Enfermería del Trabajo, volumen 3, número 4, 2013

8/15/2019 Enfermería del Trabajo, volumen 3, número 4, 2013

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!KLGK ELJDK HJKFLF F KM KYG MF KHGKLNGIM HM LMJ >JFLK >GJEK HJ HJGLJ D LJ- GJ: HKLY IM MJ D KD D M D JLJJD,>JEFLG IM K KDR KGJ D HJL HMFRFL, G F

MF EFKEG IM HJGNG MF JLJZF D EKE.GJ DG LFLG, GFKLLMQF MF EVLGG >LNG HJ D HJ-NFZF HJEJ DGK FLK GDZGK. !D E-FKEG ZF DGK HM KJ KNG, MFGVKL GHJ MLGETLEFL G ALNG, MFG HJK MF ZF NGDMFLJ D LJGJ, GEG GFJ MF GLZF G JJJ MF HKLY. !F DGK [DLEGK YGK @F KGFMEJGKGK DGK KLMGK IM EMKLJF MF EQGJ >- DGK KHGKLNGK LHG KNG KGJ DGK ALNGK.(7)

F F D LMD PKL MF JF F[EJG F D EJG, LGGK F MEHDJ MF KJ JIMK-

LGK, JGGK F FGJELNK FGFDK FLJFGFDK, HJ KJ GFKJGK ELJDK BGKMJ, FLJDGK IM K FMFLJF:(8)] MFGFJ >GJE >LN Q KMJ.] G GEHJGELJ D KDM D HFL.] FLJZF D >MFZF KMJ F D HJGHG E-LJD.] F>KLZF NKMD G MLN D LNZF D K- HGKLNG.] ALNZF HJ>JFL GF MF KGD EFG.] CGEHLD GF GLJGK KGJGK Q ELJDK.

!F D CGEHDG $GKHLDJG G (C$) D -IMKZF KLGK ELJDK GEFR F D 2003, @-VFGK ETK FLFK JXR D HMDZF DFGJELN DD BGKMJ D 2008: fJF 15KHLEJ D 2008 HGJ D IM K KLDF EHDFLFDGK HJGEFLGK KMJ Q D KKLE NDF>JFL D FL GF JKG GDZG F D TELG DK FKLLMGFK KFLJK D JNG DDG DMg(8). MFG DGK HJHLGK KL FGJE, D EHDFL-ZF DGK K JDR LFFG DGK JLJGK JMF DK FGMDGFK FLDK Q JN DK EKEK, HJGJRTFGK D FGJHGJZF KHG-

KLNGK JLJG-NFGKGK.

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INTRODUCCI8N

FG DGK HJFHDK JKGK DGK IM K N KGELGD HJKGFD KFLJG, HGJ KM >JMF Q JN, K D LJFKEKZF HLZFGK HGJ KFJ Q GLJGK >DMGK GJ- HGJDK LJNVK FGMDGFK HJMLTFK, GFLLGGF EMGKK G HD FG XFLJ D LJGJ. (1) A HKJ D PKLF ETK 20 HLZFGK IM HMF KJ LJFKELGK HGJ KL NX GFLG, KLJ HGJ

KM DN EGJD D NJMK D @HLLK B ($B), DNJMK D @HLLK C ($C) Q D NJMK D FEMFG->F @MEF ($). (2)

!D HJKGFD F>JEJX, G KJ D GDLNG K-FLJG ETK EHDG F D MKG ELJD GJLG HMF-RFL, LF EQGJ JKG KM>JJ MF FL GDZG.!KLG K EGKLJD F EHGJLFLK KLMGK, GEG D!!AC Q D !ABA F !KHY, G D AZFCGFJL HJ D FZF !MJGH KGJ D FLD- GDZ (3).

J NLJ KL JKG, K FKJ D HDZF DK HJMGFK KLTFJ Q D MF HJTL HJG>KGFD

(4). K HJMGFK KLTFJ DG GFKLLMQF MF KJ EK HJGLLGJK IM DDNJ G D LJ-GJ KFLJG HJ NLJ D GFLG GF HLZFGK KF-MXFGK. MLDRZF DEFLGK JJJ (MFLK,EKJDD, L), D DNG EFGK LJK D MKG MF-LK, Q DK JMGFK F D EFG ELJD GJLG HMF-RFL, KGF KHLGK >MFEFLDK HJNFZFJGGK F KLK JGEFGFK. !KLK EK KGFMFNJKDK, K J, F KJ HDK GF LGG LHG HFLK Q F MDIMJ KLMZF IM KMHGF MF JKG GFLG (1,3).

AETK KLK HJMGFK, F DGK [DLEGK YGK K

@ HGKLMDG GEG MF E >R HJ D GFLJGD D



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MATERIAL Y MTODOS

!KLMG KJHLNG DK PHGKGFK HJMLTFK -FLDK JKLJK F D F JNFZF K-GK GJDK () D $GKHLD PGJG (JNG F JNFLN) MJFL MF HJGG 10 YGK(2003 -2012). GDZF KLMG KGF DGK LJG-

JK KFLJGK D $GKHLD PGJG (@GKHLD FJD420 EK), Q D $GKHLD GDTK Y ($GKHLD M-GK HDLNGK 120 EK).GK LGK @F KG GLFGK D BK LGK !!-AC (!KLMG !PHGKGFK BGDZK AFLDKF LJGJK KFLJGK e G !KHYGD -F JNFLN), EHDFL F FMKLJG FLJG K1995. !D JKLJG Q FTDKK DGK EKEGK K @ JDRG >GJE FZFE.CGEG NJD KLMG FGK @EGK FLJG >MFEF-LDEFL F D fLJD MKD DK PHGKGFK -FLDKg, NDGJFG D GEHGJLEFLG IM @F LFGDGK ELJDK GKMJ EHDFLGK Q K @ PK-LG KEFMZF DGK FLK F JDZF GF DGK E-LJDK GFNFGFDK. KLJMZF DGK ELJDK FDRGK F KL LJ- G, KX GEG LHG KHGKLNG IM HJKFLF Q YG FLJGMZF K D KMFL:

] FL: (KHGKLNG MJ KNG). EHDFLG FD 2006] CLVLJ GJLG ! (KHGKLNG MJ KNG).E- HDFLG F D 2006] DGEL !PLJZF: (KHGKLNG MJ ALNG).EHDFLG F D 2006] AMK PLJZF: (KHGKLNG MJ ALNG). E- HDFLG F D 2010

J D KLEZF D > DGK LJDK KMJ K @ DMDG D EF DGK JKLJGK FDGK 4 YGK HJNGK D FLJGMZF F MFG DGK ELJDK KLMGK. GKLJGJEFL K @ LJ-EFG D GFL FLJ D FF KGK F DGK YGK HGKLJGJK Q @ EF, MQG HGJFL FGK FMF E D > F D JMZF FLK. @ G D TDMDG D EF HGJ KJ EFGKKFKD DGK NDGJK PLJEGK.

RESULTADOS

@F JKLJG MF LGLD 1416 DKGFK HJMLTFKF DGK 10 YGK D KLMG. CGF JKHLG D KLJMZF FLK HGJ ELJD MKD K @ HKG 12KGK D FG, (GF ETPEG 15) 0 F DGK LVLJK; 12 KGK 0, GF HGK 23 F DK DFLK; 6 J-KLJGK FDK 3, (GF ETPEGK 20) F HDGELK Q 12 FLK 3 (GF HGK 15) F M PLJ-ZF. GKJN (JT> ) D KEFMZF FLKETK JDNFL F IMDDGK ELJDK F DGK IM K @ F-LJGMG KHGKLNG KMJ (KYDGK G DDN).!F DGK ELJDK GFNFGFDK, D KLJMZF KGK

@ KG ETK KJL G FPKLFL: AMK KMLMJ 25KGK FDK 21; 7 13 F DGK KLMJXK Q 21 14F D KG JFK K@DK.

!F DGK GK ELJDK F DGK IM K FLJGMG KHGK-LNG KMJ KNG (JT> - FL Q JT> - CLVLJ !) K GKJN MF EHGJLFL KFKG F DF[EJG DKGFK HJLJ KM EHDFLZF, EGKKGJ D 2006, (K F D LVLJ KMJ Q K @XFLJGMG F D 2004 F D JNG JFK D $.PGJG). !F D [DLEG YG D KLMG, D F[EJG FGMDGFK FLDK GF KLGK GK KHGKLNGK @KG 0. !F DGK JT>GK K @ KYDG GF MF >D@

GDGJ JGG D YG FGJHGJZF .!F IMDDGK ELJDK F DGK IM K FLJGMG KHG-KLNG KMJ ALNG (JT> M PLJZFQ JT> HDGEL PLJZF), LEVF K JMG DF[EJG FLK, FG LF HJGFMF GEG F DGKGK FLJGJK Q GF 3 JKLJGK D >FD HJGG FEGK ELJDK.

!D HGJFL > F D [DLEG YG D KLMG,@ KG 100% F DGK GK ELJDK GF KHGKLNG HKNGQ 67% Q 33% F IMDDGK GF KHGKLNG LHG LNG(HDGELK Q M PLJZF, JKHLNEFL). GKLGK HJ D TDMDG @GK HGJFLK, KX GEG D D EF DGK 4 YGK HJNGK D FLJGMZF DGK ELJDK KMJ Q D NGDMZF @GK HGJ-FLK K D YG EHDFLZF DGK @KLD >FD KLMG K PHGFF F D LD .

DISCUSI8N

EHGJLF Q LJKFF D JKG GDZGF D EFG ELJD GJLG-HMFRFL, LFLG FND HJ-KGFD HGJ D EHLG IM FJ F D JGJ FL-JG, GEG D JHJMKZF GFZE IM KMHGF, @RG IMK HDFLK D FK FGJHGJJ KKLEK MQG G-



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HJGEFLG.M DGK KGF >K HJ JMJ D FL-

D K HLG Q EGKLJG HGJ FMEJGKGK KLMGK(11, 12, 13, 14, 15). F EJG, @ DJJK IM KLFND > HM FG KJ D 100%, Q IM HM HJGMJK MF >DDG F D EFKEG (K F D LK ED >MFGFEFLG D KHGKLNG HM GFKJJKEXFE), G F DGK LHG ALNG, HGJ FLNZFD KHGKLNG HGJ HJL D LJGJ (KGFGEFLG,KK >GJEZF, J LJG DNGd) (16). !K HGJ DDG IM DGK KHGKLNGK HKNGK JKMDLF ETK >KIM DGK LNGK (17, 18,19), Q IM FG HFF D NG-

DMFL D LJGJ, Q JIMJF EFGK >GJEZF, HGJ DG IM NF LFJ LEVF EQGJ HLD.!KLGK LGK GFMJF GF D FTDKK JDRG F

KL LJG, F D IM K GKJN MF KEFMZF D-KGFK HMFRFLK F IMDDGK ELJDK F DGK IM @QEHDFLG KHGKLNGK GKMJ >JFL DGK E-LJDK GFNFGFDK (JT>K ), KFG ETK JDNFLKL KFKG F DGK ELJDK F DGK IM K @ EHDF-LG KHGKLNGK EFKEG HKNG (JT> ), FDGK IM K @ DDG D 100% > F D YG >FDD KLMG, IM F DGK ELJDK GF KHGKLNG LHGALNG (JT> ), GF EQGJK >DMLMGFK F MFLG

KM >, GF JKMDLGK 33% D 67% (D ).!D ELJD GF EGJ GEHGJLEFLG F KM >@ KG DK DFLK. $ KYDJK IM, ETK KJ MF ELJD LHG HKNG, KM JLJZF MLGETL LJKD MKG, KF FFMF GLJ EFGJ HGJ HJL D LJGJ,@ IM K MF ELJD DLEFL >LNG (EFKEG HKNG -EXFE EFHMDZF D MKMJG). !D LVLJ KMJ, KFG LEVF HKNG, JIMJ HGJ HJL DLJGJ IM VKL JLJ D >GJ HJ IM MLGETL-EFL K GF D KHGKLNG IM JMJ D HMFL; FIMDDGK KGK F DGK IM D FDRZF D NX FG KJDR GF VPLG HM JDRJK MF JLJ GEHDLD LVLJ KF @J KG HJNEFL D >GJ, Q GFD GFKMFL JKG HMFZF FLD. !K HGJ DDGIM FG HJKFL MFK >JK LF JTKLK F D KEFMZF DGK FLK GEG DK DFLK, KFG, KF EJGMF KHGKLNG GF MF FND >FD > D 100% D>FD D KLMG. !KLGK LGK GFMJF GF DGK JG-GK F D KLMG GKKF Q GDK, F DGK IM K J>DIM EFGJ EFHMDZF Q MLGELKEG DGK EQGJ KJT KM > (17).

