INTERNACIONALNI UNIVERZITE TRAVNIK

EKOLOŠKI FAKULTET

ELIZABETH I: THE GOLD AGE

RELIGIOUS RITES IN PEOPLE ’S DAILY LIVES

FOOTBALL VIOLENCE – HOW TO DEAL WITH IT

MODERN ART VERSUS CLASSICAL ART

-Seminarski rad.

Kandidat: Mahir Skopljak Mentor: Prof. Aida Terzić

Broj indexa:T-08/14-I

Travnik,novembar,2015

SADRŽAJ

1. ELIZABETH I: THE GOLD AGE…….………………………………………3

2. RELIGIOUS RITES IN PEOPLE ’S DAILY LIVES…………………………7

3. RELIGIOUS RITES IN PEOPLE ’S DAILY LIVES…………………………12

3.1 Hooligans…………………………………………………………………………………….13

3.2 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………13

4. MODERN ART VERSUS CLASSICAL ART………………………………16

1. ELIZABETH I: THE GOLD AGE

Elizabeth was the only surviving child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. At the time of her

birth she was heir to the throne.

However, when Elizabeth was two-years-old, her mother was executed. A year later, a male heir,

Edward, was born.

She only returned to her father's court when he married his sixth and final wife Katherine Parr.

After Henry's death, she lived at her stepmother's home with her new husband, Thomas

Seymour.

However, she left her home following an incident with Seymour. Although no one really knows

what happened, it is thought Katherine found Elizabeth kissing him.

On King Edward's death of consumption in 1553, Elizabeth's sister Mary came to the throne, and

Elizabeth was briefly confined to the Tower of London for suspected treason and collaboration

with the rebel Thomas Wyatt. After a few months in the Tower, she was sent to Woodstock and

placed under house arrest for a year. It was only when Mary I thought she was pregnant that

Elizabeth was allowed to return to her Hatfield residence.

Mary's marriage to Philip II of Spain made it seem possible that an heir would be born, but Mary

died childless in 1558. Elizabeth I was crowned Queen of England on 15 January 1559.

Elizabeth's 45-year reign - referred to as the Elizabethan era or the Golden Age of Elizabeth -

was one of the more constructive periods in English history: literature bloomed through the

works of Spenser, Marlowe and Shakespeare; Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh were

instrumental in expanding English influence in the New World; Elizabeth's religious compromise

laid many fears to rest and de-fused a potential powder keg; and fashion and education came to

the fore because of Elizabeth's penchant for knowledge, courtly behaviour and extravagant dress.

One of the most important concerns during Elizabeth's early reign was religion. She relied

primarily on Sir William Cecil for advice on the matter. The Act of Uniformity 1559, to which

she gave assent shortly after ascending the throne, required the use of the Protestant Book of

Common Prayer in church services.

Communion with the Catholic Church had been reinstated under Mary I, but was ended by

Elizabeth as she assumed the title of "Supreme Governor of the Church of England", rather than

"Supreme Head".

The Act of Supremacy 1559 was also passed, requiring public officials to take an oath

acknowledging the Sovereign's control over the Church or face severe punishment.

Her cousin, Mary (Queen of Scots), was a Catholic but remained the most likely candidate to

succeed her. When Mary was driven out of Scotland, she was received by Elizabeth but seen as a

threat and so kept under lock and key at Fotheringhay.

Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth in February 1570, something his predecessor had been

reluctant to do. This made it impossible for Elizabeth to continue her policy of religious

toleration.

Mary Stuart allowed herself to become implicated in yet another treason plot by Catholic

sympathisers, and Elizabeth had her executed in 1587. This was the excuse that Philip II of Spain

needed to make a determined invasion attempt.

Thanks to Elizabeth's naval leaders, notably Sir Francis Drake, the Spanish Armada of 1588 was

defeated and scattered.

Elizabeth never married and became known as the 'Virgin Queen'. This is despite having many

suitors throughout her reign, including her 'great love' Robert Dudley.

The pair were childhood friends and he soon became her favourite at court. They never married

as Robert was already married to Amy Robsart when Elizabeth became queen. Amy died in

mysterious circumstances - found at the bottom of the stairs - a few years later and the scandal

meant the pair could never wed.

Despite this, Robert remained the queen's favourite until his death in 1588. She kept his last

letter to her for the rest of her life.

Several foreign princes and dukes vied for the hand of Elizabeth, who successfully used their

suits for developing a friendly relationship without accepting their hand. The man who came

closest to marrying the queen was Francis, Duke of Alencon of France, but he died before

negotiations were finalised.

