English for Students of Physics – Vol 1+2 Tác giả: Ho Huyen - Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2007

7/27/2019 English for Students of Physics Vol 1+2 Tc gi: Ho Huyen - i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2007

1/275

7

Dlkcesf nar stu`dlts an Rfysehs âc 7

Fa Fuydl

LVJ e fh quh keg F Le :22;.

P ifa= Dlkcesf nar stu`dlts an Rfyseh, Xhedlhd, Krgoogr el usd, Dlkcesf

êdtlgodsd trglscgteal, Rrghtehd, @dneleteals, Zdcgtevd hcgusds, Rgrtehepcd pfrgsds,

G`mdhtevds.

Pe ceu tralk Pfvel el tF Ifag fh Plfel h tfh s`lk hfa oh

hf fh tp v lkfel hu h lfl. Lkfeo ho oe flf tfh sga hfp, el l pfh

vhh oh hf ifh lu iflk h shfp tful hg lf xut jl v th ke.

PGJCD AN HALPDLPX

Tlet 27 XHEDLHD0

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ...........................................................................................................>

Xhedlhd gl` nedc`s an shedlhd.............................................................................................. >

KZGOOGZ EL TXD .............................................................................................................6

Zdvedw an rdcgtevd hcgusds.................................................................................................. 6

RZGHPEHD....................................................................................................................... 77

RZAJCDO XACÊLK ........................................................................................................ 7:

E- [retelk `dneleteals........................................................................................................ 7:

EE- Zdgèlk jgseh naroucgd ............................................................................................... 70

PZGLXCGPEALX................................................................................................................ 7>Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf edtlgodsd trglscgteal .................................................................... 7>

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd Dlkcesf trglscgteal .................................................................... 7>

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX ..................................................................................................... 7;

NZDD-ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD .............................................................................................. 76

Xhedlteneh haooulehgteal................................................................................................. 76

Tlet 2: RFUXEHX :7

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ......................................................................................................... :7

Rfysehs gl` shapds an Rfysehs.......................................................................................... :7

KZGOOGZ EL TXD ...........................................................................................................:0

E- Rgrtehepcd pfrgsds rdpcghelk rdcgtevd hcgusds ................................................................:0


2/275

:

EE- Rgrtehepcds rdpcghelk rdcgtevd hcgusds........................................................................... :0

RZGHPEHD....................................................................................................................... :4

RZAJCDO XACÊLK ........................................................................................................ :5

E-Zdgèlk haopcdx naroucgd............................................................................................ :5

EE- G`mdhtevds ar`dr .......................................................................................................... :5PZGLXCGPEAL.................................................................................................................. 87

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf edtlgodsd trglscgteal .................................................................... 87

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd Dlkcesf trglscgteal .................................................................... 87

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX ..................................................................................................... 8:

NZDD ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ........................................................................................... 88

Gcjdrt Delstdel (76;5-7544)............................................................................................. 88

Tlet 28 OGPPDZ GL@ ODGXTZDODLP 84

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ......................................................................................................... 8>

Ogttdr gl` Odgsurdodlt.................................................................................................. 8>

KZGOOGZ EL TXD ...........................................................................................................85E- Zdcgtevd hcgusds wetf rdcgtevd g`vdrjs.......................................................................... 85

EE- Rgrtehepcd g`mdhtevds..................................................................................................... 07

RZGHPEHD....................................................................................................................... 07

RZAJCDO XACÊLK ........................................................................................................ 08

E-Gsielk gl` dshrejelk èodlseals an ajmdhts ...............................................................08

EE- @dshrejelk sfgpds an ajmdhts .......................................................................................0>

PZGLXCGPEAL.................................................................................................................. 06

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf êdtlgodsd trglscgteal ................................................................... 06

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd Dlkcesf trglscgteal .................................................................... 05

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX ..................................................................................................... 42

NZDD - ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ............................................................................................ 47

Lgtealgc Elstetutd an Xtgl`gr`s gl` Pdhflacaky.............................................................. 47

Tlet 20 Eltdrlgtealgc Xystdo an Tlets 48

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ......................................................................................................... 48

Eltdrlgtealgc Xystdo an Tlets........................................................................................... 48

HAORZDFDLXEAL WTDXPEAL.......................................................................................48

KZGOOGZ EL TXD ...........................................................................................................44

G`vdrjegc hcgusds an teod, pcghd gl` rdgsal .................................................................... 44

Rrghtehd ............................................................................................................................. 4>

RZAJCDO XACÊLK ........................................................................................................ 46

Pgsi ald= Xdltdlhd juecèlk ............................................................................................ 46

Pgsi twa= Xdltdlhds trglsnarogteal ................................................................................ 46

PZGLXCGPEAL.................................................................................................................. 45

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf-êdtlgodsd trglscgteal....................................................................... 45

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd-Dlkcesf trglscgteal....................................................................... >2

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX ..................................................................................................... >2

NZDD ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ........................................................................................... >:

Tlet 2> DCDODLPGZU RGZPEHCDX >4

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD ......................................................................................................... >4

Dcdodltgry Rgrtehcds.........................................................................................................>4


3/275

8

KZGOOGZ EL TXD ...........................................................................................................>;

Haopaul` g`mdhtevds naroelk nrao pgrtehepcds...............................................................>;

RZGHPEHD....................................................................................................................... >6

RZAJCDO XACÊLK ........................................................................................................ >5

Pgsi ald= Xdltdlhds juecèlk.......................................................................................... >5Pgsi twa= Xdltdlhds trglsnarogteal ............................................................................... ;2

PZGLXCGPEAL.................................................................................................................. ;7

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf-êdtlgodsd trglscgteal....................................................................... ;7

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd-Dlkcesf trglscgteal....................................................................... ;:

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX ..................................................................................................... ;8

NZDD-ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD .............................................................................................. ;0

Xtruhturd gl` hfgrghtdrestehs an pratal............................................................................. ;0

GRRDL@EV.......................................................................................................................... ;4

Zdndrdlhds ........................................................................................................................... 6:H@ Zao............................................................................................................................ 68

[djsetds ........................................................................................................................... 68


4/275

0

Ghilawcd`kdodlts

Oy pranaul` krgtetu`d wauc` ka nerst ta Or. Lkuydl ^gl Ogu9 Or. Oge Pralk Lfugl9

Or. Prgl Fuy Fa9 Or. Jue @uy Hgo9 Or. Lkuydl Hfe @ulk gl` Ors. Prgl Pfe Lkg gt Fglae

Tlevdrsety an Xhedlhds wfa fgvd og`d et passejcd nar oy wari ta jd hgrred` aut gl`

ghhaopcesfd` sa ngr.

Oy selhdrd tfglis wauc` spdhegccy ka ta Or. Pal Pehf Ge nar fes fdcp gl` supdrveseal al

Rfysehs ogttdrs `dgct wetf tfraukfaut tfd jaai9 wetfaut wfehf, oy jaai wauc` fgvd jddl

haopcdtdcy elvgce` el Rfysehs.

E wauc` ceid ta dxprdss oy pranaul` krgtdnucldss tawgr`s Or. Cd Pfd Wud gl` Ors. @a

Lkah Lkg nar tfder elvgcugjcd sukkdsteals gl` haoodlts al oy wari.

Oy stu`dlts an Rfysehs nrao Hcgss 07 ta Hcgss 00 gt Fglae Tlevdrsety an Xhedlhds

wfdrd E fgvd jddl warielk al Dlkcesf el Rfysehs wauc` jd tfasd nar wfao oy tfglis ka

nar gcc tfgt tfdy fgvd sukkdstd` gl` rdquerd` nrao od `urelk tfder haursd an Dlkcesf stu`y.

El pgrtehucgr, E go vdry krgtdnuc ta oy haccdgkuds wfa fgvd jddl warielk haapdrgtevdcy

wetf od sa ngr. Pfder hreteso gl` apeleals an oy wari wfdl et wgs ul`dr prakrdss fgvd stecc

pravd` ta jd vgcugjcd, tfglis ta wfehf oy wari fgs jddl jdttdr rdneld`.

E go el`djtd` ta ogly an oy `dgr nredl`s wfa fgvd jddl vdry pgtedlt nar gcc tfd traujcd

tfgt E ogy fgvd hgusd` ta tfdo avdr tfd teod E wgs jusy wetf tfd wari.

Gutfar


5/275

4

gjaut tfd vacuod

Pfes vacuod es tfd nerst vacuod, wfehf nahusds al kdldrgc cglkugkd el shedlhd (gl`pfysehs gs g shedlhd), an g twa-jaai sdt nar stu`dlts an pfysehs. Pfd vacuod es haopasd` an 4

ulets, dghf halhdrlelk wetf ald kdldrgc gl` seopcd tapeh gjaut shedlhd gl` pfysehs gl` jdelk

sacvd` el wetfel 72 -7: hcgss - haltght faurs.

Dghf ulet wecc jd prdsdltd` el tfd sgod nrgod gs naccaws=

Dghf ulet halsests an nevd (4) ogel pgrts wetf ets awl geo(s) el eopravelk stu`dlts

cglkugkd sieccs.

Rgrt ald=Zdgèlk pgssgkd

Pfes pgrt ogelcy nahusds al eopravelk tfd stu`dlts rdgèlk sieccs. Pfd haoprdfdlseal

tgsis wecc rglkd nrao sieooelk ta shgllelk, nrao sdlsetezelk ta gltehepgtelk, nrao kudsselk taglgcyzelk, dth. Gcc es ta suppart tfd geo.

Pfd rdgèlk pgssgkd wecc gcsa eltraùhd ldw krgoogr pgttdrl(s) ta stu`dlts.

Rgrt twa= Krgoogr el usd

Pfes pgrt kevds g tfaraukf dxpcglgteal an tfd ldw krgoogr pgttdrl(s) prdsdlt el tfd

rdgèlk pgssgkd.

Xtu`dlts wecc kdt oard hfglhd ta prghtehd tfasd pgttdrls el tfd prghtehd pgrt tfd sujpgrt

el tfes pgrt, gl` wfehf wecc fdcp ta eopravd tfder wretelk sieccs.

Rgrt tfrdd=Rrajcdo sacvelk

El tfes pgrt, stu`dlts grd ghqugeltd` wetf seopcd `dshrepteal an se`d, sfgpd, gl`

odgsurdodlts an ajmdhts. Nurtfdroard, tfdy fgvd g hfglhd ta prghtehd juecèlk seopcd

sdltdlhds gl` trglsnaroelk tfd struhturd an g sdltdlhd ta glatfdr ald el g wgy tfgt tfd

sdltdlhd rdtgels ets odglelk. Pfdsd grd tfd vdry seopcd cdvdc an wretelk siecc prghtehd. Et es tfd

jgsd nar stu`dlts ta `dvdcap tfder wretelk sieccs cgtdr al.

Rgrt naur= Prglscgteal

Pfes pgrt es sujève`d` elta twa sogccdr tgsis, ald `dgcelk wetf Dlkcesf êdtlgodsd

trglscgteal gl` tfd atfdr nar êdtlgodsd-Dlkcesf trglscgteal.

Pfd geo an tfes pgrt es ta rdelnarhd stu`dlts eltgid an ldw krgoogtehgc gs wdcc gs

vahgjucgry etdos.

Xtu`dlts stu`y tfd wgys/rucds an trglsndrrelk elnarogteal nraota ar tanrao wetf tfder

twa halhdrld` cglkugkds.

Pfd pgrt cdgvds g sujpgrt nar prdsdltelk vahgjucgry etdos rdcgtelk ta tfd rdgèlk gl`

trglscgtelk tapehs, fdlhd fdcpelk tfd stu`dlts dlrehf tfder vahgjucgry.

Rgrt nevd=Nrdd rdgèlk pgssgkd

Pfes pgrt es `dsekld` nar tfd stu`dlts ta fgvd oard hfglhd ta rdg` gl gutfdlteh wretelk

`dgcelk wetf tfd sgod tapeh prdsdltd` tfraukfaut tfd ulet. Larogccy, tfd tgsi `dgcelk wetf

tfes es seopcy rdquerelk stu`dlts ta à trglscgteal al tfd pgssgkd, fdlhd fdcpelk tfdo wetf

eopravelk tfder vahgjucgry.


6/275

>

Tlet Ald

XHEDLHD

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD

Xhedlhd gl` nedc`s an shedlhd

Xhedlhd(Cgtelshedlteg, nraosherd, ta ilaw), es tfd tdro wfehf es usd`, el ets jrag`dstodglelk ta `dlatd systdogtezd` ilawcd`kd el gly nedc`, jut gppced` usugccy ta tfd

arkglezgteal an ajmdhtevdcy vdrenegjcd sdlsd dxpdredlhd. Pfd pursuet an ilawcd`kd el tfes

haltdxt es ilawl gs purd shedlhd, ta èstelkuesf et nrao gppced` shedlhd, wfehf es tfd sdgrhf

nar prghtehgc usds an shedlteneh ilawcd`kd, gl` nrao tdhflacaky, tfraukf wfehf gppcehgteals

grd rdgcezd`.Ilawcd`kd an lgturd arekelgccy wgs cgrkdcy gl ulènndrdltegtd` ajsdrvgteal gl`

eltdrrdcgteal an dxpdredlhds. Pfd Rytfgkardgl shfacgrs èstelkuesfd` alcy naur shedlhds=

gretfodteh, kdaodtry, ouseh, gl` gstralaoy. Jy tfd teod an Grestatcd, fawdvdr, atfdr nedc`s

hauc` gcsa jd rdhaklezd`= odhfglehs, aptehs, pfysehs, odtdaracaky, zaacaky, gl` jatgly.

Hfdoestry rdogeld` autse`d tfd ogelstrdgo an shedlhd ultec tfd teod an Zajdrt Jaycd el tfd

7;tf hdltury, gl` kdacaky ghfedvd` tfd stgtus an g shedlhd alcy el tfd 76tf hdltury. Jy tfgt

teod tfd stu`y an fdgt, ogkldteso, gl` dcdhtrehety fg` jdhaod pgrt an pfysehs. @urelk tfd 75tf

hdltury shedltests nelgccy rdhaklezd` tfgt purd ogtfdogtehs ènndrs nrao tfd atfdr shedlhds el

tfgt et es g cakeh an rdcgteals gl` àds lat `dpdl` nar ets struhturd al tfd cgws an lgturd. Etsgppcehgjecety el tfd dcgjargteal an shedlteneh tfdareds, fawdvdr, fgs rdsuctd` el ets haltelud`

hcgssenehgteal goalk tfd shedlhds.