GK ELJDK GF KHGKLNGK ALNGK, @F HJKF-LG JMGFK ETK KJLK F KM >, HGKD-EFL G D EQGJ FK >GJELN IMJIMJ (GF DK >MDLK IM DDG GFDDN F CFLJGK

KFLJGK H[DGK, GF DL JGLZF HJKGFD), HJKZF

KKLFD Q EGEFLGK MJF F DGK IM D LJ-GJ FG LN D KHGKLNG. AKX F D HDGEL PLJ-ZF K GKJN MF JHMFL DGK 4 YGK LJK KMFLJGMZF (2010), IM K GJJZ EFL MF FMNFLJNFZF >GJELN. CGF JKHLG D AM P-LJZF, K D IM HJKFL DGK HGJFLK ETK EGJ-GK >, K F @ GFKJJK D GJLPHJF GF KL ELJD KMJ (K D 2010)KX GEG D @@G IM, EFLJK FG PKLZ D M KMJ, K MLDRZ >MFEFLDEFL D HDGEL (GFKHGKLNG LNG) HJ D LVF PLJZF, KHLGIM MKL> D KFKG F D F[EJG FLK GF

KL ELJD F DGK YGK HJNGK D FGJHGJZF D HJGMLG GF KYG KMJ.

GEGK JKMEJ GEG HJFHDK GFDMKGFK DKLMG:

] !> DGK HJ D HJNFZF FLK HJMLTFGK: JMZF KF>LN FLD GDZ MF NR EHDFLGK.] QGJ > LHG KNG IM GF DGK LHG ALNG.] K MLDRZF M DK JMGFK

!KLTFJ, KX GEG >GJEZF FD Q GFLFM HJKMJJ D VPLG > DGK .

AMFIM DGK KHGKLNGK KMJ KGF MF MFKLJL HJ D JMZF D FLD HJM-LTF, KM MKG KDG FG HJGM D F>G KG.J IM VKL F>G K ZHLEG, J GEHYG D MLDRZF DK EK MFNJKDK Q MF MF >GJEZF, LFLG DK GFKMFK IM JHJ-KFL MF FL GDZG GEG D MKG D KHGKLNG,Q IM D >LN DGK EKEGK J F D MF MKGQ EFG. (14). SKL >GJEZF KJ GFLFM, Q IMKF MF J>MJRG GFKLFL K NMDN DK LKK FDK FLD (15).

!D >MLMJG D HJNFZF D KG BGDZG FCFLJGK KFLJGK LF IM J FEFG F D EHDF-LZF , GEG HJL >MFEFLD MF KLJL- HJNFLN, Q IM ETK KX DG JGF GJELNKDDK, GEG D JFLEFL HMD JF!!/1451/2013, HGJ DG IM D EHJKJG KLT GDG EHDFLJDGK, GF D >F KEFMJ D ETPEG HGKDKL JKG, GFKJG GEG D ETK JDNFL F LJ- GJK KFLJGK.



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BIBLIOGRAF7A

1. AJFR AFJVK , AJJK DGJFL , GJ JJA, CEHFK JLX , DTRIMR CKLJG , $J-FTFR NJJL , L D. JGQLG !!AC 1996-2002. JEJ . CEHFK JLX , $JFTFR NJJL , AJJK DGJFL . CGEMF DF-F; 2005.

2. ARJ-CNF@ , BMJL , JF-FR . !>>LG> L@ FLJGMLGF G> F FFJ K@JH FMJQ HJNF-LGF N GF L@ HJMLFGMK FMJQ JL F @DL@JOGJJK. F>L CGFLJGD $GKH !HEGD. 2007 JJG;28(2):165-170

3. AJK XR , AJJK DGJFL , iND DNJK A,CEHFK JLX , CKLDDK GDF , C@ERG VJR ,L D. MX JNFZF D KG BGDZG HJ HJG->KGFDK F>JEJX. JEJ ZF. GJ -JJ A. CGEMF DFF;2003

4. CFLJK >GJ KK CGFLJGD F JNFLGF. GGJGG >GJ KFF, EHDEFLF, F !NDMLF @JHK F- MJQ HJGJE K . 2002 LMDRG 2008; KG15 >JJG 2013.KHGFD F:@LLH://OOO..GN/K@JHKK>LQ/H>/K@JHKOGJ-

GG2008.H>

5. DJVK GDV , -MFQJ QJX , GFRTDR GJFG . CGKL-> D MLDRZF ELJD KMJ- HJ D JDRZF LVFK JKG F HJKGFDKFLJG. MJKF. 2005 JRG; 23(3): 51-56

6. EVFR BG , JJFG EGK C, DD GDK ,BJZF JFTFR-@G , _CGFFGJ VJR , CKGL C. AHLZF DGK KHGKLNGK GKMJ ELJD GJLG-HMFRFL F HJKGFD F>JEJX MF@GKHLD LJJG. MJ J. 2009 AJD-MFG;

55(215):19-27

7. FKLLMLG GFD MJ $F F D J- G. 812: KG GDZG: HJNFZF F-LK HGJ DKZF MLTF ($) J.

8. JF 15 KHLEJ 2008 HGJ D IM K KLDF EHDFLF DGK HJGEFLGK KMJ Q D KKLE NDF >JFL D FL GF JKG GDZG FD TELG DK FKLLMGFK KFLJK D JNG -DDG DM.

9. JLN 2010/32/! D CGFKG, 10 EQG

2010, IM HD D AMJG EJG HJ D HJNFZF DK DKGFK MKK HGJ FKLJMEFLGK GJLFLK Q HMF-RFLK F D KLGJ @GKHLDJG Q KFLJG DJG HGJ $!! Q !.

10. JF !!/1451/2013, 29 MDG, HGJ D IM KKLDF KHGKGFK HJ D HJNFZF DKGFKMKK HGJ FKLJMEFLGK GJLFLK Q HMFRFLK F D K-LGJ KFLJG Q @GKHLDJG.

11. CGJK CDNG , ZER CMIMG . MKL>ZF DFNJKZF F ELJD GKMJ F D KKLF K-FLJ. MJKF. 2006 !FJG; 24(1):50-56

12. G@F , !F , HGOLR ', MGLL . !>>L G> EHDEFLF K>LQ-FFJ NK GF HJMLFGMKFMJQ HEGDGQ. F>L CGFLJGD $GKH !HEGD.2004 MDG; 25(7):536-42

13. @LQ , OK , DLJ '. DKL FMJKF EGJ L@F @GKHLD: @ OGJL@O@D >>L G> @GKHLD-O JHDEFL G> GFNFLGFD @GDDGO-GJFDK. AE F>L CGFLJGD. 2008 AJD; 36(3):180-86

14. CLDTF ZER , GD DD , CKLDDU CKLDDU

, CKLDDK BG C, GK D , DMXK !KHMFQ . EHDF-LZF ELJD GKMJ: HJNFZF JKGK GDZGK. N !F>. 2010 AJD; 33(4):290-294

15. $F> , G@E A, 'KKE , @O . -DKL FMJK EGF @DL@ J OGJJK G> FNJKLQG> ADPFJ @GKHLDK. !KLJF LJJFF $DL@GMJFD. 2011; 17(1):26-35

16. VDEGK C, MRETF J C', JLXFR D ,iDNJR CKLDDG C, \K C>MFLK . AFLK HJMLTFGK GF JKG GDZG, HJGMGK HGJ KHG-

KLNGK KMJ F D CGEMF J. MJ J. 2012 AJD-MFG; 58(227).

17. GKF , CGLL C, GQJ , GDGE , _$JLM ,ALGMD , L D. DKL FMJQ LK GJF LG>>JFL QHK G> >LQ-!FFJ NK: KMDLK G> JF@ MDLFLJ LMQ. F>L CGFLJGD $GKH !H-EGD. 2010 AJD; 31(4):402-7

18. BD . C@FK F L@ JEGJ: JMLFGMK FMJK>JGE @GDDGO GJ K>LQ-FFJ K@JHK NK. AE F>L CGFLJGD. 2012:1-6



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E>> '> 2013; III: 129-137C>>> G, $; G C, $; > >, !CE > O> &>

137

13

19. FME , O , K@L , $K@EGLG , M-@J , LG , L D. KKN K>LQ NK J EGJ >->LN L JMF FDKL FMJK. $GKH F>L.2005 EJ; 61(4):360-1



16/56

E>> '> 2013; III: 138-145> >, J, G &>, !, C !>, !E

E > MJGF: GEHJGJ D FND GFGEFLG Q JG MEHDEFLG, IM LFF DGK LJGJK KLK MF-K DK HJMGFK KLTFJ (!), Q KM EHGJLF HJ D HJNFZF JKGK GDZGK; FL>J MKK FG @KZF D HJGLGGDG.

Ma+e)a# 0 $3+&d&*: KLJMQZ MF MKLGFJG 99 LJGJK DK MFK >LK. !FLJ DK NJ- DK KLMK K FDMQJGF: LHG GFLJLG, KJNG, -LGJX, JMHG , HJMGFK KLTFJ, D HJHZF D JKG HGJ HJL D LJGJ, D >GJE-ZF F>GJEZF, L.

Re*,#+ad&*: TK D EL DGK LJGJK KGFGFKFLK KM PHGKZF KL LHG JKG (60,9%) Q D EQGJX GFGF DK ! (99%). F EJG FGJDRF MFK HJTLK LJG KMJK MJFL KM -LN DGJD, D 41, 4% FG DDN GFLFGJ MFG ML-DR GLGK GJLFLK Q/G HMFRFLK, Q D 24, 2% FG KMDMKJ MFLK GEG FGJE >.

C&%c#,*&%e*: GK LGK FDRGK J>DF IM MF DLG HGJFL LJGJK GFGF DK EK HJNF-LNK, HJ EFERJ D JKG PHGKZF ELJD

GDZG, HJG FG DK HDF F KM LN DGJD.

Pa#ab)a* c#ae: KG GDZG, HJMGFK KLTFJ, HF@RG, KMJ F D LJG, HF@RG.

