes *e !ss%s#e,as FV&,'ren*%*s !s e!e$a*s &s#s *e %n$ers%n %n%&%a!es ) !a "a!#a *e%n"raes#r((ra *e%ns#a!a&%n ) ,an#en%,%en# 8(e %n&re,en#an !s &s#s e %,'%*en (n"(n&%na,%en# a+!e

*e !s s%s#e,as. Ig(a! 8(e &n !s s%s#e,as FV 'ara e! ser san%#ar% !a "a!#a*e "n*s 'ara

F(en#e> =NUD In"r,e S+re Desarr!! J(,an 199? OMSUNICEF Ka#ers(''!) an* San%#a#%n SerMn%#r%ng Re'r# 1993.

Se reere a !s s%s#e,as *e 1 a HK' 8(e s%gn%&aran (na &a'a&%*a* ##a!*e +,+e %ns#a!a*a *e 10 a 0MK'.2'erar!s ) *ar!es ,an#en%,%en# /a s%* (n 'r+!e,a 'ara n(,erss

'rgra,as *e +,+e*e ag(a.M(&/s 'r)es *e +,+e *e ag(a &n s%s#e,as FV "re&en (na %,'r#an#ee5'er%en&%a&, e! 'r)e *e! Sa/e! -=rgra,,e Reg%na! S!a%re nan&%a* 'r !aUn%n E(r'ea8(e %ns#a! ,6s *e ,%! s%s#e,as *e +,+e -13 MK' a 'r%n&%'%s *e !s as90. Tras !s'r+!e,as %n%&%a!es !a #e&n!ga FV *e +,+e *e,s#r ser a+!e )e&n,%&a en e!6,+%# *e !s s%s#e,as 'e8(es 'ara s(,%n%s#r *e ag(a en !as a!*eas. La UE) !s g+%erns

*e !s 'ases nan&%arn e! e8(%' 'er (n *e !s 'r%n&%'a!es +s#6&(!s *e!'rgra,a "(e !argan%a&%n ) nan&%a&%n *e! ,an#en%,%en# *e !s s%s#e,as. A n *e&(en#as !s a!*eansa&e'#arn en genera! !a %*ea *e 'agar 'r e! ag(a &n e! 'r's%# *e &rear (n"n* *e,an#en%,%en#.


18/23

O#r as'e %n#eresan#e *er%$a* *e !a e$a!(a&%n *e! 'r)e "(e 8(ea'ar#e *e! ag(a'#a+!e 'ara !a '+!a&%n r(ra! !a ,a)r 'ar#e *e !s s%s#e,as a*e,6ss(,%n%s#ra+a ag(a 'arae! gana* ) 'ara regar 'e8(es /(er#s. En a!g(ns &ass es# s%gn%&a+a/as#a (n 0 'r

&%en# *e! &ns(, 'er ,6s &,:n,en#e 8(e*a+a en#re e! 10 ) e! 20 'r&%en#. Se /are&,en*a*%n&!(%r ess #rs (ss *e! ag(a '#a+!e en !a e!a+ra&%n *e !s 'r)ess%e,'re 8(e !s 's s(,%n%s#ren ag(a s(&%en#e. Ls &s#s ,arg%na!es *e!!e$e %n&re,en#*e! #a,a *e !s s%s#e,as sn re!a#%$a,en#e +a7s ) !s %ngress e5#ras 8(eesas a%$%*a*es'r'r&%nan '*ran &n#r%+(%r a! 'ag *e !s &s#s *e 'era&%n ),an#en%,%en#.3.3.3 Energa FV 'ara !as es&(e!as !as %ns#a!a&%nes &,(na!es ) #rs e*%&%s':+!%&s