Her death ended the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth died on 24 March 1603, and is buried at

Westminster Abbey.

http://www.history.co.uk/biographies/queen-elizabeth-i

Unknown words:

- Throne – tron

- Consumption – potrošnja

- Rebel – pobunjenik

- Keg – burence

- Treason – izdaja

- Plot – zemljište

- Attempt – pokušaj

- Defeat – poraz

- Scatter – raspršiti

- Suitors – prosci

- Circumstance – okolnost

- Negotiation – pregovaranje

- Bury – pokopati

- Succeed – uspjeti

- Policy – politika

- Assume – pretpostavljiti

- Ascending – ulazni

- Rely – osloniti

- Penchat – sklonost

2. RELIGIOUS RITES IN PEOPLE ’S DAILY LIVES

A ritual is anything we do repeatedly or do in a particular manner.  I can say it is my

morning ritual to get a cup of coffee soon after waking up.  I sorely miss it if I don't

do it every morning.  I can say that it has become a family ritual to eat our holiday

meals at about 4 in the afternoon, after an afternoon of watching TV football.

A religious ritual has these same elements, but adds the powerful dimension of

symbol and meaning.  Liturgy, for example, consists of many public rituals.  This

involves sacred times and spaces and objects.  It uses gestures, movement, and a

variety of means to involve our senses.

Ritual can play a very important part in our growing ability to find intimacy with God

in our everyday lives.  This is too often an unexplored means.  Too often the only

religious ritual left in our daily lives is going to church on Sunday.  After the reform

of the Liturgy, in a way that brought more devotion back into our experience of public

worship, many of the popular devotions, that had served to fill the void over the years,

become less popular.  More and more we are realizing that we have lost something in

the process.  Our lives seem more "secular" (from the Latin, saeculum, "the world").

One way to restore some religious sense and feel to our lives is to add some ritual.

Adding Ritual is a recognition that we are body-spirits and that "being spiritual" is not

simply a matter of having spiritual minds.  When we use our bodies in some ritual act,

however small, and engage our imaginations, our emotions and our faith, the religious

experience we have is not only deeper, it becomes an integrated part of our lives.

The place in which I live.  Are there any religious or symbolic images in my home? 

A crucifix, a cross, a baptismal candle, a family bible, a gift I received for my

wedding or anniversary?  These kinds of images and religious symbols can become

anchor points in my consciousness.  Putting a cross or crucifix in a home puts a

powerful source of faith and focal connection point in the place where I live.  It says,

"I believe in your love for me."  Just looking at it - on the wall in my bedroom, on the

wall where we eat supper - can say, "I place my trust in your life-giving love for me." 

If I don't have a cross or crucifix, it could make a wonderful gift to myself or my

spouse.  It can say, "Lord, I want to place this sign of your love in my home."  Or, as a

gift to a spouse, it can say, "Let's let this cross be a daily symbol of our desire to keep

Jesus at the center of our relationship."  Perhaps, when each of our children were

baptized, we were given a candle with the words, "Keep this flame burning brightly." 

Placing that candle - perhaps one for each child - in a prominent place in my home

can become a sacred reminder of who I am for my children.  These are only a few

examples.  There are many others where some image or symbol or piece of art takes

on very special meaning because of its connection with a religious experience.

Ritual Times.  Taking advantage of "times" in my day that are natural rituals, and

letting them be open to religious meaning, goes a long way to helping me be a

contemplative in the midst of my busy life. Experiment with what a difference it can

make to pause for a few brief moments each morning - perhaps at the edge of the bed,

putting on a pair of slippers or a robe or drying off after a shower.  Consciously

marking the beginning of each and every day, at the same time, with a 20-30 second

recollection of who I am and placing my day in God's hands will transform how I

experience my life.  So, too with how I go to bed.  Find something I do every evening

- even if it is something as simple as the time it takes to take my clothes off, or the

few moments I pause to sit on the edge of the bed - I can pause to give thanks.

Meal Times.  We all eat.  Sometimes we eat badly or on the run, but because eating is

something we do every day, eating can be a wonderful time to consciously choose to

be contemplative, for even a few moments.  We may be used to saying "Grace" (from

the Latin, gratia, "thanks") before eating.  Try pausing at the beginning of each meal

and giving thanks for this food and the nourishment from God it represents.  Try

adding some personal words, that I would begin to use again and again whenever I

eat, for example, "Give me faith, hope and love," or "As you feed me, may I feed

others today," or "My life is in your hands," or "Calm me, Lord, and give me your

peace."

