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INTRODUCERE

Acest curs este destinat studenilor de anul I, specializarea navigaie. Cursul este alctuitdin opt uniti cu urmtoarea structur : tema unitii, vocabularul de specialitate aferent temei;gramatic-teorie; exerciii de vocabular i de gramatic, test de autoevaluare cu cheie. Exerciiilei testele sunt precedate de instruciuni clare si modele de rezolvare a sarcinilor (tasks).

Obiectivele cursului sunt: dezvoltareai perfecionarea capacitilor de nelegere iexprimare oral, citire i scriere n limba englez maritima; dezvoltareai perfecionarea priceperilor i deprinderilor de folosire corect, orali in scris, a limbii engleze de specialitate;extinderea vocabularului, nsuirea i aplicarea normelor gramaticale n exprimarea situativ

conform tematicii prezentate n unitatea de studiu.Formarea competentelor de utilizare a limbii engleze maritime este in concordanta cu

cerintele Conventiei STCW 98(Code A-II/1).

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CUPRINS

Unit 1. SHIP CONSTRUCTION

1. General Structure of a ship1.2. The superstructure2. Vocabulary3. GRAMMAR. The Noun.4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answer key

Unit.2 SHIPS DIMENSIONS

1. Dimensions1.1. Length1.2. Width1.3. Depth1.4. Expressing general dimensions2. Vocabulary3. Grammar.The Article and other determiners4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answer key

Unit.3 DIRECTIONS.TERMS RELATING TO POSITION ON BOARD SHIP

1. Directions2. Vocabulary3. Grammar. The Adjective4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answe key

Unit.4 PROPULSION, STEERING AND THE GRIDGE

1. Propulsion1.1. Steering1.2. The Bridge

2. On board communicatio phrases2.1.Standard wheel order 2.2. Standard engine order 3. Grammar. The Adverb4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answer key

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Unit 5. NAVAL EQUIPMENT (I): GROUND TACKLE

1. Ground tackle1.1. Vocabulary2. Deck Fittings2.1. Vocabulary3. Grammar. Present Simple and Continuous4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answe key

Unit. 6 NAVAL EQUIPMENT(II): SIGNAL LIGHTS, FLAGS AND BELLS

1. Signal lights, flags and bells2. Vocabulary3. Grammar. Past tense Simple and Continuous4. Vocabulary practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answer key

Unit. 7 SEAMANSHIP. DIFFERENT TYPES OF ROPE

1. Different types of ropes1.1. Mooring ropes2. Vocabulary3. Grammar. Present Perfect Simple and Continuous4. Vocabulary Practice5. Grammar Practice6. Self-Test7. Self-Test Answe key

Unit.8 MANNING

1. The traditional organization of a ships crew1.1.The Deck Department1.2. The Engine Department1.3. The Catering Department1.4. The Radio Department2. Manning and responsibilities of the Deck Department3. Expressing function

3.1. A persons function3.2. The function of a thing4. Vocabulary5.Grammar. Past Perfect Simple and Continuous6. Vocabulary Practice7. Grammar Practice8. Self-Test9. Self-Test Answer key

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Unit 1.

SHIP STRUCTURE

1. General Structure of the Ship

The main body of the ship is calledthe hull. The hull consists of an insideframework andan outside skin calledshell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate calledthe keel.When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to refer to parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They arethe forward, amidships and afterparts. The forward part is nearest thebow . The after part is nearest thestern. Amidships is in thecentre part of the ship.

Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:

In the bow, the hull is attached to thestem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to thesternpost. The hull is divided into a number of watertight compartments. Decks divide the hullhorizontally andbulkheads divide it vertically.Deck beams support the decks andstanchionssupport the bulkheads.

Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:

Cargoes are stored in cargoholds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of the ship.Within the hull, decks are given a special name, i.e.between decks ( often called simplytweendecks). There may beupper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds.

Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally(fore and aft). Sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. This makes

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it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in. The bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remain watertight.This bulkhead is calledthe collision bulkhead.

Besides the space for cargo the hull also containsthe engine room, which is situated atthe after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is theforepeak tank ,and at the after end of the ship is theafter peak tank . These tanks are used for storing freshwater and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is thedouble bottom tank, which is used for storing fuel and water ballast.

If you look at the after part of the ships hull, you can see small round openings in the shipsside. These let light and air into the cabins, the crews quarters. The openings are calledportholes.

Now look at the diagram below:

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The diagram shows you theupper deck , which is the deck covering the top of the hull, andthebulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull plating,which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force of the waves.Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you will find a line of guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts calledguard stanchions which are linkedtogether by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard.

1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. The upper deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decks forward andaft above the upper deck and these are called theforecastle deck and poop deck. Amidshipsabove the level of the upper deck is thesuperstructure. On a cargo ship the superstructure isusually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with a different purpose. Inthe diagram below the four decks are named.

The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is calledthe bridge deck. The crewsquarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck isthe upper bridge deck or saloon deck. Here are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above the saloon deck is theboat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so does the captain. Onthe boat deck you can also findlifeboats, which are raised and lowered into the water by davits.The highest deck in the superstructure is called thenavigation bridge. This is the nerve centreof the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the radio room. The navigation bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from.

Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A to D.What are the decks E and F called ?

On which deck are the following found?

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(a) Lifeboats(b) Wheelhouse(c) Galley(d) Passengers accommodation(e) Crews quarters(f) Captains cabin.

2. VOCABULARYWords and phrases

Hull = coc, corp de nav; osatur , carcas Keel= chil Bow= provaStern = pupaForward = partea din faa navei, nainte, n provaAmidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestruAfter = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; napoiHold = magazie/hambar (de nav)Deck = punte de nav, covert Bulkhead =perete etan de nav, perete de compartimentare (de regul transversal)Between deck (tween deck) = ntrepunte (spaiu)Watertight compartment = compartiment etan Collision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic provaStem post= etravaSternpost =etambouPorthole =iublouBulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punteGuard stanchion = baston de balustrad Upper deck = punte superioar Forecastle deck = puntea teug Poop deck =puntea dunat Superstructure = suprastructuraFore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; n/la prova, dinspre provaAft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupaBridge deck = punte de comand/navigaieBoat deck = punte a brcilor; punte de promenad (la navele de pasageri)Upper bridge deck= punte superioar Crew quarters = cabinele echipajuluiGalley = buctrie (pe nava)

Saloon deck= punte de clasa ntia (la navele de pasageri)Lounge = careuAccommodation = cabine, spaiu de locuit pentru ofieriLifeboats = brci de salvareWheelhouse = camer a timoneiFunnel = co

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3.GRAMMAR. The Noun

What is a noun?A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. The word noun comes from the Latin wordnomen , which means name. Nouns are of different kinds: common nouns, proper nouns, abstractnouns, compound nouns and collective nouns.

Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. They are written with capital letters Bob, Bucharest, Britain, Monday, April, Mars, the War of the Roses , etc.The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters (unlike inthe Romanian language) and also the names of nationalities and languages, no matter the positionin the sentence.Some proper nouns have become common nouns, therefore they are not written with capitalletters anymore. Here there are examples of: objects named after their place of origin (china,holland, oxfords ) or objects named after those who invented, discovered, inspired them (ahovercraft, a mackintosh, an Oscar, a tommy-private in the army, a volt , a watt) .Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing:boy, city, dog, family , food,water, happiness . They are divided into the following groups, according to their meaning:

Abstract nouns name actions, states, sensations, senses, relations, considered to be notions. Theyrefer to intangible items. Examples: joy, love, friendship, greatness, labour , rest, force, etc.Concrete nouns name objects, plants, things, phenomena and events, which we are aware of using our senses. They refer to tangible items. Examples:moon, lion, tree, John, rain. Collective nouns name groups of people or things:audience, family, team, crowd, council,association, government, crew, congress, the public , etc.Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can betwo individual words (time capsule ), hyphenated words (great-uncle ), combined words(basketball). Another important criterion in selecting nouns is their countability . According to this, we candivide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns.Count nouns refer to things that we can count; they have singular and plural forms and can be preceded by the definite articlea, an . Examples:one (a) cat, two cats, flowers , children families,days, birds, crowds, etc.Uncountable nouns name objects that cannot be counted, they do not have plural form and donot get the definite article. In this category we have: names of sports ( football, tennis, rugby ),material or concrete mass nouns (steam, smoke, meat, silver ), natural products ( fat, marmalade,milk, oil ), fruit, vegetables and cereals (corn, maize, rice, rye , celery, spinach, cabbage ), abstractmass nouns (admiration, applause, age, homework , peace, youth ).! Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in other languages(information, advice), or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we are talkingabout one item (trousers, clothes, jeans ). We have to use a partitive noun withof when referringto a single item (a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pair of jeans ).

Gender of nounsGender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns to showsex difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of gender when speaking aboutinanimates.English grammar has 3 types of gender:Gender of personal nouns : - masculine gender:man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother

- feminine gender:woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow,sister.

This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways:

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a) lexically - with the help of different words:brother/ sister, king/ queen, man/ woman, uncle/ aunt. b) morphologically by adding a suffix to the masculine form (actr ess , host ess , princ ess,

godd ess, waitr ess, hero ine).- by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow - widow er , bride-

bride groom )

c) common gender one form for both masculine and feminine:artist, cook, doctor, friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer.

Gender of animate nouns animate nouns are classified into:a) names of big animals, which are generally of male gender (horse ). There can be a distinction

male-female:horse (stal lion-mare); deer (stag-hind); sheep (ram-ewe ), or adding suffixes(lion-lioness, tiger-tigress ).

b) names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced byit. In some cases there arelexical differences:cock-hen, gander-goose, dog-bitch . There are also special gender words:he goat-she goat, Tom cat-she cat, male frog-female frog.

Gender of inanimate nouns these nouns are neuter:Where is my umbrella? It is in my bag/ Thetruth will emerge; it always does.

Case of nounsCase is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection), which indicatesthat the noun has a particular function in a clause, Case is used to denote the syntactical functionsof nouns.The nominative case for the nouns which are subjects in a sentence ( My boy is waiting for his

friend ), or predicates ( He is a teacher ).The accusative case is the case of the direct object ( I ate an ice-cream an hour ago). If there is only one object in the sentence, this is a direct object in the accusative (Shut the window , please ); if there are two objects, both could be direct objects in the accusative ( I asked

him a question ), or one indirect object in the dative and one direct object in the accusative ( I lent her my umbrella ).The following verbs are followed by two accusatives:ask, envy, excuse, give, forgive, offer, save,strike, etc. The dative case is the case of the indirect object. It is marked by the prepositionsto and for (She gave some sweets to the children / I bought a present for my mother ).The genitive case expresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. There areseveral types of genitive:

a) The s genitive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girl s dress, Ann s bag, teacher s book ), for irregular plural nouns (men s car, children s toys), for plural nouns (boys cars, Dickens life).

b) The of genitive is used as an equivalent of the s genitive (the plays of Shakespeare ). It isused with nouns, names of things(the title of the book ), with geographical places (the city of

London ), for emphasizing (the arrival of his grandfather ), with names of small animals (thetail of the mouse ).c) The implicit genitive no s:audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea (this typeof genitive is used in contemporary English, especially in journalism).

d) The double genitive s genitive + of genitive with names of people (this joke of Peters ).The vocative case Bob , hurry up! / Have you got a minute , Mr. Brown ?

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Number in nouns Singular number is used when the noun refers to one item. Plural number is used when the nounrefers to more than one item. Count nouns have both singular and plural forms. Uncountablenouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.The regular plural ending of an English noun is s (cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors ).These are the exceptions to the normal pattern:Singular noun ending Plural noun ending-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz -es`examples: focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes -o -s or esexamples:hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoes consonant + y -iesexamples:baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spies vowel + y -sexamples:boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays -f -s or vesexamples:thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves -fe -vesexamples:life-lives, knife-knives

Irregular plurals Some nouns have two plural forms ( fish-fish/ fishes ). Some of them have the same form in thesingular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer ). A few change a vowel to form the plural(man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, mouse -mice, louse-lice ). Somenouns form the plural in en (child-children, ox-oxen ).Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding s to the last word of the compound (a girl

friend-two girl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases). A compound noun formed from a verb and anadverb adds s to the last word (a take-away/ two take-always ), but a compound noun formedfrom a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (a passer-by/ two passers-by). Compoundnouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural (a manservant-twomenservants, a woman doctor- two woman doctors ).Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together (trousers,binoculars, scissors ) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural(Mytrousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table ). To talk about one of these items we use theexpression a pair of( John bought a pair of jeans ). To talk about more than one we talk abouthowever many pairs of( Martina bought five pairs of tights ).When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have no plural form(nine million stars/ two dozen glasses ). When used to mean an indefinitely large number, they dohave a plural form, which can be used as a partitive (There are thousands of people here/ I sawdozens of children in the playground ).

Foreign plurals Nouns that have come into English from foreign languages can:- keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes, a crisis-two crises, a

thesis-two theses, datum-data )- have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the foreign plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/ memoranda, a stadium-two stadiums/ stadia)

- have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to the rulesfor plural in English (an index-indexes/ indices, a formula-formulas/ formulae)

The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.

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4.Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.

a). What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ? b). What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship?c). How is the hull divided?d). Where is the cargo stowed?e). What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called?f). What are the vertical partitions called?g). How do you call the windows of the ship?h). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull?i). What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck?

II. Complete the following statements with one or two words.

a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the b. In the stern, the hull is attached to the.c. The role of the is to seal off the ship if water should break in.d. At the fore end of the ship is the ..e. At the after end of the ship is the .f. At the bottom of the ship is the . tank.g. The. is an extension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck.

h. ., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together byeither wires or tubes.

III. Fill in the blanks. Use the words below.

Poop, forecastle, decks, holds, upper, above, superstructure, cargo, fore, aft

On the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided intowhich contain.The deck at the top of the hull is called thedeck. Above the upper deck are thedeck and thedecks. The poop deck isand the forecastle isAmidshipsthe level of the upper deck isthe.On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of severaleach with a different purpose.

IV. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer.

a. The upperdeck houses the crews quarters. T/F b. The galley is where the food is prepared. T/Fc. The upper bridge deck contains passengers cabins. T/Fd. The crews quarters are in the holds. T/Fe. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T/Ff. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T/F

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5. Grammar Practice: The Noun

Exercise 1. Use a collective noun for the following:

1. father, mother, sons and daughters;2. the eleven players in a game of football;3. a multitude of persons;4. the group of sailors working on a ship or boat;5. scores of sheep together.

Exercise 2. Use a compound noun to illustrate:

1. a desk for writing at;2. an engine driven by steam;3. a wall made of stone;4. a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other;5. a machine for washing clothes; 6. a box for holding matches;7. a room in which you sleep;8. a room in which you wash;9. a pen containing ink in it;10.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.

Exercise 3. Give the plural of the following nouns .Use them in sentences .

a) bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato, book, child,leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, ox. b) brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch, sheep, louse, bamboo,handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.c) echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer,

mouse, knife, birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.

Exercise 4. Give the plural of the following nouns; explain the differences between the twoforms and use them in sentences: fruit, fish, damage, air, compass, pain, color.