N se *%s&(#e !a %,'r#an&%a 'ara e! *esarr!! *e !a e*(&a&%n +6s%&a !a&a'a&%#a&%nes'e&&a en agr%&(!#(ra !a san%*a* ) !a sa!(* )a 8(e 'er,%#en a(,en#ar e!&n&%,%en# )!a &a'a&%*a* *e !as 'ersnas ser ,6s 'r*(%$s ) *%s"r(#ar *e !as's%+%!%*a*es 8(e "re&e#ener ,6s &n&%,%en#s en e! ,(n* 8(e !s r*ea. N(,erss es#(*%s -'re7e,'! !s&%#a*s en M 1999 /an *e,s#ra* 8(e #a,+%4n en e! n%$e!-,a&re&n,%& !ae*(&a&%n es (na *e !as ,e7res %n$ers%nes 8(e s('era a ,(&/as %n$ers%nesen e8(%'. La

a'r#a&%n *e !a energa en es#e &a,' es re*(&%*a 'er &n"r,e se &reen,4#*s *&en#es,6s e&a&es !s a'ara#s a(*%$%s(a!es -e!4r%&s s%,'!es '(e*en ,e7rar&ns%*era+!e,en#e e! a&&es a !a e*(&a&%n ) !a &a!%*a* *e !a ,%s,a. Es#a&n#r%+(&%n '(e*eser ,6s a$ana*a -a'ren*%a7e a *%s#an&%a a #ra$4s *e In#erne# &n'rgra,as %n#era%$s*e #%' a(*%$%s(a! -&, e! *e $*e 'ara a')ar !as a%$%*a*es *&en#es )*e&a'a&%#a&%n +%en ,4#*s *e a'ren*%a7e e&n,%&s ) e&a&es 'ara !s'rgra,as *ee*(&a&%n +6s%&a 'ara a*(!#s 8(e se #rans,%#en 'r ra*% se *%s#r%+()en en

&%n#as gra+a*as-$er re&(a*r . En #*s !s &ass (na %!(,%na&%n a*e&(a*a '(e*e'r!ngar !as /ras *e;es#(*%


19/23

#engan (n ,e7r n%$e! *e $%*a ) ,6s ranes 'ara 8(e*arse. A*e,6s !es'er,%#e 're'arar&!ases *(ran#e !a n&/e ) ,an#enerse %n"r,a*s a #ra$4s *e! ra*% ) !a TV !8(e se #ra*(&een (na ,e7r &a!%*a* *e s(s &!ases.

C,(n%&a&%n 'ersna! &n e! Sr. FraenHe! IT=Per.2En !as a!*eas r(ra!es a!e7a*as !as es&(e!as ) #rs &en#rs *e !a &,(n%*a*-%g!es%as,e8(%#as s(e!en ser '(n# *e re(n%n *e !a &,(n%*a* ) "re&en (n gran'#en&%a! 'ara%n#egrar !s +7e#%$s *e ",en# *e !a &,(n%*a* ) e*(&a&%n. Cn#ar &n%!(,%na&%n+6s%&a *e n&/e '(e*e 'r,$er !as a%$%*a*es $es'er#%nas &, !asre(n%nes *e !a&,(n%*a* !a %ns#r(&&%n 'ara a*(!#s !as a%$%*a*es re!%g%sas ) !as es#as.En e!&(es#%nar% re!a#%$ a !s s%s#e,as FV 'ara !s &en#rs &,(na!es !as es&(e!as

) #ras%ns#a!a&%nes ':+!%&as a!re*e*r *e! 3B 'r &%en# *e !as res'(es#as ,en&%n!as a%$%*a*es$es'er#%nas en#re !as *e #%' 'r*(%$ 8(e se rea!%an en ess &en#rs'r%n&%'a!,en#e *e&s#(ra ) e!a+ra&%n *e ar#esanas. Es#s e*%&%s a ,en(* sn !s :n%&s *e!as a!*eas 8(e&(en#an &n +(ena %!(,%na&%n.S%#(a&%nLa $ar%e*a* *e a'!%&a&%nes na!es -%!(,%na&%n ra*% #e!e$%s%n $*e e#&./a&e *%"&%!genera!%ar !a e&n,a *e !as ,%s,as 'er !a energa FV a ,en(* es !a