Using my body.  We all know how important "body language" is.  We communicate

with our bodies, sometimes even unconsciously.  We've all had the experience of

"reading" the body language of others, expressing something different from their

words.  We can use our bodies to express what we want to express, without words.  It

is particularly wonderful because it can take only a few seconds. For example, I may

have a few moments to turn to God in pray, but just don't know what to say.  In that

brief moment, I can pause and open my hands, palms up, in silence, "say" all that

needs saying.  Of course, that special moment can be repeated again and again and

keep deepening that gesture of surrender and trust.  We are accustomed to touching

our children or loved ones with gestures of love.  Imagine what it introduces into our

relationships if that touch became a "blessing" as well.  If I'm doing it for the first

time, I could place my hand on a child or loved ones face and pause and say the

words, "May God protect you and keep us together in God's love," or "God bless you,

dear," or simple, "Peace."  I might simply trace a small gentle cross on their forehead. 

Then any time I touch their face, or trace that cross, this simple gesture can become a

profoundly prayerful ritual between us.

Each of us will find creative ways to add rituals to our everyday lives that can allow

us to be contemplatives in action.  We can all find the rituals that are already in our

lives and transform them, even a bit, to open them to our faith and let them become

expressions of intimacy with God.

http://onlineministries.creighton.edu/CollaborativeMinistry/1-usingritual.html

Unknown words:

- Sorely – ljuto

- Unexplored – neistražen

- Devotion – odanost

- Crucifix – križ sa razapetim Isusem

- Prominent – istaknuti

- Contemplative – kontemplativan; mislilački

- Midst – usred

- Nourishment – hrana

- Gesture – gest

- Surrender – predaja

- Profoundly – duboko

3. FOOTBALL VIOLENCE – HOW TO DEAL WITH IT

Hooliganism already existed in the last century. Modern hooliganism exists since the sixties in

several countries. Boys and young men, aged between 15 and 25, collectively engage in fights,

demolitions and provocations. Their main targets are other groups, who only differ from them in

their being composed of fans of another football team.

In commentaries following incidents it is commonly stated that these "fans" do not deserve to be

called supporters of their team. Other reports indicate that the hooligans consider themselves to

be the true fans: they support the team for better and for worse, they create the highly praised

"atmosphere" inside stadia. However that may be, their allegiance to a football team is the main

factor binding hooligans together. Their main interest does not seem so much to see brilliant

football, but to see their team win. In addition, hooligans have their own match with rival fans.

Sometimes that match is the most important one. Football matches are used as an opportunity.

The behaviour of the hooligans seems to be aimed at gaining prestige. The ability to fight, group

solidarity and loyalty, plus the aggressive defence of culturally defined areas, are all elements of

a satisfying masculine identity. Fighting at football is largely about young males testing out their

own reputations for manliness against those of other similarly motivated young men.

The rivalry between fan-groups and their confrontations seem in many ways comparable with

those between youth gangs, well known in e.g. the USA. Tribal fighting is another parallel.

Specific soccer factors. There is only a weak correlation between specific factors relating to

football matches and hooliganism. The result of the match is not important for the amount of

violence that occurs after the finish of the match. In general, present day hooliganism does not

appear to be caused by events on the playing field, such as contested referee decisions or

violence altercations between players. Of course, on occasion events of this type may lead to

violent altercations on the terraces, but the event on the playing field that most influences

hooliganism is the scoring of a goal point.

Outside the stadia the frequency of violence is, in general, greater after the match than before it.

This appears to have little connection to the build up of frustrations over the course of the match.

Before the matches it appears that supporters are more motivated to avoid being arrested (so as

not to miss the match). In addition, co-ordinated action on the part of the fans before the match

requires more organisation and mutual agreement.

3.1 Hooligans

Despite efforts to find a relationship between the hooligan and his social background, there is

from the multitude of data on this subject only one solid conclusion: there is no systematic

relationship between vandalism and social background. It appears on the contrary that hooligans

descend from all imaginable environments and are not pre-eminently unemployed and such-like.

Hooliganism or comparable behaviour is also not restricted to a certain city, region, or country.

Hooligans often resemble other young men who have problems at school and in the family

situation, particularly in connection to authority figure relationships (conflict with teachers etc.)

while social control for the greater part is absent. Undoubtedly young men with a greater

inclination to violence are attracted to the possibilities offered by being part of a "side" and

attending a risk match. Each time only a comparatively small section of the risk group was guilty

of violent behaviour. These observations appear to be in agreement with the customary image of

a relatively small 'hard-core' group surrounded by a much greater group of "hangers on".

However, the behaviour of the surrounding group is very important: their passive or active

support and absence of any form of condemnation made the start and/or escalation of violence

easier. Hard core initiators may serve as initiators and organisers, but there is no formal

organisation with "leaders". The behaviour of people in football crowds seems to be influenced

by the same factors that influence the "normal" everyday behaviour of humans.

3.2 Conclusion

Football hooliganism is detrimental to the sport. Partly as a result of safety measures taken in the

past, the manifestations of hooliganism have changed. To avoid excesses in hooliganism in

future, repressive measures will have to be complemented by a social-preventive approach.