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun:

Model: a . . . of cards; a pack of cards:1. a ... of boots; 2. a of sheep; 3. a of cattle; 4. a of hounds; 5. a of birds; 6. a of mosquitoes; 7. a of fish; 8. a of trousers; 9. aof swine; 10. a of robbers; 11. a of

stockings; 12. a of whales; 13. a of footballers; 14. a of wolves; 15. an at aconcert; 16. a of flowers; 17. a of lies;

Exercise 6. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns :

a) man, father, brother, milkman, Englishman, son-in-law,. sportsman, nephew, boy, Mr.,husband, uncle, chairman.

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b) widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse, gander, ram, peacock ,drone.c) duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vixen.

Exercise 7. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the followingadjectives:

SUFFIX 1 2 3-ness short existential mean-ism cruel foolish childish-th sane social anxious

-dom gay short long-(i)ty/iety free wide strong

Exercise 8 . Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives:

o To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breethe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, to choose;o Broad, deep, long, strong, wide, new.

Exercise 9. Use the saxon genitive (s) in the following sentences:

1. He knows nothing about the climate of this country. 2. Do you know the name of the typist of the manager? 3. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300. 4. Jane doesnt know thetimetable of her daughter.5. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband.6. You can easily notice die first signs of spring. 7. The dresses of the shop-girls are the bestadvertisement. 8. They all welcomed the protection of the police. 9. These are the best plays of 0.8. Shaw. 10. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for several years. 11. The parents of all the children are present at the meeting. 12. She wont say a word about the purpose of her life.13. The industry of Romania is in full swing. 14. The high note of the nightingale can be easilyheard.

Exercise 10 . Translate into Romanian :

1. Weve run out of orange juice; youd better go to the grocers and buy some.2. My husbands new suit is not ready yet; it is still at the tailors.

3. When you go to UK dont miss the chance to go to Madame Tussauds.4. They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocers every Monday morning.5. Have you ever seen St. Jamess?6. They decided to go to the lawyers tomorrow at noon.7. On your way home you might stop at the tobacconists and buy some cigarettes for me.8. I have been an employee at Fords for twenty years.9. Ill go to the hairdressers later.10.Before my coming back home, I dropped into the bakers where I bought a loaf of soft bread and these delicious rolls.

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Exercise 11. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case:

1. Str zile acestui ora sunt foarte largi.2. Cstoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum dou s ptmni.3. Acesta este noul profesor de matematic al fiului meu.4. nainte de a ncepe orele, am f cut o plimbare de douzeci de minute.5. Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.6. In intervalul de o lun care urmeaz, terminm toate examenele.7. La vrsta lui, o cltorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie s fie foarte obositoare.8. Nu trebuie s uitm niciodat de drepturile celor sraci.9. 0 ateptare de cinci minute nu mai conteaz.10. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multetiri interesante.

Exercise 12 . Form derivative nouns from the following Verbs:1. to decide 2.to approve 3. to discuss 4. to refer 5. to discover 6. to teach

7. to weigh 8.to grow 9. to pay 10. to perform 11.to limit 12. to betray. Adjectives:

1.national 2.wise 3. likely 4. free5. great 6. weak 7. kind 8. happy 9. true 10. deep 11.high12.warm

Nouns:1.dictator 2. friend 3. scholar 4. leader 5. child 6. piano 7. music 8. mathematics 9.science 10.

host 11. widow 12. waiter.

Exercise 13 . Rewrite in the plural:

1.This is a box. 2. Thats a lorry. 3. Wheres the knife? 4. Is it your watch? 5. This is a newhouse.6. Thats an old chimney. 7. That isnt my dress. 8. Thats a shoe. 9. Whos this man?10.Hes a farmer and this is his wife. 11. Thats a row of people. 12. Is it a new bridge?13.Thereis a match in the box. 14. Theres no child in their family.15. Is there a dictionary on his

desk? 16.Is there a desk in that room? 17. The face of that woman is attractive. 18.The house isnt large butits comfortable. 19. Whos that person? 20. Which book is yours?

Exercise 14 Put into the singular:

1. Balls are round. 2. Houses have roofs. 3. These are phonemes. 4. Foxes are animals.5.Roses are beautiful flowers. 6. Watches are small clocks. 7. Dogs have tails. 8. Those boys aregood friends. 9. These are simple sentences. 10. These arent boxes. 11. The children are atschool. 12. These are my notebooks. 13. My friends want to study German. 14. His brothers work hard all day. 15. Housewives have to work very hard. 16. Children receive a lot of pleasure fromthis game. 17. They live in small houses. 18. The postmen bring letters three times a day. 19. The boys wake up at six. 20. There are some pictures on the walls.

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Exercise 15 . Match A and B in order to obtain compound nouns. Use them in sentences:

arm sitter bottle pagesfast heatingYellow chair lawn directorytelephone mower chewing conditioner central bagair opener tea foodalarm gum post clock baby stopheart tale burglar attack

fairy officecredit lenses bus card bank alarmcontact account

Exercise 16 Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular:

1. Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road yesterday. They alsotook several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes.

2. Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. One policeman lost four teeth. Threeother people were also injured. The police were called to the Central car park where there was afight involving about two dozen young men and women. Dozens of cars and two buses weredamaged.Example: pl. thieves = sg. thief

Exercise 17 . Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets :

My hotels a bit primitive. Ive seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there are (2 fly)_____ everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night. But the (4 beach) _____ are beautiful.There are a lot of old (5 church) _____ on the island and Ive taken lots of (6 photo) _____ of

them.Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _____ of bread and some (8 fruit) _____ , usually (9 peach) _____ , (10 orange) _____ and (11 tomato) _____ . but the (12 shelf) _____ in the shops arealmost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) _____ for my lunch.There arent any (14 bus) _____ so I walk everywhere. My (15 foot) _____ really hurt. I want togo into the mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) _____ there.The (17 person) _____ are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) _____ come out to say hellowhen I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and dozens of (21

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child) _____. I dont think their (22 life) _____ have changed for (23 century) _____. Itscertainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) _____ Ive ever been to.

Exercise 18 .Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?

Hi! Youre listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have been several accidentson the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32 motorway when two carscrashed near Junction 4. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. Many trains betweencities in the west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late.

Exercise 19. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the explosion atBrislington?An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the courage of thefirefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke, and for their ownsafety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Residents are worried about their childrens health and the damage to the environment caused by the explosion.

Noun + verb agreement

Exercise 20. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now.2. The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.3. People (rush/ rushes) home when the days work is over.4. Our football team (plays/ play) this evening.5. Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students.6. The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player.7. The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard.8. The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes.

9. The furniture in my daughters room (is/are) new and modern.10. The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.11. The parliament (is/are) voting a new law.12. The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.13. Where (is/are) my glasses?14. Mathematics(is/are) his favourite subject at school.15. My cousins trousers (is/are) very expensive.16. Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week.17. The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman.18. There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.19. Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease.20.The customs (is/are) not far from here.

Exercise 21 . Choose the correct form of the verb:

1.Clothes (isnt/ arent) cheap nowadays.2.People (doesnt/ dont) buy clothes that are too expensive.3.60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans.4.The government (is/ are) trying to keep prices low.

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Exercise 22. Choose the correct verb forms:

His clothes (1 are/ is) _____ very old. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) _____ holes in them andhis glasses (3 are/ is) _____ broken. All his belongings (4 is/ are) _____ in a bag on his back. The police often (5 stops/ stop) _____ him and (6 asks/ ask) _____ him questions. People (7 avoid/avoids) _____ him in the streets. His earnings (8 are/ is) _____ very small. He gets 40 pounds aweek from social security. For him 40 pounds (9 is/ are) _____ a lot of money. Im notinterested in possessions, he says, mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my passion.