s!(&%n ,6se&n,%&a 'ara /a&er "(n&%nar a'ara#s 8(e &ns(,en '&a energa en !asa!*eas ,6sa!e7a*as 8(e n #%enen e!er%&%*a*. A!g(ns 'rgra,as %,'r#an#es /an#ra#a* *e %n#egrar !aenerga FV en !as es&(e!as ) #ras %ns#a!a&%nes ':+!%&as 'r e7e,'! en!%$%a ras%! !aIn*%a ) S(*6"r%&a 'er es *%"&%! &a!&(!ar !a &an#%*a* *e energa %ns#a!a*a.M(&/s s%s#e,as#a,+%4n se %ns#a!an 'r se'ara* en %g!es%as es&(e!as ) en !as 'r'%as&,(n%*a*es.La CE -199 &a!&(!a e! '#en&%a! *e! ,er&a* FV 'ara e! ser es&!ar en !as

nas r(ra!es8(e n &(en#an &n e!er%&%*a* *e !s 'ases en *esarr!! en 2 B MK'-$er ane5 .29Re&(a*r E!er%&%*a* FV 'ara 'rgra,as *e e*(&a&%n 'ara a*(!#s enJn*(rasEn n(,erss 'r)es r(ra!es *e !a FAO en Jn*(ras !a '+!a&%n+ene&%ar%a /a sea!a* !a


20/23

e*(&a&%n &, 'r%r%*a* %,'r#an#e. E! 'rgra,a *e %ns#r(&&%n +6s%&areg(!ar n /a !gra*a!"a+e#%ar a gran*es seres *e !a '+!a&%n -en es'e&%a! a a*(!#s 'er#a,+%4n a n%s. Se +(s&&'era&%n &n (n 'rgra,a na&%na! *e e*(&a&%n 'ara a*(!#s-EDUCATODOS nan&%a* 'r

USAID a 'ar#%r *e !e&&%nes %,'ar#%*as 'r ra*% &n &%n#as gra+a*as ) !%+rs*e #e5# 8(e serea!%an en gr('s *e a(#a)(*a &n a') *e (n 'r,#r -s+re #* 'ara'r'r&%nar a)(*a!gs#%&a ,#%$a&%n e5#erna ) #,ar e56,enes. E! 'rgra,a #%ene (na grana&g%*a ''(!ar en,(&/as &,(n%*a*es a !as 8(e !a FAO 'res#a a)(*a. S! en !a na *eLe,'%ra en e! s(r /a) (ns10 gr('s &n (n ##a! *e 1 00 es#(*%an#es *%s#r%+(%*s en se%s *%"eren#esn%$e!es. Ls es#(*%an#esas%s#en a &!ases *e &%n& a se%s $e&es 'r se,ana *e n&/e ) !a gran ,a)raa'r(e+a s(s e56,enes.

C, !a ,a)ra *e !s a*(!#s es#6 &('a*a *e *a !a ,e7r /ra 'araes#(*%ar es *e n&/e. Seen#rega a !s gr('s (na gra+a*ra -se 'reeren !as &!ases gra+a*as 8(e !as*e ra*% 'r !a's%+%!%*a* *e re'e#%r 'ar#es *e !a gra+a&%n (na !%n#erna *e Hersen a'res%n ) (n s(,%n%s#rnr,a! *e '%!as se&as Hersen ) a!&/!. Las !6,'aras *e Hersen a 'res%n#enan 'r+!e,as"re&(en#es *e $%*r%s 8(e se 8(e+ra+an "a!#a *e ,an#s ) #(+s 8(e se+!8(ea+an *e s(&%e*a*.En 199 se !!e$arn !%n#ernas s!ares a &(a#r a!*eas &, e5'er%,en#. En1999 *(ran#e !a 'r%,era

e$a!(a&%n !s 'ar#%&%'an#es '%narn 8(e !as !%n#ernas s!ares eran ,e7res8(e !as *e Hersen a'res%n ,6s "6&%!es *e ,ane7ar -n /a) 8(e !!enar!as +,+ear!as en&en*er!as're$%a,en#e &na!&/! n% /a) 8(e &nseg(%r e! a!&/! ) e! Hersen "re&en (na !( *e,e7r &a!%*a* -,6s s(a$e'ara !a $%s#a n /a&en r(%* n 'r*(&en /(, ) n 'r$&an %n&en*%s.O'%narn 8(e n'resen#a+an 'r+!e,a a!g(n.En 1992 se &,'rarn 22 s%s#e,as FV 'e8(es -2 0 K' &n a)(*a *e*na&%nes *e"a+r%&an#es *e s%s#e,as FV ) se %ns#a!arn en es&(e!as ) &en#rs &,(na!es.