ABSTRACT

I%+)&d,c+&%: F 2011, JK F L@ FF G> GDGGMHLGFD FLK (HJK) OK FGL EGF LOGMFLK G> GMJ FLJ. @K >FF FGMJ L@ JLGF G> OGJF JGMH E LG EHJGN K>LQ F JKL@ GDG FLK. @ EF EK G> L@ HJKFL KLMQOJ: KKKK L@ OGJJhK FGOD GML L@ KLFJ HJMLGFK () >GJ HJNFLF GDGD @RJ; N-DML L@ DND G> GEHDK@EFL G> L@K JGEEF-LGFK F LG FL>Q L@ MKK @F L@ FGF @JFLG L@ HJGLGGD.

Ma+e)a# a%d $e+h&d*: A IMKLGFFJ OK KLJM-L LG 99 EHDGQK F L@ MFL >>L. AEGF L@ N-JDK KLM FDM: LQH GFLJL, KJN, LGJQ, JGMH, KLFJ HJMLGFK, JK HJHLGF Q L@EHDGQ, LJFF F F>GJELGF, L.

Re*,#+*: @ JKMDLK K@GO L@F EGJ L@F @D> G> L@OGJJK J OJ G> L@J PHGKMJ LG @RJ (60.9%)F EGKL G> L@E J >EDJ OL@ (99.0%), @GONJ L@Q GFhL HJ>GJE K>LQ HJLK MJF L@J GMH-LGFD LNLQ (41.1% GFhL MK JMDJDQ GFLFJK O@FMKF MLLF F/GJ K@GGLF GLK, 24.2% GFDQ MK DG-

NK KHGJDDQ,d)

A)+4c,#& &)g%a#

E$) $% ! #!! $% !##)$%% $%)'% ")>')# )#(!A,+&)e*

> >, JE>> E >E : >@.



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E>> '> 2013; III: 138-145> >, J, G &>, !, C !>, !E

E > LGK. DGK 99 HJG>KGFDK FMKLGK, K @F HF@G D-MF NR D 81%. !D 41,1% FG DDN GFLFGJ MFGEF ELJD GJLFL/HMFRFL (NJ LD 5).

!F MFLG D NMFZF >JFL D $HLLK B, D10,1% J>JZ IM FG K @DD NMFG (LD 6).

!D 63,6 % @ FG IM FG @ JDRG FF[FMJKG KGJ HJNFZF D JKG GDZG F D LJG(HKLZ IM FKM MF FG @Q F>GJEZF KGJ HJNFZF D JKG GDZG (H=0).

!F JDZF ZEG @ GMJJG D PHGKZF, D 30,3

% JKHGF IM K HF@Z MJFL D JG D EL-JD, D 7,9 % D JFHM@J, Q >FDEFL, D 17,1 % M-JFL D MKG D ELJD. GK LJGJK J>JF GEGMK DGK HF@RGK HJKK HGJ PKG LJK(69,4%), Q >DL HJMZF (42,9 %).

CGF D GLNG GFGJ D F>GJEZF ETK L-DD, K JMRJGF DGK LGK FLJ DK HJMFLK D MK-LGFJG Q DGK LGK KGGEGJT>GK Q HJG>KGFDK DGK LJGJK FMKLGK: LGJX HJG>KGFD, KJ-NG, JMHG Q LHG GFLJLG. GK JKMDLGK@F KG DGK KMFLK: D 25,5% KZDG MLDR ! NK,KFG D 28,5% LJGJK LEHGJDK (H=0,34), Q D

28% KGF F>JEJK. !D JMHG KLT FLJ DGK 45-55 YGK, (H=0,3). !D 16,2% EFGF D JFHM@J DKMK GEG E !, 4 KGF F>JEJK.

D 41% IM FG DDN GFLFGJ 45,1% K HJKGFD>G, D 41,2% KGF F>JEJK KFG D JMHG 45-55 YGK.

DISCUSI8N

AD JDRJ D JG LGK MJFL DGK EKK MFG Q MDG, GEHJFGK FLJG D HJXGG NG-FD, DMFGK DGK MKLGFJGK FG HMJGF KJ MEHD-EFLGK JLEFL HGJ DGK LJGJK F HJKF D[F JHJKFLFL D JMHG LJG, IMFG JG D KMHJNKGJ D MF KM KLJMZF Q HGK-LJGJ JG. !KLG HM @J EGLNG D MEHDEF-LZF D MKLGFJG HGJ NJGK LJGJKKEMDLTFEFL, KFG KEDJK DK JKHMKLK LJ-EFGK XLEK.

AD FDRJ DGK LGK DDE D LFZF D FLJNDG DGK LJGJK IM MLDR DK ! KZDG NK(45-55 YGK).!KL LG HM KLJ JDGFG, F HJL, GF D >DK HJHZF KMJ IM NK LJMEGK D P- HJF HJG>KGFD Q FG KJ HDFEFL GFKFLK

D JKG F>ZF HGJ HLZFGK LJFKEKZF KF-

MXF HFFG D PHGKZF B(5).!FLJ DK MKK HJFHDK IM J>JF GEG GJF DFL KGF DK HJKK HGJ PKG LJK Q D >DL HJMZF; LG J>DG F GLJGK LJGK Q HMD-GK(6,7).

CONCLUSIONES

1. GK LGK FDRGK J>DF IM HKJ IM DGK LJ- GJK J>JF GFGJ DK !, D JD K IM MFDLG HGJFL FG DK HDF F KM LN DGJD.

2. K MKK HJFHDK J>JK KGF DK HJKK HGJ P-KG LJG Q D >DL HJMZF.

3. JDRZF MFK HJTLK LJG KMJK Q DMLDRZF ELJDK KMJ GFLJMJX, FJF E, JMJ DGK FLK DGJDK GJF GDZG HGJ HF@RG.

4. >GJEZF F>GJEZF, KHX> F D HMKLG LJG, KGJ HJNFZF >JFL FLK GDZGK(AB), HM KF>J MF EGJ DGK GFGEFLGKQ GFLJMJ IM DGK LJGJK KHF HJJ D JKG

Q D JN MF FL GDZG HGJ [email protected] HJLJ DGK JKMDLGK Q GFDMKGFK GLFK K

JDRJGF DK KMFLK HJGHMKLK EGJ IM KJXFEHDFLK MJFL D HJEJ LJEKLJ D YG 2013. NDMZF KLK FLJNFGFK K JDRJT F FJG 2014.

P)&',e*+a* de $e!&)a: I%+e)e%c&%e*

1. JDRG D NMFZF >JFL $B MF LGLD 11 LJGJK.

2. HJGHGF D IMKZF ELJDK GKMJ- (LVLJK) F D FLJG HJ JMJ D PHGKZF QD Fb FLK.

3. JGJEJ MJKGK >GJEZF KHX> F D HMKLG LJG HJ J>GJRJ DK HJTLK LJG KMJKFLJ DGK LJGJK.

4. DRJ MF NDMZF DK FLJNFGFK JDR-K F D HDRG MF YG HJ NDMJ K K @F GFK-MG DGK GLNGK HJGHMKLGK (2014).



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E >


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E>> '> 2013; III: 138-145> >, J, G &>, !, C !>, !EE > DMGK GJHGJDK

D 5. DN GFLFGJ ELJD, MFG MLDR GLGK GJLFLK Q/G HMFRFLK

D 6. MFZF $HLLK B



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E > LMJ D !KLG. Q 31/1995, 8 FG-NEJ, HJNFZF JKGK DGJDK. J.1995.

2. !KHY. FKLJG JG Q AKMFLGK GDK. DJLG 39/1997, 17 FJG, HGJ D IM K HJM DJDEFLG DGK KJNGK HJNFZF. J. 1997.

3. !KHY. FKLJG JG Q AKMFLGK GDK. DJLG 39/1997, 17 FJG, HGJ D IM K HJM DJDEFLG DGK KJNGK HJNFZF. J. 1997.

4. !KHY. FKLJG !EHDG Q MJ GD.JF !!/1451/2013, HGJ D IM K KLDF KHGK-GFK HJ D HJNFZF DKGFK MKK HGJ FKLJM-EFLGK GJLFLK Q HMFRFLK F D KLGJ KFLJG Q@GKHLDJG.

5. !A. MX JGEFGFK LMZF MJ-FL LJK D PHGKZF GMHGFD HLZFGK LJFK-EKZF KFMXF F D EG @GKHLDJG. KHGFD F:@LLH://OOO.KJK.K/K/GMEFLGFF/GK/MMD/F>GF$GKHLDJ/HLGPFGKLJFKE-KGFKFMF.H>. @ KG (10-09-139

6. JFG- D $GR . a*, MJT-GK ., GJXMR-JLXFa, GFRTDR- ZERa, ZHR-ZHR . .; AK-BMKLDDGa; D $GJJ- MLVJJR . a HJLEFLG !F->JEJX, FNJK CFLJ, FLFJ, !KHY.

7. HJLEFLG !F>JEJX, @GKHLD FNJKLJGJIMVK DDD, FLFJ, !KHY. CGFGEFLGQ MEHDEFLG DK EK GKMJ Q -FLK GDZGK DGK KLMFLK F>JEJX F DK HJTLK DXFK. !F>JEJX CDXF. 2010; 20(3): 179-185



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147E>> '> 2013; III: 146-154> B>, !C, $> %,A, G>, C& > > > >

23

GFK J KJ Q KLFJ NLGF F KLLKLD

EFK. BNJL FDQKK (C@ KIMJ KLLKL). CGF>-F DND 95%.

Re*,#+*: BGDGD FLK OJ JM Q @D>. MJ-KK J L@ EGKL >>L JGMH, F @GDDGO FD K L@EGKL GEEGF FNGDN ELJD. $@D@LK FG DFL -FLK, F LG L@ JK G> F EK@HK Q FLJN-FGMK [email protected] G> L@ FLK @HHF MJFELJDhK GDDLGF F 2010.!, EGKL >>L HJL-EFL F 2007, OK LF F 2010 Q JEJQ CJ. FKHL G> L@K, HDR CJ DJ EGJ FLK F GL@ QJK.10% G> >>L OGJJK F HGKL-PHGKMJ

HJGH@QDPK F 2007 (5% FKL $).

C&%c#,*&%*: A>LJ MKF GK>LQ NK BA OJ J-M Q @D>. F >L, DFL FLK KHHJ F DKKFLJNFGMK L@LJK EK@HK OJ DJ.

Ke0 .&)d*: BGDGD FLK (BA), HJGLLN N-K, FMJK, HJNFLGF.

INTRODUCCI8N

GK HJG>KGFDK KFLJGK KHDEFL DK F>J-

EJK, KGF MFG DGK GDLNGK ETK PHMKLGK D JKG GDZG, KGJ LGG DK FGMDGFKFLDK(1),>JK HGJ D FZF !MJGH F1.200.000 DK MDK D 46% GJJKHGFF F>JE-JX(2).

!D 2013 K NLD EHGJLF HJ D HJNFZF DJKG GDZG, Q IM DK GJFRGFK MJGHK KLTFGDK HJGHGJGFJ KHGKLNGK KFLJGK IM F-GJHGJF EFKEGK KMJ FLK D 11 QG 2013(JLN 2010/32/!)(3). ETK JFL-EFL D JF !/1451/2013, KLD KHGKGFK HJ D HJNFZF DKGFK MKK HGJ FKLJMEFLGK

GJLFLK Q HMFRFLK F D KLGJ KFLJG Q @GKHLDJG,LFLG H[DG GEG HJNG(4).K MLGFGEXK KHGFF DKDZF IM GD D

MKG KHGKLNGK KMJ, MFIM HDZFKMD. FLN LMNG KM GJF F D CGEMF J D IM KMJGF CKLDD D F@, BDJK, NJJ Q D Q GLJK GEMFK GEG CLDMY QCFJK LGNX D KLTF KJJGDDFG.