6. SELF-TEST

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s)

1. The main body of the ship is called.2. The hull consists of an inside.3. The forward part is nearest the..4. The after part is nearest the...5. In the bow, the hull is attached to the.6. In the stern, the hull is attached to the7. The hull is divided into a number of.8..divide the hull horizontally.9.divide the hull vertically.10support the bulkheads. 10p

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Where are cargoes stored?2. What are the special names given to the decks within the hull?3. What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead?4. What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship?5. What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship?6. What is the purpose of the double bottom tank?7. How do you call the deck covering the top of the hull?8. What is a bulwark?9. How do you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck?10.What are guard stanchions? 10p

III. Are these statements TRUE(T) or FALSE(F). Select the correct answer.

1. The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck. T/F2. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. T/F3. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation deck. T/F

4. The bridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. T/F5. The galley is the ships kitchen. T/F6. The crews quarters and the galley are on the boat deck. T/F

6p

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IV. Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun. Draw uptwo columns and put the nouns into the appropriate column.

1. accommodation/flat; 2. Desk/furniture; 3. Bag/luggage; 4. Work/job; 5. Travel/trip; 6.Trouble/information; 7. Fact/information; 8. Chance/luck; 9. Advice/suggestion; 10.Knowledge/capability; 11. News/headline; 12. Dollar/money; 13. Hour/time; 14.Scenery/landscape.

V. Most of these sentences have a mistake in them. Correct them, or if there is no mistake,write RIGHT.

1. I believe its very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in London.to find cheap accommodation .2. Were looking for a place to rentRIGHT3. Were late because theyre re-surfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible.4. He was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of term party.5. Im going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test.6. I think its a pity Rebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much more attractive before.7. As an old friend, may I give you an advice?8. Its not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space.9. If we dont have up-to-date information, how can we make sensible decisions?10. Fortunately, the check-up was less unpleasant experience than I had expected.11. All the luggages are here in the corridor.12. Peter doesnt like milk in his tea.

7. Self-Test-Answer Key

I.1. the hull2. framework 3. the bow4. the stern5. stempost6. sternpost7. watertight compartments 8. decks9. bulkheads10. stanchions

II.

1. in the holds2. between decks or tween decks3. to seal off the ship if water should break in4. forepeak tank 5. afterpeak tank 6. to store fuel and water ballast7. upper deck

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8. an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck 9. forecastle deck and poop deck 10. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes

III.1.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.F

IV. Countable and uncountable nounsFlat accommodationDesk furnitureBag luggageJob work Trip travelProblem troubleFact informationSuggestion adviceDollar moneyLandscape sceneryChance luck Capability knowledgeHeadline news

V.3. ..the traffic is terrible4. .because of bad behaviour5. RIGHT6. Rebecca had her hair cut short7. I give you some advice/a piece of advice?8. the furniture takes up too much space9. RIGHT10. was a less unpleasant experience11. the luggage12.RIGHT

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Unit. 2SHIPS DIMENSIONS

LENGTH

A ships length is measured in different ways for ships officers, for architects and designers, andfor registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length, tonnagelength, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms for familiarizationonly. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, length between

perpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows.

1.1.Length Overall (LOA)

A ships Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward end of the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with this andsimilar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found in lists of ships data for each vessel.

1.1.2.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)

A ships Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from the forwardsurface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all practical purposes, awaterline measurement.

1.13. Length on Load Waterline (LWL)

A ships Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at thewaterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vesselswith a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with acruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBP.

1.2. WIDTH

A ships width or, more properly a ships breadth is expressed in a number of ways and, likelength, for a number of reasons.

1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth

A ships maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on the ship.

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1.2.2. Beam

The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along thelength. When giving a brief summary of ships measurements there is a tendency to use the term beam for maximum/extreme breadth.

1.3. DEPTH

The depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve termslike freeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessels depth is measured vertically fromthe lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck thatyou may choose as a reference point.

1.3.1. Freeboard

When a ship floats, a large part of it is below thewaterline . The waterline is the line atwhich a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from the waterline tothe edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard.

1.3.2. Draft/Draught

The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom is thedraft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a ship willvary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have a deeper draftthan when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be a difference between the ships draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of the load carried.Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They have to comply withmaritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted in various navigableareas.1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines

A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that from happeningthere are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of every vessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at which the ship floats inwater of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this line goes below the levelof the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocated it- Samuel Plimsoll. It iscalled the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. Thesemarks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside of the keel to just the load line.These marks are called draft marks.

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1.3.4.Trim and List

The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called thetrim. The ship inthe figure below is horizontal, so we say itsin trim . Sometimes either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship isout of trim. When this happens we say thatthe ship istrimmed by the head or trimmed by the stern /down by the head or down by the stern.

If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have alist . The ship may havea list to port/starboard of.degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transfer fuel/ ballastwater/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not properly lashed, itmay shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case you have to move the cargoto correct the list.

Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:

1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS

1.4.1. Study the table below

Noun Adjectivelength longwidth widebreadth broaddepth deepthickness thick height high

1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using four different patterns:

1. The beam is three metres in length.2. The beam has a length of three metres.3. The length of the beam is three metres.4. The beam is three metres long.

In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will have touse only the patterns 1,2 and 3.

1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:

1. The ships overall length (LOA) is 146 metres.2. The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.3. The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres.

VOCABULARYWords and phrases

Length = lungimeLOA(length overall) = lungime maxim

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LBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei ntre perpendiculareLWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de ncrcareWidth = limeBreadth = lime a naveiBeam = lime maxim (a navei); traversul naveiDepth = adncime(a apei);nal]ime a bordului; pescajFreeboard = bordul liber Draught/draft = pescaj

Draught /draft forward =pescaj provaDraught/draft aft = pescaj pupaDraught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/ncrcareLoad lines = marca de ncarcare, marca de bord liber Plimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liber Trim = asiet, diferende pescaj; nclinare longitudinal Trimmed by the bow/head/stem = (nav) aprovat Trimmed by the stern = (nav) apupat List = canarisire, nclinare transversal permanent/static, unghi de canarisire/a se nclina, a secanarisiTo have/take a list = a (se) canarisiCounter stern = pup cu bolt Cruiser stern = pup de crucitor

3.GRAMMAR: The article and other determiners

DETERMINERSDefinite article -the manIndefinite article -a tree,an appleZero article - men, trees, apples

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - this newspaper,

- that magazine- these/those ships

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its

our/their uniform

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/ whose book do you want?

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES - each student,everyday, some books,any officer,no rules,either side,neither sailor

PREDETERMINERS preceed the determiners:a) all the books,both my children,both of these features,half these cadets b) multiplicative numerals:twice the amount,three timesthe sumc) fractions:one-third the time,three quarters the total

POSTDETERMINERSa) ordinal numerals:the first three important events

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b) the other name , the next duty station,the last shipmentTHE ARTICLE is the part of speech which induvidualize objects and phenomena in a linguisticcontext; it does not have any flexionary forms; it works as a determiner.The definite article: THEFunctions : it is used to express aunique reference

a) deictic function : with nouns whose preference is immediately understood bythe speakers within a context-in a room : the door, the window: Closethe window, will you?;in a forest : The ground is covered with dry leaves;in a city :Can you tell me how to get tothe harbour? b) anaphoric function : with nouns which were previously mentioned:

I bought a book yesterday;the book is interesting.c) cataphoric function : when the definite determination is after the noun, expressed by a

relative clause:The manwho is commanding the ship is the master of that ship.d) generic function : the noun is used in a general way, as representing a whole class:The

horse is a useful animal.The definite article used with: proper nouns - the UK,the USA,the University of Bucharest; plural nouns - the Browns,the Alps,the Carpathians;geographical names : the Danube,the Olt, the Suez Canal,the Sahara;names of institutions :the Lido (Hotel),the National Theatre,the British Museum;newspapers : theTimes,the Guardian;names of ships : the Transylvania.