Se rgan%arn gr('s*e !a &,(n%*a* ) se !es &a'a&%# 'ara *ar ,an#en%,%en# a !s s%s#e,asrgan%ar !a (#%!%a&%n *e!e*%&% ) re(n%r "n*s 'ara !s gas#s *e ,an#en%,%en# ) en '%eas *ere'(es#. Las &,(n%*a*esa*e,6s 'agarn *e 10 a 1B 'r &%en# *e !s &s#s *e %n$ers%n ) '(*%erne!eg%r en#re s%s#e,as *e2 *e 0 K'.


21/23

C(an* se re*a es#e #e5# #*s ess s%s#e,as "(n&%na+an +%en. Lse*%&%s ) !s s%s#e,as sees#6n (#%!%an* 'ara 'rgra,as *e e*(&a&%n 'ara a*(!#s -s(s#%#()en a !as!6,'aras *e Hersen !a(#%!%a&%n *e Hersen ) a!&/! ) !as '%!as se&as re(n%nes &,(na!es )"es#%$%*a*es e#&. M(&/as

&,(n%*a*es a*e,6s /an es#a+!e&%* (na #%en*a *e 'r*(s +6s%&s en e!,%s, e*%&% &n (na!( FV 8(e 'er,%#e 'res#ar e! ser$%&% *e n&/e.E! 'rgra,a *&en#e ,%s, se /a e$a!(a* a "n* -S#eenP)H 199 199 )1999. Se !!eg a !a&n&!(s%n *e 8(e re'er&(#a s%gn%&a#%$a,en#e en !s %ngress -(na ,e*%a *e1 *!ares EE.UU.,6s *e %ngress an(a!es 'r &a*a a *e! es#(*% 'r 'ar#%&%'an#e en re!a&%n&n e! &s#-nan&%a*s 'r e! Es#a* *e 2 *!ares EE.UU. 'r 'ar#%&%'an#e. E! &s#,e*% *e !a e*(&a&%n+6s%&a s(e!e ser *e 100 *!ares 'r 'ar#%&%'an#e. O#ras re'er&(s%nes

%,'r#an#es *e! 'rgra,a&,'ren*en +ene&%s &, e! %n&re,en# *e !a a(#es#%,a ,e7r sa!(*,a)r 'ar#%&%'a&%n &%$%!,6s &n&%,%en# *e !a sa!(* re'r*(%$a ) ,e7r *ese,'e es&!ar *e !sn%s -es#s *s:!#%,s as'es en es'e&%a! en#re !as ,(7eres. S% +%en n #*s es#s+ene&%s '(e*en a#r%+(%rse a!s s%s#e,as s!ares 4s#s 'er,%#en %,'ar#%r &!ases *e n&/e. Ls s%s#e,ass!ares a*e,6s "re&en e!,%s, ser$%&% a ,enr &s# -CCD ) &n ,6s &,*%*a* ,%en#ras 8(e !ss%s#e,as ,6s gran*es+r%n*an ,(&/s ,6s ser$%&%s. A(a!,en#e !s ,%n%s#er%s *e Energa

