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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:27 PM Page 3

FEATURES

ISSN-0835-605X • Mar/Apr 2012 Vol. 25 No. 2Vol. 25 No. 2 • Issued April 2012

6 Greening Ontario’s infrastructure necessary to cope with population growth10 New regulations for storage tanks on federal and Aboriginal lands – Cover

13 “Flight simulator” developed for WWTP operator training 16 Dissolved oxygen addition improves water quality in water reservoirs22 I&I study reveals much about Sudbury’s wastewater collection system26 Online ammonia and nitrate monitoring can cut WWTP energy costs 28 Ottawa watermain failure leads to proactive condition assessment 30 Ontario Clean Water Agency assists Moose Factory Island residents 34 New process for effective removal of iron from groundwater38 Do all potable water leaks come to the surface? 40 Water recycling plant helps irrigate surrounding properties and recharge aquifer 44 Wastewater plants not designed to remove drugs and down-the-drain chemicals50 Sundridge’s proposed RE powered WWTP faces financial challenges52 Improving a vortex grit chamber using computational fluid dynamics56 Rehabilitating Parry Sound’s wastewater lagoons required biosolids dewatering 58 Design considerations for a groundwater supplied treatment plant62 Intelligent real-time stormwater management can reduce flood damage66 Multilevel groundwater monitoring provides clearer picture of contaminated sites69 New book reviews facts and fantasies about renewable energy72 Innovative management of large LNAPL plumes

Contents

DEPARTMENTS

Environmental News . . . 76-82

Product Showcase . . . . . 83-87

Professional Cards . . . . . 76-82

Ad Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

2012

Editor and Publisher STEVE DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Consulting Editor TOM DAVEY

Sales Director PENNY DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Sales Representative DENISE SIMPSONE-mail: [email protected]

Accounting SANDRA DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Circulation Manager DARLANN PASSFIELDE-mail: [email protected]

Production Manager CHRIS MAC DONALDE-mail: [email protected]

Editorial Assistant PETER DAVEYE-mail: [email protected]

Technical Advisory BoardJim Bishop

Consulting Chemist, Ontario

Bill Borlase, P.Eng.City of Winnipeg, Manitoba

Peter Laughton P.Eng.Consulting Engineer, Ontario

Bill DeAngelis, P.Eng.Associated Engineering, Ontario

Marie MeunierJohn Meunier Inc., Québec

Peter J. PaineEnvironment Canada

Environmental Science & Engineering is a bi-monthlybusiness publication of Environmental Science & Engi-neering Publications Inc. An all Canadian publication,ES&E provides authoritative editorial coverage ofCanada's municipal and industrial environmental controlsystems and drinking water treatment and distribution.

Readers include consulting engineers, industrial plantmanagers and engineers, key municipal, provincial andfederal environmental officials, water and wastewaterplant operators and contractors.

Information contained in ES&E has been compiled fromsources believed to be correct. ES&E cannot be respon-sible for the accuracy of articles or other editorial matter.Articles in this magazine are intended to provide infor-mation rather than give legal or other professional advice.Articles being submitted for review should be e-mailedto [email protected].

Canadian Publications Mail Sales Second Class MailProduct Agreement No. 40065446 Registration No. 7750

Undeliverable copies, advertising space orders, copy, artwork, proofs, etc., should be sent to: Environmental Science & Engineering, 220 IndustrialPkwy. S., Unit 30, Aurora, Ontario, Canada, L4G 3V6,Tel: (905)727-4666, Fax: (905) 841-7271, Web site: www.esemag.com

PAGE 56PAGE 56

PAGE 19PAGE 19

Workshop Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89CANECT Floor Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Exhibitors Listings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

PAGES 88-96PAGES 88-96

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:28 PM Page 4

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:28 PM Page 5

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine6 | March 2012

Guest Comment

Aging American and Canadiancities share some familiarheadaches: their stormwatersystems pollute waterways

and are prone to flooding; their residentsoften breathe smoggy air; and heat wavescan make summer days miserable.

Increasingly, cities like Philadelphiaand Portland are responding by taking aleaf out of nature’s book. Instead ofspending billions of dollars on traditionalbig pipes and concrete infrastructure, theyare engaging the powerful solutions of-fered by “green infrastructure.” Philadel-phia has embarked on a 25-year plan tocapture at least the first inch of each stormthrough green solutions.

Green infrastructure encompasses abroad range of approaches to managingstormwater, including urban forests andother natural areas, greenways, streamsand riparian zones, green roofs and greenwalls, rain gardens, bio-swales, engi-neered wetlands and stormwater ponds.It also includes simple technologies likeporous paving, rain barrels, cisterns andstructural soils.

Their beauty lies in their multi-func-tion; they not only filter, store and coolwater, they can also improve urban airquality, support biodiversity, and moder-ate local temperature and wind extremes.In effect, green infrastructure allowsplanners and engineers to work with na-ture rather than seal it in concrete.

In the U.S. planning and engineeringagencies have recognized that green in-frastructure tools are critical. For exam-ple, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineershas recognized that the loss of coastalwetlands around New Orleans signifi-cantly worsened the impacts of Hurri-cane Katrina. The Corps is now workingto restore those wetlands.

Likewise, the measurable contribu-tions that urban trees make on air quality,local climate moderation and water man-agement are also widely recognized. Forexample, energy savings attributed toshading by mature trees around U.S. res-idences are estimated at about $2 billion

annually, while the direct carbon storageof urban trees in the U.S. according to theDepartment of Agriculture, is valued at$14.3 billion.

As Ontario’s Environmental Commis-sioner, I have observed that green infra-structure is only barely beginning toenter the policy lexicon here in ourprovince. Our existing suite of policiesdoes not effectively recognize or harnessthe vital services provided by urbanforests, wetlands, woodlands and otherforms of green infrastructure.

A key definition of “infrastructure” isfound in the Provincial Policy Statement,2005 (PPS), but this now dated defini-tion is carefully constrained to meanbuilt structures, or “grey infrastructure,”and points to examples such as sewageand water systems, waste managementsystems, electric power generation andtransportation corridors. At least six On-tario ministries share infrastructure-re-lated decision-making responsibilitieslinked to this PPS interpretation.

The Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI),for example, has a key role, and in June2011 released a Long-term InfrastructurePlan for Ontario called Building To-gether. I am pleased that this new plandoes at least contain language encourag-ing municipalities to use green infra-structure.