The indefinite article: A, ANFunctions : a)epiphoric function : to introduce a word which was not mentioned

previously: There isa young officer waiting for you. b)numerical function : the indefinite article has the meaning of one

She boughta dress, two blouses, andan umbrella.A/one hundred people are on this ship.

c) generic function : to represent an entire class of objects or beingsAn officer is a gentleman.

The zero article: She drinks *tea every day;*Clothes do not make the name;In these situation the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it.Functions : 1)generic function : I like coffee/ literature/long walks.

2) for theunique reference of proper nouns and some common nouns indifferent contexts:Peter and Mary will go toschool in autumn.

Proper nouns used with the zero article:a) names of people: Peter, Dr. Smith, Lord Nelson, father, uncle b) time divisons: Monday, January, Christmasc) geographical names: Asia, England, Parisd) proper nouns followed by common nouns: Bran Castle, Oxford Street

Other determiners: The demonstrative adjective: this/that/these/thoseIt determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker.Functions : a)deictic function (space or time orientation in a context)

This is my desk./ What arethose people doing? b) anaphoric function :I saw an English teacher in his new car.This car isreally something.

c) cataphoric function : These little children are very pretty.d) emotional function : (to highlight the determined noun)

This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night.

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The possessive adjective replaces the possessor and determines the name of the possessedobject: Peters stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection is valuable.Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers to somethinganimate, to specify a relationship: Mr. Smith wasmy teacher when I was a student in theAcademy.The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending ins or s. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of the other determiners:Sallys new job;a good days work; the residents dining room;the visitors room.*the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective (my hand,his leg,her arm) andclothes items also(his coat,her gloves,my uniform).

4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.1. How is a ships measurement expressed?2. What does LOA stand for?3. What does LBP stand for?4. What does LWL stand for?5. What is the ships maximum breadth?6. What is meant by the beam of a ship?7. How do you measure a vessels depth?8. What is the freeboard?9. What is the draft of a vessel?10. What does in trim mean?

II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s).

1. The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water of differentdensities is called the..Line.2. The of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position along the

length.3. When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship is

4. If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a5. Ais the line at which a ship floats in the water.

III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible:

1. CONTAINER: height 2.44m, length 12.2m, width 2.44m

2. TANK :depth 3m3. LIFEBUOY :inner circumference 229mm, outer circumference 381mm4. BEAM :thickness 10mm5. PISTON RING: circumference 2500mm

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Am pescaj maxim 6m, bord liber 2mi nlimea 12m.

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2. Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9 picioarei nlimea 38 picioare.

3. Nava mea este aprovat.4. Nava Osiris este stnjenit de pescaj.5. Am o nclinare de 10 grade spre babord.6. Care este lungimea maxim?7. Care este pescajul maxim actual?8. Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m9. Lungimea maxim a navei este de 146m10. Tancul are o adincime de 3m.

5. Grammar Practice

Exercise 1 . Put the following sentences into singular:

1. Nouns are words.2. Cities are big towns.3. Horses are animals.4. Roses are beautiful flowers.5. Tables are pieces of furniture.

Exercise 2. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text:

LITTLE TOMMY AND ... HORSETommy: Father, . . . teacher does not know what horse is.Father: Why do you think so, Tommy?Tommy: You know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he asked me

what it was.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article:

1. Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?2. It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.3. Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?4. Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.5. I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.6. Little Tommy goes to ... school only in morning.7. He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.8. He crossed ... lake in ... record time.9. He collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and matchboxes.10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta.

Exercise 4 . Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles:

1.Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.2.Out ofsight, out... mind.3.l like lot of. . . sugar in my tea.4.... supper is... last meal of... day.5. ... bad drivers are punished by law.6.Take ... chair and make yourself at home; he will be back in ... minute.

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7.This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us.8.There wont be another train for at least hour.9.We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant yesterday.10.. Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers.

Exercise 5 . Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps:

1. He came to see me ... last week and brought English handbook with him.2. good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.3. ... last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . . weather were fine.4. Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.5. He works hard by day and sleeps soundly at night.6. ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.7. He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.8. He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and butter.9. By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about?10. What is matter? Have you had ... accident?

Exercise 6. Put the articles into their correct places:

Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It would take train,moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its circumference. But those little pinpoints of light we call starsare also suns, and some of them are very much larger and brighter than one which warms our earth. One of them has diameter three hundred times greater than that of our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen through powerfultelescope, only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and their distance from earth is sotremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by full moon.

(The Childrens New Illustrated Encyclopedia)

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the right articles:

When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in little rubber boat ... taking photographs.I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men felt like putting ... balloon-likelittle thing into water and ... going for ... row. They had hardly got clear of raft when theydropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ... laughter. And as ... waves lifted them away andthey disappeared and reappeared among seas, they laughed so loud ... every time they caught glimpse of us that their voices rang out over ... desolate Pacific. We looked round us with ...mixed feelings, and saw ... nothing comic but our own ... bearded faces; but as ... two in ... boatshould be accustomed to those by now; we began to have ... suspicion that they had suddenly

gone mad. Sunstroke, perhaps ... two fellows could hardly get back on ... board ...Kon-Tiki for sheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us just to go and see for ourselves.Two of us jumped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... sea which

lifted us clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had never before had ...outside view of ... ourselves in open sea. ... raft looked exactly like old Norwegian hay-loftlying helpless, drifting about in ... open sea, hay-loft full of ... sunburnt bearded ruffians. If anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath we should have felt ... same spontaneousurge to ... laughter.

(Thor Heyerdahl)

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Exercise 8 . Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary:

1. She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.2. My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows, all ... windows

rattle.3. ... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.4. ... Danube is Romanias longest river.5. ... clock in ... dining room is just striking6. ... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.7. Spring is ... first season of ... year.8. Id like to see Mr. Smith, please. Do you mean ... Mr. Smith who works in our

department or ... Mr. Smith ... sales manager?9. ... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.10. What is... French for ... boy?11. ... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking about a week

before.12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my life.13. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.14. ... Eatons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.15. She goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.16. She has always said that ...English language is difficult.17. On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ... Sunday

papers and magazines.18. Up to a point, Creang is Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.19. I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.20. If you leave ... home at7 you can reach ... school in ... time.21. My mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to ... headmaster.

Exercise 9 . Put the indefinite article a or an in the blanks wherever necessary: 1.We usually have ... lunch at 1 oclock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses: ...salad,... dish and ... sweet.2.Go to the grocers and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee beans.3.The Smiths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ... new Ford.4.... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ... day.5.What ... name to give to ... cat!

6.There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in theoutskirts of ... large town.

7. What ... hot day for November! Its such ... pity we cant go for ... hike or take ... long walk in the wood.8.Jack! ... Mr. Thomson wants to see you at once!9.Our friends gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador.10.She needs ... moments peace after such ... bad piece of news.11.The youngster was driving with sixty miles ... hour when all of ... sudden ... deer crossedthe motorway. He stopped ... few moments later and fled in ... panic without taking ... back look.12.He was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the General Manager wasso busy.

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13.During the installation of ... newly selected government there may appear many ...surprise.14.Mr. Sydney did not appear to be ... man who was making ... joke. 15.He was not ... addicted smoker but, now and then, late at ... night, he was longing for ...cigarette.