!D DNG F[EJG FLK GDZGK F D TE- LG KFLJG LF MF JKLJG FGFD KHX>G FG-EFG !!AC, HLZF D JGQLG !FL(5)(!PHGKMJ JNFLGF F>GJELGF LOGJ) PLFG

LMDEFL GLJGK HXKK. !D GLNG D EKEG, K >-

DLJ D NDF Q HJNFZF DK PHGKGFK -

FLDK KFJ Q/G ELJD GDZG F DGK FLJGKKFLJGK FKLLMGFDRJ MF MDLMJ KMJ FD EFL LJG(6). GK LGK ETK JDNFLK DGK@GKHLDK HJLHFLK F D HJGQLG !!AC K J->DF F D KLMG EMDLVFLJG !!AC 2001-2002(7).!D GLNG K KJJ Q FDRJ D KLMZF LMD DGK FLK GDZGK LJK D FLJGMZF EL-JD GKMJ F D iJ DM FRJGL F2007 Q 2010.

MATERIAL Y MTODOS

D*e5& JDRZ MF KLMG KJHLNG, JLJGKHLNG, DGK

FLK GDZGK (AB) DJGK F D iJ DM FRJGL (HJKGFD KFLJG Q FG KFLJG), F-DMQFG ALFZF !KHDR(A!) Q ALFZF JE-J(A), MJFL 2007 Q 2010. !F D HJEJG, FG KKHGFX ELJD GKMJ, EFLJK IM F2010 Q KL F KM FLJGMZF.

A HJLJ 2009, D JF GEFR D FLJGMZF ELJD GKMJ, IMJFG DFLK Q K- HGKLNGK PLJZF KFMXF (LNGK Q HKNGK) DGK IM KMJGF GLJGK IMHGK. ALMDEFL KHGFEGK

LVLJK NFGKGK, DFLK, HDGELK Q KHGKLNGK HJ HMFZF HGJL--L@^. GFKJZ FL GF JKG LJFKEKZF

HLZFGK @ETLGK (AB) LGGK IMDDGK F DGK IMPKLX GFLLG GF KFJ M GLJGK >DMGK GJHGJDK HG-LFDEFL F>GKGK (DXIMG >DGJJIMXG, KFG-ND, HJTJG, EFZLG, HDMJD, KEF Q >DMGKNFDK) LJNVK FGMDZF HJMLTF G KDH-MJ F @JK JLK, HD FG FLL G EMGKK.Rec&gda de da+&*

FGL>ZF NGDMFLJ D HJKGFD >LG, KJKLJG HGJ F JNFLN () D $GKHLD

J. GKV GDF JGK ($), FND (230 EK). JF FRJGL LF 1416 LJGJK HJ LF-J 141.437 @LFLK.

F>GJEZF KGJ AB K GLMNG, EFL JN-KZF EFMD JKLJGK F 2007 Q 2010 HJNMLGJRZF D JF, KMFG D Q JGL-ZF LGK (Q 15/1999).

Va)ab#e* MKLJK NJDK JNF D KLMG KHYGD EMDL-

VFLJG !!AC 2001-2002. AJMHK F:) JGJ PHMKLG: KPG, , LGJX DGJD,

LMJFG LJG Q KJNG GF K HJGMG D FL.



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148 E>> '> 2013; III: 146-154> B>, !C, $> %,A, G>, C

& > > > >

24

) CJLJXKLK D PHGKZF: LHG DKZF, ELJDEHDG, LHG M @M, EFGJ JDR F D

EGEFLG D FL Q IMHGK HJGLZF FNMD(!).) !KLG KJGDZG D HFL >MFL: >MFL HGKLN/FLN Q LHG >MFL HGKLN >JFL $B,$C Q $.) !KLG FEMFGDZG D LJGJ: KLG NMFD(>JFL $B, LVLFGK), HJG>DPK HGKL-PHGKZF Q LHG HJG>DPK.AFTDKK LGK

K NJDK LZJK K JKMEJGF F >JMF-K Q F D KG D , [F NJD MFLLLN,K DMDJGF EK LFF FLJD Q KHJKZF

(KNZF !KLTFJ). GKLJGJEFL K LJLZ GEG MFNJD MDLLN, GF MLJG LGJXK IM GFFGF DGK KMFLK JMHGK : 19-30, 31-42,43-54, QEQGJK 55 YGK. GK FLJNDGK FDMQF LJGJKGF @DK Q KLJR KEDJK IMJK F D K-JJGDDG KM LN HJG>KGFD.

J D GEHJZF EK Q JDGFK FLJ N-JDK K MLDRJGF HJMK KLXKLK FG HJEVLJK(C@ MJG). ND GF>FR D 95%, KF>-ZF 0,05. JGKEFLG LGK EFL HIMLKLXKLG N 15.0.

RESULTADOS

MJFL 2007, F D iJ DM FRJGL, K -DJJGF 90 AB (=90) Q 42 F 2010 (= 42).Va)ab#e* de# +)aba!ad&) e/',e*+&: D EMKLJ NJZF EXFE F D E D HJKGFD >LG 32,72+/- 11,3(2007) Q 36,52+/-11,6(2010), KFG D GDLNG ETK GNF (19-30 YGK) DIM KM>J ETK AB. JGEFF VKLGK F DK EMJK, KXGEG D LMJFG EYF GEG GJF EQGJ -FLD F EGK YGK.KHLG AB HGJ LGJXK, JT>G 1, KLJ IM D

50% K HJGMJGF F F>JEJX F EGK YGK, KMG KLMFLK F>JEJX IM JMJGF KM F-LD F 2010, D 12,2% D 9.50%. CKG GFLJJG GM-JJ GF MPDJK F>JEJX 10% (2007); 19% (2010)Q EVGK 7,80% (2007); 14,30% (2010) IM K D M- HDF F @G YG. KDL D PKLF FLKFLJ D HJKGFD DEHR Q DNFJX F EFGK D6%.$Q >JFK F DGK KJNGK >LGK F DGK YGK K-LMGK, JT>G 2 HJNDFG MJFK F 2007 Q AF 2010. !F @G YG, KJNGK KHDK (HJLGJG QC) JGF HJKFLJ FLK Q IMJZ>FG D J-

MG D 11,1% D 2,4%.

Va)ab#e* )e#ac&%ada* c&% #a* ca)ac+e)4*+ca* de#a e/'&*c6%:

!D LHG FL ETK >JMFL, K[F EMKLJ DD , >M D DKZF HJMLTF (HF@RG Q GJL) Q FEFGJ >JMF D MLTFG EMGK (KDHMJ). !D E-LJD MKFL ETK D 52,2% DGK FLK >M DM @M, GF MF MEFLG KLG F 2010 (73,8%)YG GF MKF FLK GF DFL.

DGK FLK HJGMGK HGJ M @M, MF 35%GJJKHGFJGF M KMMLTF. EFGJ F D IM K HJGMG D FL HKZ KJ MJFL gD MKG D ELJDg, F 2007 (52,2%), fJG- ELJDg, F 2010 (73,8%) Q KYDJ IM KZDG D50% DGK HJG>KGFDK MLDR !.

E*+ad& *e)gc& de# 'ace%+e f,e%+e:[F J>D D D , K HJGMG MF MEFLG

>MFLK HGKLNK (2010) @KL D 33,3%, GF MF KJLKEFMZF >MFLK KGFGK (4,76%). EF-LMNG $B GEG HJGEFFL F EGK YGK, MHD-TFGK KM >JMF F 2010 (78,6%), GEHYG MF KEFMZF D JKLG HLZFGK.Va)ab#e* )e#ac&%ada* c&% e# e*+ad& %$,%-gc& de# +)aba!ad&):

GKJN MF DLG HGJFL D KLG NMFD DGK LJGJK, KMHJTFGK FDMKG VKL F 2010(88,1%). jFEFL K JDRJGF HJG>DPK HGKL PHG-

KZF F 2007, KFG D 44,4% D $, 33,3% $B-VLFGK, 11,1% $B Q 11,1% GF>ZF $B-$.

JG>MFRFG F FMKLJG KLMG, 2007, K KGJGF >GJE KF>LN (=0h000) DK DKGFK HGJ HF@-RGK MJFK (18,40%), KMG @GKHLDRZF IM-J[J (17,10%), Q F EFGJ E DNFJX QDEHR. GJ D GFLJJG F 2010, K A (23%) D IM HJKFLZ EQGJ KGZF DKGFK HGJ HF@RG.(=0,008).

!F D YG HJ FLJGMZF D ELJD KMJ,D EQGJX DGK KJNGK A! (MJFK(), @GK- HLDRZF IMJ[J($) Q @GKHLDRZF FG IMJ[J-

($)) K FLJGF GF M @M F ETK D60%, KMG DFL GEG KMFG ELJD EHD-G, PHZF KJNGK IMJ[JGK GEG IMJZ->FG Q HJLGJG IM K HF@JGF GF MK KMLMJ.!F D TELG A DGK FLK HJMLTFGK K KG-JGF GF M @M, DFL, M KMLMJ Q KLMJX, FKL GJF, KF EJG F 2010, [FEFL M KMLMJ Q M @M, MHDFG D FLD KLMDLE (80%).

!F 2010 FND DKGFK HJMLTFK GF M@M LGGK DGK KJNGK FJEFLJGF KM FLD-, PHLG IMJZ>FG, IM KZDG HJKFLZ DKGFK MLT-

FG EMGKK. =0,038 (2007); =0,000 (2010).



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AFDRFG D LHG KHX>G M @M EHDF DGK KJNGK; F (2010), KHJJGF DGK -

FLK GF M C (30%, 2007), KEFMQJGF DGK -FLK HGJ LVLJK NFGKGK D 50%, MEFLJGF DGK HDGEL (20%) Q >GJE EHGJLFL DGK M (40%). $ PHJEFLZ MF EG F D LHG M@M EHD, HJZ D LVLJ NFGKG Q D HDGELF 2010, KHJFG D M F @G YG,MFIM D M C EFLMNG DLGK HGJFLK (66,7%)F EGK YGK.

!F 2010, D KJNG $ MHDZ D F[EJG FLK HGJ M C 80% Q HJZ GLJG LHG M, HDGEL (20%). FLD GFKMDLK P-LJFK (CC!!), K KGZ M (40%) Q F EFGJ

HJGHGJZF D LVLJ NFGKG Q M C, ELJD HJ-GEFFL F D JKLG KJNGK. !F D KG A @MG>JFK F D LHG M @M, F 2007, KZDG K HF@JGF GF MK Q F 2010 >M HDGEL (37,5%)Q M C (25%) D ELJD ETK EHDG. =0,004(2007); =0,056 (2010).

DISCUSI8N

DRG D KLMG F D iJ DM FRJGL(2007 Q 2010), K GLNZ MF KFKG AB D 38%,LFF IM JX GF>JEJK F HGKLJGJK KLMGK.

C ELRJ IM D FLJGMZF KL ELJD FG @KG MF>GJE LFLG F A! GEG A. !F KL [DLE, KG-DEFL DGK JNGK GJEDK JFK AJJ>,XK Q DQ BDF KHGFF D EKEG, Q F A! KM K-LJMZF @ KG KLFL KMD FLJ DK KLFLK MF-K. EQGJ FLD >L D JMHG ETK GNF(19-30 YGK), GFFG GF CEHFK(8) Q EFL(9),IM GKJNJGF EFGJ JKG FLK KGGK EQGJ .