Pfd purd lgturgc shedlhds grd kdldrgccy ève`d` elta twa hcgssds= tfd pfysehgc shedlhds

gl` tfd jeacakehgc, ar cend, shedlhds. Pfd prelhepgc jrglhfds goalk tfd narodr grd pfysehs,

gstralaoy, hfdoestry, gl` kdacaky9 tfd hfedn jeacakehgc shedlhds grd jatgly gl` zaacaky. Pfd

pfysehgc shedlhds hgl jd sujève`d` ta e`dlteny suhf nedc`s gs odhfglehs, hasoacaky, pfysehgc

hfdoestry, gl` odtdaracaky9 pfyseacaky, dojryacaky, glgtaoy, kdldtehs, gl` dhacaky grd

sujèveseals an tfd jeacakehgc shedlhds.


7/275

;

Pfd gppced` shedlhds elhcu`d suhf nedc`s gs gdralgutehs, dcdhtralehs, dlkelddrelk, gl`

odtgccurky, wfehf grd gppced` pfysehgc shedlhds, gl` gkralaoy gl` odèheld, wfehf grd

gppced` jeacakehgc shedlhds. El tfes hgsd gcsa, avdrcgppelk jrglhfds oust jd rdhaklezd`. Pfd

haapdrgteal, nar dxgopcd, jdtwddl gstrapfysehs (g jrglhf an odèhgc rdsdgrhf jgsd` alprelhepcds an pfysehs) gl` jeadlkelddrelk rdsuctd` el tfd `dvdcapodlt an tfd fdgrt-culk

oghfeld usd` el apdl-fdgrt surkdry gl` el tfd `dsekl an grtenehegc arkgls suhf gs fdgrt

hfgojdrs gl` vgcvds, ie`ldys, jcaa` vdssdcs, gl` elldr-dgr jalds. G`vglhds suhf gs tfdsd grd

kdldrgccy tfd rdsuct an rdsdgrhf jy tdgos an spdhegcests rdprdsdltelk ènndrdlt shedlhds, jatf

purd gl` gppced`. Pfes eltdrrdcgtealsfep jdtwddl tfdary gl` prghtehd es gs eopartglt ta tfd

krawtf an shedlhd ta`gy gs et wgs gt tfd teod an Kgcecda.

(Nraofttp=//dlhgrtg.hao)

HAORZDFDLXEAL WTDXPEAL

Dxdrhesd 7=Glswdr tfd naccawelk qudsteals jy rdndrrelk ta tfd rdgèlk pgssgkd.

7. [fgt àds tfd tdro shedlhd `dlatd el ets jrag`dst odglelk1

.......

:. [fgt es gppced` shedlhd ilawl gs1

.......

8. El wfgt wgy àds purd ogtf ènndr nrao atfdr shedlhds1

.......

0. [fgt shedlhds grd purd lgturgc shedlhds kdldrgccy hcgssened` elta1

.......

4. Grd shedlhds el`dpdl`dlt an ald glatfdr1.......

Dxdrhesd := Haopcdtd dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts wetf war`s/ pfrgsds nrao tfd rdgèlkpgssgkd

7. Pfd pursuet an el tfes haltdxt es ilawl gs purd shedlhd.:. Pfd Rytfgkardgl shfacgrs alcy naur shedlhds.8. Hfdoestry rdogeld` tfd ogelstrdgo an shedlhd.0. tfgt teod tfd stu`y an fdgt, ogkldteso, gl` dcdhtrehety fg` jdhaod pgrt

an pfysehs.


8/275

6

4. @urelk tfd 75tf hdltury shedltests nelgccy rdhaklezd` tfgt ogtfdogtehsènndrs nrao tfd atfdr shedlhds.

>. Pfd purd lgturgc grd kdldrgccy ève`d` elta twa hcgssds.;. Pfd jrglhfds goalk tfd narodr grd pfysehs, gstralaoy, hfdoestry.6. Pfdshedlhds hgl jd sujève`d` ta e`dlteny suhf nedc`s gs odhfglehs,

hasoacaky.

5. Kdldtehs, gl` dhacaky grd sujèveseals tfd jeacakehgc shedlhds.72.Gcc hcgssenehgteals an tfd purd shedlhds, , grd grjetrgry.

Dxdrhesd 8=@dhe`d wfdtfdr dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts es trud (P), ngcsd (N) ar wetf laelnarogteal ta hcgreny (L).

7. .Pfd tdro Xhedlhd es kdldrgccy usd` ta `dlatd systdogtezd` ilawcd`kd elgly nedc`.:. .Rurd shedlhd es ènndrdlt nrao gppced` ald.8. .Pfd Rytfgkardgl shfacgrs wdrd lat gs kaa` gs tfd cgtdr alds.0. . Et wgs lat ultec tfd 7;tfhdltury tfgt hfdoestry wgs rdgcezd` gs g shedlhd.4. .El tfd 76tf hdltury, pfysehs `dgct wetf tfd stu`y an fdgt, ogkldteso, gl`

dcdhtrehety.

>. .Ogtfdogtehs es ènndrdlt nrao atfdr shedlhds jdhgusd et es tfd oastènnehuct ald.

;. .Ogtfdogtehs pcgys gl eopartglt racd el tfd `dvdcapodlt an shedltenehtfdareds.

6. .Jatf pfysehgc gl` jeacakehgc shedlhds hgl jd nurtfdr ève`d` elta atfdrshedlhds.

5. .Gcc hcgssenehgteals an tfd purd shedlhds grd ulhfglkd`.72.. Ogly shedlhds grd hcasdcy rdcgtd` ta ald glatfdr.

KZGOOGZ EL TXD

Zdvedw an rdcgtevd hcgusds

G)G rdcgtevd hcgusd es gcsa ilawl gs gl g`mdhtevd hcgusd. Et es g sujarèlgtd hcgusd wetftfd nulhteal an oaènyelk g laul/ laul pfrgsd ar g pralaul.

Dxgopcd=

7. Xhedlhd (purd shedlhd) es g tdro wfehf es usd` ta `dlatd systdoezd` ilawcd`kd elgly nedc`.


9/275

5

:. Gppced` shedlhd es tfd tdro tfgt es usd` ta rdndr ta tfd sdgrhf nar prghtehgc usds anshedlteneh ilawcd`kd.

8. Ldec Grostralk wgs tfd nerst pdrsal wfa wgcid` al tfd Oaal.0. Fdrd, wd sfauc` èstelkuesf purd shedlhd nrao tdhflacaky tfraukf wfehf

gppcehgteals grd rdgcezd`.

4. Ldwtal wfao ogly an us, shedltests fgvd rdspdhtd` usd` lat ta jd g kaa` stu`dlt gtgcc.

>. Ldwtal, wfasd èshavdry an tfd tfdary an krgvety wgs vdry strglkd, fgs jddl tfdpealddr el Odhfglehs Rfysehs.

;. Pfd jaai an wfehf tfd havdr fgs jddl tarl es g vdry ngoaus ald wrettdl jy @gve`Fgcce`gy.

Nrao tfd gjavd dxgopcds, wd hgl sdd tfgt tfd laul pfrgsds g tdro, tfd tdro, tfd nerstpdrsal9 tdhflacaky gl`Ldwtalgrd rdspdhtevdcy oaèned` jy rdcgtevd hcgusds

7. wfehfes usd` ta `dlatd systdoezd` ilawcd`kd el gly nedc`.:. tfgtes usd` ta rdndr ta tfd sdgrhf nar prghtehgc usds an shedlteneh ilawcd`kd.8. wfawgcid` al tfd Oaal.0. tfraukf wfehfgppcehgteals grd rdgcezd`.4. wfaoogly an us, shedltests fgvd rdspdhtd`.>. wfasdèshavdry an tfd tfdary an krgvety wgs vdry strglkd.;. an wfehftfd havdr fgs jddl tarl.J)Uau hgl dgsecy rdgcezd tfgt tfdsd hcgusds jdkel wetf wfehf/ tfgt/ wfehf/ wfa/ wfao/

wfasd. Pfdsd grd hgccd`rdcgtevd pralauls. Pfdy nulhteal gs pralauls, gl` gt tfd sgod teod,sfaw tfd rdcgtealsfep jdtwddl tfd oaèned` laul/pralaul gl` atfdr dcdodlts el tfd sdltdlhd.

Nar dxgopcd tfd nerst rdcgtevd hcgusd, cestd` gjavd, sfaws tfd rdcgtealsfep jdtwddl tfd sujmdht

gl` ets haopcdodlt (shedlhdgl` tdro).

Jy tfd nulhteals gl` eopcehgteals an tfdsd pralauls el dghf tfd gjavd sdltdlhds, wd hgl

hcgsseny tfdo elta kraups gs el tfd naccawelk tgjcd.

Pypds

Nulhteals

Nar pdrsals Nar jatf Nar lal-pdrsals

Xujmdht [fa Pfgt [fehf

Ajmdht [fao/wfa Pfgt/* [fehf


10/275

72

Rassdssevd [fasd [fasd [fasd/an wfehf

* g rdcgtevd pralaul rdpcghelk gl ajmdhtevd laul hgl jd aoettd`

H) Fgvelk g caai gt tfd dxgopcd ald, tfd rdcgtevd hcgusd es vdry ldhdssgry nar tfdodglelknuc dxestdlhd an tfd sdltdlhd jdhgusd en wd rdg` tfd sdltdlhd - Xhedlhd es g tdro, et

wauc` jd vdry ènnehuct nar us ta ul`drstgl` wfgt et odgls dxghtcy= [d ilaw tfd war`shedlhdgl` wd ilaw tfd war` tdro jut wfgt es oard gjaut tfes tdro el rdcgteal wetf shedlhd esghtugccy wfgt wd ldd` ta ilaw. Pfgts wfy g rdcgtevd hcgusd el tfes hgsd waris jdst. Xuhf g

rdcgtevd hcgusd es hgccd` g rdstrehtevd rdcgtevd hcgusd. Pfes typd an rdcgtevd hcgusd essaodteods ilawl gs`dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusd.

Wuetd ènndrdltcy, nrao tfd nentf rdcgtevd hcgusd nrao tfd cest wd hgl sdd tfgt tfd rdcgtevd

hcgusd àds lat gnndht ouhf ta tfd odglelk an tfd wfacd sdltdlhd, wetf ar wetfaut tfes hcgusd,

tfd sdltdlhd stecc ogids sdlsd ta us. El tfes hgsd, tfd prdsdlhd an g rdcgtevd hcgusd es alcy ta

kevd saod dxtrg elnarogteal gjaut Ldwtal9 suhf g rdcgtevd hcgusd es hgccd` g lal-rdstrehtevdhcgusdar saodteods lal-`dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusd.

Atfdr ènndrdlhds jdtwddl tfdsd twa typds an rdcgtevd hcgusds grd gs naccaw=

Lal- `dnelelk hcgusd es oard haooal el wrettdl stycdLal- `dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusd oust jd put jdtwddl twa haoogs, dxhdpt wfdl et es gt

tfd dl` an tfd sdltdlhd (tfd nucc stap rdpcghds tfd sdhal` haoog).

Rralaul tfgthgl lat jd usd` el g lal-`dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusd@) El dxgopcd naur, yau hgl dgsecy rdgcezd tfd prdpaseteal tfraukfjd put el nralt an tfd

pralaul wfehf.

Fdrd, wd sfauc` èstelkuesf purd shedlhd nrao tdhflacaky tfraukf wfehf gppcehgtealsgrd rdgcezd`.

Et es dgsy ta sdd tfgt tfd sdltdlhd hgl jd ul`drstaa` el g seopcdr wgy jy spcettelk et elta

twa seopcd sdltdlhds Fdrd, wd sfauc` èstelkuesf purd shedlhd nrao tdhflacaky.

Gppcehgteals hgl jd rdgcezd` tfraukf tdhflacaky. Law, et es ajveaus tfgt tfd prdpaseteal

tfraukfàds lat gt gcc ghhaopgly tfd pralaul wfehf rglàocy, ghtugccy, et ghhaopgleds

tfd laul tdhflacaky tfgt tfd rdcgtevd pralaul wfehf rdpcghds. Fdrd, tfdrd es la hfglkd elpaseteal jdtwddl tfd laul (law ets rdpcghelk etdo) gl` ets ghhaopglyelk prdpaseteal.

El glatfdr hgsd Ldwtal nrao wfao wd fgvd jddl cdgrlelk usd` lat ta jd g kaa`

stu`dlt glywgy tfd prdpasetealnraoes alhd oard halse`drd` ta jd ghhaopglyelk tfd laulLdwtal glèt es gcsa put jdnard tfd pralaul wfao(rdpcghelkLdwtal).

Nrao jatf hgsds, et es `dùhd` tfgt, wd hgl put g prdpaseteal el nralt an ajmdhtevd

pralauls, gl` tfes ogids tfd sdltdlhd oard narogc. Fawdvdr, et es latd` tfgt,

En g prdpaseteal es put el nralt an g pralaul, tfd pralaul hgl lat jd aoettd`. Rrdpaseteals hgl lat jd put el nralt an pralauls tfgtgl` wfa.


11/275

77

En tfd prdpaseteal es g pgrt an g pfrgsgc vdrj, et hgl lat sdpgrgtd nrao ets ogel vdrj. D.k.Pfd prakrdss an shedlhd es tfd tapeh wfehf/tfgt/wd grd caaielk elta.

Xuhf war`s gssaod, ogly, gl` oasthgl ka jdnard an wfaogl` an wfehfel g lal-`dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusd. D.k. Pfd suhhdss an tfes tfdary es gttrejutd` ta Godrehgl

shedltests, ogly an wfao `e` casd tfder cevds nar et.

RZGHPEHD

Haojeld dghf an tfd naccawelk pgers an sdltdlhds elta ald sdltdlhd wetf g

prapdr rdcgtevd pralaul.

7. G kraup wecc hgrry aut tfes elvdstekgteal. Pfes kraup wecc jd arkglezd`........................

:. G oghfeld es el tfd ldxt raao. Pfd oghfeld wecc ogid hgchucgteals........................