Exercise 10 . Fill in the spaces with the definite, indefinite or zero article wherevernecessary:

1.Good ... morning ..., uncle, said ... boy with ... large smile on his face.2. From ... photos of ... friends and ... relatives, Mr. Abbot selected ... picture of ... Nick Price, ...man who had come to visit them, sometime in ... early 50.3. She put ... book back on ... piano and went to look out of ... window.4. His voice was low and carefully modulated ... voice of ... man self-conscious about ...impression he made. Have you ever been to ... Argentine? he asked with ... undertone of ...regret in his voice. .5. Most ... critics admit that ... writer we are talking about is ... new Shaw of ... English literature.6. Let me offer you ... cup of ... coffee, Professor.7. He speaks ... French and ... English quite fluently but he has never been to ... France or ...United Kingdom.8. ... sky was starry, ... moon was shining brightly and ... night was so warm and lovely that all ...guests decided, all of ... sudden, to take ... bath in ... cool waves of ... Atlantic 0cean.9. That was not ... sort of ... remark expected of ... right sort of ... chap whostudied at ... UCLA.10. Nick was reminded of ... joke he had heard at his club at ... lunch.11. He had ... terrible feeling that ... operation was going to be ... Waterloo of his career.12. You may go either to ... National Theatre to see ... play or to ... Capitol Cinema to see ... film.13. ... Prime Minister picked up ... telephone and changed his days appointments to make ... timeto see ... deputy secretary in ... Cabinet Office. 14. ... few days later we went to ... Henrys dinner at ... Ritz where we met ... old Mr. Snow who claimed to be ... uncle of my wife.15. Such ... power and ... freedom of ...decision had only five times before been given to ...American president.

Exercise 11 . Here are some expressions with the noun hand, preceded by the definite,indefinite or zero article:

a. to bite the hand that feeds one; to give somebody the glad hand; the hidden hand; by the lefthand; to have/get the upper hand; the skips hand; a picture by the same hand; on the right hand;on the one hand; on the other hand; at the best hand; to be on the growing hand.

b. to have a free hand; to have an open hand; not to lift a hand; with a heavy hand; a hand for; an old hand at; a good hand at/in; a poor/bad hand at; to have a hand like a foot; a cool hand; to have a hand in something; to take a hand at a game; to make a(good/ fine/fair) hand.c. hand in hand; the matter in hand; to take in hand; light in hand; at hand; by hand; to bind handand foot; supplies on hand; to have a free hand; to have an open hand; to shake hands; cleanhands; off hand; hand and glove; hand over; from hand to mouth; out of hand; at first hand;second hand; from good hands.

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A. Choose some of them and make sentences of your own. B. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own.

Exercise 12 . Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces where necessary.Translate the jokes.

A) (1. ...) landlord was sitting with his shephard on (2. ...) hill commanding (3. ...) fine view of (4....) valley. Seeing(5. ...) flock of (6. ...) sheep at (7. ...) rest in (8. ...) shadiest nook, he observedto his companion, John, if I were (9. ... ) sheep, I would prefer to lie in(10. ...) sun. Ah, mylord, retorted (11. ...) shepherd, were you (12. ...) sheep, you would have more sense.

B) If (1. ...) earthquake engulfed England, (2. ...) English would manage to meet among (3. ...)ruins and organize (4. ...) dinner just to celebrate(5. ...) painful event. Thats what (6. ... ) peopleof (7. ... ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. ...) English. Should (9. ...) English beconsulted on (10. ...) subject they would say (11. ...) same thing about (12. ...) French and their love of (13. ...) good dinners.

C) (1. ...) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2. ...) zero, it was unusually cold in (3....) school room.

What is (4. ...) Latin for cold? asked(5. ...) school-master addressing one of his boys, whoseemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. ...) others. Oh, sir, answered (7. ...) lad, hishands thrust in his trousers pockets, I cant tell you for (8. ...) moment, although I have it at myfingers ends.

D)Dr. Crisp was invited to (1. ...) party in (2. ...) country place. (3. ...) dinner being late and(4. ...)company not quite to his taste, (5. ...) doctor strolled out into (6. ...) garden and then to (7. ...)nearby churchyard. When (8. ...) dinner was served at last and (9. ...) doctor had not yet returned,one of (10. ...) guests wondered where he could have gone. (11. ...) master of (12. ...) house,annoyed by Dr. Crisps (13. ...) absence, explained that (14 ) churchyard being not far from there,(15. ...) doctor had gone to visit his former patients.

E)(1. ...) Englishman, driving in (2. ...) hackney-coach through France, was annoyed at (3. ...)slowness of (4. ...) pace. He tried to make (5. ...) coachman drive faster but all in vain. (6. ...) mancouldnt understand either his English or his broken French. Then it occured to (7. ...)Englishman, both his English and his French being Greek to (8. ...) coachman, to use (9. ...) high-sounding words that might frighten (10. ...) fellow. So he roared into his ear. Westmorland,Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham! which had (11. ...) desired effect, (12. ...) coachmantaking these words for some terrible threat.

F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1. ...) streets of Boston when he noticed in (2. ...)shop window (3. ...) machine he had never seen before. He entered (4. ...) shop,asked (5. ...) shop-assistant how (6. ...) ,,monster functioned and bought it for 125 dollars. He brought home (7. ...)machine he had nicknamed (8. ...) monster and started practising on it at once. (9. ...) machinewas (10. ...) typewriter and Mark Twain typed (l1. ...) whole book on it. When he brought hismanuscript to (12. ...) editor, (13. ...) latter was delighted. He made Mark Twain promise him to bring everything he would write later on typed, on this wonderful machine.

(14. ...)Tom Sawyer was (15. ...) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.

G) You certainly know that (1. ...) waterproof coat is often called (2. ...) mackintosh. But perhapsyou dont know that (3. ...) word is (4. ...) surname.

In (5. ...) year 1823 in (6. ...) Scotland there lived (7. ...) man whose (8. ...)name was

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Charles Mackintosh. (9. ...) climate of his country being rainy, he would often get drenched to(10. ...) skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having some rubber at his disposal, he decided torubberize his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather, his rubberized coat protectinghim from (11. ...) rain. Most of his friends and (12. ...) friends of his friends admired (13. ...)waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise. Soon (14. ...) tradesmentook up his invention. (15. ...) Waterproof coats became all (16. ...) fashion and (17. ...) staple product of (18. ...) town, (19. ...) name of (2o. ...) inventor, though not (21. ...) inventor himself,getting (22. ...) worldwide popularity.

Exercise 13 . Fill in the gaps with the where necessary.

I hate 1 ___ November! It doesnt get light till 2 ___ 8 oclock in 3 ___ morning. Then its dark again as early as 4 ___ 4 oclock in 5 ___ afternoon. After 6 ___ Christmas, 7 ___ days start toget a bit longer, but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ last week, 11 ___ temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ next week 13 ___ weather forecast is 14 ___ same.

Exercise 14 . Put a or an before these words: 1 job, 2 union, 3 unusual name 4 enormous icecream 5 holiday, 6 honest man.

Exercise 15. Put in a/ an where necessary :

1. She works in restaurant in street near the station.2. For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.3. Anys friend works in pub. Shes barmaid. She works three evenings week. She earns 4.50hour.

Exercise 16 . Match the two parts of the sentences.

a. I normally go to the dentist once 1. a dozen b. These roses cost $20 2. a litrec. The car was doing 150 kilometers 3. a year d. Lamb is selling at 7.50 4. a week e. The Sunday Mail is published once 5. a metref. Electric cable costs 50 cents 6. a kilog. How much is the oil? ~ 2.50 7. a dayh. The mail is delivered twice 8. an hour

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.

1. ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house.2. ___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.3. ___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway. ___ car had collided with ___ lorry.

Exercise 18 . Put in the where necessary:

1. We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left.2. ___ bus station was on 38th Street.3. We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.

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4. We're flying home ___ next Thursday.

Exercise 19 . Complete the sentences, using the where necessary.

1. Our hotel manager went to ___ school in England, then went to ___ university in the States.2. The New York police arrested a man for the shooting. He was a cleaner at ___ university.