There are compelling arguments forMOI to seize the huge potential embod-ied in green infrastructure, and to trans-late the encouraging green words ofBuilding Together into pilot projects,measurable targets and goals. MOI wascharged with oversight of close to $16billion worth of infrastructure projects in2010/2011 alone. Green infrastructurecan provide cost-effective approaches inmany settings and at many scales, anddeserves serious examination by MOI.

Similarly, the Ontario Ministry ofTransportation (MTO) oversees the main-tenance of 16,500 kilometres of existingroads and right-of-ways, as well as majorhighway expansion projects worth billionsof dollars. There is great potential here to

shift towards greener stormwater manage-ment approaches. For MTO, a priorityshould be to incorporate and emphasizegreen infrastructure approaches in its keyguidance documents, such as the ClassEnvironmental Assessment for ProvincialTransportation Facilities (Highway Proj-ects).

The Ministry of Municipal Affairs andHousing (MMAH) has promised to con-sider the issue of green infrastructure aspart of its ongoing review of the PPS. Iencourage MMAH, in collaboration withother ministries, to make green infrastruc-ture a major focus of PPS reform. Overthe longer-term, bringing green infra-structure into the mainstream of Ontario’splanning and design approaches will alsolikely require reforms to the Planning Actand the Building Code Act, 1992.

Ontario has its very own cautionarytale of how unwise land use practices candevastate whole landscapes, and howrestoring such lands means working withnature. The Ganaraska region near PortHope was reduced from dense forest toa barren wasteland of blowing sand bythe 1940s after generations of unsustain-able farming and forestry practices. Thearea’s restoration through the planting ofmillions of trees has been a testament togood stewardship and a reminder that wedepend on our existing green infrastruc-ture, just as surely as New Orleansneeded its coastal wetlands.

Ontario needs to prepare for the twinchallenges of a rapidly growing popula-tion and a less predictable future climate,marked by more extreme weather eventsand higher flooding risks. Green infra-structure can increase the resilience ofour communities and landscapes, andhelp us face the stormy weather ahead.

Gord Miller is the Environmental Commissioner of Ontario.

This article has been adapted from the Environmental Commissioner’s Annual

Report for 2010/2011: Engaging Solutions. For more information,

visit www.eco.on.ca

Greening Ontario’s infrastructure necessary to cope with population growthand climate change By Gord Miller

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:28 PM Page 6

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Letters to the Editor

Dear Steve:I read your article in the January issue ofEnvironmental Science and EngineeringMagazine regarding the nixing of Al-berta’s Keystone XL pipeline, with greatinterest.

First of all let me say that I thoroughlyenjoy the magazine and the informationit offers to the reader. I have listened to afew radio talk shows where a discussionwas held regarding the pros and cons ofthe pipeline and the jobs that this projectmay or may not bring to Canadians. Thequestion I have for you is a question ofrefining.

Why doesn’t the Canadian Govern-ment and the private enterprises thathope to fund this project sink their fi-nances into constructing a refinery in Al-berta near the tar sands so that Canada

can produce the refined product and sellthat product to viable purchasers?

Our government always seems to beselling off our raw product and then weend up buying the refined product back.Isn’t it about time that Canada starts tochange the way we do business and startsproviding competition to the world mar-ket? Let’s sell a refined product insteadof just producing the raw product.

Why don’t the proponents run a pipeline, east or west, overcome the barriersof elevation with the technologies avail-able, keep our raw product and the re-fined product in our own country andgain a foothold in the world market as atop dog instead of a kicking dog?

With a refinery in Alberta, the jobs arefor decades to come. By constructing theproposed pipeline, the jobs are limited to

the time in which the pipeline is con-structed. Build, produce and buy Cana-dian.

Gerald Reu, City of St. Thomas

Dear Steve,I appreciated your perspective on theKeystone pipeline in the last issue ofES&E Magazine. If the pipeline hadbeen designed to carry fresh water (asomewhat renewable resource of whichnorthern Alberta has a significant quan-tity) as opposed to crude oil (a totallynon-renewable resource) there would bemassive public outcry, since exporting ofwater, however much those same areasof drought-stricken Texas having refiner-ies could use it, is contrary to Canada'snational policies.

If I cannot understand Canada's oilpolicies, which seem to be depleting anyresources for which there is a market asquickly as possible, I find the water poli-cies even more perplexing.

What is the downside of harvestingthe flow of a pristine northern river, suchas is found in northern Newfoundland,immediately before it enters the ocean tobecome totally saline? It certainly is notgoing to make a measurable differencein the salinity of the oceans and the waterwould be a viable, and totally renewable,export. Perhaps even to Texas.

Bruce A. Brown, Bruce A. Brown Associates

Dear SteveI read your article in the Jan/Feb

2012 edition and was surprised by yourrepeated use of the term "tar sands". Thecorrect term is “oil sands’. I feel “tarsands” is a propaganda term of extremeleft wing thinking and should not beused.

John Caputo

Dear Davey Family:I wanted to tell you how much I’ve en-joyed your magazine over the years. Inmy opinion ES&E is the best way any-one in the environmental business cankeep abreast of the latest developments,new technologies and research find-ings, as well as government regula-tions, legislation and related activities.

ES&E’s articles are always well-written and succinct (no doubt thanksto your precise editing) and the regular“ES&E NEWS” in the magazine pro-vides timely information on researchprograms and a host of other newswor-thy events that are not covered in ournewspapers or by most other environ-mental magazines. The compressed“News” items save the reader fromhaving to read lengthy technical papersand provide us with enough info to doour own research if we’re sufficientlyinterested in a topic.

I occasionally have young engi-neers and others ask me about the op-portunities for work in the variousenvironmental fields. I do my best togive them advice, which always in-cludes giving them a copy of the latestES&E magazine and telling them toread the articles, the News and the ads.Then, they’ll learn about the latesttrends and what the leading environ-mental companies are up to.

ES&E has also always had great ed-itorials. For many years, Tom Daveywrote the editorials and they were al-

ways pointed and fearless, and Tom al-ways found a way to flavor it withsome humour. More recently, Stevehas written many of the editorials, andhe continues to promote the engineers,scientists, technicians, suppliers andcontractors who actually do the envi-ronmental work that society generallytakes for granted. The industry is luckyto have such experienced and eloquentsupporters.

Penny: I’ve always enjoyed the rareoccasions where you and I could gettogether at conferences and other get-togethers, and I must comment on yourChristmas cards. They’re invariably themost interesting and unconventionalones I receive, and they’re also theones I hang onto the longest. Your re-cent one with the fine photos fromCentral America is still on my wall - itsounds like the trip of a lifetime and apersonally rewarding journey.