8. Jgrlgr` apdrgtds al tfd fuogl fdgrt. Fd es g fdgrt surkdal........................

0. Haoputdrs grd law fdcpnuc el g we`d rglkd an gppcehgteals. Pfder nulhteals grdvgreaus.

.......................

4. Fes grtehcds wecc jd pujcesfd` saal. Fes grtehcd es al tfd sujmdht an shedltenehdxpdreodltgc odtfa`s........................

>. Ogly pdapcds cevds rdcy al ie`ldy oghfelds. Pfdy hgl stecc rul tfder cevds nar g calkteod.

.......................

;. Ogred Hured fg` g fgppy ngoecy cend. Fdr `dvateal ta shedlhd es vdry eopartglt........................

6. Oast an aur naa` halsests an gleogc gl` pcglt hdccs. Pfdsd hdccs haltgel g fekfpraparteal an wgtdr.

.......................

5. Xhedltests grd law nghelk g cat an ogttdrs. Ald an tfd ogttdrs es tfgt an dlveralodltgcpaccuteal.

.......................

72.Pfd `ahtar fgs sgvd` g cat an cevds. Fes pgtedlts grd larogccy fdgrt gttghid`........................


12/275

7:

77.Pfd dèteal an tfd warc` shedlhd ogkgzeld tfes oaltf es vdry eltdrdstelk. Ets havdr estfd pehturd an g vertugc luhcdgr rdghtar.

.......................

.......................

7:.Pfd odtfa` es rgtfdr seopcd. Et sfauc` jd naccawd`........................

78.Pfd stu`dlts oessd` tfd stgrt an tfd dxpdreodlt. Pfdy wdrd cgtd nar hcgss........................

70.Pfd tdopdrgturd an tfd gojedlt ger es vdry eopartglt ta tfes dxpdreodlt. Et sfauc` jdgcwgys idpt gt 74 2H.

.......................

74.Pfdrd es ald oard eopartglt qudsteal ta`gy. [d oust èshuss tfd qudstealtfaraukfcy.

.......................

7>.[d dgt saod ngro jer`s. Pfdy grd ilawl gs pauctry........................

7;.[d fgvd fdcpd` tfausgl`s an pgtedlts. Ogly an tfdo fgvd ènnehucty el cglkugkdpraùhteal........................

76.[d oust ajtgel `gtg nar tfd rdpart. Pfd `gtg oust jd an krdgt eopartglhd........................

75.[d wecc usd tfd ogtdregc fdrd. Pfd ogtdregc es an fekf qugcety........................

:2.Udgst gl` oauc` grd nulke. Nulke kraw al naa`........................

RZAJCDO XACÊLK

E) [retelk `dneleteals

El shedlhd wretelk, tfd vdry nerst tgsi yau sfauc` à es ta wretd `dneleteals. Xaodteods

yau grd rdquerd` ta `dneld g pdrsal, el atfdr hgsds, yau grd gsid` ta `dneld gl elstruodlt, g

laul, g tdhflehgc tdro dth.

Pa wretd g `dneleteal, yau antdl usd g rdcgtevd hcgusd ta hcgreny tfd laul/pralaul `dneld`.

Dxgopcd=


13/275

78

7. G jgraodtdr es gl elstruodlt wfehf es usd` ta odgsurd gtoaspfdreh prdssurd.:. Xhedlhd es tfd tdro wfehf es usd` ta `dlatd systdoezd` ilawcd`kd el gly nedc`.8. G shedltest es g pdrsal wfa stuèds shedlhd.[retelk tgsi

Haojelelk dghf an tfd hcgusds el sdhteal G wetf g suetgjcd ald el sdhteal J ta ogid g`dneleteal al dghf jrglhf an shedlhd.

Xdhteal G

7. Grhfgdacaky:. Grhfetdhturd(haoputdrshedlhd)8. Jeacaky0. Hfdoestry4. Dgrtf Xhedlhd>. Dhalaoehs;. Kdakrgpfy6. Festary

5. Elnarogteal Xhedlhd72. Celkuestehs77. Ogtfdogtehs7:. Odtdaracaky78. Rfysehs70. Racetehgc Xhedlhd74. Rsyhfacaky

es g jrglhf an shedlhd wfehf/tfgt

Xdhteal J

g. stuèds tfd rdcgtealsfeps goalk quglteteds, ogkletu`ds, gl` prapdrteds gl` an cakehgcapdrgteals jy wfehf ulilawl quglteteds, ogkletu`ds, gl` prapdrteds ogy jd

`dùhd`.

j. `dgcs wetf tfd nul`godltgc halstetudlts an tfd ulevdrsd, tfd narhds tfdy dxdrt al aldglatfdr, gl` tfd rdsucts praùhd` jy tfdsd narhds.

h. stuèds an tfd haopaseteal, struhturd, prapdrteds, gl` eltdrghteals an ogttdr.`. nulhteals gs g odgls an dlhaopgsselk tfd krawelk luojdr an èshepcelds elvacvd`

wetf tfd stu`y an cevelk naros.

d. `dgcs wetf tfd èstrejuteal gl` grrglkdodlt an gcc dcdodlts an tfd dgrtf's surnghd.n. es tfd shedlteneh stu`y an cglkugkd.k. , el ets jrag`dst sdlsd, es tfd tatgcety an gcc pgst dvdlts, gctfaukf g oard rdgcesteh

`dneleteal wauc` ceoet et ta tfd ilawl pgst.

f. `dgcs wetf tfd kdldrgteal, haccdhteal, arkglezgteal, stargkd, rdtredvgc, gl`èssdoelgteal an rdhar`d` ilawcd`kd.


14/275

70

e. es halhdrld` wetf tfd praùhteal, èstrejuteal, dxhfglkd, gl` halsuopteal an kaa`sgl` sdrvehds.

m. es halhdrld` wetf tfd pcgldt Dgrtf ar ald ar oard an ets pgrts.i. rdndrs ta tfd stu`y an tfd struhturd an gcc ar pgrt an g haoputdr systdo.c. es tfd shedlteneh stu`y an jdfgvear gl` tfd oel`.o. estfd shedlteneh stu`y an pgst fuogl hucturd gl` jdfgvear, nrao tfd arekels an fuogls

ta tfd prdsdlt.

l. es tfd systdogteh stu`y an gl` rdncdhteal upal pacetehs.a. stuèds tfd dgrtfs gtoaspfdrd gl` dspdhegccy tfd wdgtfdr.

EE) Zdgèlk jgseh naroucgd

7. Haopcdtd tfd naccawelk tgjcd (caai gt tfd dxgopcd) wetf vdrjs gl` lauls ta `dshrejdogtfdogtehgc prahdssds.

Xekl Laul ^drj

+ G`èteal G``

-

:. Xpdgi aut cau` tfd naccawelk naroucgdg + j ? h g j ? h g j ? h g j ? h

Pfdl, rdg` aut tfd naccawelk dqugteals=

7.

? g j

x

h

:.

jg

Gyx

?+

8. 0. EZ^`lgE )7( +? ?

4.nvu

777?+ >. gtuv +?

;. 6.ouovNt ?DE

O

Z ?

7

5. q`z

`W? 72. dhRPD ++?


15/275

74

8. Haopcdtd tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts=7. Pfdsd sekls ( )grd hgccd` .......:. Pfdsd sekls Y _grd hgccd` .......8. Pfdsd sekls { }grd hgccd` ......0. Pfes sekl /es rdg` ......4. Pfes sekl ?es rdg` ... ... .....>. Pfes sekl +es rdg` .............;. Pfes sekl -es rdg` ..............6. GJHgrd . cdttdrs9 `dngrd cdttdrs. .........5.

x el Zx es rdg`...........

72.x el Zx es rdg` ...........77. x: es rdg` ..............7:. x8 es rdg` .............78. xl es rdg` ...............70.xl-7 es rdg` .............74. x-l es rdg` ..............7>. x es rdg` ............7;. 8 x es rdg` .............76. l x es rdg` .............75.

:

7es rdg` ...............

:2.8

7es rdg` ...............

:7. :8 es rdg` ................::.

0

7es rdg`...............

:8.0

8es rdg` ...............

:0.6

7es rdg`...............

:4.

7;

8

es rdg`..............


16/275

7>

0. Rrghtehd rdgèlk tfd naccawelk dqugteals7.

p

px7

? :.q pqp xx ?/

8. 0.( )( gxgxgx +? :: ) ixgdy?

4.lo

oxlxx

++

? :7 >. ( )77:

7:7 xx

xx

yyyy

?

;. 7:

:

:

:

:

:

?++h

z

j

y

g

x 6. ( ) ( ) ( )Y _::7::7::7 zzyyxx` ++?

5. ( )::: 7 dgj ? 72. 2:::: ?++++ hnykxyx

PZGLXCGPEALX

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf êdtlgodsd trglscgteal

7. G odtdaracakest es g pdrsal wfa stuèds tfd gtoaspfdrd. Odtdaracaky es ève`d` eltag luojdr an spdhegcezd` shedlhds. Rfysehgc odtdaracaky `dgcs wetf tfd pfysehgc

gspdhts an tfd gtoaspfdrd, suhf gs tfd narogteal an hcau`s, rgel, tful`drstaros, gl`

cekftlelk.

:. Xhedlteneh ilawcd`kd el Dkypt gl` Odsapatgoeg wgs hfedncy an g prghtehgc lgturd,wetf cettcd rgtealgc arkglezgteal. Goalk tfd nerst Krddi shfacgrs ta sddi tfd

nul`godltgc hgusds an lgturgc pfdlaodlg wgs tfd pfecasapfdr Pgcds, el tfd >tfhdltury JH, wfa eltraùhd` tfd halhdpt tfgt tfd dgrtf wgs g ncgt èsi wfehf ncagtd`

al tfd ulevdrsgc dcdodlt, wgtdr.

8. Pfd shedlteneh èshavdreds an Ldwtal gl` tfd pfecasapfehgc systdo an tfd Nrdlhfogtfdogtehegl gl` pfecasapfdr Zdla @dshgrtds prave`d` tfd jghikraul` nar tfd

ogtdregcesteh shedlhd an tfd 76tf hdltury, el wfehf cend prahdssds wdrd dxpcgeld` al g

pfysehahfdoehgc jgses.

0. El 75:; tfd Kdrogl pfysehest [drldr Fdesdljdrk naroucgtd` tfd sa-hgccdùlhdrtgelty prelhepcd, wfehf fdc` tfgt ceoets dxestd` al tfd dxtdlt ta wfehf, al tfdsujgtaoeh shgcd, haarèlgtds an gl elèveùgc dvdlt hgl jd `dtdroeld`.

4. Pfraukfaut festary, shedlteneh ilawcd`kd fgs jddl trglsoettd` hfedncy tfraukf wrettdlàhuodlts, saod an wfehf grd oard tfgl 0222 ydgrs ac`. Nrao glhedlt Krddhd,

fawdvdr, la sujstgltegc shedlteneh wari survevds nrao tfd pdrea` jdnard tfd

kdaodtrehegl Duhce`'sDcdodlts(herhg 822 JH).

(Nraoènndrdlt saurhds)

Pgsi twa= êdtlgodsd Dlkcesf trglscgteal


17/275

7;

7. Hflf trfh c ot ol ifag fh lkfel hu vhh vl hflf tr, lkfel huvhh hflf shf e le v qugl fquh t.

:. Pret fh c ifag fh lkfel hu lflk quy cut hfulk lft hg tfkee v slfltfh tfkee. Pret fh flf tflf t rt so tralk x fe cae lke. lfeulh, Pret fh kl j hft hfve tl kea.

8. Ifag fh v hlk lkfkl j ot tfet ve lfgu. Hlk lkfvtfh hft hflf csfel tfh fahg hh tlk ifag fh.

0. Xpft trel olf ohg hlk lkftflk tel, ot lkflf ifag fh rt oe ohghal lke, v glk co tfgy e hflf huh slk hg hal lke voe ot.

4. H chal lke tralk tlk cge sh flf tflffl hal lke jy kelflk ceh jla ta fl v e ot cl fl je vfs`lk fu ft tfe kegl co veh,

kee trv h chl ulk jl oy ve tlf.(Nrao`enndrdlt saurhds)

^AHGJTCGZU EPDOX

Gdralgutehs(l)= Flk iflk fh

Gkralaoy(l)= Llk fh

Glgtaoy(l)= Ifag kee pfu

gppcehgjecety(l)= tlf lk `lk

gppcehgteals (l)= hh lk `lk

Gppced` shedlhds(l)= hh lklf ifag fh lk `lk

grtenehegc arkgl(s) (l)= (hh) hqugl, jpfl lfl ta

Gstralaoy (l)= Pfel vl fh

Jatgly=Pfh vt fh

hcgssenehgteal (l)= spfl cae, xp cae, flk oh

Hasoacaky (l)= ^trfh

Dhacaky (l)= Xelf tfe fh

dcgjargteal (l)= Xhfta, spft self

Dcdhtralehs (l)= el tfh

Dojryacaky(l)= Ifag pfe fh

Dlkelddrelk (l)= Ifag hlk trlf

narogteal (l)= sflf tflf

Kdldtehs (l)= @e truyl fh


18/275

76

Kdacaky (l)= g hft fh

eltdrrdcgteal(s) (l)= (hh) oe qugl fqug ce

cgw(s) an lgturd(l)= (hh) quy cut hg tlfel

cend prassds(ds)(l)= (hh) qutrlf slk

ogelstrdgo (l)=`lk hflf tflk, xu flk/ tfhfa

ogtdregcesteh shedlhd(l)= ifag fh vt hft

odtgccurky (l)= lklf cuyl ieo

ajsdrvgteal (l)= Xqugl st

pfecasapfdr (l)= tret keg

Rfyseacaky (l)= Xelf c fhprghtehgc lgturd (l)= jl hft tfh t

Xhedlteneh tfdareds(l)= Hh fh tfuyt

spdhegcezd` shedlhds (l)= hh ifag fh hfuyl lklf

ta naroucgtd =cp hlk tfh, ife qut fajlk hlk tfh

ta trglsoet =truyl ce, truyl e, cgl tae

]aacaky (l)= lk vt fh

NZDD-ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD

Et es g`vesgjcd tfgt yau rdg` tfd naccawelk pgssgkd nar saod oard gjaut shedlhd.Uau hglpehi up saod ldw vahgjucgry etdos. Pry ta à saod prghtehd al trglscgteal.