E*(&a&%n ) e! Fn*Jn*(re *e In$ers%n S&%a! -FJIS es#6n *%s&(#%en* %n#r*(&%r es#ss%s#e,as &,(na!es'e8(es en #* e! 'as.F(en#e> S#eenP)H 199? S#eenP)H 199? S#eenP)H 199? FAO 1999303.3. O#rs (ss s&%a!es ) &,(na!es *e !s s%s#e,as FVI!(,%na&%n ':+!%&a ) *e !as &a!!esLa %!(,%na&%n *e !as %ns#a!a&%nes ':+!%&as ) *e !as &a!!es en !as a!*eas r(ra!eses (naa'!%&a&%n &,:n *e !a e!er%&%*a* en !s 'rgra,as *e e5#ens%n *e !a re*r*%nar%a. E!'r%n&%'a! e"e es +r%n*ar seg(r%*a* *(ran#e !a n&/e. La '+!a&%n /a !!ega*

a es'erar ess+ene&%s *e !s 'rgra,as *e e!er%&a&%n r(ra!. En ,(&/s 'rgra,as *ee!er%&a&%nFV r(ra! en !s 'ases en *esarr!! se %n&!()e !a %!(,%na&%n ':+!%&a. Ena!g(ns &ass 4s#as%r$e 'ara e5#en*er !as /ras *e #ra+a7 *e !s ,er&a*s !a 7rna*a !a+ra!(na $e 8(e /a


22/23

s&(re&%* &, en !as a!*eas *e 'es&a*res *e F%!%'%nas *n*e e! 'es&a* se're'ara *en&/e &n ! 8(e se a,'!a !a 7rna*a !a+ra! ) en &nse&(en&%a se%n&re,en#a !a 'es&a -$erre&(a*r B. O#r e7e,'! es !a %s!a Gsa+a -S(n*er+ans In*%a *n*e !s/,+res 8(e

#ra+a7an #%ran* *e !as &a!esas es'eran 7(n# a! #rans+r*a*r &,'rarn (ns%s#e,a *e%!(,%na&%n FV &n e! n *e es#ar ,6s $%s%+!es *e n&/e ) ,e7rar s( ser$%&%-S%n/a 2000+.Ig(a! 8(e en !as *e,6s a'!%&a&%nes &,(na!es !s s%s#e,as *e %!(,%na&%n':+!%&a e5%gen(na a#en#a '!an%&a&%n *e! ,an#en%,%en# 'ara garan#%ar s( "(n&%na,%en#a*e&(a**(ran#e s( $%*a :#%!.

Te!e&,(n%&a&%nesC, se *es&r%+% en e! ane5 !as #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes "r,an (na&ns%*era+!e 'r'r&%n

*e! ,er&a* *e #a+!ers FV. =er !a ,a)r 'ar#e *e es#a 'r'r&%n se *es#%naa !as es#a&%nesre'e#%*ras ) a #ra %n"raes#r((ra *e a') genera! 'ara !as re*es *e#e!e&,(n%&a&%nes8(e +ene&%an *%rea,en#e '& a !as nas r(ra!es. Las re*es *e #e!4"ns,$%!es &n se*een !as &%(*a*es 'r e7e,'! a ,en(* #%enen es#a&%nes re'e#%*ras s%#(a*asen ! a!# *e !as,n#aas en !as nas r(ra!es 'er es# n %n*%&a ne&esar%a,en#e 8(e !s'+!a*res r(ra!esse +ene&%en *e e!! en "r,a %,'r#an#e. S%n !a %n"raes#r((ra ne&esar%a *ea') es#as

%ns#a!a&%nes #%enen (#%!%*a* 'ara !s '+!a*res *e !as nas r(ra!es &,!nea *e#rans,%s%n *e a!# $!#a7e 8(e a#ra$%esa (na a!*ea s%n e!er%&%*a*. Es#a%n"raes#r((ra *ea') es#6 !%,%#a*a 'r e! e8(%!%+r% en#re e! $!(,en *e %n$ers%n ) !as&ne5%nes 're$%s#as&, en !s s%s#e,as *e #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes !&a!es. E! a$an&e &ns#an#e *e !a#e&n!ga *e!a ra*% ) *e !s #e!4"ns ,$%!es /a re*(&%* &ns%*era+!e,en#e !as%n$ers%nes en%n"raes#r((ra *e a') en es'e&%a! en nas a'ar#a*as ,n#asas %na&&es%+!es. La

energa FV se 'reere &n ,(&/ ) es !a "(en#e *e energa ,6s a+!e 'ara !a%n"raes#r((ra*e #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes en !as nas ,6s re,#as. Se '(e*e /a&er "(n&%nar&ne5%nes :n%&as*e ra*% ) #e!4"ns ,$%!es &n #a+!ers s!ares 'e8(es -*e 10 a B0 K'. Laa+%!%*a* )"a&%!%*a* *e ,an#en%,%en# *e !s s%s#e,as FV #a,+%4n *a ,a)r seg(r%*a* aes#s ser$%&%s.


