English Writing (3) ——Transition （衔接与连

贯）

Cohesion and coherence

Cohesion （衔接）Coherence （连贯）•衔接•语篇的有形网络•连贯•语篇的无形网络

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Cohesion – Five Types

• Reference (照应 )

• Substitution (替代 )

• Ellipsis (省略 )

• Lexical Cohesion (词汇衔接 )

• Conjunction (连接词语 )

(Halliday & Hason, 1976)

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Reference

• Use of pronouns, relative pronouns, etc. to achieve semantic reference of one part of the text to another

• eg. If you happened to meet the boy, don’t tell him his mother is in hospital.

• 若你见到那孩子，不要说他妈妈生病住院的事情。

6

Substitution

• Use of another structure to substitute information given to avoid repetition

• eg. Your hat is more expensive than mine. “Can I have a cup of black coffee with sugar, pleas

e?”“Give me the same, please.”

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Ellipsis• Omission of the repetitive structures (nouns, verbs, et

c.)

• eg. “Mr Smith, Have you seen him before?” “I have.”

• Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.

(F.Bacon ， On Studies)• 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。

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Lexical Cohesion

• Use of other lexical means to show logical relations between different parts of a text

• eg. Later on, precisely because of the erroneous decision by the U.S. government, tension emerged in the Taiwan Straits. Given this fact, it is the United States which has to think how they can change the situation.

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Conjunction

Use of Connectives (transitional words) to show time, cause and effect, concession, conditions, etc.

Types of transitional devices

To add :Again, in addition, and, also, furthermore, moreover, what’s more, not only…but also…, besides, apart from

To compare :Unlike, in contrast, on the contrary, despite , in spite of, on the other hand, otherwise, while, whereas, nevertheless, although, but, yet, still, likewise, similarly, in the same way, just as , by comparison, conversely

解释同位关系That is (to say), roughly means, in other words, by definition, namely, as a matter of fact, as …suggests, as regards, with regard to, concerning, as for, in terms of

选择Or, or rather, alternatively, instead, rather than, whether…or…, either…or…, neither…nor… , not …but

总结All in all, briefly, in brief, altogether, to conclude, in conclusion, in one word, in short, in summary, to sum up, to summarize, on the whole, in sum, as has been mentioned above, in a word, to conclude, we can draw the conclusion from what we have talked about; personally, I…; for these reasons…, I personally, suggest that ( 虚拟语气） ,according to the above analysis, we can arrive at the conclusion that …

让步 转折Though, although, as while, despite, in spite of, regardless of, even though, for all that, but, yet, however, in contrast, still, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, on the contrary, on the other hand, at the same time 举例For example, for instance, a case in point, to illustrate, as an illustration, just as, take—for example ,as follows

说明先后顺序First, second, third; to begin with, moreover, finally; first of all, next, then, eventually; meanwhile; in the mean time 因果Because of, due to, owing to, thanks to As a result, for this reason, consequently, accordingly, thus, hence, therefore, in this way

(1) Many parents haven’t realized this, they are eager to see the progress their children make.

Many parents haven’t realized this, and /so they are eager to see the progress their children make.

(2) They have a tutor, they can rely on him to study.

Since/Because/As they have a tutor, they can rely on him to study.

(3) They (College students) can talk with each other, help each other, learn from each other. They can get a lot of happiness.

They (College students) can talk with each other, help each other and learn from each other, from which they can get a lot of happiness.

(4) Some students studies, some students goes shopping onweekend.

Some students studies, while some students goes shopping onweekend.

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衔接词的错误使用 (1)- 连词缺失

•Paragraph 1: I have several good reasons for not going to work today. I was stung several times in the foot by bees while I was walking in my yard last night. I cannot get my shoe on. My son is staying home from school. He has a bad cold. The computer is being repaired at work. I won’t be able to get much done anyway. •Paragraph 2: I have several good reasons for not going to work. Firstly, I was stung several times in the foot by bees while I was walking in my yard last night. As a result, I cannot get my shoe on. Secondly, my son is staying home from school because he has a bad cold. Finally, the computer is being repaired at work, so I won’t be able to get much done anyhow.