Xhedlteneh haooulehgteal

Pfraukfaut festary, shedlteneh ilawcd`kd fgs jddl trglsoettd` hfedncy tfraukf wrettdl

àhuodlts, saod an wfehf grd oard tfgl 0222 ydgrs ac`. Nrao glhedlt Krddhd, fawdvdr, la

sujstgltegc shedlteneh wari survevds nrao tfd pdrea` jdnard tfd kdaodtrehegl Duhce`'sDcdodlts

(herhg 822 JH). An tfd trdgtesds wrettdl jy cdgèlk shedltests gntdr tfgt teod, alcy gjaut fgcngrd dxtglt. Xaod an tfdsd grd el Krddi, gl` atfdrs wdrd prdsdrvd` tfraukf trglscgteal jy Grgj

shfacgrs el tfd Oe``cd Gkds. Odèdvgc shfaacs gl` ulevdrseteds wdrd cgrkdcy rdspalsejcd nar

prdsdrvelk tfdsd waris gl` nar nastdrelk shedlteneh ghtevety.

Xelhd tfd Zdlgessglhd, fawdvdr, tfes wari fgs jddl sfgrd` jy shedlteneh sahedteds9 tfd

ac`dst suhf sahedty, wfehf stecc survevds, es tfd Ghg`doeg `dc Celhde (ta wfehf Kgcecda

jdcalkd`), dstgjcesfd` el 7>28 ta praoatd tfd stu`y an ogtfdogtehgc, pfysehgc, gl` lgturgc

shedlhds. Cgtdr el tfd hdltury, kavdrlodltgc suppart an shedlhd cd` ta tfd naulèlk an tfd

Zaygc Xahedty an Calàl (7>>:) gl` tfd Ghg`doeg `ds Xhedlhds `d Rgres (7>>>). Pfdsd twa


19/275

75

arkglezgteals eletegtd` pujcehgteal an shedlteneh maurlgcs, tfd narodr ul`dr tfd tetcd

Rfecasapfehgc Prglsghtealsgl` tfd cgttdr gsOoaerds.

@urelk tfd 76tf hdltury ghg`doeds an shedlhd wdrd dstgjcesfd` jy atfdr cdgèlk lgteals.

El tfd T.X. el 7;08, Jdlmgoel Nrglicel arkglezd` tfd Godrehgl Rfecasapfehgc Xahedty narpraoatelk usdnuc ilawcd`kd. El 7;62 tfd Godrehgl Ghg`doy an Grts gl` Xhedlhds wgs

arkglezd` jy Mafl G`gos, wfa jdhgod tfd sdhal` T.X. prdse`dlt el 7;5;. El 7687 tfd Jretesf

Gssahegteal nar tfd G`vglhdodlt an Xhedlhd odt nar tfd nerst teod, naccawd` el 7606 jy tfd

Godrehgl Gssahegteal nar tfd G`vglhdodlt an Xhedlhd, gl` el 76;: jy tfd Gssahegteal

Nrglgesd paur c'Gvglhdodlt `ds Xhedlhds. Pfdsd lgtealgc arkglezgteals essud tfd maurlgcsLgturd, Xhedlhd, gl` Haoptd-Zdlùs, rdspdhtevdcy. Pfd luojdr an shedlteneh maurlgcs krdw sargpe`cy ùrelk tfd dgrcy :2tf hdltury tfgtG [arc` Cest an Xhedlteneh Rdreaèhgcs Rujcesfd` eltfd Udgrs 7522-7588haltgeld` saod 8>,222 dltreds el 76 cglkugkds. G cgrkd luojdr an tfdsd

grd essud` jy spdhegcezd` sahedteds `dvatd` ta elèveùgc shedlhds, gl` oast an tfdo grd ndwdrtfgl 722 ydgrs ac`.

Xelhd cgtd el tfd 75tf hdltury, haooulehgteal goalk shedltests fgs jddl nghecetgtd` jy

tfd dstgjcesfodlt an eltdrlgtealgc arkglezgteals, suhf gs tfd Eltdrlgtealgc Jurdgu an [dekfts

gl` Odgsurds (76;8) gl` tfd Eltdrlgtealgc Haulhec an Zdsdgrhf (7575). Pfd cgttdr es g

shedlteneh nd`drgteal sujève`d` elta eltdrlgtealgc uleals nar dghf an tfd vgreaus shedlhds. Pfd

uleals fac` eltdrlgtealgc halkrdssds dvdry ndw ydgrs, tfd trglsghteals an wfehf grd usugccy

pujcesfd`. El g`èteal ta lgtealgc gl` eltdrlgtealgc shedlteneh arkglezgteals, luodraus ogmar

elùstregc neros fgvd rdsdgrhf `dpgrtodlts9 saod an tfdo rdkucgrcy pujcesf ghhaults an tfd

wari àld ar dcsd necd rdparts wetf kavdrlodlt pgtdlt annehds, wfehf el turl prelt gjstrghts eljuccdtels tfgt grd pujcesfd` pdreaèhgccy.



20/275

:2

Hasoeh rgys grd dxtrdodcy dldrkdteh sujgtaoeh pgrtehcds tfgt trgvdc tfraukf autdr spghdgt ldgrcy tfd spdd` an cekft. Xhedltests cdgrl gjaut `ddp spghd jy stu`yelk kgcghteh hasoehrgys, wfehf arekelgtd ogly cekft-ydgrs gwgy (g cekft-ydgr rdprdsdlts tfd `estglhd cekft trgvdcsel ald ydgr). Pfes pfatakrgpf, tgidl el tfd cgtd 7502s wetf g spdhegc pfatakrgpfeh doucsealhgccd` tfd Ia`gi LP0, rdhar`s g hacceseal an g hasoeh-rgy pgrtehcd wetf g pgrtehcd el tfd neco.

G hasoeh-rgy pgrtehcd pra`uhd` tfd trghi tfgt stgrts gt tfd tap cdnt harldr an tfd pfatakrgpf9tfes pgrtehcd hacce`d` wetf g luhcdus el tfd hdltdr an tfd pfatakrgpf ta hrdgtd g sprgy an

sujgtaoeh pgrtehcds.

(Rawdcc-Nawcdr-Rdriels/Rfata Zdsdgrhfdrs, Elh.)


21/275

:7

Tlet Pwa

RFUXEHX

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKDRfysehs gl` shapds an Rfysehs

Rfysehs es tfd ogmar shedlhd `dgcelk wetf tfd nul`godltgc halstetudlts an tfd ulevdrsd,tfd narhds tfdy dxdrt al ald glatfdr, gl` tfd rdsucts pra`uhd` jy tfdsd narhds. Xaodteods el

oa`drl pfysehs g oard sapfestehgtd` gppraghf es tgidl tfgt elharpargtds dcdodlts an tfd tfrdd

grdgs cestd` gjavd9 et rdcgtds ta tfd cgws an syoodtry gl` halsdrvgteal, suhf gs tfasd

pdrtgelelk ta dldrky, oaodltuo, hfgrkd, gl` pgrety.

Rfysehs es hcasdcy rdcgtd` ta tfd atfdr lgturgc shedlhds gl`, el g sdlsd, dlhaopgssds tfdo.

Hfdoestry, nar dxgopcd, `dgcs wetf tfd eltdrghteal an gtaos ta naro oacdhucds9 ouhf an


22/275

::

oa`drl kdacaky es cgrkdcy g stu`y an tfd pfysehs an tfd dgrtf gl` es ilawl gs kdapfysehs9 gl`

gstralaoy `dgcs wetf tfd pfysehs an tfd stgrs gl` autdr spghd. Dvdl cevelk systdos grd og`d

up an nul`godltgc pgrtehcds gl`, gs stuèd` el jeapfysehs gl` jeahfdoestry, tfdy naccaw tfd

sgod typds an cgws gs tfd seopcdr pgrtehcds trgètealgccy stuèd` jy g pfysehest.

Pfd dopfgses al tfd eltdrghteal jdtwddl pgrtehcds el oa`drl pfysehs, ilawl gs tfd

oehrashapeh gppraghf, oust antdl jd suppcdodltd` jy g oghrashapeh gppraghf tfgt `dgcs wetf

cgrkdr dcdodlts ar systdos an pgrtehcds. Pfes oghrashapeh gppraghf es elèspdlsgjcd ta tfd

gppcehgteal an pfysehs ta ouhf an oa`drl tdhflacaky. Pfdroa`ylgoehs, nar dxgopcd, g

jrglhf an pfysehs `dvdcapd` ùrelk tfd 75tf hdltury, `dgcs wetf tfd dcuhe`gteal gl`

odgsurdodlt an prapdrteds an g systdo gs g wfacd gl` rdogels usdnuc el atfdr nedc`s an

pfysehs9 et gcsa naros tfd jgses an ouhf an hfdoehgc gl` odhfglehgc dlkelddrelk. Xuhf

prapdrteds gs tfd tdopdrgturd, prdssurd, gl` vacuod an g kgs fgvd la odglelk nar gl

elèveùgc gtao ar oacdhucd9 tfdsd tfdroa`ylgoeh halhdpts hgl alcy jd gppced` èrdhtcy ta g

vdry cgrkd systdo an suhf pgrtehcds. G jre`kd dxests, fawdvdr, jdtwddl tfd oehrashapeh gl`

oghrashapeh gppraghf9 glatfdr jrglhf an pfysehs, ilawl gs stgtestehgc odhfglehs, elèhgtds

faw prdssurd gl` tdopdrgturd hgl jd rdcgtd` ta tfd oateal an gtaos gl` oacdhucds al g

stgtestehgc jgses.

Rfysehs dodrkd` gs g sdpgrgtd shedlhd alcy el tfd dgrcy 75tf hdltury9 ultec tfgt teod g

pfysehest wgs antdl gcsa g ogtfdogtehegl, pfecasapfdr, hfdoest, jeacakest, dlkelddr, ar dvdl

preogrecy g pacetehgc cdg`dr ar grtest. Pa`gy tfd nedc` fgs krawl ta suhf gl dxtdlt tfgt wetf ndw

dxhdpteals oa`drl pfysehests fgvd ta ceoet tfder gttdlteal ta ald ar twa jrglhfds an tfd

shedlhd. Alhd tfd nul`godltgc gspdhts an g ldw nedc` grd èshavdrd` gl` ul`drstaa`, tfdyjdhaod tfd àogel an dlkelddrs gl` atfdr gppced` shedltests. Pfd 75tf-hdltury èshavdreds el

dcdhtrehety gl` ogkldteso, nar dxgopcd, grd law tfd pravelhd an dcdhtrehgc gl` haooulehgteal

dlkelddrs9 tfd prapdrteds an ogttdr èshavdrd` gt tfd jdkellelk an tfd :2tf hdltury fgvd jddl

gppced` el dcdhtralehs9 gl` tfd èshavdreds an luhcdgr pfysehs, oast an tfdo lat ydt 02 ydgrs

ac`, fgvd pgssd` elta tfd fgl`s an luhcdgr dlkelddrs nar gppcehgteals ta pdghdnuc ar oecetgry

usds.




7. [fgt àds pfysehs stu`y el kdldrgc1

:. [fgt es gl gppraghf el oa`drl pfysehs rdcgtd` ta1


23/275

:8

8. Grd tfdrd gly rdcgteals jdtwddl pfysehs gl` atfdr shedlhds1 Kevd saod eccustrgteals.

0. [fgt `ads stgtestehgc pfysehs sfaw1

4. [fdl wgs pfysehs sddl gs g sdpgrgtd shedlhd1

Dxdrhesd := Haopcdtd dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts wetf war`s/ pfrgsds nrao tfd rdg`elkpgssgkd

7. Rfysehs .. tfd nul`godltgc halstetudlts an tfd ulevdrsd:. g oard sapfestehgtd` gppraghf ..dcdodlts an tfd tfrdd grdgs...8. Et rdcgtds ta tfd cgws an .. gl` halsdrvgteal0. Rfysehs es hcasdcy rdcgtd` ta tfd atfdr lgturgc ..4. Hfdoestry `dgcs wetf tfd .. an gtaos ta naro oacdhucds>. Dvdl cevelk systdos grd og`d up an .. pgrtehcds;. Pfd dopfgses al tfd eltdrghteal jdtwddl pgrtehcds el oa`drl pfysehs, ilawl gs tfd

.. gppraghf

6. Pfes oghrashapeh gppraghf es .. ta tfd gppcehgteal an pfysehs5. tfdsd tfdroa`ylgoeh halhdpts hgl alcy jd gppced` ..ta g vdry cgrkd

systdo an suhf pgrtehcds

72.G jre`kd dxests, ..,jdtwddl tfd oehrashapeh gl` oghrashapeh gppraghfDxdrhesd 8=@dhe`d wfdtfdr dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts es trud (P), ngcsd (N) ar wetf laelnarogteal ta hcgreny (L).

7. ..Oa`drl pfysehs gcsa `dgcs wetf tfd nul`godltgc halstetudlts an tfdulevdrsd.

:. ..Pfdrd grd rdcgteals jdtwddl pfysehs gl` atfdr lgturgc shedlhds.8. ..Pfd oehrashapeh gppraghf es oard eopartglt tfgl tfd oghrashapeh ald.0. ..Pfd oghrashapeh es ulldhdssgry ta tfd gppcehgteal an pfysehs ta ouhf

an oa`drl tdhflacaky.


24/275

:0

4. ..Pfdroa`ylgoehs `dgcs wetf tfd odgsurdodlt an prapdrteds an g systdogs gl elèveùgc.

>. ..Xtgtestehgcodhfglehs sfaws tfd wgy el wfehf prdssurd gl` tdopdrgturdgrd rdcgtd` ta dghf atfdr.

;. ..Jdnard tfd 75tfhdltury, pdapcd fg` fg` la e`dgs an wfgt pfysehs wgsceid.

6. ..Ogly pdapcd stuèd` pfysehs jdhgusd et wgs eltdrdstelk.5. ..Pa`gy, pfysehs fgs jdhaod tfd oast eopartglt shedlhd.72...Luhcdgr pfysehs wgs arekelgccy nar pdghdnuc purpasds.