From what we know, several elements are critical to avoid excesses in hooliganism:

- sound (international) co-operation and co-ordination;

- active involvement of clubs and national and international football authorities;

- an integrated approach with binding arrangements for all parties involved;

- investing in information about fans and hooligans;

- where possible, excluding hooligans from attending matches (and influencing other fans);

- communicating with fans/ hooligans by police, clubs/ stewards and fan coaches;

- a long-term commitment, not just focusing on incidents and short-term measures.

Soccer club likes when it leads and when it loses.

http://policestudies.homestead.com/hooliganism.html

Unknown words:

- Composed – sastavljen

- Targets – ciljevi

- Deserve – zaslužiti

- Praise – pohvala

- Stadia – tpopografska letvica

- Allegiance – vjernost

- Aimed – cilj

- Defence – odbrana

- Manliness – muškost

- Altercations – svađa

- Tarrace – terasa

- Field – polje

- Multitude – mnoštvo

- Backround – pozadina

- Customary – uobičajen

- Crowd – gužva

- Behavior – ponašanje

- Detrimental – štetan

- Approach – pristup

- Involvement – uključenost

- Excluding – izuzimajući

4. MODERN ART VERSUS CLASSICAL ART

Classical art is based on the sculptures of greek antiquity, or perhaps, based on the sublime

aesthetics that the sculptures themselves are based on as communicated through the status

themselves. When these sculptures were unearthed in Florence around the time of Michelangelo

(many of them, but not all of them of course) they had a profound effect on his work - just look

at "David". The world had not seen anything like "David" since ancient Greece. Many of the

figures on the ceiling of the sistine chapel were also "quoted" from greek statues.

Why was greek sculpture so important? It has no equal in its use of geometry, proportion,

balance and symmetry. (The same goes for the architecture.) Every curve, every line, every angle

has purpose and meaning and relates to every other curve line or angle in a highly ordered

manner. Universal concepts ruled the arts during greek antiquity and the Rennaisance. The art

was humanistic in that humanity was its primary subject - look at the art and you see mostly

people celebrated and studied by paintings and sculpture, murals and frescos.

Neoclassicism was basically started by the Frenhman David in the 1800's, but he was a

controversial artist and there was plenty to talk about besides him. The french academic method

of study was popular and students learned by copying drawings of greek casts and by drawing

and painting the casts themselves. This was their preparation for drawing from life. I happen to

attend an atelier based on this method of instruction.

The Classical believes in order and believes that humankind can and should be celebrated.

Modern art often thinks of humanity in a more negative light and often denigrates it. It often does

not believe in universals, and it doesn't have much interest in the incredible accomplishments

that centuries of study have given to the world of painting and sculpture.

Many people can’t believe that inspiration and individuality is important above and beyond the

skill needed to communicate that individuality. Modern art holds inspiration above skill as well.

Modern art often thinks of humanity in a more negative light and often denigrates it. It often does

not believe in universals, and it doesn't have much interest in the incredible accomplishments

that centuries of study have given to the world of painting and sculpture.

I have to take issue with the above. If you read Malevich, Kandinsky, Greenberg, and other

Modernists, they were interested only in universals; they sought a 'pure' art untainted by the

vagaries and the often irrational complexities of subject matter, etc. Kandinsky and Malevich felt

that only new, 'original' forms of art could be vital, valid, and 'alive'.

Malevich writes about works of art needing to be living' beings, with their own unique identity as

living things--in the same way that a person or a bird is a living thing. He believed that art which

'merely copied' forms which already exist in nature was not 'alive'; in fact, he refers to such art as

'dead'.

This is a mystical view, but that's only one of my many problems with Modernism.

Keep in mind, too, that there is a huge political thread running through Modernism. Greenberg's

highly-influential Avant-Garde and Kitsch is extremely political. Greenberg believes that 'true'

art cannot survive unless global socialism (of the Marxist variety) is implemented.

Many Modern artists (in both Europe and the US) began as realists of the 'Ash Can' school. This

is especially true of the Abstract Expressionists, including Pollock and Rothko. When their

'social realist' paintings in the 20s and 30s did not help inspire a global political/economic

revolution, they abandoned realism, feeling that it had failed.

Modern art holds inspiration above skill as well. The classical artist develops incredible skill

over decades of learning, and exhibits a more subtle and sophisticated originality as they show us

bits of what it means to be human.

Unknown words:

- Ceiling – plafon

- Sistine – siktinska

- Chapel – kapela

- Curve – kriva

- Manner – način

- Plenty – mnogo

- Besides – pored

- Denigrates – ocrnjuje

- Accomplishment – dostignuće

- Issue – problem

- Sought – traži

- Untainted – neokaljan

- Vagaries – hirovi

- Merely - samo