23/23

M(&/as *e es#as re*es ,$%!es sn 'r%$a*as a(n8(e a $e&es !s g+%erns *e!s 'ases%n$%er#en en #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes 'ara &,(n%&ar !as nas r(ra!es &n e! res#*e! 'as.M(&/as &ne5%nes *e #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes *e'en*en *e 'r)es *e*esarr!! /s'%#a!es )

#ras %ns#%#(&%nes ':+!%&as se,%':+!%&as &n (na a'r#a&%n %na're&%a+!e a(na ,e7r'res#a&%n *e !s ser$%&%s -8(e $a *es*e !a rgan%a&%n /as#a !a rea!%a&%n *e&ns(!#as,4*%&as ) 'ara &ass *e (rgen&%a. S% !as #e!e&,(n%&a&%nes es#6n a! a!&an&e*e! ':+!%& !s'+!a*res *e !as nas r(ra!es n s! !as (#%!%an &n nes s&%a!es s%n#a,+%4n'r*(%$s &, e! &as *e !s 'es&a*res !%'%ns 8(e '(e*en $er%&ar !s're&%s *e!'es&a* en !a &%(*a* an#es *e $en*er s( 'es&a a !s %n#er,e*%ar%s ! 8(e"r#a!e&e ,(&/ s(

&a'a&%*a* *e neg&%a&%n -$er #a,+%4n e! re&(a*r B. Es#s ser$%&%s *e#e!e&,(n%&a&%nesa ,en(* sn #an ''(!ares 8(e en ,(&/as nas r(ra!es *e !s 'ases en*esarr!! !as;#%en*as< *e #e!4"ns 'r%$a*s /an res(!#a* ,() !(&ra#%$as 'ara !se,'resar%s !&a!es -$er'6rra" 3..3.31Cen#rs *e &arga 'ara +a#eras FVO#ra &!ase *e s%s#e,a FV 8(e #%ene &a*a $e ,6s a'!%&a&%nes &,(na!es es e!&en#r *e &arga'ara +a#eras FV. M(&/as 'ersnas *e !as nas r(ra!es (#%!%an a&(,(!a*res$%e7s *e

a(#,$%! 'ara !a #e!e$%s%n ) (na +,+%!!a ) !s &argan en !as a!*eas 8(e#%enen e!er%&%*a*a (na *%s#an&%a ) 're&% &ns%*era+!es. Ls &en#rs *e &arga 'ara +a#erass!ares'r'r&%nan (n n%$e! %n#er,e*% en#re es#as 'r6%&as ;r*%nar%as< *e &arga )(n s%s#e,as!ar 'ar#%&(!ar. La ,e7ra 'a(!a#%na *e! s%s#e,a *,4s#%& *e !a +a#era-,e7res%ns#a!a&%nes &n#r! *e !a &arga a ,en(* &n*(&e a !a &,'ra *e (n #a+!ers!ar 'e8(ea '!a ,6s !arg. Ls &en#rs *e &arga 'ara +a#eras s!ares /an es#a* engenera! en e!

6,+%# *e 'rgra,as s(+s%*%a*s 'r e! g+%ern &()a ges#%n s(e!een&argarse a &%er#sgr('s *e !as &,(n%*a*es. =er !a *%s,%n(&%n *e !s 're&%s ) !a e5'er%en&%a&ns#an#e *e!s 'r)es /an 'er,%#%* 8(e !a &arga *e +a#eras s!ares sea (na '&%n *e%n$ers%n 'ara!s e,'resar%s !&a!es -$er #a,+%4n e! '6rra" 3..3.

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