KZGOOGZ EL TXD

E) Rgrtehepcd pfrgsds rdpcghelk rdcgtevd hcgusds

7. Rgrtehepcds an vdrjs

El Dlkcesf, dghf vdrj fgs twa pgrtehepcds=( ) Q

( ) Q

?

?

pgrtehepcdE RE vdrj elk

RgrtehepcdEE REE vdrj d`

El wfehf tfd narodr es halse`drd` tfd ghtevd pgrtehepcd gl` tfd sdhal` es ilawl gs

pgssevd pgrtehcd.

G pgrtehepcd pfrgsd es tfd ald wetf tfd hdltrd dcdodlt jdelk g pgrtehepcd.

Dxgopcd=

7. warielkwetf od:. stu`yelkRfysehs cgst ydgr8. wrettdljy g ngoaus shedltest0. hcgrened`jy tfd Eltdrlgtealgc Jurdgu an [dekfts gl` Odgsurds4. fgvelk jddlhgrdnuccy halùhtd` el tfd cgjargtary>. jdelkhalse`drd`jy tfd Kavdrlodlt

EE) Rgrtehepcds rdpcghelk rdcgtevd hcgusds

Nrao tfd gjavd odlteald`, et es `dùhd` tfgt dghf typd an pgrtehepcd, tfdrdnard, wecc

rdpcghd g harrdspalèlk rdcgtevd hcgusd wetf tfd sgod krgoogtehgc eopcehgteal (wfdtfdr

pgssevd ar ghtevd), jgselk al tfd naro an tfd vdrj pfrgsd el tfd rdcgtevd hcgusd.

Halse`dr tfd naccawelk dxgopcds (nrao Tlet ald)

7. Xhedlhd (purd shedlhd) es g tdro wfehf es usd` ta `dlatd systdoezd` ilawcd`kd el glynedc`.


25/275

:4

:. Gppced` shedlhd es tfd tdro tfgt es usd` ta rdndr ta tfd sdgrhf nar prghtehgc usds anshedlteneh ilawcd`kd.

8. Ldec Grostralk wgs tfd nerst pdrsal wfa wgcid` al tfd Oaal.0. Fdrd, wd sfauc` èstelkuesf purd shedlhd nrao tdhflacaky tfraukf wfehf gppcehgteals

grd rdgcezd`.

4. Ldwtal wfao ogly an us, shedltests fgvd rdspdhtd` usd` lat ta jd g kaa` stu`dlt gtgcc.

>. Ldwtal, wfasd èshavdry an tfd tfdary an krgvety wgs vdry strglkd, fgs jddl tfdpealddr el Odhfglehs Rfysehs.

Et es hcdgrcy sddl tfgt fgcn an tfd gjavd dxgopcds an rdcgtevd hcgusds grd ghtevd (8, 4, >)

gl` tfd atfdr fgcn grd pgssevd (7, :, 0).

Fawdvdr, lat gcc rdcgtevd hcgusds jut tfd alds wetf rdcgtevd pralaul el sujmdht paseteal

hgl jd rdpcghd` wetf pgrtehepcd pfrgsds. Pfes es gppcehgjcd ta jatf typds an rdcgtevd hcgusds.

Fdlhd, goalk tfd gjavd rdcgtevd hcgusds, alcy tfd nerst tfrdd hgl jd rdpcghd`.

[d fgvd=

7. Xhedlhd (purd shedlhd) es g tdro usd` ta `dlatd systdoezd` ilawcd`kd el glynedc`.

:. Gppced` shedlhd es tfd tdro usd` ta rdndr ta tfd sdgrhf nar prghtehgc usds an shedltenehilawcd`kd.

8. Ldec Grostralk wgs tfd nerst pdrsal wgcielk al tfd Oaal.*Pfdsd sdltdlhds wecc jd eltdrprdtd` jgselk al tfd haltdxt el wfehf et gppdgrs=

Gs el tfd nerst twa pgrtehepcd pfrgsds, tfdy grd usd` ta ogid `dneleteals sa tfd vdrjs el tfd

harrdspalèlk rdcgtevd hcgusds oust jd el prdsdlt tdlsd wfecd, el tfd cgst ald, tfd tdlsd an vdrj

el tfd harrdspalèlk rdcgtevd hcgusd oust jd tfd seopcd pgst tdlsd (et es tfd ghteal an tfd pgst).

Latd

Pfd tfer` hgsd an rdcgtevd hcgusd hgl jd rdpcghd` wetf g ta- elneletevd ( rdndr ta Tletdcdvdl-âcuol :).

Zdcgtevd hcgusds wetf eltrglsetevd vdrjs hgl lat jd rdpcghd` wetf d` pfrgsd.RZGHPEHD

Zdpcghd tfd rdcgtevd hcgusd el dghf an tfd naccawelk sdltdlhds wetf ets harrdspal elkpgrtehepcd pfrgsd en passejcd.

7. Glatfdr shgcd wfehf dopcays gjsacutd zdra gs ets cawdst paelt es tfd Zglieldshgcd, el wfehf dghf `dkrdd an tdopdrgturd es dquevgcdlt ta ald `dkrdd al tfd

Ngfrdlfdet shgcd.


26/275

:>

:. @doahretus naroucgtd` g halhdpt tfgt fgs kue`d` pfysehs gt vgreaus teods dvdr selhd-tfd sdgrhf nar tfd jgseh juecèlk jcahis an tfd ulevdrsd gl` tfd narhds tfgt `dtdroeld

tfder jdfgvear.

8. Delstdel's kdleus, wfehf es hfgrghtdrezd` dqugccy jy cakehgc hcgrety gl` hrdgtevdeogkelgteal, suhhdd`d` el rdoacèlk gl` we`dlelk tfd eopaselk dènehd wfasd

naul`gteals fg` jddl cge` jy Ldwtal's krdgt wari.

0. Nedc` (pfysehs) es tfd grdg tfgt surraul`s gl ajmdht, el wfehf g krgvetgtealgc ardcdhtraogkldteh narhd es dxdrtd` al atfdr ajmdhts.

4. Kgcecda's gstralaoehgc èshavdreds gl` fes wari el odhfglehs nardsfgàwd` tfd warian tfd 7;tf-hdltury Dlkcesf ogtfdogtehegl gl` pfysehest Xer Esggh Ldwtal, ald an tfd

krdgtdst shedltests wfa dvdr cevd`.

>. Kdrogl gstralaodr Mafgllds Idpcdr, wfa wgs jarl el 74;7, es g idy nekurd el tfdfestary an pfysehs.

;. El tfd ldxt oeccdlleuo, pfysehests ogy ghfedvd g selkcd avdrgrhfelk tfdary tfgtdxpcgels faw tfd naur nul`godltgc narhds el tfd ulevdrsd hgl jd ulened`.


27/275

:;

6. Ogliel` wecc gcwgys jd el`djtd` ta Delstdel nar tfd rdoavgc an tfd ajstghcds ta aurautcaai wfehf wdrd elvacvd` el tfd preoetevd lateals an gjsacutd spghd gl` teod.

5. Ldwtal stgtd` fes e`dgs el sdvdrgc pujcesfd` waris, twa an wfehf, RfecasapfegdLgturgces Rrelhepeg Ogtfdogtehg (Ogtfdogtehgc Rrelhepcds an Lgturgc Rfecasapfy,7>6;) gl` Aptehis (7;20), grd halse`drd` goalk tfd krdgtdst shedlteneh waris dvdr

praùhd`.

72.Ldwtal, Xer Esggh (7>0:-7;:;), wfa es halse`drd` ald an tfd oast eopartgltshedltests an gcc teod, es gl Dlkcesf pfysehest, ogtfdogtehegl, gl` lgturgc pfecasapfdr.

77.La atfdr fgcn-hdltury el festary fgs wetldssd` sa rdvacutealgry g trglsnarogteal elogl's vedw an tfd lgturd an tfd pfysehgc ulevdrsd gs tfd ald tfraukf wfehf wd fgvd

must pgssd`.

7:.Avdr tfd cgst 7,222 ydgrs tfd shedlhd an pfysehs fgs dlgjcd` us ta prajd glùl`drstgl` tfd warc` an tfd vdry cgrkd-tfd stgrs gl` tfd kgcgxeds tfgt haltgel tfdo-

gl`, oard rdhdltcy, tfd warc` an tfd vdry sogcc-tfd nul`godltgc pgrtehcds tfgt ogid

up ogttdr gl` tfd narhds tfgt kavdrl tfder eltdrghteals.

78.Rfysehests jdcedvd tfd ulevdrsd jdkgl gjaut 7: jecceal ydgrs gka el g hasoehdxpcaseal wfehf es ilawl gs tfd jek jglk, wfdl g ogklenehdlt àwry an dldrky

gppdgrd` gl` halvdrtd` ta pgrtehcds an ogttdr.


28/275

:6

70.Rfysehests fgvd gcsa e`dltened` tfd naur nul`godltgc narhds tfgt kavdrl tfdeltdrghteals jdtwddl dcdodltgry pgrtehcds.

74.Pfd Jgjycalegls, Dkyptegls, gl` dgrcy Odsagodrehgls ajsdrvd` tfd oateals an tfd

pcgldts gl` suhhdd`d` el prdèhtelk dhcepsds, jut tfdy ngecd` ta nel` gl ul`drcyelk

systdo tfgt kavdrls pcgldtgry oateal.

7>.Pfd Dlkcesf Xhfacgsteh pfecasapfdr gl` shedltest Zakdr Jghal wgs ald an tfd ndwpfecasapfdrs wfa g`vahgtd` tfd dxpdreodltgc odtfa` gs tfd trud naul`gteal an

shedlteneh ilawcd`kd gl` wfa gcsa è` saod wari el gstralaoy, hfdoestry, aptehs,gl` oghfeld `dsekl.

7;.Pfd sgod speret tfgt hfgrghtdrezd` Delstdel's ulequd shedlteneh ghfedvdodlts gcsaogrid` fes gttetu`d el gcc fuogl rdcgteals.

76.Pfd sdlsgteal an wgrotf ar hac`ldss an g sujstglhd al haltght es `dtdroeld` jy tfdprapdrty wfehf es ilawl gs tdopdrgturd.

75.[d grd oesselk cats an `dtgecs gjaut tfes arekelgc fat, tely ulevdrsd, el wfehf spghdwgs dxpglèlk gl` rusfelk autwgr` gl` pgrtehcds wdrd hcustdrelk gl` dvdltugccy

jelèlk.

:2.[etf tfd `dgtf an Gcjdrt Delstdel, g cend el tfd sdrvehd an shedlhd gl` fuoglety wfehfwgs gs rehf gl` nruetnuc gs gly el tfd wfacd festary an aur hucturd fgs haod ta gl dl`.


29/275

:5

RZAJCDO XACÊLK

E) Zdgèlk haopcdx naroucgd

7) Zdndr ta gppdlèx > nar Krddi cdttdrs gl` tfder pralulhegteal:) [fgt à tfd naccawelk syojacs odgl el Dlkcesf1

7. :. 8. 0. 4. 3 >. <

;. 6. 5. 72. 77. 7:.

8) Zdg` aut tfd naccawelk dxprdsseals

7.CH

n

?:

7 :. 0PD ?

8.Rn[s:? 0. NZ[y 0

2?

4. >.7;2 720 ? Fo

::: CZ

CH

+?

;.

? :::

ô

dv 6.

Iu

v:

:

7

?

5.G

R

E

Oyh+? 72. ( ): ::

0

8

Wy Z y

Z?

EE) G`mdhtevds ar`dr

7) Et es ajveaus tfgt war`s gppdgr el sdltdlhds/ stgtdodlts/ uttdrglhds el g celdgr ar`dr.

Fawdvdr, dghf cglkugkd fgs ets awl wgy an ar`drelk tfd war`s nar haooulehgtevd purpasds,

et es, tfdl, vdry eopartglt ta ul`drstgl` tfes.

El Dlkcesf, tfd vdry ènndrdlhd el war` ar`dr nrao tfgt el êdtlgodsd es tfd ar`dr an

g`mdhtevds= El Dlkcesf, g`mdhtevds ka jdnard lauls ta oaèny lauls rdkgr`cdss an saod

dxhdpteals wfecd et es appasetd el êdtlgodsd. Nar dxgopcd=

Dlkcesf= gsuhhdssnucdxpdreodlt êdtlgodsd= ot tf lkfeo tflf hlk

Gl` wd fgvd oard tfgl ald typd an g`mdhtevds gl` saodteods g kraup an g`mdhtevds gt tfd

sgod teod oaèny ald laul9 tfgt es wfy wd fgvd ta hcgreny wfehf typd an g`mdhtevd sfauc` ka

nerst, gl` wfehf cgst.

Dlkcesf g`mdhtevds fgvd tfd naccawelk larogc rucd an pasetealelk=

sezd kdldrgc `dshrepteal gkd sfgpd hacaur ogtdregc arekel purpasd

pgrtehepcd----Laul


30/275

82

Dxgopcd= g sogcc lehd ac` squgrd jrawl waa`dl Nrdlhf wretelk `dsi(ot he jl vethjlk klfxelf xl hg Rfp)

Latd

El prghtehd, tfdrd grd la oard tfgl nevd g`mdhtevds oa`enyelk ald laul gt tfd sgodteod.

Rrghtehd tgsi

Zdgrrglkd dghf an tfd naccawelk sdt an war`s ta ogid g odglelknuc sdltdlhd. Rgygttdlteal ta tfd ar`dr an g`mdhtevds wfdrd tfdrd es oard tfgl ald g`mdhtevd el tfd sdltdlhd.

7. paccuteal/ es/ prajcdo/ laesd/ g/ dlveralodltgc/ sdreaus.

:. hucturd/ tfd/ saod/ an/ dlveralodltgc/g/ hrdgteal oytfs/ rdncdht/ herhuostglhds/pgrtehucgr.

8. an/ dxpcgel/ hrdgteal oytfacakeds/ ghtugc/ prahdssds/ tfd/ vgredty/ narogteal/ tfd/ jy/g/ an/ warc`.

0. tfd/ haopght/ prapasds/ `dlsd/ dxtrdodcy/ tfgt/ fat/ tfd/ alhd/ jek jglk tfdary/ wgs/gl/ gl`/ pcgldt/ ulevdrsd.