衔接词的错误使用 (2)- 语类误用

•Sports are important to our health, hence we should spare time to do physical exercise. •Sports are important to our health. Hence we should spare time to do physical exercise. •Sports are important to our health; hence we should spare time to do physical exercise. •Sports are important to our health, and hence we should spare time to do physical exercise. •A cellphone can make our communication convenient, however it may bring some troubles to us. •They have never been to China, therefore they do not know much about China. •Watching TV can be a waste of time, thus many parents try to prevent their children from watching TV.

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副词性连接词 副词性质的连接词不能象连词一样分句或主从复合句之间用逗

号连接。也就是说它们不能连接两个分句或引导从句。它们引导的句子与前面的句子之间要用分号或句号，而它们与引导的句子之间往往用逗号。副词性质的连接词在写作中常常使用，主要分为以下几类：

1 ．表示顺序的，如 first, in the first place, then, finally, in the end 等等。

误： He graduated from college in 2003, then he found a job. 正： He graduated from college in 2003, and then he found a job. He graduated from college in 2003. Then he found a job.

2 ．表示递进关系的，如 besides, in addition, what is more, furthermore, moreover 等。注意 in addition 与 in addition to 的区别： in addition 是副词性质；而 in addition to 是介词性质，后面必须接宾语。

3 ．表示转折关系的，如 however, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, in contrast, otherwise 等等。

(1) But, every coin has two sides.

However, every coin has two sides.

(2) So, private tutoring is not essential to all the students.

Therefore, private tutoring is not essential to all the students.

(3) Because, everybody can learn well in the school, private tutoring is not necessary.

Because everybody can learn well in the school, private tutoring is not necessary.

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• 解析：连词是不能独立担当句子成分的虚词，因此连词不能在句子中单独使用。如果没有充分认识连词的句法功能，就可能把一些连词单独作为句子成分，用逗号将连词与句子其余部分隔开。

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(1) They will depend on private tutoring so that they don’t believe the function of school.

They will depend on private tutoring in that they don’t believe the function of school.

(2) They will not study hard and listen to the teacher.

They will not study hard or/nor listen to the teacher.

(3) Despite of its shortcomings as a possible distraction, computer games may do good to us in many ways.

Despite/In spite of

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衔接词的错误使用 (3)-连词误用

(4) He neither speaks English nor French.

He speaks neither English nor French.

He neither knows nor cares what has happened.

(5) Either you or I are wrong.

Either you or I am wrong. (就近原则）

(6) I shall speak to him until he apologizes.

I shall not speak to him until he apologizes.

(7) It was not until it began to rain when I noticed his umbrella left in my car.

It is not until…that （强调句） (8) He acted like he had never been in a museum before.

likeas if (like为介词）

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(9) You’ll be permitted to bring a watch so that you may keep track of the \

time during you are taking the test.

Duringwhen/while (during 介词）(10) It was not long since they made their appearance.

sincebefore

(11) It was not so much the amount of the money but the money itself that surprised him.

not so much… as ( 与其说不如说）(12) There may not be much choice between this one or that.

between…and （否定句也不用改）

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(1) But do they really think it over that whether private tutoring is really good for children or not.

But do they really think it over whether private tutoring is really good for children or not.

(2) In the eyes of our parents and teachers, campus love shouldn’t appear among college students. But gradually at last it becomes increasingly popular among college students.

(3) Because they spend too much time on love, so they can’t concentrateon their study.

(4) “Is honesty out of date?” many people asked. In my opinion, the answer should be “no”. Because honesty is not a simple social phenomenon, but a kind of humanity which is rooted in our mind.

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衔接词的错误使用 (5)-连词多用

Coherence

In the morning, I brushed my teeth, opened my eyes and had the breakfast.

Because it was a sunny day, I could not be bothered to walk my dog. I had a nightmare before that day. Moreover, it bit my neighbor.

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已知信息与新信息 主位 / 述位 She was a teacher.

已知信息》新信息 Compare:

The Prime Minister stepped off the plane. She was immediately surrounded by journalists.

The Prime Minister stepped off the plane. Journalists immediately surrounded her.

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(1) She was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected her.

She was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people.

(2) He arrived at the station where his friend met him.

He arrived at the station where he was met by his friend.

(3) My father just bought a new house. There are four bedrooms and two bathrooms. I can see the garden behind the house from my bedroom window. My father has planted fruit trees in the garden.

My father bought a new house. In the house, there are four bedrooms and two bathrooms. From my bedroom window I can see the garden behind the house. In the garden my father has planted fruit trees.

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