JGEFF EHDEFL DK DKGFK HJMLTFK,@@G JDNFL Q IM GFDDNF EQGJ HJGD F>ZF HGJ HLZFGK ($B, $C Q $) NX @ET-

L, GFFG GF GLJGK KLMGK GFKMDLGK.!D HJKGFD F>JEJX K D ETK EHDG (50%), QIM KGEGK MF GDLNG KFLJG EMQ FMEJGKG Q EF- HMDEGK NJKG ELJD GJLG HMFRFL JEFL. !FFMKLJG KLMG GFFG GF GLJGK MLGJK(10,11) DGKF>JEJGK KGF KMGK HGJ MPDJK Q EVGK. FEJG KLFLGK MLGJK (8,12,13) EMKLJF DGK EV-GK GEG KMF LGJX ETK >L, HJGDEFL HGJIM FDMQF HJKGFD F >GJEZF () IM FFMKLJG TELG K DEL C(F EDJ CGEMFLJ).

!D HJKGFD DEHR KM>J FLK HJMLTFGK

GFKMF GFK FGJJLK GLJGK HJG>KG-

FDK, D K@J G FGFJ ELJD F DMJK F-MGK. LGK IM GFLJKLF GF DGK HGJLGK HGJ J-

X A, .(13), (7,8%) Q JX .,(11)(18%).LMZF IM KJX NLD GF D GHZF LVFK LJG ETK KMJK, FFG ETK F D HJNFZF HJEJ.

!F D FLD HGJ KJNGK, JM KM -FLD HGJ LVLJK NFGKGK D 50% D 20%(KJN-G IM KHGF LVLJK KMJ F 2010), Q KJ D ETK >LG (2007), HKFG HGKGFK ETKF>JGJK F 2010. KLF F KL YG A Q $ GEGKJNGK GF EQGJ FLD, KMG CC!!,IM D JMHJ HJMK >MFGFDK Q @GKHLD X KLTETK PHMKLG AB.

DE D LFZF IM F TJK IMJ[JK GEG IM-JZ>FG Q HJLGJG FG K HJGMJGF FLK HJMLT-FGK F 2010, MFIM K[F AJJK(14) JHJKFLF D20-30% DK FGL>GFK JKG @ETLG. !KL M-KF FLK HFKEGK IM FG K MKL D J-D, HMKLG IM FG K @F EHDEFLG EK GKMJ, F EG>G @TLGK G HMLK LJGF KLK TJK. !KL FG FLD HM KJ D F>JDJZF D HJKGFD ETK PHMKLG, EVGK QF>JEJK (FDMK ELJGFK). !KL KMJKLJG KLTKGG D LGJX DGJD, MF JFL KLMGKMRG(15),F LKK DLK F>JDJZF F EV-

GK (LGJX GF EQGJ HJNDF FLK MFLGGF DK F>JEJK) @FG MF >JF KF>LN(= 0,001) FLJ EVGK 67,1% Q F>JEJX 30%. F>JDJZF DGK EVGK LEVF K KJL HGJ !DEQ@(16), KLMG IM K KME D NF MFfMDLMJ D KDFGg J>JFL DKGFK HGJ [email protected] D 80% DGK FMKLGK JF GFKFLK KMFGL>ZF, KZDG D 51% DJJGF.

!D GLG MKFL, D EQGJX DGK FLK HJMLTFGK, >M D M @M (74%) F >JK KEDJKKJLK HGJ EJG(17) Q JX(13). LJD IM E- HD EQGJ JKG IMJJ MF F>ZF, D LJFKELJ

EQGJ NGDMEF KFJ Q J NJD (18).KL D MKF FLK GF DFL F 2010,G D EHDFLZF FJDR VKLK GF KK-LEK KMJ HKNG, F A! Q A.

GK LVLJK NFGKGK JHJKFLF F FRJGL D9,1% DGK FLK GFFG GF D EQGJX KLMGK GFKMDLGK(10,12,13,19) Q D HDGEL JHJ-KFL HGJFLK ETK DLGK DGK HGJLGK HGJ CE- HFK(8) (6,7%) Q BJG(12) (5,6%).

!K EGLNG J>DPZF D MEFLG FLK GF HDGEL @KL D 18%, Q IM VKL K MF KHGKLNG KMJ LNG, Q @JX IM FDRJ K FLJNFF GLJGK

>LGJK (FG LNZF D KHGKLNG G KGFGEFLG)



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LMZF GFLJJ KM GF DGK LVLJK NFGKGK,IM LJK D FLJGMZF HJD KHGKLNGK HKNGK K

GKJNZ MF KEFMZF @KL D 9%. EVF K GKJNZMF FLD HGJ M KMLMJ, D FG D-JJK FLK HJMLTFGK F IMJZ>FG, HJLGJG QC, MFIM NJGK MLGJK FF HGJFLK IM GK-DF FLJ D 9%-19% (10,12,13,17,19).!PKL NJZF F D EGEFLG F D IM K HJGM DFL, F 2007 HJGEF D EFGJ fMKG E-LJDg (FLK FG NLDK), >JFL D fJG ELJDg 74%, F 2010. KL EFJ, K HGJXF @J NLG D 74% DGK AB D DDNJ G EK HJ-NFLNK >K KGJ DK JMFKLFK J>JFLK ZEG GMJJZ D PHGKZF, HGJ EHDG, FG KHGFD-

GFLFGJ JFG, ELJD K@G F DMJ FMG G MJFL D GDGZF D ELJD F DGFLFGJ, L.

MKLJGK LJGJK FMEHDF MF 38% MF ZF>MFEFLD, D GHZF JMGFK !KLTFJ, D FGMKJ !, KLMZF GKJN HGJ BJG(17) (32,33%).@G FMEHDEFLG HGJX JDGFJK GF MF PKG GF>FR, FJG HGJ MF EQGJ PHJF(20).GJ D GFLJJG, DGK LJGJK HJKFLF MF DLG XF NMFZF, >JK IM KJXF EGJDK LJNVK EHYK F>GJEZF Q KFKDRZF.

GKJNJGF JFK >JFK F D KLG K-

JGDZG D HFL >MFL, HMK $B F FRJGL >M78,6% Q BJG(12) F KIMJ LJEFZ KL NJMK F96,24% HGJ GFKJJ D HJKGFD GJJLEFL NM-FG.

GK KGK >MFL $C KEFMQJGF D 14% (2010),LG HGKLNG,D KJ D HLZFG EQGJ JKG HGJ D F-PKLF HJG>DPK. [F MJG(21) @G JKG M-EFL GF PHGKGF M FMD Q GF>ZFGF $ D MD IM GLJGK >LGJK KJLGK HGJ FH@J (18).

GDEFL F 2007 K HJGMJGF HJG>DPK HGKL P- HGKZF, D $ F 10% DGK LJGJK (44,4%

HJG>DPK HGKLNK, 4 LJGJK), Q MF KG HGJ GF->ZF $B-$. JMZF >MFLK $ (2010) HGJX LFJ KM GJF F D VPLG JLJGNJDK, IM @FKEFMG D EGJEGJLD Q DK @GKHLDRGFKIM GFDDN EFGJ JKG PHGKZF KL NJMK(6).KHLG D KLMG !!AC 2001/02(7),GKJNEGKDK KMFLK >JFK FLJ FMKLJGK LGK ETK JF-LK (2010):

- >JF >MFEFLD, K IM !!AC FG GF-LEHD D TELG A, IM K D EQGJ FLD- FMKLJG KLMG. AMFIM F LGK DGDK, D

GFMFLG KJNGK A! KMHJ A.

- LJD IMJ[JG: !!AC HGJL LGK DF-LK 8,13%, KLMJX 11,7% Q M KMLMJ 20%, LGK

EMQ KMHJGJK FMKLJG KLMG, F GFJLG HGJ D M-KF FL HGJ DFL.- HG M @M: DGK FLK HGJ LVLJK NFG-KGK F !!AC (19,6%) KMHJJGF DGK HJGMGK FFRJGL (9,1%). HDGEL KMF F EHGJLF FFMKLJG KLMG FG KLT KJL GE LD HGJ !!AC. NJK ELJD GJLG HMFRFL Q DK E[DLHDKDK>GFK >MDLF D FL>ZF D NJDELJD. @ @LJGF KMHGF MF KKG IM GF-DDN MF F>JKLEZF, >LFG JKMDLGK >FDK.$@G IM EHD D FK MF>J D ELJD QKMK LGJXK, >DLFG D GEHJZF LGK FLJ-

FLJGK.- !!AC KMHJ F GHZF JMGFK !KLTF-J (MFLK) 73,3% FMKLJG KLMG 50%.- >MFL >M HGKLN F EFGJ E F !!AC(12,5%), HJG DDE D LFZF D DLG HGJFL >MF-LK KGFGK 35,1%, IM GFLJKL GF FMKLJG 6,63%IM KGDG FDMQ DK IM >M EHGKD LJEFJ, HGJ GJJKHGFJ DEHR G DNFJX. AKX HMK, FG-JEGK K F !!AC, DK f>MFLK KGFGKg@F J>JF D EHGKD LJEFJ D>MFL, G D >MDL KG F KLM.- >MFL HGKLN $C >M D EQGJ HJNDF

F !!AC, KM $ Q $B, GFLJJEFL FMKLJG KLMG GF HJNDZ $B. !D GJF KL>JF HM GJ D FG LJEFZF $B.!F JDZF DK HJG>DPK HGKL PHGKZF $ F !- !AC >MJGF ETK D GD (14,2%) IM DK JKLJKF FMKLJG KLMG (5,5% D LGLD PHGKGFK), 2007.

!K >MFEFLD MF EQGJ EHDEFLZF DKJMGFK !KLTFJ, Q IM DGK LJGJK FG DK HD-F F JG F >GJE GFLFM, EFERFG DJKG HJG FG DEFTFGDG. GJ KG F GEHDEF-LJK GF D FLJGMZF FJDR KHGKLNGK K-MJ (K[F JLN ! FLK 2013), GLFG

EQGJ KMJ DGK KJNGK @KL @GJ FG FDMGK.LMZF LMD FMKL Q VLEFL FGJJL, D GLJ MF EQGJ FND KMJ LJEFGK HJG>KG-FDK. EHDFLZF KLGK HJGMLGK JIMJ >GJ-EZF, F>GJEZF, NDMZF, GFLJGD Q KMEFLGD MKG, HGKLFG HGJ KHGKLNGK HKNGK EQGJ >LN Q HLZF HGJ D HJKGFD, JGEFGFKLEVF AC, !!!.

!D KKLE !!AC F>GJE DK NJDK IMGFGFF DGK AB, Q HJEL KLDJ GFK HJ-NFLN/GJJLGJK, KGJ GDLNGK Q TJK LJG,KEFMQFG D >JMF Q JN DGK AB.

GJ KLGK EGLNGK K @ FKJG D GHZF F FMK-



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LJG TELG !!AC, GEG JKLJG MF>G Q K-

HX>G DGK AB. @@G DK DELGFK FMKLJGKLMG KGF D HVJ LGK HGJ JKLJGK FG KLF-JRGK F CFJK, KMEG D F>JDJZF PK-LFL. AKX HMK, HJGHGFEGK EHYK F>GJEZF QKFKDRZF HJ >GEFLJ D DJZF DK PHG-KGFK IM FGK JJXF MF NKZF ETK JD D HJG- DE.