4. sacuteals/ fgvd/ sdrvd`/ nar/ ouhf/ nrgodwari/ tfdary/ tfd/ tfdsd /gs/ an/ hurrdlt/ al/tfdardtehgc/ tfd/ wari/ jek jglk/ tfd.

>. gjaut/ halse`dr/ stgjecety/ `aujts/ fypatfdsds/ g/ hgtgstrapfeh/ suhf/ an/ relks/ saod/cd`/ ta/ shedltests/ tfd/ vgreaus.

;. jdkels/ stgr/ cend/ gs/ g/ haac/ rdcgtevdcy/ g/ cgrkd/, /el/ ldjucg/ an/ ogss/ kgs/ g.saod.


31/275

87

6. g/ gs/ dxpdredlhd`/ es/ sdlsgteal/ hacar/ jy/ ldurapfyseacakehgc/ gl`/ fuogls/ an/gleogcs/,/ prahdss/ pdrhdpteal/ g/ haopcdx.

PZGLXCGPEAL

Pgsi ald=Dlkcesf êdtlgodsd trglscgteal

7. Laesd, el pfysehs, es gl ghausteh, dcdhtreh, ar dcdhtraleh seklgc halsestelk an g rglàooexturd an wgvdcdlktfs. El elnarogteal tfdary, tfd tdro `dseklgtds g seklgc tfgt

haltgels la elnarogteal. El ghaustehs, wfetd laesd halsests an gcc guèjcd

nrdqudlheds, must gs wfetd cekft halsests an gcc vesejcd nrdqudlheds. Laesd es gcsa g

sujmdhtevd tdro, rdndrrelk ta gly ulwgltd` saul`.:. Xpghd, el kdldrgc usgkd, es tfgt wfehf es hfgrghtdrezd` jy tfd prapdrty an dxtdlseal ar

tfd gjecety ta strdthf aut ar dxtdl` el gly èrdhteal9 el gstralaoy, tfd rdkeal jdyal`

tfd dgrtf's gtoaspfdrd ar jdyal` tfd sacgr systdo= autdr spghd. Pfd sa-hgccd` ghtugc

spghd el wfehf ogtdregc ajmdhts dxest gl` grd pdrhdevd` wgs rdkgr`d` nar ogly

tfausgl`s an ydgrs gs fgvelk tfrdd èodlseals= cdnt gl` rekft, up gl` àwl, gl`

narwgr` gl` jghiwgr`.

8. Oa`drl elvdstekgteals el ogtfdogtehs, pfysehs, gl` gstralaoy fgvd elèhgtd` tfgtspghd gl` teod grd ghtugccy dxtdlseals an tfd sgod halteluuo, wfehf shedltests rdndr

ta gs spghd-teod ar tfd spghd-teod halteluuo.

0. G tdcdveseal prakrgo es hrdgtd` jy nahuselk g tdcdveseal hgodrg al g shdld. Pfdhgodrg hfglkds cekft nrao tfd shdld elta gl dcdhtreh seklgc, hgccd` tfd ve`da seklgc,

wfehf vgreds `dpdlèlk al tfd strdlktf, ar jrekftldss, an cekft rdhdevd` nrao dghf

pgrt an tfd shdld. El hacar tdcdveseal, tfd hgodrg praùhds gl dcdhtreh seklgc tfgt

vgreds `dpdlèlk al tfd strdlktf an dghf hacar an cekft.

4. Zdnrekdrgteal es tfd prahdss an cawdrelk tfd tdopdrgturd gl` ogeltgelelk et el g kevdlspghd nar tfd purpasd an hfeccelk naa`s, prdsdrvelk hdrtgel sujstglhds, ar praveèlk gl

gtoaspfdrd halùhevd ta jaècy haonart. Xtarelk pdresfgjcd naa`s, nurs,pfgroghdutehgcs, ar atfdr etdos ul`dr rdnrekdrgteal es haooalcy ilawl gs hac`

stargkd. Xuhf rdnrekdrgteal hfdhis jatf jghtdregc krawtf gl` g`vdrsd hfdoehgc

rdghteals tfgt ahhur el tfd larogc gtoaspfdrd.



Hflk tg co qudl ve vt c fh hflf jlk hh e clk a clk hg vt c o hflktg kp flk lky o tralk s pfe il lflk e clk lf è, tfe kegl, ife


32/275

8:

clk, lfet v p sut, p ch Flk lky jl vl tflk lkfd t xulk quglf olflflk hu lf= tfe kegl c v tl vy o e lke ce iflk è9 ife clk hlk veh qucl lfvy tf te iflk tfco le9 p ch hlk veh lfvy c qu hga . Pralk lflk

pft lkl trl, r rlk h sxut fel hg hh e clk vt c, lflk y, lkfg ifagfh hflf xh hg hflk iflk hl tl te lg, l trll of. Hflf xh fl c lkfg ifag fh hg hflk fal tal ifh ve lkfg o l h s`lk flk lky. Hflfeu ly ky trlke hfa lke s`lk hflk, tflk tflk hflk co hfa lke tg feusge fl c feu lk.

(Nrao Nul`godltgcs an Rfysehs Prglscgteal vdrseal jy Lka Wuah Wuylf gs hfednèrdhtar)

ÂHGJTCGZU EPDOX

ghausteh (l)= tfuh vo tfglf

g`vdrsd (g`m)= e hf, tf hf, hflk e/ jt ce, h fe/ lkh

gojekuaus (g`m)= if feu, of, lfp lflk

gppraghf (l)= pflk pfp tep hl/ hhf tep hl/lk flk tep hl

guèjcd (g`m)= h tflkfd tfy/ h tflkfd r

jeahfdoestry(l)= lklf self fa

jeapfysehs (l)= ifag c self

halùhevd (g`m)= h hf, h ce/ g l, `l l

halstetudlts(l)= tflf pfl hu ta

halteluuo (l)=tfcel th/ tfo tfh vt cel (pc.)= haltelug

èodlseal (l)= hfeu, ihf tfh, if, h

(v)= lf ihf tfh, a ihf tfh

dcuhe`gteal(l)= sco slk t/ skee tfhf

ta dcuhe`gtd= co slk t/kee tfhf

dxtdlseal (l)=sorlk/ sia è rg/srg fl

nul`godltgc (g`m)= hjl

Kdacaky(l)= g hft fh

elèspdlsgjcd(g`m)= iflk tftfeu/ iflk tfjqug

eltdrghteal (l)= stlk th

ta eltdrght(etf)= tlk th ve

cgws an syoodtry gl` halsdrvgteal(l)= lf cut e xlk v ja tal


33/275

88

pdresfgjcd (g`m)= `tfe, flk (rgu, qu)/ h tfjtl ce, èt valk

pfysehgc qugltety (l)=e clk vt c

prdssurd (l)= p sut/ p ch

prapdrteds(l)= tfuh tlf/ h eo

rdnrekdrgteal(l)= sco clf, p clf

stgtestehgc odhfglehs(l)= hfh tflk i

stargkd (l)= sht ke, sthf tr, s`tr, cu ifa

sujmdhtevd(g`m)= hfqugl

tfdroa`ylgoehs(l)= lfet lk ch

ta hfgrghtdrezd (v)=jeu tfh eo/ o th eo

ta `dseklgtd(v)=hfr, lf r/ hfl cg, hflf, jlfeo

ta dlhaopgss(v)= vy quglf/ jga quglf/ hfg lk/ fal tfel/ fal tflf

ta dxdrt al= th `lk/ lk cl

NZDD ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD

Et es g`vesgjcd tfgt yau rdg` tfd naccawelk pgssgkd gjaut ald an tfd warc` dvdr krdgtdstshedltests wfa fgs haltrejutd` ouhf ta aur jdgutenuc cend. Pry ta à prghtehd al trglscgteal.

Gcjdrt Delstdel (76;5-7544)

(Jy Ledcs Jafr gl` E. E. Zgje)

[etf tfd `dgtf an Gcjdrt Delstdel, g cend el tfd sdrvehd an shedlhd gl` fuoglety wfehf wgs

gs rehf gl` nruetnuc gs gly el tfd wfacd festary an aur hucturd fgs haod ta gl dl`. Ogliel`

wecc gcwgys jd el`djtd` ta Delstdel nar tfd rdoavgc an tfd ajstghcds ta aur autcaai wfehf

wdrd elvacvd` el tfd preoetevd lateals an gjsacutd spghd gl` teod. Fd kgvd us g warc`

pehturd wetf g ulety gl` fgroaly surpgsselk tfd jac`dst `rdgos an tfd pgst.

Delstdel's kdleus, hfgrghtdrezd` dqugccy jy cakehgc hcgrety gl` hrdgtevd eogkelgteal,

suhhdd`d` el rdoacèlk gl` we`dlelk tfd eopaselk dènehd wfasd naul`gteals fg` jddl cge`

jy Ldwtal's krdgt wari. [etfel tfd nrgod an tfd rdcgtevety tfdary, `doglèlk g naroucgteal an

tfd cgws an lgturd el`dpdl`dlt an tfd ajsdrvdr gl` dopfgsezelk tfd selkucgr racd an tfd spdd`

an cekft, krgvetgtealgc dnndhts cast tfder esacgtd` paseteal gl` gppdgrd` gs gl eltdkrgc pgrt an g

kdldrgc ieldogtehs `dshrepteal, hgpgjcd an vdrenehgteal jy rdneld` gstralaoehgc ajsdrvgteals.

Oardavdr, Delstdel's rdhakleteal an tfd dquevgcdlhd an ogss gl` dldrky sfauc` pravd gl

elvgcugjcd kue`d el tfd dxpcargteal an gtaoeh pfdlaodlg.

El`dd`, tfd jrdg`tf an Delstdel's vedws gl` tfd apdlldss an fes oel` naul` oast

rdogrigjcd dxprdsseal el tfd nght tfgt, el tfd vdry sgod ydgrs wfdl fd kgvd g we`dld`


34/275

80

autcaai ta hcgssehgc pfysehs, fd tfaraukfcy krgspd` tfd nght tfgt Rcglhi's èshavdry an tfd

ulevdrsgc qugltuo an ghteal rdvdgcd` gl elfdrdlt ceoetgteal el suhf gl gppraghf. [etf

ulngecelk eltueteal Delstdel wgs cd` ta tfd eltraùhteal an tfd e`dg an tfd pfatal gs tfd hgrredr

an oaodltuo gl` dldrky el elèveùgc rgègtevd prahdssds. Fd tfdrdjy prave`d` tfd stgrtelkpaelt nar tfd dstgjcesfodlt an halsestdlt qugltuo tfdardtehgc odtfa`s wfehf fgvd og`d et

passejcd ta ghhault nar gl eoodlsd goault an dxpdreodltgc dve`dlhd halhdrlelk tfd

prapdrteds an ogttdr gl` dvdl dogl`d` rdhalse`drgteal an aur oast dcdodltgry halhdpts.

Pfd sgod speret tfgt hfgrghtdrezd` Delstdel's ulequd shedlteneh ghfedvdodlts gcsa ogrid`

fes gttetu`d el gcc fuogl rdcgteals. Latwetfstglèlk tfd elhrdgselk rdvdrdlhd wfehf pdapcd

dvdrywfdrd ndct nar fes gttgelodlts gl` hfgrghtdr, fd jdfgvd` wetf ulhfglkelk lgturgc

oa`dsty gl` dxprdssd` feosdcn wetf g sujtcd gl` hfgroelk fuoar. Fd wgs gcwgys prdpgrd` ta

fdcp pdapcd el ènnehucteds an gly iel`, gl` ta feo, wfa feosdcn fg` dxpdredlhd` tfd dvecs an

rghegc prdmuèhd9 tfd praoateal an ul`drstglèlk goalk lgteals wgs g nardoast dl`dgvar. Fesdgrldst gòaleteals al tfd rdspalsejecety elvacvd` el aur rgpe`cy krawelk ogstdry an tfd

narhds an lgturd wecc surdcy fdcp ta oddt tfd hfgccdlkd ta hevecezgteal el tfd prapdr speret.

Pa tfd wfacd an ogliel` Gcjdrt Delstdel's `dgtf es g krdgt cass, gl` ta tfasd an us wfa

fg` tfd kaa` nartuld ta dlmay fes wgro nredl`sfep et es g kredn tfgt wd sfgcc ldvdr oard jd gjcd

ta sdd fes kdltcd soecd gl` cestdl ta feo. Jut tfd odoareds fd fgs cdnt jdfel` wecc rdogel gl

dvdr-cevelk saurhd an nartetu`d gl` dlhaurgkdodlt.


35/275

84

Hfdoehgc rdghteals ahhur halteluauscy el tfd gtoaspfdrd, el nghtareds, el vdfehcds, el tfddlveralodlt, gl` el aur ja`eds. El g hfdoehgc rdghteal, ald ar oard iel`s an ogttdr eshfglkd` elta g ldw iel`-ar sdvdrgc ldw iel`s-an ogttdr. G ndw haooal hfdoehgc rdghtealsgrd sfawl fdrd. Cend gs wd ilaw et hauc` lat dxest wetfaut tfdsd prahdssds= pcglts hauc` lat

pfatasyltfdsezd, hgrs hauc` lat oavd, pu``elk hauc` lat tfehidl, oushcds hauc` lat jurldldrky, kcud hauc` lat stehi, gl` nerd hauc` lat jurl.

Tlet Pfrdd

OGPPDZ GL@ ODGXTZDODLP


36/275

8>

ZDG@ELK RGXXGKD

Ogttdr gl` Odgsurdodlt

Ogttdr, el shedlhd, es tfd kdldrgc tdro gppced` ta glytfelk tfgt fgs tfd prapdrty anahhupyelk spghd gl` tfd gttrejutds an krgvety gl` eldrteg. El hcgssehgc pfysehs, ogttdr gl`

dldrky wdrd halse`drd` twa sdpgrgtd halhdpts tfgt cgy gt tfd raat an gcc pfysehgc

pfdlaodlg. Oa`drl pfysehests, fawdvdr, fgvd sfawl tfgt et es passejcd ta trglsnaro

ogttdr elta dldrky gl` dldrky elta ogttdr gl` fgvd tfus jraidl àwl tfd hcgssehgc

èstelhteal jdtwddl tfd twa halhdpts. [fdl `dgcelk wetf g cgrkd luojdr an pfdlaodlg,

fawdvdr, suhf gs oateal, tfd jdfgvear an ceque`s gl` kgsds, gl` fdgt, shedltests nel` et

seopcdr gl` oard halvdledlt ta haltelud trdgtelk ogttdr gl` dldrky gs sdpgrgtd dlteteds.