Sandra: We’ve met, but we’ve hadlittle interaction. What I intuitivelyknow is that you are the VanderWaalsbond that holds ES&E’s molecules to-gether, those molecules being Penny,Steve and Tom.

I have been proud and flattered tohave been a member of ES&E’s Tech-nical Advisory Board and to have beena very minor part of your excellentpublication.

Jim Bishop, B.Sc., C.Chem.,Executive Consultant and Principal, Stantec

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

6 | January 2012

Comment by Steve Davey

I ncreasingly, environmental protec-tion, cost-benefit analysis and riskassessment have become the holytrinity of debate, when it comes toany project larger than a backyard flowerbed.

The most recent example of this hap-pened on January 18th, when a U.S.Presidential Permit was denied for Trans-Canadas’s Keystone XL pipeline. Its pur-pose was to carry tar sands derived crudeoil from Alberta, to refineries near theGulf of Mexico.

"While we are disappointed, Trans-Canadas’s remains fully committed to theconstruction of Keystone XL," said RussGirling, the company’s president and chiefexecutive officer. He added that plans arealready underway to largely maintain theconstruction schedule of the project andthat TransCanada will re-apply for a Pres-idential Permit.

"Until this pipeline is constructed, theU.S. will continue to import millions ofbarrels of conflict oil from the MiddleEast and Venezuela and other foreigncountries who do not share the democraticvalues Canadians and Americans are priv-ileged to have," added Girling. "Thou-sands of jobs continue to hang in thebalance if this project does not go for-ward.”

Joe Oliver, Canada’s Minister of Nat-ural Resources, posted this response onhis ministry’s website: Canada is on theedge of an historic choice: to diversify ourenergy markets away from our traditionaltrading partner in the United States, or tocontinue with the status quo. Unfortunately, there are environmental

and other radical groups that would seekto block this opportunity to diversify ourtrade. Their goal is to stop any major proj-ect no matter what the cost to Canadianfamilies in lost jobs and economicgrowth. No forestry. No mining. No oil.No gas. No more hydro-electric dams.These groups threaten to hijack our

regulatory system to achieve their radicalideological agenda. They seek to exploitany loophole they can find, stacking pub-lic hearings with bodies to ensure that de-lays kill good projects. They use funding

from foreign special interest groups to un-dermine Canada’s national economic in-terest. They attract jet-setting celebritieswith some of the largest personal carbonfootprints in the world to lecture Canadi-ans not to develop our natural resources.

Anyone looking at the record of ap-provals for certain major projects acrossCanada cannot help but come to the con-clusion that many of these projects havebeen delayed too long. In many cases,these projects would create thousandsupon thousands of jobs for Canadians, yetthey can take years to get started due tothe slow, complex and cumbersome reg-ulatory process.

For example, the Mackenzie ValleyGas Pipeline review took more than nineyears to complete. In comparison, thewestern expansion of the nation-buildingCanadian Pacific Railway under Sir JohnA. Macdonald took four years. Under ourcurrent system, building a temporary icearena on a frozen pond in Banff requiredthe approval of the federal government.This delayed a decision by two months -two valuable months to assess somethingthat thousands of Canadians have beendoing for over a century.Despite all the innovations in renew-

able resources, a lot of experts concedethat the world will depend on oil for a sig-nificant part of its energy needs fordecades, largely because it is still the mostplentiful, portable and energy dense fuelsource available.

It is interesting to note that a few daysafter the Keystone XL announcement,senior Iranian lawmakers threatened touse their navy to block oil tanker traffic inthe Persian Gulf. A serious situation,given that almost 20% of the world’scrude oil passes through the narrow Straitof Hormuz at the mouth of the Gulf. In re-sponse, the U.S. and its allies immediatelysaid that they would take swift action tokeep the Strait open.One can only wonder how plausible

this action would be, if environmental ap-proval were required before nuclear pow-ered aircraft carriers and hundreds ofsupersonic aircraft could be deployed.Determining the true environmental

impacts of using various sources of oil isnot a simple process. While the extractionof liquid crude oil from the Middle East,is much easier and cleaner than what isneeded to extract it from Alberta’s tarsands, security and delivery of the productare much more complicated.So, when the ongoing economic cost

of maintaining peace in the Persian Gulf,not to mention the environmental risks as-sociated with hundreds of oil tankers ply-ing the world’s oceans, are factored in, onecould argue that the environmental foot-print of Alberta’s tar sands crude and theKeystone XL pipeline, are not as bad asthey are made out to be. Certainly, environmental protection

issues are paramount, when evaluatingthe construction of a 2,673-kilometrepipeline, but President Obama would bewise to consider the bigger picture, whenreviewing TransCanada’s revised Key-stone application.

Was Obama’s nixing of Alberta’s Keystone XL pipeline a wise decison?

Steve Davey is Editorof ES&E Magazine. E-mail comments to [email protected]

Map courtesy the Natural Resources Defence Council.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:28 PM Page 8

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 3:59 PM Page 9


Cover Story

the ones they replace. There are manda-tory requirements in areas such as spill re-porting, leak detection and monitoring,record-keeping, corrosion protection, re-moval of high-risk tanks and piping, andemergency response planning for systemson federal and Aboriginal lands.

Among the major changes is the re-

Environment Canada’s finalmeasures to control leaks andcontamination from storagesystems for petroleum prod-

ucts and allied petroleum products, onfederal and Aboriginal lands, go into ef-fect in June of this year.

The new Storage Tank Systems for Pe-troleum Products and Allied PetroleumProducts Regulations were enacted in2008 and implemented gradually to allowowners and operators to adapt to thewide-ranging requirements. Complete in-formation is available on EnvironmentCanada’s website, www.ec.gc.ca.

“These timelines were very importantin giving owners and operators of storagetank systems time to comply with thelaw,” says Cliff Holland, environmentalcoordinator for Spill Management Inc.“There were many old systems out therethat were likely leaking, with little beingdone about them until the new regulationscame into effect.

“Systems in place prior to the new reg-ulations faced strict inspections and nec-essary upgrading or replacement tocomply with the law. And all plans fornew systems installed after 2008 have toconform to the new requirements.”

The new regulations apply morebroadly and are more comprehensive than

quirement for all old and new petroleumproduct storage tank systems on federallands to be registered with EnvironmentCanada. This took effect in June 2009,and, since June 2010, a supplier may notmake deliveries to an unregistered sys-tem, or even one that does not properlydisplay its registration number.

In June 2012, the final requirementsfor compliance will include designatedspill containment areas for all fuel transferareas in storage tank systems greater than2,500 litres. Other requirements includeremoval of single-walled undergroundtanks and piping without corrosion pro-tection.