!F GFDMKZF F FRJGL KGF DK F>JEJK A!DK IM KM>JF ETK DKGFK HJMLTFK, GF M @MQ K KEHJ MJFL D JG D ELJD, KLFGETK PHMKLK D $B, MFIM FG LJGJK HJ-KJGF HJG>DPK HGKL PHGKZF $.

JK D FLJGMZF HJD KHGKLNGK KMJ-

KEFMQJGF DGK AB D EL, F GFJLG GF -LVLJK NFGKGK Q KHJJGF DGK DFLK. JXFLJKFL GEHJGJ K KL KFKG AB GFLF[LJK D EHDFLZF FJDR KHGKLNGK KM-J Q D HDZF D JLN !MJGH IM GD DDG.

Ag)adec$e%+&*A DK F>JEJK F JNFLN, CJEF

MFLFDD Q !KL@J DTF, HGJ D JKLJG Q KMEFLG DGK FLK GDZGK HJGMGK F KL JF,KF D MD FG @JX KG HGKD KL LJG.



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G> DGGGJF HL@GFK LG @DL@ J OGJJK. !H-EGD N 1994;16(2): 437-450.

19. AJEFK D , JFTFR CFG , ADJG AFJVK, AFDVK DDG , TF@R JX , CEHFKJLX . AFTDKK GKL->LN KHGKLNGK KF-LJGK KYGK HJ HJNFJ PHGKGFK HJMLTFK. FL 2006; 20(5): 374-381.

20. MRETF ADEJG , !PHZKLG GGQ , AJEFLJGKVJR !, ADEJG D GJD , MRETF MRETF ,JIMK $JFTFR (2011). AFLK GDZGK HGJ PHGKZF HJMLTF F KLMFLK F>JEJX D FNJK VF MJFL KMK HJTLK DXFK.JFF>G LD F DXF2011KG 20 !F 2012;GFGJT>GK FNKLZF F DM. AYG (11).MFZF FP. KHGFD F : OOO.FP->.GE/HJ/F11-12/050.H@H

21. MJG , LJGKDDG , HHGDLG , LDF JGMH GF -MHLGFD K G> $ F L@J BDGGGJF F>LGFK.K G> @HLLK C KJGGFNJKGF >LJ GMHLGFD P- HGKMJK F @DL@ J OGJJKF. AE F>L CGFLJGD1995 ; 23(5): 273-277.



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33

DGK NFK LVFGK DGK IMHGK GJLGHMFRFLK, JZMF JMHG LJG FLJG HGJ F>JEJK Q LVFGK HJNFZF HJ MF>J DGK JLJGK NDMZF EHDFLZF D ELJD GKMJ F DGK FLJGKKFLJGK. (F>GJE LWF KGJ ELJD HMFPFL LDDFL DhUEL KFLJ DhFKLLML CLDU D DML). AD FGKHGFJ MF ELGGDGX HJ MF NDMZF LVFGLN DGK IMHGK, K KYZ MF K F D HJG-QLG C (5) IM HGKLJGJEFL @ G DMJ D HMDZF, HGJ HJL D FKLLMLG GFD MJ $F D JG, D 875 fKG GDZG: ELGGDGX HJ D NDMZF IMHGK GJ-

LGHMFRFLK GF KHGKLNGK GKMJg (6).(3)LGFD FKLLML G> MHLGFD >LQ & $DL@(4)GG F JM AEFKLJLGF(5)JFF >GJ NDGHEFL G> FFGNLN CGFLJGD @-FGDGK

Me+&d&g4a 'a)a #a ea#,ac6% de e(,'&* c&)+&-',%1a%+e* c&% d*'&*+&* de b&*eg,)dad

!KL ELGGDGX KLT KY F 3 >KK Q HJELNDMJ >GJE GLN D >D DGK KHGKLNGK GKMJ Q QMJ F D KDZF D KHGKLNG

ETK MG HJGJRFG D KMJ D LJGJ KFGDNJ D KMJ D HFL.

FASE 1: Fac*%e de Seg+dad $*$eca de" d&%-

*% de b%eg+dad

KLDF LJK JLJGK IM @F JMFJ DGK KHGK-LNGK GKMJ F KM MLDRZF HJNKL MJGGF DK FKLJMGFK HJGHGJGFK HGJ D >JFL. !DMEHDEFLG KLGK JLJGK K FKHFKD HJGFKJJ D IMHG fHLDg HJ D KMFL NDGJ-ZF.!D EFKEG KMJ:

] CJLJG 1: @ KLJ FLJG F D M G F DIMHG GJLGHMFRFL, FMF @ KJ MF KGJG Y-G.] CJLJG 2: @ KJ JJNJKD, MF NR LNG FG K HGJT KLNJ F F D KG MF EFHMDZF NG-DMFLJ HGJ HJL D LJGJ.] CJLJG 3: @ EF>KLJ KM LNZF D MKMJG E-FL MF KYD KGFGJ Q/G NKMD.!F D LD K HMF GKJNJ DMFGK EHDGK DHDZF DGK LJK JLJGK GF D GFKMFL D>-ZF.

FASE 2: Fac+&)e* de)ad&* de #a %&)$a+a -ge%+e *&b)e e(,'&* de +)aba!&

!F KL >K KGDG K NDMJF IMDDGK IMHGK IM FD >K 1 @F KG NDGJGK GEG fHLDg. KL- D MF JFL KMJ HLG DGK HJFHGKFJDK D !- ! 1050:1997 KGJ MJ TIMFK.GK HJFHGK KGF:

1J HJFHG: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ K-MJG MJFL D MKG HJNKLG Q D ED MKG JRGFDEFL

HJNKD. FLF HGJ KG HJNKLG D ELJD D IM K JDR MJG GF D F>GJEZF HJGHGJGF F DK FK-LJMGFK D HJGMLG HJ KM MLDRZF. FLF HGJ D MKG HJNKD D KG D ELJD >GJE FG KLD HGJ D >JFL, HJG IM HM KJ D JKMDLG MF GEHGJLEFLG @MEFG >TDEFL HJNKD.GJ EHDG: !PLJZF FJ GF KKLE LMGK NG GF M JL Q HGJLLMGK. !F KL KGD ED MKG HJNKD K, KHJJ D M D HGJLLMGKMF NR LNG D KKLE HJGLZF D M, IM-

FG D KMJLG D M HGKLJGJ IM HJ>GJ DGKLMGK.2b HJFHG: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ K-MJG F KG JJGJK @MEFGK HJNKDK MJFL DMKG D IMHG GEHDLG. F EHDG K D FG LNZFG D LNZF FGEHDL D KKLE KMJ HGJ HJL D LJGJ. KEGDGX HD GEG JKMDLG DGK GK HJF- HGK IM J>D F D LD . (D )F NR NDGJGK DGK IMHGK K[F DK >KK 1 Q 2 GL-FEGK MF D>ZF MDLLN :Ece"e$*e: !K MF ELJD GKMJ GF D IM FMDIMJ EGEFLG IM JFLR D KMJ DLJGJ K[F DGK JLJGK >FGK FLJGJEFL.M+ b+e$%: !K MF ELJD IM JFLR D KMJ FKG ED MKG HJNKD HJG F D IM D JJGJ @MEFGFG IM LGLDEFL KJLG.B+e$%: G JFLR D KMJ F KG JJGJ @M-EFG Q JFLR D KMJ F KG ED MKG HJN-KD.Ace&*ab"e: !K D ELJD GKMJ IM MEHD DGK3 JLJGK FKHFKDK HJG IM D EFKEG L-NZF FG JFLR D KMJ K K HJGM MF JJGJ @MEFG G K K @ MF ED MKG HJNKD @G E-LJD >GJE @LMD.



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MFL 875 KG GDZG: ELGGDGX HJ D NDMZF IMHGK GJLGHMFRFLK GF KHGKLNGK GKM-J.

MFL 875 KG GDZG: ELGGDGX HJ D NDMZF IMHGK GJLGHMFRFLK GF KHGKLNGK GKMJ

Tab"a II. S#b%"%ga a&"cada c%#% e+"*ad% de "% d% &$c&% de "a Fae 2

Tab"a I. E!e#&"% de "a a&"cac4$ de "% *e c*e% de "a Fae 1



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Fae 3: Fac*%e e"ac%$ad% c%$ "a *c$ca de ac*a-

c4$ de" d&%*%!KL >K HJEL HJGJRJ FLJ NJGK IMHGK IM

F D >K 1 Q 2 @QF GLFG D EKE D>ZF.CGEG >LGJ YG, K KLD MF NDGJZF DKMJ D HJG>KGFD F >MFZF D LVF -LNZF D KHGKLNG KMJ D IMHG.

D Q GEG @XEGK J>JF F DK JLJXKLKJGEFK HGJ $, D LNZF D EFKEG KMJ @ KJ HKN. !F KG IM K FK-J MF LNZF EFMD, KJ HGKD GF MF KGDEFG.

GJ DG LFLG F D KDZF DGK IMHGK GK-

MJ K JX HJGJRJ D LNZF HKN >JFL DLN, HJG KLG FG KF> IM KLGK [DLEGK KLVF EDKYGK Q HMF KJ FKMJGK HJ D LJGJ.GK JLJGK KGF:1 a GHZF: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ GFLVF LNZF HKN.2a GHZF: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ GFLVF LNZF LN GF MF EFG Q MFG DM LGNX KLT F D MJHG D HFL.3a GHZF: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ GFLVF LNZF LN GF GK EFGK Q MFG DM KLT F D MJHG D HFL.

4 a GHZF: !IMHG GF KHGKLNG GKMJ IMK LN GF 1 G 2 EFGK >MJ D MJHG D HFL.

P,%+&* c#ae

HJGJRZF D IMHG EHDFLJ K GEG J-KMDLG D FTDKK DGK LGK JGGK F D DJ-ZF DK PHGKGFK FLDK HJMLTFK.

HDZF D ELGGDGX KJL HJEL J-DRJ MF KDZF GLN DGK IMHGK GKMJ- HJG FG @Q IM GDNJ IM D KMKLLMZF DGKIMHGK GFNFGFDK FG KMJ K @ JDRJ

>GJE HJGJKN Q F MF HJGG LEHG JRGFD,GFLFG KEHJ GF D J>MJRG D >GJEZF /F>GJ-EZF DGK LJGJK. !KL >GJEZF K EHJKF-D HJ KMJJ D > D FMNG IMHG.

AFLK KM EHDFLZF, K @F JDRJ HJMK HDGLG F D FK Q @J HJLXH D LJGJ, KLGGFLJMJT KM HLZF MF NR KLV FLJGMG DIMHG F D FLJG KFLJG.

MLDRZF IMHGK GKMJ @ J GEHY D HDZF DK JMGFK KLTFJ,FKKLFG F D MKG !IMHGK HJGLZF FNMDQ EG>FG IMDDK HJTLK LJG IM HJK-

HGFF PHGKGFK FLDK.

Bb#&g)af4a

1. CEHFK JLX , $JFTFR NJJL , AJJKDGJFL . !KLMG Q KMEFLG D JKG GDZGF D HJKGFD KFLJG. JGQLG !!AC 1996-2002.J: G !KHYGD F JNFLN,DM [D $F; 2005. 312H.

2. JLN 2010/32/! ! C! 10 EQG 2010, IM HD D MJG EJG HJ D HJNFZF DK DKGFK MKK HGJ FKLJMEFLGK GJLFLK Q HMF-RFLK F D KLGJ KFLJG DJG HGJ $!! Q!. (JG >D D FZF !MJGH, F[EJG 134,

1-06-2010).