Hdrtgel dcdodltgry pgrtehcds an ogttdr haojeld ta naro gtaos9 el turl, gtaos haojeld ta

naro oacdhucds. Pfd prapdrteds an elèveùgc oacdhucds gl` tfder èstrejuteal gl`grrglkdodlt kevd ta ogttdr el gcc ets naros vgreaus qugceteds suhf gs ogss, fgr`ldss, veshasety,

ncueèty, hacar, tgstd, dcdhtrehgc rdsestevety, gl` fdgt halùhtevety, goalk atfdrs. El pfecasapfy,

ogttdr fgs jddl kdldrgccy rdkgr`d` gs tfd rgw ogtdregc an tfd pfysehgc warc`, gctfaukf hdrtgel

pfecasapfdrs an tfd shfaac an e`dgceso, suhf gs tfd Eresf pfecasapfdr Kdarkd Jdridcdy, `dled`

tfgt ogttdr dxests el`dpdl`dlt an tfd oel`.

Ogttdr dxests el tfrdd stgtds= sace`, ceque` gl` kgs. G sace`, nar dxgopcd g stald, fgs g

`dneletd sfgpd gl` g `dneletd vacuod9 g ceque`, nar dxgopcd aec, fgs `dneletd vacuod jut la

`dneletd sfgpd9 g kgs, nar dxgopcd fy`rakdl (F), fgs ldetfdr `dneletd sfgpd lar vacuod.

[gtdr hgl dxest el gcc tfrdd stgtds9 jdcaw 2a H gs g sace` (ehd)9 jdtwddl 2aH gl` 722aH gs gceque` (wgtdr)9 gl` gjavd 722

aH gs g kgs (vgpar). Gcc ogttdr halsests an dcdodlts suhf gs

zelh (]l) ar axykdl (A), ar an haopaul`s suhf gs letreh ghe` (FLA8) ar sucpfur èaxe`d

(XA:).

[fdl wd odgsurd quglteteds an ogttdr, wd ogy usd tfd nul`godltgc ulets an teod (d.k.

tfd sdhal`), ogss (d.k. tfd iecakrgo) gl` cdlktf (d.k. tfd odtdr). Ar wd ogy usd tfd ulets

suhf gs grdg (d.k. o:) ar vacuod (d.k. ho8) ar `dlsety (d.k. k/ho8). Pfdsd grd ilawl gs

`drevd` ulets. Pfd grdg an g rdhtglkcd es naul` jy ouctepcyelk tfd cdlktf jy tfd we`tf. Pfd

vacuod an g hycel`dr es dqugc ta x rgèus:x fdekft (^ ? r:f). Pfd `dlsety an g sujstglhd es

dqugc ta tfd ogss ève`d` jy tfd vacuod (`? o/v). [d usd tfd tdros spdheneh `dlsety arrdcgtevd `dlsety ta elèhgtd `dlsety rdcgtevd ta tfd `dlsety an wgtdr. Pfd tgjcd an `dlseteds

jdcaw sfaws tfgt odrhury (Fk) fgs g `dlsety an 78.>k/ho8. Pfes odgls tfgt g hujeh

hdlteodtdr an odrhury fgs 78.> teods tfd ogss an g hujeh hdlteodtdr an wgtdr.

Xujstglhd @dlsety (k/ho8)


37/275

8;

Kac`

odrhury

Gcuoeluo

[gtdr

Ehd

Fy`rakdl*

Ger*

75.8

78.>

:.;

7.2

2.5:

2.22225

2.2278

* gt stgl`gr` tdopdrgturd gl` prdssurd

(G`gptd` nrao`enndrdlt saurhds)



7. Faw es ogttdr kdldrgccy `dneld`1

:. [drd tfd halhdpts al ogttdr gl` dldrky el hcgssehgc pfysehs la calkdr vgce`1 [fy1

8. [fgt `dhe`ds tfd qugceteds an ogttdr1

0. [fgt `a ogly pfecasapfdrs halse`dr ogttdr gs1

4. Faw ogly stgtds hgl ogttdr dxest el1 [fgt grd tfdy1


38/275

86

Dxdrhesd :=Haopcdtd dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts wetf war`s/ pfrgsds nrao tfd rdgèlkpgssgkd

7. Ogttdr es g kdldrgc tdro gppced` ta glytfelk tfgt fgs tfd an ahhupyelkspghd

:. Ogttdr gl` dldrky wdrd halse`drd` twa sdpgrgtd 8. Oa`drl fgvd sfawl tfgt et es passejcd ta trglsnaro ogttdr elta dldrky0. Xhedltests nel` et seopcdr gl` oard ta haltelud trdgtelk ogttdr gl`

dldrky gs sdpgrgtd dlteteds.

4. Hdrtgel pgrtehcds an ogttdr haojeld ta naro gtaos>. Pfd prapdrteds an oacdhucds gl` tfder èstrejuteal gl` grrglkdodlt kevd

ta ogttdr vgreaus qugceteds.

;. El pfecasapfy, ogttdr fgs jddl rdkgr`d` gs tfd rgw ogtdregc an tfdpfysehgc warc`.

6. Pfd Eresf pfecasapfdr Kdarkd Jdridcdytfgt ogttdr dxests el`dpdl`dlt antfd oel`.

5. [d usd tfd tdros spdheneh `dlsety ar rdcgtevd `dlsety ta `dlsety rdcgtevdta tfd `dlsety an wgtdr.

72.Pfes tfgt g hujeh hdlteodtdr an odrhury fgs 78.> teods tfd ogss an ghujeh hdlteodtdr an wgtdr.

Dxdrhesd 8=@dhe`d wfdtfdr dghf an tfd naccawelk stgtdodlts es trud (P), ngcsd (N) ar wetf laelnarogteal ta hcgreny (L).

7. Ogttdr es sddl gs glytfelk tfgt ahhupeds spghd gl` fgs krgvety glèldrteg.

:. El hcgssehgc pfysehs, ogttdr gl` dldrky wdrd stuèd` sdpgrgtdcy.8. Oa`drl pfysehests fgvd sfawl tfgt ogttdr hgl jd hfglkd` elta dldrky

gl` vehd vdrsg.

0. Gtaos grd og`d up jy hdrtgel dcdodltgry pgrtehcds an ogttdr.4. Xuhf qugceteds an ogttdr gs ogss, fgr`ldss, veshasetygrd haltraccd` jy

tfd prapdrteds an elèveùgc oacdhucds gl` tfder èstrejuteal gl` grrglkdodlt.

>. El kdldrgc, pfecasapfdrs halse`dr ogttdr gs tfd rgw ogtdregcs an tfdpfysehgc warc`.

;. Ogttdr dxests el tfrdd stgtds= sace`, ceque`, gl` kgs gt tfd sgod teod.6. Pfd nul`godltgc ulets an odgsurdodlt haod nrao tfd `drevd` alds.


39/275

85

5. Xpdheneh `dlsety es tfd ald wfehf fgs jddl put el haopgresal wetf tfgt anwgtdr.

72.Pfd vacuod an g sujstglhd hgl jd naul` jy èveèlk tfd ogss jy es`dlsety.

KZGOOGZ EL TXD

E) Zdcgtevd hcgusds wetf rdcgtevd g`vdrjs

7) El ulet ald, yau è` rdvedw rdcgtevd hcgusds wetf rdcgtevd pralauls, el tfes ulet yau wecc

fgvd ald oard hfglhd ta rdvedw rdcgtevd hcgusds wetf rdcgtevd g`vdrjs.

Dxgopcd

g) Pfd cgjargtary wfdrd dxpdreodlts grd halùhtd` oust jd idpt hcdgl gcc tfdteod.

j) Pfd teod wfdl wd sfauc` halùht tfd dxpdreodlt fgs lat jddl `dhe`d` ydt.h) Pfgt Rfysehs stuèds jatf ulevdrsd gl` fuogl jdelk es tfd rdgsal wfy E hfaasd et ta

stu`y nar oy cend.

Dghf an tfd gjavd sdltdlhds fgs g rdcgtevd hcgusd stgrtelk wetf g rdcgtevd g`vdrj=

g) wfdrddxpdreodlts grd halùhtd`j) wfdlwd sfauc` halùht tfd dxpdreodlth) wfyE hfaasd et ta stu`y nar oy cend.:) Nrao tfd dxgopcds, et es `dùhd` tfgt rdcgtevd g`vdrj

g) wfdrd es usd` ta oaèny g lauls rdndrrelk ta g pcghd9j) wfdles usd` ta oaèny tfd lauls rdndrrelk ta teod9 gl`h) wfyes usd` ta oaèny tfd laul rdgsal.8) Fawdvdr, tfdrd es ènndrdlhd goalk tfdsd rdcgtevd g`vdrjs el naroelk `dnelelk gl`

lal- `dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusds

8.7. Lal `dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusds

[fdlgl` wfdrdgrd usd` el lal- `dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusds

Dxgopcd

g) Uau fgvd ta rdg` tfd rdpart ldxt wddi, wfdl tfd oddtelk es hfger- oglld` jy tfdprdse`dlt an aur sahedty.

j) Pfd dgrtf, wfdrd wd grd cevelk, fgs gcwgys jddl g oystdry ajmdhtevd nar shedltests.h) Cgst ydgr, wfdl fd kat fdcp nrao spalsars, wgs tfd oast suhhdssnuc ydgr nar feo

selhd tfd stgrt an fes stu`y el odhfglehs.


40/275

02

8.:. @dnelelk hcgusd

g) [fdl gl` wfdrd grd usd` el `dnelelk rdcgtevd hcgusds, jut dghf an tfdsd hcgusdsoaèneds g spdhegc kraup an lauls.

[fdl naccaws tfd war` teodar atfdr teod lateal gs `gy, wddi, oaltf,ydgr.Dxgopcd=

7. Pfd teod wfdlwd ogid tfd ajsdrvgteals oust jd calk dlaukf.:. Pfd `gy wfdlE stgrtd` tfd nerst cdssal al Rfysehs wgs vdry eoprdssevd.8. 7>0: es tfd ydgr wfdlLdwtal, Xer Esggh wgs jarl.Latd

G`vdrj [fdlhgl jd rdpcghd` wetf pralaul wfehfgl` gl gpprapregtd prdpaseteal suhfgs el, gt aral.

Pfd gjavd dxgopcds hgl jd rdwrettdl el tfes wgy=

7. Pfd teod ùrelk wfehfwd ogid tfd ajsdrvgteals oust jd calk dlaukf.:. Pfd `gy al wfehfE stgrtd` tfd nerst cdssal al Rfysehs wgs vdry eoprdssevd.8. 7>0: es tfd ydgr el wfehfLdwtal, Xer Esggh wgs jarl. [fdrd naccaws tfd war` pcghd ar atfdr war`s rdndrrelk ta g pcghd suhf gs raao ar

strddt gl` tfd twa war`ssetugteal gl`stgkd

Dxgopcd=

7. Pfd pcghd wfdrdwd à dxpdreodlt es hgccd` g cgjargtary.:. Pfd raao wfdrdcdhturds grd kevdl es hgccd` tfd cdhturd fgcc.Latd

G`vdrj wfdrdhgl jd rdpcghd` wetf pralaul wfehfgl` gl gpprapregtd prdpaseteal.

Pfd gjavd dxgopcds hgl jd rdwrettdl el tfes wgy=

7. Pfd pcghd el wfehfwd à dxpdreodlt es hgccd` g cgjargtary.:. Pfd raao el wfehfcdhturds grd kevdl es hgccd` tfd cdhturd fgcc.j) G`vdrj wfynaccaws tfd laul rdgsal

Dxgopcd

7. Pfd rdgsal wfyyau è` lat suhhdd` wgs jdhgusd yau fg` lat wdcc prdpgrd` nar et.:. Pfder halsdrvgteals grd tfd rdgsal wfytfdy ngecd`.


41/275

07

EE) Rgrtehepcd g`mdhtevds

Dghf Dlkcesf vdrj fgs twa pgrtehepcds (Zdndr ta Tlet twa) wfehf hgl nulhteal gsg`mdhtevds, prdsdlt pgrtehepcd jdelk ghtevd g`mdhtevd, gl` pgst pgrtehepcd jdelk pgssevd

g`mdhtevd. Pfes odgls, tfd prdsdlt pgrtehepcd hgl oaèny laul wetf tfd nulhteal tfgt et hgl tdcc

tfd ndgturd an tfd laul etsdcn wfecd tfd pgst pgrtehepcd tdccs saodtfelk gjaut tfd laul tfgt

haods nrao autse`d tfd laul.

Dxgopcd=

7. trgelelkprakrgo -< tfd prakrgo an trgelelk:. saulèlk`dvehd -< tfd `dvehd nar saulèlk8. nectdrelkpgpdr -< tfd pgpdr nar nectdrelk0.

kevdl teod -< tfd teod wfehf es kevdl

4. odgsurd`jcahi -< tfd jcahi wfehf fgs jddl odgsurd`>. `drevd` ulets -< tfd ulets wfehf fgvd jddl `drevd`

RZGHPEHD

Dxdrhesd 7= Haojeld dghf an tfd naccawelk pgers an sdltdlhds elta ald sdltdlhd uselk glgpprapregtd rdcgtevd g`vdrj gl` tfd war` kevdl.

7. Aur ulevdrsd gl` fuogl jdelks grd stuèd` el gl grdg. Pfd grdg es shedlhd.Xhedlhd

:. Et wgs tfd ydgr 7;20. El tfes ydgr, Ldwtal fg` fes sdhal` ngoaus waris lgodÀptehispujcesfd .

7;20 wgs tfd ydgr...

8. Uau à dxpdreodlts el g raao. [d hgcc tfgt raao g cejrgtary.Pfd raao

0. Et wgs tfd ydgr 7;5:. Nrglhd sdt up g ldw systdo an odgsurdodlts el tfes ydgr.Pfd ydgr 7;5:

4. Et es tfd Eltdrlgtealgc Jurdgu an [dekfts gl` Odgsurdodlts ldgr Rgres. Pfd stgl`gròdtdr es idpt tfdrd.

Pfd Eltdrlgtealgc Jurdgu

....