3. He'll appear in ___ court next week. He'll definitely go to ___ prison.

Exercise 20 . There are seven examples of the in this text. How do you know which thing orperson the writer is referring to, in each case?

a. because it is only one in the immediate situation; b. because it is only one anywhere;c. because it has been referred to before, in the text;d. because the writer is specifying which one, by adding extra information.

Neil Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. The words that he saidare famous: 'That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for the mankind.' He and his co-pilotBuzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. The flag is probably still there. The rockshave helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system.

Exercise 21 Complete the sentences with a or an, the or no article.

1. 'How much are the leeks?' 'They're 80 pence a pound.'2. I went to ___ wonderful concert by ___ London Symphony Orchestra.3. ___ local school is soon to be closed.4. I usually go to ___ work by ___ train.

5. Is ___ meat in ___ oven?6. Is this ___ first time you've been to ___ Isle of Man?7. He's ___ art teacher and she's ___ electrician.8. A lot of people give ___ money to ___ charity at this time of the year.9. What ___ beautiful face that child's got!10. ___ British usually have ___ butter on their bread.11. ___ life is very difficult for ___ unemployed these days.12. ___ Leader of ___ Opposition is in danger of losing her seat at ___ next election.13. I like to have ___ cup of ___ tea when I wake up in ___ morning.14. I saw ___ fox this morning. I think it must have been ___ same one that I saw last week.15. Can I have ___ apple?16. Have you ever seen ___ Acropolis in ___ Athens?17. ___ police have had a lot of support from ___ general public over this issue.18. ___ shirts on ___ washing-line should be nearly dry now.19. ___ people don't like him because of his selfish life.20. I bought my sister ___ book and ___ bottle of ___ perfume for her birthday but I don't think she liked ___ perfume.

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6. SELF-TEST

I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

A B1. LOA a)The relation of the length of the draft

and the bow and stern2. Trim b)The vertical distance from the waterline

to the lowest part of the ships bottom3. LBP c) It is measured from the extreme

forward end of the bow to the extreme endof the stern

4. Beam d)It is measured from the forward surfaceof the stem to the after surface of thesternpost.

5. Draft e)The ship is out of balance from left toright.

6. List f)The width of the ship (over the plating)taken at any position along the length.

12p

II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).

1. A ships --- --- ---is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction.

2. The---is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load.3. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are called--

- ----4. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or--- ----

8p

III. Give Romanian equivalents to the following Standard Marine Communication Phrases

1. What is your draft forward?2. What is your present maximum draft?3. I have a list to starboard of 10 degrees.4. What is your freeboard?5. The vessel is on even keel.6. Maximum permitted draft is 20m.7. The vessel is trimmed by the head.8. What is your LOA?9. What is your LBP?10. Do you have a list? 10p

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IV. Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with the countablenoun vessels and the uncountable noun money.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral

noa lot of

fewmucha littlemany

a large amountsomemost

10p.7. Self-Test-Answer-key

I.

1c; 2a; 3d; 4f; 5b;6e

II.

1. length on load waterline2. waterline3. draft marks4. hampered vessels

III.

1. Care este pescajul prova?2. Care este pescajul maxim actual?3. Am o nclinare spre babord4. Care este bordul liber?5. Nava este pe chil dreapt 6. Pescajul maxim permis/admis7. Nava este aprovat 8. Care este lungimea maxim?9. Care este lungimea ntre perpendiculare?10. Eti canarisit/bandat?

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IV.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral vessels

no vessels money

a lot of vessels moneyfew vessels

much moneya little moneymany vessels

a large amount of moneysome vessels moneymost vessels money

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Unit 3.

DIRECTIONSTERMS RELATING TO POSITION ON BOARD SHIP

1. One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are different isin the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship hegoes aboard. He doesnt go tothe back of the ship, he goesaft. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goes forward .If he doesnt find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bow to the stern.If that doesnt help, he looksabaft which means further to the rear, or astern ( behind the stern).He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches from thestarboard. The leftside is always called the port side. If he sees something directly off either side of the ship, itslocatedabeam. An object or area which lies across the ship from the starboard to the port side issaid to beathwartships . Anything in the centre of the ship is locatedamidships. A sailor lookingto either side of the ship from amidships is facingoutboard. Somebody watching him from either side has to faceinboard . Something over him from any part of the ship isabove. If its very high,such as on a mast, itsaloft . If its under him, itsbelow. Something away from the wind islee. If its in a lee direction, itsleeward. If it moves in a lee direction, it goesleeway. If its near theship, itsclose aboard.

2. VOCABULARYWords and phrasesAft = n spate, spre pupaForward = n fa, spre provaFore and aft = de-a lungulAbaft = la pupa, aproape de pupa; napoia, spre/ctre/nspre pupaAstern = napoi, n spate, la/n pupa; mers napoi; cu mers/mar napoiStarboard side = tribordPort side = babord

Abeam = la travers, de la traversAthwartships = transversal/travers pe nava; la traversul naveiAmidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru; pozitie zero a cirmeiOutboard = peste bord, in exteriorul naveiInboard = interior, in interiorul naveiAbove = deasupra; in amonteAloft = n gabie, n arborad, sus pe vergaBelow = jos, subLee = bord de sub vnt, zona de calm( n bordul de sub vnt al navei) ; sub vntLeeward = bord de sub vnt; a veni sub vnt(despre nava);sub vnt, la adapost de vntClose aboard = foarte aproape, la mic distan (de nav)2.1. Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions:

( forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam, athwartships,amidships)e.g. a is forward

ia f b gc hd e

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2.2.Now study this diagram of a traditional general cargo ship and read the description below :

A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructureamidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge.Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are twolifeboats, one on the port side amidships another on the starboard side amidships, abaft the funnel.The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign right aft.

2.3.Study the diagram below and read the description of a modern general cargo:

A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She mayhave four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is theforecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts.They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port sideaft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure arecombined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

2.4. Terms describing position in relation to a shipStudy the diagram below:

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As you have noticed, there is a tanker at the centre of the diagram and a host of shipsaround her. The position of these ships in relation to the tanker can be expressed in the followingway:

a) Ship A is (dead) ahead./Ship A is ahead of the tanker. b) Ship B is on the starboard bow.c) Ship C is before the starboard beam.d) Ship D is abeam/Ship D is on the starboard beam.e) Ship E is abaft the starboard beam.f) Ship F is on the starboard quarter.g) Ship G is (dead astern)/Ship G is astern of the tanker.h) Ship H is on the port quarter.i) Ship I is abaft the port beam. j) Ship J is abeam./Ship J is on the port beamk) Ship K is before the port beam.l) Ship L is on the port bow.

2.5.Answer to task 2.1.

A is forward;b is aft;c is abaft;d is astern;e is on the port side;f is on the starboard side;gis abeam;h is athwartships;I is amidships

3. GRAMMAR. The Adjective

Adjectives are words that modify and describe nouns and pronouns. They are the color commentators of language, the words that give your writing and speech flavour.They answer thequestions:What kind?, How much?, Which one?, How many?What kind?.red nose/gold ringHow much?more sugar/little effortWhich one?second wife/those unitsHow many?several students/six cadetsThere are 5 kinds of adjectives:

a) common adjectives -describe nouns and pronouns (strong man, green plant) b) proper adjectives are formed from proper nouns ( Mexican food)c) compound adjectives -are formed by more than one word (far-off country, teenage

person)d) indefinite adjectives -describe general quantities;most of them were pronouns in their

first lives (another, both, each, either, all, more)The comparison of adjectivesThere are three degrees of comparison:

1) The positive degree -shows the presence of a quality, wihout making any comparison: Heis tall /She isbeautiful .

2) The comparative degree -compares two objects showing the presence of quality in threeways:Equality - He isas kind as Jane.Superiority - He iskinder than Jane.