The new regulations apply to storagetank systems on lands that are operated byband councils or owned by private com-panies or individuals. They also cover sys-tems owned or operated by federaldepartments, boards and agencies, as wellas railways, port authorities and airports.

Tank systems storing petroleum prod-ucts such as gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fueland home heating oil are covered, as wellas allied petroleum products, which aredefined in the regulations and include

Rules changed for storage tanks on federal and Aboriginal lands By Charles Ross

Shoreline cleanup with an In-Viro-Drum.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:29 PM Page 10

March 2012 | 11www.esemag.com

Cover Story

substances such as isopropanol, uninhib-ited ethylene glycol and E85 fuel.

Environment Canada estimates thatthere are approximately 10,000 storagetank systems within federal jurisdiction.Some 3,000 are more than 20 years old,without leak detection systems, corrosionprotection or secondary structures to con-tain spills. Petroleum products are alsofound in approximately 66% of theknown contaminated sites on federal andAboriginal lands.

The regulations have opened up awhole new world of compliance for own-ers and operators of the storage systemsthey cover. Previously, owners were pro-vided with technical guidelines to ensurethat tanks were properly equipped andmaintained to avoid leaks and spills, butcompliance was voluntary. Compliancewith the new regulations is mandatoryand, according to Environment Canada,aligns more closely to regulations in mostprovincial and territorial jurisdictions.

Under the new regulations, emergencyresponse plans must be prepared andready to go immediately. Plans must havea list of designated responders and theirtraining, lists of the type and location ofemergency equipment, and details abouthow the public will be notified in case ofan emergency. Also required are detailsof storage systems, the products in eachtank, terrain and storage sites and strate-gies, not only for response, but remedia-tion and recovery.

“The emergency response planning re-quirements are very thorough. You have to

prepare emergency scenarios and yourplans to prevent them, respond to them orrecover from them. That means responseplans and training programs must be real-istic, site-specific and product-specific,and fit your system and your surround-ings,” says Holland. “Just following gen-eral guidelines for response, or equipment,isn’t going to be enough.”

Challenges for First NationsThe new regulations present a partic-

ularly difficult challenge to many FirstNations communities, particularly in thefar north. These communities may be iso-lated by distance and climate for much ofthe year. Many of the fuel storage sys-tems are old and have ongoing leaks andsoil contamination that First Nations mayhave felt powerless to deal with. Yet,many communities depend on the gener-ators fueled by the systems for heatingand electricity.

First Nations communities in northernManitoba appear to be leading in termsof equipping remote communities to dealwith fuel leaks and soil contamination.Spill Management recently ran a series ofspill response and emergency planningtraining courses for 160 participants from63 First Nations communities in three-day workshops in Manitoba. It alsohelped prepare emergency response plansand spill response manuals that met therequirements of the new regulations.

Training concentrated on site-specificissues that would likely be encounteredin remote communities with gasoline andfuel oil storage systems. Fire trucks sup-

plied water to simulate spills and allowpractice in cleaning oil from water. Spillcontrols were improvised with dirt orsand and sorbent materials, to duplicateconditions found in many of these com-

Lifting oil off water with an In-Viro-Drum.

continued overleaf...

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:29 PM Page 11


munities. Trainees also dealt with fuelspills indoors that could involve otherchemicals and cause spontaneous fires orpersonal injuries.

A major issue also came to the fore-front, that of spill response or site reme-diation in communities that depend onwinter roads.

Vacuum trucks and heavy equipmentmay not be able to reach many of thosecommunities until winter, no matter whena spill happens. Fuel could leak into theground in the summer and be totallyfrozen when equipment arrives. Cleaned-up material may have to sit on-sitethrough a summer until the next year’swinter roads are in place. During thesummer, frozen soil will melt, releasingcontamination back into the environment.

The movement of heavy equipment,digging up contaminants and transportingthem long distances, can make up mostof the cost of restoring the environmentafter an incident.

Further south, where access is notsuch a problem, a vacuum truck and otherequipment may not be available whenneeded. The effectiveness of vacuum

trucks can be affected by the location ofa spill. If it is in soft soil, along a watercourse or in a confined space in a ware-house, it may be difficult to reach.

New technologiesMethods of spill response and site re-

mediation that have been in place fordecades will have to change to incorpo-rate technology that emerged in the late1990s.

One example of new equipment onthe market is the In-Viro-Drum fromAbcan Environmental Inc. of Calgary.This system provides the performance ofa vacuum truck in a package that is aboutthe size of a tote tank (Approximately 4ft x 4 ft x 4 ft). It weighs 650 pounds andcan be towed on a sled behind a snowmo-bile, or ATV. It can be mounted in theback of a four-wheel-drive truck, trans-ported in a boat, or lifted by helicopter toa spill site. It can be maneuvered easilyinside a building or on a building site.

In the remote north, a unit could bequickly moved from community to com-munity. Several units could rapidly bebrought to one site for response to a seri-ous spill, no matter what the weather or

temperature. If it is not needed for a spill,the In-Viro-Drum can be used to cleanout septic systems, or even flooded base-ments.

This portable equipment will handlehazardous and non-hazardous wastes,flammable and non-flammable sub-stances, as well as solids, liquids, slurriesand gases. It can lift and separate oil fromwater and pull contaminated liquid fromsoil up to four feet deep. Liquid can thenbe pumped into 45-gallon drums or othercontainment areas until waste treatmentor bulk transportation is feasible. Whentanks require more oil storage, the water-polishing unit of the modular system canremove dissolved hydrocarbons to 5 ppm,as the water phase is being decanted.

The system can reduce waste volumesand be used for selective segregation ofwaste streams, which can make it morecost-effective to transport concentratedliquids and minimize land disturbances.

Charles Ross is with Spill Management Inc.

E-mail: [email protected]

Cover Story

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:29 PM Page 12


Operator Training

You are just in the process offilling out the last couple ofentries in your log bookwhen it happens: an indicator

light on your SCADA screen flashes redand an audio alert sounds… RAS pumpfailure. The early morning load is push-ing the limits in the wet well and thesludge blanket starts to rise in the sec-ondary clarifier. What do you? Relax,take a breath, it’s just a simulation!

SimuWorks™ is a flight-simulator forwater and wastewater treatment plants,developed by Hydromantis Environmen-tal Software Solutions. It represents anevolution in the use of water and waste-water treatment simulation and modellingtechnology, extending its use beyond en-gineering offices. The loss of processknowledge is a major challenge facingwastewater treatment plant owners andoperators as experienced staff retire. Ef-ficient methods for facilitating the trans-fer of general and site-specific knowledgeis necessary and sophisticated WWTPsimulation technology can offer signifi-cant advantages.