3. JF !/1451/2013, 29 MDG, HGJ D IM K K-LDF KHGKGFK HJ D HJNFZF DKGFK M-KK HGJ FKLJMEFLGK GJLFLK Q HMFRFLK F D KLGJ KFLJG Q @GKHLDJG. (BGDLXF >D D !KLG, F[-EJG 182, 31-07- 2013).

4. .. !A! $!A$ A $A!C!, MD $DL@ JN, CFLJK >GJ KKCGFLJGD F JNFLGF, LGFD FKLLML >GJ MHLG-FD >LQ F $DL@. JNFLF DKL FMJK F

$DL@ CJ LLFK. EGFGJ>X F FLJFL. CFF-FL: $; 1998 LG 17 LMJ 2013. KHGFDF: @LLH://OOO..GN/FGK@/GK/2000-108/H>K/2000-108.H>

5. JFF >GJ NDGHEFL G> FFGNLN CGFLJGD @-FGDGK JGL KLG F FLJFL. F JFKG:JME GMFLGF BD; LG 15 LMJ 2013. K- HGFD F: @LLH://OOO.LL.GJ.

6. JJGDK EGK , CGJLK GEF@ , ADGFKG !K- HDV . KG GDZG: ELGGDGX HJ D N-

DMZF IMHGK GJLGHMFRFLK GF KHGKLNGK GKMJ. J: FKLLMLG GFD MJ $F F D JG. 2010. 875.



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J LGGK IMDDGK IM >GJE JL G FJLKLVF EHDGK F D HDF>ZF D HJNFZF JKG GDZG GF ELJD GJLG-HMFRFL, VKL K, KFM, MF @JJEFL EHJKFD. !LG F D 2008 HGJ D CFLJ >GJ KK CGFLJGD F JNFLGF (CC),

KL DJG K MF GEHFG LMGFK JDRJ HJMF GJJL HDF>ZF KLJLK HJNFLNK HJLMJ >JFL DGK AFLK BGDZGK F LJGJKKFLJGK.

CGF D KDGF f FKL MF IMHG HJ DEFJ HMFGFK FLDKg DG DJG KL GMEFLG KFDRF DGK >JFLK KHLGK IM GF>MJF MF HJG-JE HJNFZF DKGFK GJLGHMFRFLK >R,D MD FDMQ NJGK GEHGFFLK IM F LJJ FGFMFLG HJ NLJ HF@RGK Q GLJK DKGFK GF G-LGK HMFRG-GJLFLK F HJG>KGFDK KFLJGK.

!D HJGJE HJNFLNG LF GK GEHGFFLK HJF-

HDK: K EK LHG JFRLNG: LNK -EFKLJLNK Q GJFRZF, EHRFG HGJ DJZF MF IMHG LJG EMDLKHDFJG, Q FKMFG DMJ DGK JGKGK GHJGFDK: GFK IM>GJEF D GDMEF NJLJD D HJGJE HJNFZF,GEG KGF D JZF MF MDLMJ KMJ , DGKJKLJGK FLK FFLK, D FTDKK DGK LGK, Q D KDZF Q NDMZF ELJDK IM FGJHGJFKHGKLNGK KMJ.

AKEKEG F D LPLG FDMQ: F NKZF FJD D DLJLMJ KGJ DGK JKGK Q D HJNFZF DKGFKGJLGHMFRFLK F D HJKGFD KDM; MF KJHZF DGK KHGKLNGK GF >MFGFK HJNFZF DKG-

FK GJLGHMFRFLK, KX GEG DGK >LGJK GFKJJ DKDGFJ KL LHG KHGKLNGK; FDK FLJFL KLGK O GF F>GJEZF JDNFL KGJ D HJNF-ZF DKGFK GJLGHMFRFLK. MDEFL FGJHGJ MFGFMFLG @JJEFLK >GJEMDJGK Q @GK TD-

MDG HJ QMJ D KJJGDDG D HJGJE, KM EHD-EFLZF Q NDMZF. G EFGK FLJKFLK JKMDLF KMK 6 AHVFK, FLJ

DGK IM KLF MF KJHZF LDD KGJ KHG-KLNGK KMJ, KMK JLJXKLK KDK, Q J-LJGK KDZF (AHHFP B); KJHZF MFVLGG LJG KMJG GF ELJDK GJLG-HMFRFLK(AHHFP C), G MF TDMDG KLEG KGJ CGKL e >- D FLJGMZF ELJDK MJ (AH- HFP !).

!F JKMEF, MF DJG EMQ JGEFD GFKMDL

HJ D HMKL F HJTL DK EK KLDK FD FMN JF !! /1451/2013, F D IM K HJGEMNMF F>GIM FLJD HJ NLJ DKGFK HGJ FKLJMEFLDGJLG-HMFRFL, EFL MF GJJL HDF>ZF LNK HJNFLNK.

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D (FLJG KJLG D FNJK TD), EHJ-LFG D KFLMJ MJ CDXF Q DM GJD.AETK, GEHF VKL DGJ GEG F>JEJG KKLF-D F D $GKHLD FNJKLJG JF D LGJ TD, HJLFFL D JNG AFDMR DM. !KKGG D A! K D YG 1998.

E$ &#e '+ee#% *a$#**e $+e*a #0 $cea

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M@K JK. !D HJEG K JTLJ FMD Q KLTKLFG DMEFGK D FNJK TD. !KLTGJFRG HGJ D CTLJ JNFZF KGK - GJDK Q KHGFKD GD CGJHGJLN @FNJK. F GEG >FD HGLFJ D D DGK LJGK JDRGK HGJ DGK KLMFLK D FNJK- TD F ELJ MJ Q DM F D J- G. JLHV KLGK HJEGK Q IM MJFL D YG 2011JDV D TKLJ >D GKJG F KLZF K-GK GJDK, CD Q G AEFL. CGFF GK HJEGK MFG 2000 MJGK Q GLJG 1000 MJGK.

E$ *+ ca% ecb*e e" &#e &e#% &% +$ *aba!%

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LJL MF FGDGKEG HJ KFJ MF >FZEFGIM >JF D KFLKEG GFKKL F IM DGK E- HDGK, HKJ FGFLJJK F>JEGK G GF DMF D-KZF IM DGK GDJXF MKFLJK Q GJ D HGJ F>JE, K HJKFLF LJJ. !D HJKFLKEG FG KMF >FZEFG FMNG, KX DG K @J FNKLGFK Q K-LMGK HJ KJJ KMK MKK Q MFL>J KM EHLGF D KDM D LJGJ Q F DK GJFRGFK. GJX-EGK J IM K MF EHG KLMG FMNG IM KLT[F fF HYDKg Q IM D EQGJX DK FNKLGFKKGJ HJKFLKEG KGF D HJEJ V KL KDG,KGJ LGG JLXMDGK MLGJK FDGKGFK Q HXKKFZJGK. CK LGK HMFLF IM F LVJEFGK JDK KETK HJMD Q EQGJ D GKLG GJFG HGJ D NX D HJKFLKEG IM LJNVK D KFLKEG.

6P% '+ *e &"a$*ea*e hace e*e e*+d% %be &ee$-

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39



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KEHYG Q D KDM DGK LJGJK, LDK GEG DGJ ELLGFK MKLGFFJ (), D LF>GJJKFLKE D () G D GJ J>GJEF MK-LGFFJ ($). !KL [DLEG KHGF MF NJKZF FKLDDFG DDEG CMKLGFJG KGJ DM Q KE- HYG (C). J KJ KFJG, LMDEFL LFG fHJ-Gg D HJKFLKEG, Q KLGQ FG E MJGKFNKLGJ @ GLJK DXFK EJFLK LEVF FDM GJD GEG D LJG KDMD F MF HGDZFLJGJ IM FN, D EHLG D JKK GFZ-E F D KDM DGK LJGJK G D D D -DF D DM F DGK JNGK JNFZF FGK.!KL [DLEG LE K EMQ FKJG Q MJFL GJJDG.

!D EGDG LMD KLZF HJNFZF EHJKJD KG F D PLJFDRZF Q D GFKMFL MJJ HJGK FLJ JNGK JNFZF, KLT KGNFG, FJF E, DGK KLTFJK D FMKLJG LJGQ DK GFGFK LJG FMKLJGK HJG>KGFDK.

Paa f$a"a "a e$*e*a 6'+ c%$e!% "e daa a

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LE IM DK MKL G HKGF, IM K EHHF LGG DG HMDG, IM MKIMF Q JMKIMF. !F FLJFL @Q F-FMEJD DGJ>X. M FG LFF EG F HJ QM, IM HMDIMF G FNXF JLXMDGK GFJKGK, GJ-FK G JNKLK MFIM K DGK J@F. GGK @EGK H-KG HGJ KG. GF EMQ JGEFDK DGK GKJGK QTKLJ >DK. HJF EM@G KGJ ELGGDGXFLX> Q K KLDF EMQ MFGK GFLLGK GF HJG->KGJK Q GEHYJGK. JDK IM FNKLFG KLTF@FG HJG>KZF Q KLTF EGJFG Q FG NKD D !F>JEJX D JG FMKLJG HXK.

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GJ [DLEG, D KJ D NDGJ EFGJ 0,05 K J@R D @HZLKK FMD MD Q K HL D @HZLKK DLJFLN >JF EFK GF MF FLJNDG GF>FR D 95%. A HGKLJGJ K DDN G EFL D HJM MFF, DK GEHJGFK FLJ DGK KLFLGK JMHGK KLMG. KL >GJE, K GLF IM PKL >JF FLJD >TJ A Q B Q FLJ D >TJ B Q C. K >JFK NFF LJEFK HGJ D EKEG HIML KLXKLG (GDGMF KLJKG).

GJ LFLG, K HM J IM PKLF >JFK KF>LNK F DK EFK D HJHZF EDKLJ DGKLJGJK F D TELG DGJD FLJ D >TJ A Q D >TJ B Q FLJ DK >TJK B Q D >TJ C GF MF FLJNDG GF>FR D 95%. G HGEGK >JEJ IM PKLF >JFK KF>LNK FLJ D >TJ A Q D C.

E!e#&"% 2. U$a e$fe#ea de *aba!% '+ee abe ha dfee$ca e$*e "% a"%e de g"+c%a &e&a$da"

e$ a$ge (#g/d") de "% *aba!ad%e de *e de&a*a#e$*% de +$a $d+*a #e*a"5gca.

!D KLMG >M DDNG G F MF FMKLJ ELD[J F DGK HJLEFLGK EFKLJZF, HJGMZF QEFLFEFLG; KFG D HGDZF KLMG 20 KMLGK. @RG MF KLMG KJHLNG DK NJDK EHDK. NJD DMGK HJHFD F KFJ >M E F E/ Q D LJLJK MF NJD MFLLLN GFLFM, KEJT HGKLJGJEFL GEG E LFF FLJD Q KHJKZF D E Q D KNZF KLTFJ, JKHL-NEFL, D JDRJ D KJHLNG GJJKHGFFL.

168 E>> '> 2013; III: 166-171 K>-*



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A GFLFMZF K J D K LGK Q HGKLJGJEFL K HJG DMDJ DGK KJHLNGK IM K HMF J-DRJ NJKK >GJEK F -A 2.0.1, HJG D EFJ ETK JTH F KL KG K FLJG D HKLY fKJH-LNGg, KDGFJ D HJLG JMHGK (/Q) Q GDGJ F NJD JKHMKL (Q) D MFLLLN DMGK Q F D NJDPHDLN () D NJD MDLLN HJLEFLG. JK D GDGZF DK NJDK K @ D F KLXKLGKGF HJJTF LGGK DGK KLXKLGK. FLJG KL HJLG, F D KDD GHGFK K HGKD EG>J D F[-EJG KLXKLGK IM IMJK IM HJRF, HJ KL >GJE FG KLMJJFGK GF LFLGK LGK.