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Inferiority - He isless kind than Jane.3) The superlative degree shows that a member of a group possesses the

compared quality in its highest extent through a direct comparison-therelative superlative : He isthe cleverest of all.or without a direct comparison-the absolute superlative : Sheis very clever.

When we compare two notions we use the comparative preceded by the article the,instead of the superlative: She isthe younger and the more beautiful of the two sisters.

Comparativeand superlative-ways of formation: The synthetic comparison- adjectives formed by one syllable form the comparative andsuperlative by adding (e)r or (e)st: small- smaller - the smallest

Spelling : double consonnants before short vowels (big-bigger-the biggest); adjectives ending in y (dry-drier -the driest ); adjectives ending in e, -ee lose the final e (nice-nicer , free-freer )The two-syllable adjectives obey the same synthetic rules: happy-happier , able-abler The analytical comparison - the adjectives formed by two or more syllables form their comparative and superlative usingmore/the most (careful-more careful-the most careful)The comparison of equality - the adjective in the positive degree preceded byas and followed byas : My cabin isas large as his.The comparison of inferiority - the adjective in the positive degree preceded by notso/as andfolloewed byas/less .than : My assignement isnot as easy as yours.The absolute relative - is expressed by the help of:very, too, highly, extremely :It isextremely difficult to reach the top.

The irregular comparison: good -better- the best; ill-worse - the worst; much/many - more- the most; little- less- the least; late- later- the latest/the latter/the last ; old-

older/elder- the oldest/the eldest; near- nearer- the nearest/the next; far- farther/further the farthest/the furthest .

Syntactical functions : Attribut- Tom has anew uniform. Predicate nominative- This uniform isnew.

The place of adjectives in the sentence:- the attributes preceed the noun they determine (ahigh mountain)*exceptions: Ambassador Extraordinary, Secretary General, Court Martial, poet laureate- indefinite pronouns ending in body/one/thing are followed by the adjective: She boughtsomethingnice / He said nothinginteresting.- when a noun is determined by two adjectives in the comparative, one short and one long, theshort one preceed the long one: She wastaller andmore beautiful .- when more adjectives determine a noun, these adjectives follow one after the other in thefollowing order:Sequence of adjectives

Article1

Size2

Shape3

Age4

Colours5

Participle6

Nationality7

Material8

Noun9

A large old treeA freezing

Englishday

A black leather jacketA blue knitted hat

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4. Vocabulary Practice

I. Answer the following questions.

1. What does go aboard mean?

2. What is aft?3. What does forward mean on a ship?4. What is fore and aft?5. What is abaft?6. What is astern?7. What is starboard?8. What is port?9. Where is an object thats abeam.10. What does athwartships mean?11. What is amidships?12. What does looking outboard mean?13. What does looking inboard mean?14. What is aloft?15. What does above mean in a naval context?16. What does below mean in a naval context?17. What is lee?18. What is leeward?19. What is leeway?20. What is close aboard?

II. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate term(s).1. An object located amidships off either side of a ship is said to be---2. Something high above the main structure of a ship is---3. Something away from the wind is---4. An object in a lee direction is---5. An object moving in a lee direction goes---6. If its near the ship, its --- ---7. When a sailor faces the bow of the ship, he faces---8. If you are standing at the center of a ship, youre standing---9. The starboard side of a ship is the---10. If you go along the ship from stem to stern, you go ---and---the ship.

III. Fill in the blank spaces using the words provided below.Amidships; abaft; fore and aft; portside; forward of; aft of; right forward; starboardside;

right aftA traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure---.She may have three holds --- ---the bridge and two holds --- ---the bridge.Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and --- ----is the jackstaff. Derricks aresupported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed --- and when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the ---amidships another on the ---amidships,---the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign------

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IV. Translate the following text into Romanian paying attention to the terms relating to directions and

position in a shipA modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. She may

have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1 hold is theforecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts and Samson posts.They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats, one on the port sideaft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the bridge superstructure arecombined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

5. Grammar Practice

1. There are twelve adjectives in this story. Underline them.I went for along walk in the countryside yesterday. It was a hot day, and soon I was tired andthirsty. There was a small house by the side of the road, and I decided to ask for a glass of coldwater. I rang the bell and an old lady opened the big, wooden door. She looked kind and sheoffered me a glass of fresh juice. It tasted great!

II. Choose from the following adjectives to fill in the sentences below: hungry, new, terrible,expensive, sad, wonderful, Italian, fresh, difficult .1. Gold rings are normallyexpensive.2. This food smells.................! I love fish and chips.3. It was a ................exam. Im sure I havent passed.4. Ive just bought a ...............sports car.5. I met my wife in Rome, but she isnt................6. He looks................. I dont think he likes his job.

7. Are you....................? Shall I buy some sandwiches?8. This orange juice tastes..................Is it....................?

III. Look at these sentences. If you think the adjectives are in the wrong order, change the order.If you think the order is correct, put a tick ().1. She lost agold, small ring at the disco yesterday night.2. I have anold, Italian painting in my living room.3. Im looking for mycotton, green shirt and mybrown, leather shoes.4. George has aSpanish, modern villa near the sea. He goes there every summer.5. I live in anold, white house near the river. Ive got ablack, large dog!6. I had an interesting talk with aPolish, young student last week.7. We are having lunch in abig, Japanese, new restaurant in the centre of town.

8. I left my books in ared, plastic bag on the bus. I was so stupid!IV. Write the comparative form of these adjectives: cold, big, careful, expensive, good, fat,famous, new, modern, young, cheap, delicious, rich, long, hungry, nice, happy, difficult, old, beautiful, friendly, hot, bad, small, sad.

V. Put the words in brackets ( ) in the right order to make sentences.1. (the world Antarctica coldest is place the in)2. (city the Manchester in England is friendliest)

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3. (in New York expensive restaurant The Manhattan the is most)4. (is river the world the The Nile longest in)5. (town most in Spain Granada beautiful is the)6. (painting The Mona Lisa the famous in is most the world)7. (the Europe mountain in highest Mont Blanc is)

VI. Use the words in brackets ( ) to write sentences. Use the + superlative, and the PresentPerfect + ever. 1. (Its/cold/place/I/visit) Its the coldest place Ive ever visited. 2. (Its/big/shop/I/see)3. (Hes/rich/man/I/meet)4. (Its/difficult/exam/I/do)5. (Its/sad/film/I/see)6. (Shes/happy/person/I/meet)7. (Its/modern/ flat/I/see)8. (Its/hot/country/I/visit)9. (Its/small/dog/I/see).

VII. Complete the sentences using the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets and than. 1. I think that golf ismore interesting than (interesting) tennis.2. This question is......................(easy) the last one.3. Im a good player, but Eric is ........................(good) me.4. The groups first record was.........................(successful) their second record.5. We both played well, but he was.....................(lucky) me.6. Your car is......................(powerful) mine.7. This computer is....................(useful) that one.

VIII. Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjective in brackets.1. Anna isthe youngest (young) person in her class.2. We stayed in ......................(bad) hotel in the whole city.3. People say that it is ...............(funny) film of the year.4. What is........................(tall) building in the world?5. Her teachers say that she is ....................(good) student in the school.6. This is........................(expensive) camera in the shop.7. Many people say that Venice is..................(beautiful) city in the world.

IX. Complete each sentence so that it means the same as the one above it. Use as +adjective/adverb + as .1. Sweden is bigger than Britain.

Britain isntas big as Sweden.

2. The other students learn more quickly than me.I dont learn....................................the other students.3. Youre very angry and Im angry also.

Im........................................you.4. The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back.

The seats at the back arent.................................the seats at the front.5. Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London.

Hyde Park in London isnt........................Central Park in New York.6. Her last film was very good and her new film is also very good.

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Her new film is.......................her last film.7. The other students work harder than him.

He doesnt work........................the other students.

X. Join each pair of