SimuWorks replicates existing treat-ment plant supervisory control and dataacquisition (SCADA) systems to provideoperators with a life-like training experi-

ence with familiar views and functional-ity and plant response/behaviour. It isdriven by sophisticated mathematicalmodels of their actual plant.

Simulation-based training is a main-stay within the military and aviation sec-tors and is fast becoming commonplacewithin many key industries, including oiland gas, marine shipping, nuclear energyand, more recently, healthcare. The bene-fits of this kind of tool in the water andwastewater industry are manyfold. Withthe virtual plant’s behaviour and the in-terface control screens matching that ofthe actual plant, various training, projectand risk analysis, plant optimization, andprocess improvement evaluations can beperformed in a risk-free environment.

The plant simulators can be deployedas on-site life-size replica control rooms,scaled-down single workstations, or evenoffered online. Because the simulatorsare driven by individual plant models andreplicated interfaces, a single installationwith a library of models could support aregional network of plants, while still of-fering plant specific training and analysisopportunities.

Key advantages of treatment plantsimulation include:

Wastewater treatment planttraining system takes lesson

from aviation industry


The plant simulators can be deployed as on-site life-size replica control rooms.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:29 PM Page 13


• Site-specific calibrated models capture a plant’s key process knowledge.• Plant specific models and interfaces target and enhance training.• Customized training and development

scenarios impart site-specific knowledge.• Training for critical events can be conducted in a risk free environment.• Helping standardize levels of

Operator Training

knowledge/ability.• Providing an interactive, realistic and immersive training environment.• Offering the opportunity to perform “what-if ” analysis and investigate plant optimization opportunities.• Providing a project management and risk analysis platform for plant maintenance or modifications.

A SimuWork deployment requires thedevelopment of a specific model of thetarget plant. This is done with Hydroman-tis’ GPS-X™, which is an advanced toolfor water and wastewater treatment plantmodelling. Once the model is completeand properly calibrated, the site-specificsystems information (SCADA) interfacesare replicated and a library of trainingscenarios is customized to client require-ments. The system does not require ex-tensive hardware and, as the userinterface is a replica of the plant’s oper-ating systems, training requirements aremodest.

For more information, E-mail:[email protected]

SimuWorks replicates existing treatment plant supervisory control and dataacquisition (SCADA) systems.

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Drinking Water Supply

dissolved metals from the sediment.Water quality decreases immediately andinternal nutrients promote algae growth.

Water quality concernsIron and manganese are bound in the

sediment, while dissolved oxygen is pres-ent in the surrounding waters. Underanaerobic conditions, iron and manganesego into solution and will have to be re-moved later at the water treatment plant.

Organic taste and odour are caused byalgae after the fall turnover algae blooms.Preventing internal nutrient loads fromthe sediment during the turnover can re-

Many lakes and reservoirssuffer from low dissolvedoxygen (DO) conditions,especially during the sum-

mer months. Low DO levels cause anumber of negative environmental con-sequences, including the release of ironand manganese from the sediments to thesurrounding water, the formation of mal-odorous and corrosive hydrogen sulphide(H2S), and possible fish kills.

These negative environmental effectscan be successfully prevented with thetargeted addition of pure oxygen to thebottom layer of a lake or reservoir. Thisis known as hypolimnetic oxygenation.

Since lakes and reservoirs typicallydon’t flow, over time they accumulate or-ganic matter, which settles in the sedi-ment. Microorganisms in the sedimentand the lower layer of water (the hy-polimnion) consume the organic matter,requiring a constant source of oxygen.

During summer months, when sun-light and warm rainwater runoff warm thesurface water, the lake stratifies. Warmerwater is denser than the cooler water atthe bottom of the lake, preventing the twofrom mixing. Cooler water in the hy-polimnion is effectively cut off from anyoxygen supply from the atmosphere. Atthe same time, biological activity in thesediment rapidly consumes the remainingoxygen in the hypolimnion, resulting inanoxic or anaerobic conditions. This typ-ically starts a few days after stratificationand lasts throughout the summer.

During the fall, as temperatures cooldown, water on the surface also coolsuntil it eventually reaches the same tem-perature and density of the water in thehypolimnion, and mixing occurs. Thisphenomenon is known as the “fallturnover” and is often characterized bythe intense smell of “foul” water or, in ex-treme cases, fish kills.

During the fall turnover, foul-tastingand malodorous chemicals that have beenproduced throughout the summer stagna-tion, such as Geosmin, 2-Methylisobor-neol (MIB) and H2S, are brought to thesurface, along with internal nutrients and

duce algae bloom and associated waterquality issues.

Algae blooms contribute to the prob-lem of anoxic conditions in the hy-polimnion. Dead algae sink to the bottomand microbes require oxygen to consumethe organic matter. The more algae, thefaster the oxygen is consumed, and deadzones are created. In these dead zones,phosphates that were tied up in the sedi-ment are re-released and will be broughtto the surface during mixing, stimulatingmore algae growth.

New system for adding DO improves seasonal waterquality in lakes and reservoirs By Inken Mello

An ECO2 System in use at a drinking water reservoir.


ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:30 PM Page 16

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All of these compounds degrade theaesthetic quality and treatability of drink-ing water. Often multi-level intakes arenecessary for selective withdrawal, butmay be prohibitively expensive. H2S isoften an odour source at recycled waterreservoirs, where sulphides are formed inanaerobic conditions in and near the sed-iment. During fall turnover, dissolved sul-phides are brought to the surface andstripped out as H2S gas, leading to the fa-miliar rotten egg smell. Apart from beingextremely odorous and potentially toxic,H2S is also highly corrosive, and causescostly damage to dams and intake struc-tures. Low DO levels can impair aquaticlife in lakes, reservoirs or downstreamrivers and should be avoided to maintaina healthy ecosystem.

All of these negative environmentaleffects of anaerobic conditions in a lakeor reservoir can be prevented by the tar-geted addition of dissolved oxygen to thehypolimnion.

Aeration versus targeted dissolvedoxygen addition

There are two approaches to prevent-ing anaerobic conditions in the hy-

polimnion. One is to destroy the naturalstratification and mix the entire lake vol-ume in an attempt to bring oxygenatedwater from the surface to the bottom layerof the lake. This requires the movementof large amounts of water and uses largeamounts of energy.