>. Xdvdl jgseh ulets wdrd nerst `dneld` el 75;7. El tfes ydgr, tfd 70tf EltdrlgtealgcHalndrdlhd al [dekfts gl` Odgsurds wgs fdc`.

Pfd ydgr 75;7..


42/275

0:

.

;. Et wgs tfd ydgr 7545. El tfes ydgr, g ygr` wgs annehegccy `dneld` gs jdelk 2.5700odtdr.

Pfd ydgr 7545 wgs tfd ydgr

6. Et wgs el tfd ydgr 75>2. G ldw stgl`gr` odtdr wgs naul` aut, jgselk al cekftwgvdcdlktf.

75>2 wgs tfd ydgr

5. 7568 wgs gl eopartglt ydgr. El tfes ydgr, stgl`gr` odtdr wgs annehegccy `dneld` gs tfdèstglhd tfgt cekft wgvd hgl trgvdc el g kevdl teod.

7568 wgs

....

72.Pfd Dlkcesf gl` odtreh systdos an odgsurdodlts grd jatf el usd` el ald haultry.Pfgt haultry es tfd T.X.

Pfd T.X. es .....

77.Rdapcd prdndr ta usd tfd odtreh systdo. Et es jdhgusd tfes systdo es seopcdr gl` oardhalvdledlt ta usd.

Pfd rdgsal...

....

7:.Jatf Dlkcesf gl` odtreh systdos an odgsurdodlts hgl jd usd` gt tfd sgod teod.Pfdrd grd ogly setugteals nar tfes gppcehgteal.

Pfdrd grd

....

78.Fd ngecd` ta kevd harrdht glswdr ta tfd qudsteal. Et es jdhgusd fd è` lat ilaw faw tahalvdrt tfd ulet an cdlktf el Dlkcesf systdo an odgsurdodlts.

Pfd rdgsal ..

....

70.Rfysehs es gl eopartglt nedc`. Oast an tfd ulevdrsgc gl` fuogl essuds grd èshussd` eltfes necd`.

Rfysehs es.

....

74.Dghf wddi stu`dlts fgvd ta ka ta tfd warisfap. Pfdy à g cat an prghtehd tfdrd.[ddicy, ..


43/275

08

Dxdrhesd := Kevd tfd gpprapregtd naro an tfd vdrj (detfdr el prdsdlt ar pgst pgrtehepcd) tahaopcdtd dghf an tfd naccawelk sdltdlhds.

7. Pfd (hfaasd) . sdvdl ulets el 75;7 grd `dneld` gs jgsehs ulets.:. Pfd (odgsurd) mgr es usd` wfdl wd wglt ta odgsurd tfd vacuod an

errdkucgr ajmdhts.

8. Pfd (trgvdc) . pgtf an gly ajmdht hgl jd odgsurd`.0. Pfd halvdrseal an Dlkcesf systdo an odgsurdodlts halnusds od. E go tfaraukfcy

(halnusd)

4. La ald ogy gttdl` tfd cdhturd dxhdpt tfd (elvetd) .. kudsts.>. Pfd (dxest) ogttdr tfgt ogids shedltests wal`dr es faw ta ogeltgel

lgturgc rdsaurhds.

;. Rfysehs es g vdry (steoucgtd) .. sujmdht jdhgusd alhd yau kdt yaurfgl`s àwl ta et, yau stgrt ta tfeli fgr` an aur ulevdrsd gl` aursdcvds.

6. Pfd (nrddzd) .wgtdr fgs cawdr `dlsety tfgl ceque` wgtdr.5. Autstglèlk stu`dlts gcwgys fgvd (elquerd).. oel`s.72.Pfd (haltgoelgtd) .. ger fgs krdgt elncudlhd al tfd suhhdss an tfd

ajsdrvgteals.

RZAJCDO XACÊLK

E) Gsielk gl` `dshrejelk èodlseals an ajmdhts

7. Nucnecc tfd tgjcd jdcaw wetf gpprapregtd war`s=

Laul G`mdhtevd

Cdlktf

[e`d

@ddp

Pfehildss

Fekf


44/275

00

:. Ogid qudsteals gl` kevd glswdr wetf tfd war`s nrao tfd gjavd tgjcd gjaut tfdèodlseals an gly ajmdht graul` yau

Dxgopcd= Faw fekf es tfd jagr`1

[fgt es tfd tfehildss an yaur jaai1

8. Pa gsi gl` `dshrejd tfd èodlseals an ajmdhts, yau hgl usd detfdr lauls ar tfderharrdspalèlk g`mdhtevds gs el (:), gcalk wetf suetgjcd eltdrrakgtevd pralauls [fgt ar

Faw

Pfdl, wd fgvd tfd naccawelk pgttdrls=

g)

Gsielk=

FA[

fekf

we`d

calk

tfehi

`ddp

es/ grd laul(s)1

@dshrejelk=

Laul(s) es/ grd ..

fekf.

we`d.

calk.

tfehi.

`ddp.

j)

Gsielk=


45/275

04

[FGP es tfd

fdekft

we`tf

cdlktf

`dptf

tfehildss

an laul(s)1

@dshrejelk=

PFD

fdekft

we`tf

cdlktf

`dptf

tfehildss

an laul(s) es/ grd

h)

Gsielk=

[FGP grd tfd odgsurdodlts an laul(s)1

@dshrejelk=

Laul(s) es/ grd el

fdekft

we`tf

cdlktf

`dptf

tfehildss

Ar=

Laul(s) fgs/ fgvd g/tfd

fdekft

we`tf

cdlktf

`dptf

tfehildss

an


46/275

0>

Latd= [etf tfes wgy an `dshrejelk, tfd qudsteal ogy jd narod` nrao tfd vdrj taodgsurdta gsi nar tfd odgsurdodlts an ajmdhts.

Faw `ads/ a + laul/lauls + odgsurd1

0. Law, `dshrejd tfd `eodlseal an tfd naccawelk ajmdht.g/ w ? 7o f ? 2.4o c ? 7,4o

j/ w ? 2.;ho f ? 2.84ho c ? 7ho

h/ w? 2.2;o f ? 2.28o c ? 2,70o

c

w

f

G es g jcahi

g/.......

j/...

h/...

EE) @dshrejelk sfgpds an ajmdhts

7.Haopcdtd tfd tgjcd wetf suetgjcd war`s

Laul G`mdhtevd

hujae`

halehgc


47/275

0;

spfdrd

hycel`dr

fdoe-spfdrehgc

pyrgoe`

treglkcd

rdhtglkucgr

squgrd

:.Law `dshrejd tfd naccawelk ajmdhts. (Gsi W nar tfes)

8. Haopcdtd tfd naccawelk `dshrepteals wfehf grd usdnuc nar `dshrejelk tfd sfgpds anajmdhts.

g/ Pfes es g ... celd

j/ Pfes pcgtd es . .....

h/ tfes ra` es ..gt ald dl`.

`/ Pfes ra` es ... gt ald dl`.

d/ Pfes celd es ......

n/Pfes celd es ...


48/275

06

k/ Pfes celd es ..

f/ Pfes celd es ..

e/ Pfes celd es ...

PZGLXCGPEAL

Pgsi ald= Dlkcesf êdtlgodsd trglscgteal

7. Xhedltests fgvd naul` saod dxpdreodltgc dve`dlhd nar `gri ogttdr. Gstralaodrs gtJdcc Cgjs el tfd Tletd` Xtgtds naul` dve`dlhd nar `gri ogttdr el gl eogkd tgidl jy

tfd Fujjcd Xpghd Pdcdshapd (FXP) el 755;. Cekft nrao g hcustdr an kgcgxeds el tfd

eogkd wgs jdlt jy glatfdr hcustdr an kgcgxeds el tfd nardkraul` an tfd pehturd. Jy

ogielk haoputdr oa`dcs an tfd hcustdr el tfd nardkraul` gl` ogthfelk tfdo ta tfd

wgy et jdlt tfd cekft an tfd jghikraul` hcustdr el tfd eogkd, tfd shedltests wdrd gjcd tadsteogtd tfd ogss an tfd nardkraul` hcustdr. Pfd oa`dc tfgt net jdst sfawd` tfgt tfd

hcustdrs ogss wgs gjaut :42 teods gs krdgt gs tfd ogss an must tfd vesejcd pgrt an tfd

hcustdr.

:. G pfysehgc hfglkd es g hfglkd el ogttdr tfgt elvacvds la hfdoehgc rdghteal. [fdl gsujstglhd ul`drkads g pfysehgc hfglkd, tfd haopaseteal an ets oacdhucds rdogels

ulhfglkd`, gl` tfd sujstglhd àds lat casd ets hfdoehgc e`dltety. Odctelk,

dvgpargtelk, gl` nrddzelk grd tfrdd typds an pfysehgc hfglkd. Nar dxgopcd, wgtdr(F:A) es g ceque` tfgt nrddzds ta naro tfd sace` ehd, wfehf ogy gkgel jd odctd` elta

wgtdr. Jdhgusd oacdhucds an wgtdr gl` ehd grd haopasd` an tfd sgod hfdoehgc

dcdodlts el tfd sgod praparteals, tfd hfglkd nrao wgtdr ta ehd es g pfysehgc hfglkd.

Rfysehgc hfglkds elhcu`d gly gctdrgteal el tfd sfgpd gl` sezd an g sujstglhd. Nar

dxgopcd huttelk, krelèlk, hrusfelk, glldgcelk, èssacvelk, ar doucsenyelk praùhd

pfysehgc hfglkds. Xtecc glatfdr pfysehgc hfglkd es sujceogteal, tfd hfglkd nrao g

sace` ta g kgs.

8. [fdl g sujstglhd ul`drkads g hfdoehgc hfglkd, tfd haopaseteal an ets oacdhucdshfglkds. Pfd prapdrteds an tfd arekelgc sujstglhd grd cast, gl` ldw sujstglhds wetf ldw

prapdrteds grd praùhd`. Gl dxgopcd an g hfdoehgc hfglkd es tfd praùhteal an rust


49/275

05

(eral axe`d) wfdl axykdl el tfd ger rdghts wetf eral. Hfdoehgc hfglkds ogy gcsa rdsuct

el pfysehgc hfglkds. Nar dxgopcd, wfdl waa` (g sace`) es jurld`, et es haojeld` wetfaxykdl kgs ta praùhd kgsdaus hgrjal èaxe`d (HA:), ceque` wgtdr, gl` sace` hgrjal.

Xaod an tfd vgreaus hfdoehgc hfglkds tfgt ogttdr ogy ul`drka grd hcgssened` jdcaw.Nar g oard dtgecd` eshusseal an hfdoehgc rdghteals.

0. El tfd Tletd` Xtgtds gl` Jretgel, tfd dvdry`gy ulets an celdgr odgsurdodlt fgvd jddltfd elhf, naat, ygr`, gl` oecd. Tltec rdhdltcy el Jretgel, tfd Dlkcesf ulets an cdlktf

wdrd `dneld` el tdros an tfd eopdregc stgl`gr` ygr`, wfehf wgs tfd èstglhd jdtwddl

twa celds al g jralzd jgr og`d el 7604 ta rdpcghd gl dgrcedr ygr` jgr tfgt fg` jddl

`dstrayd` jy nerd el 7685. Jdhgusd tfd eopdregc stgl`gr` ygr` jgr fgs jddl sfrelielk

gt tfd rgtd an 7.4 oeccealtfs an gl elhf pdr ydgr, tfd Tletd` Xtgtds gàptd` g hapy an

tfd eltdrlgtealgc pratatypd odtdr gs tfd lgtealgc stgl`gr` an cdlktf el 7665. Tltec

75>2, gcc T.X. odgsurdodlts an cdlktf wdrd `drevd` nrao g stgl`gr` odtdr (odtdr

pratatypd luojdr :;). El 75>2 tfd odtdr wgs rd`dneld` el tdros an wgvdcdlktfs an

cekft nrao g iryptal-6> saurhd. El 7568 et wgs gkgel rd`dneld` gs tfd cdlktf an tfd

pgtf trgvdcd` jy cekft el g vghuuo el 7/:55,;5:,046 an g sdhal`.

4. Dlkcesf ulets an wdekft (aulhds, paul`s, gl` tals) grd law gcsa `drevd` nrao tfdodtreh stgl`gr` an ogss, wfehf es tfd eltdrlgtealgc pratatypd iecakrgo. Pfes es g sace`

hycel`dr an pcgteluo-ereèuo gccay ogeltgeld` gt halstglt tdopdrgturd gt Xdvrds ldgr

Rgres. G hapy, gs dxght gs passejcd, an tfes stgl`gr` es ogeltgeld` jy gl gkdlhy an tfd

T.X. @dpgrtodlt an Haoodrhd. Oast haultreds fgvd halvdrtd` ar grd el tfd prahdss

an halvdrtelk tfder cahgc systdos an wdekfts gl` odgsurds ta tfd odtreh systdo. Xaod

ac` tdros, fawdvdr, ogy haltelud el usd.



7. ^t c fh `g trl veh a clk hh e clk vt c v hh jel e tralk hh eclk vt c xy rg tralk vtr. Ot se clk vt c h hfl co hh e clkh jl (lf è, tfe kegl, v ife clk) v h lf lkfg tflk qug ot

hful v h kl hfa ot sa l v(lfot, key, ieckgo). Hh e clk vtc ifh (lfth ) h lf lkfg tflk qug hh e clk hjl v hh hfulhg hflk.

:. o tot e clk vt c trh tel hflk tg lf lkfg ot l v9 c ot sa e clk h cy hflf xh jlk 7,2. Xgu hflk tg lf lkfg ot hful, c ot vt oh sa slf tt hhh ou ifh hg e clk . Pf `l vhg è c ot, v lfhh jl stfy, hful hfa ot c è o lf slk e h tralkhfl iflk tralk ot pfl la hg key.


50/275

42

8. Lo 75;7, Fe lkfHl a Wuh tcl tf70 cy jy e clk co hh e clkhjl, `a flf tflf hshg Fl vWuh t, vet tt c XE ttl telk Rfpv tflk h ke c fot. Lfeu l v`l xut

Documents

English for Students of Physics – Vol 1+2 Tác giả: Ho Huyen - Đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội, 2007