45

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F NR JDRG D KLMG KJHLNG D EMKLJ, K @ LJEFJ K JMHG FMKLJ EMKLJ MEHDD JLJG FGJED, K J, K DGK NDGJK D NJD DMGK (MFLLLN GFLFM) KMF MF KLJMZFFGJED. FGJED @ DMDJK KEHJ Q MFG D HGDZF KLMG K EFGJ 30 KMLGK, HGJ FE KL NDGJ K GFKJ IM MEHDF GF D GFZF FGJED.

J D FGJED FGK >JEGK F D HJM @HJG-D., KFG D @HZLKK $0 IM DGK NDGJK D N-JD KLMG KMF MF KLJMZF FGJED, Q D $1 DG GFLJJG, IM FG KMF MF KLJMZF FGJED.

J LJEFJ K PKL FGJED, LFEGK IM >DLJJ FMKLJ HGDZF HGJ JMHGK (EFL D NJDMDLLN) F D HJLG MLDK >DLJJ LGK. GKLJGJEFL GF D >DLJG @@G DJ F D HJLG FT-DKK MFLLLN (Q). FLJG KL HJLG KDGFJ D NJD MFLLLN (Q), DMGK Q DJ F D HKLY GFLJKL.

!F FMKLJG KG, D KJ D NDGJ H 0.0415, HGJ LFLG, F>JGJ 0,05, K J@R D $0 Q K LJEF IM FGKMF MF KLJMZF FGJED. GKLJGJEFL, K HJG DJ D HJM FG HJEVLJ, D HJM 'JMKD-DDK IM K FMFLJ KLM F D HJLG AA 'JMKD- DDK (/Q).

JK DEFJ D >DLJG JG FLJGJEFL, K D F D HJLG 'JMKD-DDK (/Q) Q F D NJD JKHMKL(Q) K GDG D NJD DMGK Q F D NJD PHDLN () D NJD HJLEFLG. A GFLFMZF, FGK >EGKF D HJLG 'JMKD-DDK Q HGKLJGJEFL F GEHJGFK E[DLHDK KEHJ Q MFG D NDGJ H D HJM 'JMKD-DDK >MK KF>LNG (H < 0,05).

46

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JK D JDRZF D HJM 'JMKD-DDK K FGFLJZ IM @X >JFK KF>LN FLJ DGK JMHGK, QIM D NDGJ H >M 0,0474 (< 0,05). A HGKLJGJ, K JDRJGF DK GEHJGFK E[DLHDK FLJ DGK JMHGK, FGF-LJFG >JFK KLXKLEFL KF>LNK FLJ DGK HJLEFLGK EFLFEFLGK Q EFKLJZF. GK HMG >JEJ IM @MK >JFK KF>LNK FLJ DK ETK GEHJGFK.

Bb#&g)af4a

1. LL , @JKGF , GKFJ , $QFK B. F BK F D !NF. C@MJ@DD NFKLGF!K. J, 1997.

2. -A. FMD QM. 2012.

3. AJEGF DDK , EFR DD . VLGGK FNKLZF DXF Q HEGDZ. !GFK !DKNJ, 2004.

4. D BGML A, JD DDGM . !KLXKL HJTL HJ D FNKLZF F CFK D DM. !. LDG,2008.

47

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!KL FGJELN LJFKHGF D JLN 2010/32/!, HM- D F D 2010, Q KMK KHGKGFK K JF NLJ DK F>GFK, MKK HGJ FLK GDZGK, DK IMD HJKGFD KFLJG IM PHMKLG GEG GFKMF

@JK MKK HGJ FKLJMEFLD KFLJG GJLG-HMF-RFL.!D GLG D GJF K:

) DGJJ MF FLGJFG LJG DG ETK KMJG HGKD ) HJNFJ DK @JK GJFK HGJ ELJD KFLJGGJLGHMFRFL (FDMGK DGK HF@RGK MK)) HJGLJ DGK LJGJK PHMKLGK) KLDJ MF F>GIM FLJG HGJ D IM K >FF HGDXLK NDMZF Q HJNFZF JKGK, >GJE-ZF, F>GJEZF, KFKDRZF Q KMHJNKZF) HGFJ F EJ@ HJGEFLGK JKHMKL Q KM-EFLG.

!KL GJF HGK MF EJG JTLJ DGD, Q IMK HD LGGK DGK LJGJK D KLGJ KFLJG, LFLGD KLGJ H[DG GEG HJNG. MDEFL J LFLG LJGJK >GK, GEG HJKGFD F >GJEZF G HJTLK, KX GEG IMDDGK EHJKK LJG LE- HGJD.

!F KM JLXMDG 3 >F FKLJMEFLD KFLJG GJLG- HMFRFL GEG fGLGK G FKLJMEFLGK FKJGK HJD JG LNK KHX>K D LFZF K-FLJ, IM HMF GJLJ, HF@J Q MKJ MF @J GF>ZFg. !KL ELJD HJKFL MF GD GFKJ-ZF: !IMHG JG, GF>GJE LVJEFGK D D -JLG 1215/1997 Q LEVF HJGMLG KFLJG, GF>GJE

D JD JLG 1591/2009.CGEG HJFHGK KLGK KL HJGEFLG

KLTF:

] CGDGJZF FLJ EHJKJG, JHJKFLFLK Q LJ- GJK F D HJNFZF] GJEZF, GLZF M JMJKGK Q HJGLZFD HJKGFD GEG HJL KFD D HJNFZF.] CGEFZF EK HJ GFKMJ LNGK: D-

F>ZF, KFKDRZF, F>GJEZF, >GJEZF, HJ-NFZF Q KMHJNKZF.] KHGFKD LJGJ NDJ HGJ KM K-MJ Q HGJ D GLJK HJKGFK >LK HGJ KMK LGK LJG.] KHLG EK HJNFLNK: G MHGKZF IMFG PKL JKG.] JGEGNJ fCMDLMJ KF MDHg, JKHGFKDRFG ETK DKKLE F KX IM LGK HJKGFDK F D VFKK DGKFLK HJMLTFGK

MF EHGJLFL HJLG D NDMZF JKGK IM K JD F DGK FLJGK KFLJGK, D MD - JT LFJ F MFL >JFLK KHLGK JDGFGK GFD FLMJDR KLGK ELJDK GJLG-HMFRFLK, KXGEG DK JGEFGFK FJDK KGJ D MLDRZFQ EFHMDZF KLGK FKLJMEFLGK. EVF L-FJK GFGEFLG DK F>JEK IM HMF GJ-FJK GEG GFKMF MF ED MLDRZF KL LHG ELJD, KGJ LGG F HJKGFK KHD-EFL KFKDK.

CMFG DGK JKMDLGK @ NDMZF EMKLJFMF JKG @JK GF ELJD GJLG-HMFRFL, K LJ-LJT EFERJK D PHGKZF DGK LJGJK E-FL D HDZF NJK EK:- AHDZF HJGEFLGK LJG KMJGK F D

48



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JHZF, EFHMDZF Q LJFKHGJL D ELJD GJLG- HMFRFL.- EHDFLZF KHGKLNGK IM FGJHGJF EFK-EGK HJGLZF FLJGK, GF JLJ D ELJDGFNFGFD F DGK KJNGK.- JG@ZF D JFHKMDG- !KLDEFLG HDFK LMZF >JFL PHGK-GFK FLDK.- JGEFLGK >K DEFZF JKMGK HMF-RFLK, EFL FKLDZF GFLFGJK LF JGEG K HGKD D TJ LJG.

- KG IMHGK HJGLZF FNMD

NMFZF K GLJG DGK DEFLGK HJNFLNGKKLGK, GFJLTFGK D FK G>JJDK DGK LJGJK, F>GJETFGDK DGK F>GK DEKE Q @VFGDK >JEJ MF GMEFLG F KG FGHLZF D NMF.

FK MF GJJL >GJEZF F>GJEZFGEG HJL KFD D HJGJE HJNFLNG, K GFJLF DGK JLXMDGK 7 Q 8. KJ GDLGJ LGGK DGK LJ- GJK, JLJ F D LEHG, GF KHD FFF D HJKGFD FMN FGJHGJZF (>G G LEHGJD)

FDMJT KHLGK FVJGK, GEG KGK KGGK P- HGKZF KFJ Q >DMGK GJHGJDK, HJMGFK K-LTFJ, FEMFRZF Q GLJGK ETK KHX>GK GEGEFG Q DEFZF KMJ HMFRFLK, MLDRZF G-JJL ELJDK GF KHGKLNGK KMJ Q -LMGFK FL FLK GDZGK GF ELJD HMFRFL.

GFKJ >MFEFLD D FGL>ZF FEL DGK LJGJK D EHJKJG, DGK FLK G F-FLK GF ELJD GJLG-HMFRFL. AKEKEG K KL- DJTF HGDXLK Q HJGEFLGK MGK, IMJTF GFGJ DGK LJGJK, FLJ DK MDK K F-DMQF D LFZF D LJGJ DKGFG Q D FNKL-ZF DK MKK.

!D LPLG FDMQ MF KLD AFPG, KGJ G-EFGFK MKG FKLJMEFLGK GJLG-HMFRFLK, IMF F MF MGKG EFG D ELJD HMFRFL M-JFL LGG D LEHG KM MLDRZF, Q @FG KHDVF>KK F KM K@G FELG F GFLFGJK M-GK, NLFG KMGK Q FGFGK FMGK DEKEG. JD D JKHGFKD LJGJ D EFG Q DEFZF D FKLJMEFLD HJGLFG KMKMJ Q D LJJGK, KHLG JDEFL EHGJLFL, HGJ @J KG >MFL FMEJGKGK GF>DLGK FLJ -LGJXK HJG>KGFDK KFLJGK DG DJG EM@GK

YGK. GK FMEHDEFLGK KL JF KLJTF KFG-FGK GF JJDG D LPLG J>MFG D Q F>J-GFK Q FGFK F D JF GD, .. 5/2000.CGEG JKMEF, KLJ D F>GIM FLJD D JF HJ D GFKMZF DGK GLNGK, EFL D DG-JZF HGDXLK fJNFZF DGDg, IM JIMFKHLGK GEG LFGDGX, GJFRZF D LJG, GF-GFK DGJDK, KX GEG IMDDGK JDLNGK D >GJ-EZF Q NDF D KDM.

PHGF GFLFMZF MF KIME GF DK HJF- HDK GJELNK !KHYGDK JDGFK GF D KG

GDZG F LJGJK; DK ETK FVJK DK ETKKHX>K KGJ HJGLZF >JFL ELJDK GJLG-HMF-RFLK F LNK KFLJK. FDMQ LFLG D FMNFGJELN, GEG DK KHGKGFK JTLJ MLGFZEGQ PKLFLK F FMKLJG HXK KGJ EHDFLZF E-LJDK BGKMJ F CFLJGK KFLJGK (JFK J, CKLDD F@, BDJK, D Q -NJJ).

173E>> '> 2013; III: 172-174> >, C#> EE&/1451/2013, 29 J, = > >

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Documents

Enfermería del Trabajo, volumen 3, número 4, 2013