Traditional aeration systems bubbleair, or oxygen, through the water columnin the hope that a small portion will dis-solve and stay in the hypolimnion. Theabsorption efficiency is low and dependson the depth of the lake. Any oxygen thatis not dissolved in the hypolimnion iswasted. Both approaches cause artificialdestratification, which may release nutri-ents from the sediment that will increasealgae growth and the problem of eutroph-ication.

In the case of high sulphide loads,aeration and mixing systems will serve asefficient strippers of H2S to the atmos-phere, increasing odour problems. Tokeep sulphides from escaping, it is bestto maintain a quiescent surface and to ox-idize dissolved sulphides in the water col-umn with readily available dissolvedoxygen.

Destratification also increases thetemperature of the bottom waters, result-ing in greater biological activity and ac-companying sulphide formation. Higherwater temperatures degrade coldwaterfish habitat, and warm discharges fromdestratified reservoirs may negatively af-fect rivers downstream. In drinking waterreservoirs, a homogenized water columnprecludes the optimization of raw waterquality by selective depth withdrawal.

The second and newer approach is hy-polimnetic oxygenation. This method isthe technical approach of the ECO2 Su-perOxygenation System, which supple-ments dissolved oxygen directly into thehypolimnion.

Targeted addition of dissolved oxygenmaintains the natural stratification of alake or reservoir and supplements dis-solved oxygen in the hypolimnion.Rather than destratifying the lake and try-ing to add a sufficient amount of oxygenfrom the surface to the bottom, hypolim-netic oxygenation takes a side stream outof the hypolimnion. It raises the DO levelin a gas transfer device, known as theECO2 Speece Cone, and discharges oxy-

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:12 PM Page 18



genated water horizontally over the sedi-ment into the hypolimnion to prevent theproduction of H2S and the release of ironand manganese.

As the oxygenated water has the samedensity as the water in the hypolimnion,it remains in the hypolimnion, creating anaerobic cap over the sediment. Thermalstratification creates a natural barrier thatprevents oxygenated water from leavingthe hypolimnion, making this approachmore efficient than artificial destratifica-tion. Less oxygen is required to keep therelatively small volume of water in thehypolimnion aerobic, versus the entirewater column of a destratified lake.

Hypolimnetic oxygenation with theECO2 Speece Cone has been applied inseveral water quality applicationsthroughout the US. The system achievesan oxygen transfer efficiency of 90-95%.It fully dissolves pure oxygen gas into thewater before it is discharged into the hy-polimnion. All of the dissolved oxygen isreadily available at the water sediment in-terface. The device can be installed onshore, or on the reservoir bottom. Theonly moving part that is required in the in-stallation is a standard industrial waterpump. Oxygen addition depends on thedemand of the lake and is fully automated.

Operation of an ECO2 SuperOxy-genation System will not cause turbu-lence on the lake’s surface, and thesystem itself will only take up minimallake surface space where the intake anddischarge pipes enter the lake. Ideally,this should be near the intake structures.

Design considerationsTo meet the goals of H2S and corro-

sion prevention, as well as iron and man-ganese reduction for increased waterquality, an aerobic cap has to be created

above the sediment. The amount of oxy-gen that needs to be supplemented tomaintain the aerobic zone can be calcu-lated by multiplying total oxygen demand

The ECO2 SuperOxygenation Technology is based upon the scientific prin-ciple of Henry’s Law. The Speece Cone is designed to provide enough inletwater velocity to break up the oxygen gas entering the cone. This actionforms an intense bubble swarm which has exceptionally large oxygen/waterinterface. As the bubble swarm grows, the cone’s diameter increasesthereby reducing the water velocity to a point lower than the buoyant ve-locity of the bubbles. This prevents the bubbles from escaping and holdsthem in suspension until they are dissolved. The ECO2 System has proven a 90-95% efficiency for dissolving oxygen inwater. Depending on the pressure in the system, DO levels can be raised upto 50-100mg/L or above. There are no internal baffles or static mixers thatcould collect rags or stringy materials, nor are there any moving parts in thecone that would require maintenance.

continued on page 42...

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:12 PM Page 19


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Wastewater Infrastructure

city’s south end. This is an area of Sud-bury that municipal engineers were par-ticularly concerned about, given the ageof the system (servicing began in 1960),the number of lift stations and force mainsdue to the rolling topography of the area,and the proximity of Nepahwin Lake.

The scope of the I&I study includedobtaining an understanding of the collec-tion system, monitoring of sewage flows,performing an assessment and analysis ofthe collection system, and developing aplan for remediation of the sewers. Thestudy began in the spring of 2009 withrainfall and sewer flow monitoring. Re-porting was completed by the end of 2011.

At the onset of the study, the Lo-EllenPark Area sanitary sewage system con-sisted of four sewage lift stations and as-sociated force mains, 13 km of sanitarysewers and 243 maintenance holes. RVAprepared mapping of the collection sys-tem in the study area, complete with trib-utary areas for each lift station, populationand demand information, and routing ofeach sewer.

In the summer of 2009, the City com-pleted a trunk sewage rock tunnel in thisarea, which allowed for the decommis-sioning of two lift stations. However, thesources of I&I in the collection systemwere not alleviated by the trunk sewer, sothe principal driver behind the study re-mained.

Assessment and analysisSix Hach Sigma 910 portable flow

The City of Greater Sudbury inOntario is reviewing options toincrease the operation effi-ciency of the various waste-

water treatment plants within its area.One facet of the wastewater treatmentsystem that has come under greaterscrutiny is the collection system. TheCity is concerned that a significantamount of water is entering the sewersfrom outside sources (e.g., rainwater andgroundwater), all of which flows to theCity’s 10 wastewater treatment plants.

In addition, capacity constraints in thecollection network at times overwhelm thesystem and cause localized flooding andthe need to discharge to the environment.

The City engaged R.V. Anderson As-sociates Ltd. (RVA) to complete an inflowand infiltration (I&I) study on the waste-water collection system in Lo-Ellen Park,which is a primarily residential area in the

monitors and submerged area/velocitysensors were used to monitor sewageflows. The monitors were installed inMarch 2009 and removed from service inearly February 2010. During the courseof the study, the City commissioned apermanent flow meter, hence one of theportable meters was relocated in order tomeasure flows in another region of thestudy area. Also, a portable AmericanSigma data-logging rain gauge was set upin a central location to collect rainfalldata for the study area. Flow monitor andrain gauge data was recorded at 15-minute intervals.

Flow monitors were equipped with re-mote communications by means of TelogRU-33 recording telemetry units. Theseunits were directly connected to theSigma flow monitors, and logged data asit was being collected. The telemetryunits would call the Internet serviceprovider at regular 12-hour intervals, viamobile telephone service, and report thedata recorded.

The website would then update therecords of the data channel for that instru-ment. Essentially, this equipment allowedstaff to verify the various data channels(e.g., flow depth, velocity, battery life,etc.) from their office, rather than makingsite visits. Field visits were made to eachsite roughly once per month to downloaddata manually, to perform a visual checkon the installation, and to change batter-ies if required.

Sigma flow monitors and Telogrecording telemetry units duringstudy.

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:30 PM Page 22



Raw data was collected from the flowmonitors and rain gauge and processedonce the study period was complete.Generally, flow was observed to increasein the sanitary sewers when rain oc-curred. Typically, peak flows in the sew-ers occurred roughly two hours after peakrainfall, but not all monitors reported ob-servable increases for every rain event.However, the observed increases insewage flow were typical of infiltration.

In addition to the flow and rain moni-toring, smoke testing was carried out onroughly 20 km of sewer and service lat-erals of the Lo-Ellen Park area. This test-ing involves forcing vaporized liquidsmoke into the sanitary sewer systemwith a portable high-powered fan. Theobjective of this portion of the investiga-tion was to confirm sewer configurationand identify I&I sources, as flow moni-toring alone does not provide a completepicture.

Typically, smoke is visible as it emitsfrom all openings into the sanitary sewersystem, such as roof vents and mainte-nance holes. However, occasionallysmoke is visible coming from pointswhere the sanitary system should not beconnected — such as roof downspouts orstorm sewer catch basins.

A media release was first issued toresidents advising them of the plannedwork, and a public open house washosted by the City to answer questions.Testing was carried out over a five-dayperiod in October 2009. In general, re-sults of the smoke testing indicated therewere no combined sewer, roof leader orfoundation drain connections. The testingdid provide information on one possible“indirect” connection, open cleanouts inlawns and possible sags in the sewer sys-tem. Five maintenance holes were iden-tified as possible heavy water inflowsources.

As part of the investigation, the Cityprovided footage of the closed-circuit tel-evision (CCTV) inspection performed onall the sewers in the Lo-Ellen Park area.RVA completed a review of the videosprovided by the City’s pre-selected serv-ice provider. CCTV was not completed inareas immediately upstream of lift sta-tions, at inaccessible maintenance holes,or where monitoring devices were in-stalled.

The CCTV investigation provided

qualitative information pertaining to thesewers in the area, which are composedof vitrified clay (VC), asbestos cement(AC) transite pipe, concrete andpolyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. In gen-eral, the older sections of pipe are in theworst shape. Many of the segments of VCand concrete pipe are beyond their usefullife. VC joints have separated and infil-tration is apparent, or some gaskets haveslipped off the concrete pipes. For the re-mainder of the pipes there are many

dented segments, sags or pipes “out ofround,” but pipe integrity is generallygood.

Plan for remediationRVA’s investigation of the sanitary

system in the Lo-Ellen Park area re-vealed that the system does not experi-ence high dry-weather infiltration, butdoes exhibit higher than average flowduring storm events. Normally, high re-sponse to storm events is due to inflow,


ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:31 PM Page 23



which is not generally occurring in theLo-Ellen area. Accordingly, infiltrationobserved in the sanitary sewer is likelyfrom groundwater from sources such aspipe joints and cracks, or at older brickmaintenance holes.

Other sources are weeping tile connec-tions to the sanitary service laterals, whichcould also be contributing through jointsand cracks. While the smoke testing didnot reveal direct weeping tile connections,homeowners have noted anecdotally that

their weeping tiles run to the sanitary sys-tem during rain events and spring runoff.

The study made the following addi-tional recommendations.• Disconnect water “blowoffs” (i.e., direct connections to sanitary sewers)• Educate the public about lot grading• Remove VC piping where replacement is warranted• Seal all brick and block maintenance holes• Add inserts to structures in road low points

• Implement open-grate storm maintenance-hole covers at road low points to help alleviate flooding of roads caused by catch basins frozen in under snow banks.

The CCTV videos showed pipes withan accumulation/buildup of grease in thearea of the 10 restaurants and two schoolsin the study area. RVA recommended thegrease should be cleaned from the pipesand sources addressed.

In addition, RVA recommended thatthe City educate residents of low-lyingareas about its new Preventative Plumb-ing Subsidy Program and encouragethem to implement this disconnectionprogram. For homes that do not haveweeping tile connections to the sanitarylaterals, RVA recommended the City en-courage residents to place the sump dis-charge outside the home to grade and notto laundry tubs or other sanitary sewerconnections.

Robert G. Langlois, P.Eng., is with R.V. Anderson Associates.


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Oxygen level is a very impor-tant parameter for successfulwastewater treatment. Be-cause the degradation of or-

ganic matter, as well as the conversion ofammonia to nitrate (“nitrification”) isdone by aerobic bacteria, sufficient aera-tion of the basin is a must. Microbiologi-cal activity of nitrification bacteria isstrongly influenced by oxygen concentra-tion. At between one and two mg/l O2, ac-tivity levels off. At concentrations higherthan 3 mg/l, bacteria show no significantincrease in activity, which means this extraO2 is being added for no reason.

Online measurement of oxygen can beused to limit under and over-aeration.Prevention of under-aeration by a mini-mum set point makes the whole treatmentprocess more reliable. Furthermore, inef-ficient energy usage due to over-aerationis avoided.

ISE SensorsModern online measurement systems

also use nutrient parameters, like ammo-nia and nitrate, for real-time aeration con-trol. The main benefits are dynamiccontrol of the aeration rate, in relation toa detected change of load and nitrifica-tion/denitrification situations, and opti-mized energy efficiency.

The ion-selective measuring method(ISE) was developed specifically forthese applications to allow accurate, reli-able and fast measurements in aerationbasins.

The measuring principle is quite sim-ilar to a pH probe, only the membraneshave to be selective for the ammoniaand/or nitrate ion. The probe is availableas a one-parameter sensor (ammonia ornitrate), or as a two-parameter sensor forboth parameters in parallel. The two-pa-rameter version fits well for an intermit-tent wastewater process, or for sequencebatch reactors. This is because bothprocesses have aeration and non-aerationphases in one basin.

For process layouts where the zones ofaeration (nitrification) and non-aeration(denitrification) differ, one-parameterversions are recommended, due to the dif-

Online ammonia and nitrate monitoring can cutWWTP energy costs dramatically By Dr. Heidrun Tippe

Instrumentation

Figure 1.

ferent measuring points for nitrate andammonia.

Ammonia concentrations in two inter-mittent basins at a WWTP that receivesboth industrial and municipal influent areshown in Figure 1. The red curve showsthe existing control strategy, which wasbased only on oxygen levels. Due to thevarious inlet loads, the ammonia concen-tration in the basin changes significantly.This is because the oxygen measurementdoes not provide information regardingthe load situation, and the changing influ-ent situation affects aeration basin per-formance.

The green curve shows the ammoniaconcentration at the outlet of the aerationbasin, based on a control strategy whichinvolves online information about ammo-nia concentration (ISE measurement).This control strategy is able to harmonizethe outlet concentration of ammonia, de-spite various influent loads.

The idea is to use the online ammoniaconcentration for an adjustment of theoxygen concentration. In the case of ahigh load situation, bacteria can be sup-ported by higher oxygen concentrations.In these situations, energy efficiency isweak, but effluent limits are met. In thecase of an under-load situation, the am-monia control strategy adjusts the oxygenset-point to a very low level. These are theprocess situations where energy savingspotential are employed, without nega-

tively affecting discharge limits. Energy benchmarking and analysis

are not new concepts, but they are enjoy-ing renewed focus due to the escalationin current global energy costs. Because60% of power consumption is needed foraeration, this process step is important.Furthermore, the biological step is thekey factor in reaching limits for COD andnutrients. Process optimization can im-prove plant reliability and help meet fu-ture legislation limits with optimal energycosts.

When looking for further energy op-timization, the first step is implementa-tion of energy monitoring. A deeperanalysis of the main power consumers (orgroups of them) and an evaluation of thereturn on investment (ROI) must then becarried out individually.

Dr. Heidrun Tippe is with Endress+Hauser in Germany.

For further information, E-mail:[email protected]

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:31 PM Page 26

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Infrastructure

installed along a 5 km section to monitorboth the old sections and newly replacedpipes in near real time. SoundPrint AFOis a patented acoustic fibre optic monitor-ing system for structural monitoring andleak detection in water and wastewaterprestressed concrete cylinder pipes.

The Woodroffe transmission main wasinstalled in 1975-76. According to theOntario Ministry of the Environment’sAsset Renewal Guidelines, the life spanof this pipe and others in that age grouprange from 50-100 years. After resultsfrom the condition assessment programdetermined that several areas of thepipeline were in critical distress with ahigh risk of eminent failure, the City de-termined that the main failed well beforeits expected life span and could not be re-commissioned without high risk of an-other pipe failure.

The City’s ability to supply water tothis area was greatly limited by the pre-

The Woodroffe Avenue transmis-sion main in Ottawa, Ontario,experienced a major failure inJanuary 2011, which opened a

large hole across three traffic lanes andcaused serious traffic disruptions. The1200 mm pipeline runs under a four laneroadway in the west end of the city, andsupplies water to roughly 80,000 people.This was the second failure of the pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipe. The firstone occurred in 2007, in a different por-tion of the line, downstream from the sec-ond location.

The City of Ottawa, Pure Technologies,and Robinson Consultants of Kanata, On-tario, developed a plan of action which al-lowed this critical pipeline to be put backin service in May 2011. The first step, aspart of the condition assessment program,was to undertake an internal manned vi-sual inspection of the failed section and ofa significant length of upstream and down-stream sections of the main while it wasout of service. Manned inspections are areliable method of detecting which pipesare in an advanced state of distress. Thisinvolved a Pure Technologies field teaminternally traversing the pipe to visuallypoint out where the rupture had occurredon the main.

Following the internal visual inspec-tion, an electromagnetic inspection usingthe PureRoboticsTM device found that4.7% (41 out of 865) of the inspectedpipes were distressed. PureRobotics mod-ular robotic pipeline inspection systemsare remotely-operated tracked vehiclestethered by a fibre optic cable that can beconfigured to inspect any pipe applica-tion of 12 inches and larger. The tool iscapable of performing multi-sensor in-spections in dry pipe or while submerged.

The analysis provided a rating condi-tion for each pipe segment. It also showedthat the pipe which failed and the adja-cent pipe were experiencing chloride-in-duced corrosion of the prestressing wiresand steel cylinder. Once the WoodroffeAvenue pipeline was repaired, with a sub-stantial section being replaced, a Sound-Print® AFO monitoring system was

mature deterioration and failure of theWoodroffe main, which normally suppliesnearly all drinking water to the surround-ing areas. During the recent repair period,the impacted areas were served by a muchsmaller backup system, which was onlyable to deliver 10 per cent of the watervolume usually delivered to the area.

In April, the City had to implement anoutdoor water ban that affected roughly80,000 residents and remained in placeuntil the pipeline was put back into placein May. The City had to create a contin-gency plan in case the water use ex-ceeded supply as serious impacts couldhave occurred, such as potential contam-ination of the water supply, depressuriza-tion of the system, loss of supply, anddifficulties in supplying fire protection.

Lauren Rutherford is with Pure Technologies Ltd.,


Crew ready to insert the robotic crawler into the water main.

Ottawa watermain failure leads to proactive condition assessment By Lauren Rutherford

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:31 PM Page 28

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Water and Wastewater Emergencies

quality and environmental managementsystems (QEMS) to provide additional as-surances of both regulatory complianceand operational conformance.

Emergency preparedness, responseand recovery have been an area of focusfor OCWA, both for client facilities andin support of provincial water emergen-cies through its specially trained andequipped Emergency Response Teams(OERT).

OERT consists of a group of experi-enced water professionals, with the train-ing and equipment necessary to assessand mitigate both existing and potentialwater emergencies.

There is a growing emphasis onemergency management in thewater industry. Governments atall levels are looking to owners

and operators of clean water infrastruc-ture to be both resilient and responsive,so they can minimize service disruptionin the event of a wide range of emergen-cies.

Whether it’s a water-specific tragedylike the one in Walkerton, Ontario, thethreat of a pandemic, or the potential fora natural or human-caused disaster thatdisrupts critical infrastructure, water andwastewater professionals have a growingawareness and commitment to respondeffectively and efficiently.

As a provincial crown agency commit-ted to delivering safe, reliable and cost-effective clean water services, the OntarioClean Water Agency (OCWA) has had along-standing role in the management ofwater emergencies. In 2002, provinciallegislation formally identified OCWA asa responder for such events. This was ex-panded in 2009 to include wastewateremergencies. With this mandate, OCWAcontinuously renews its emergency man-agement program and maintains fullytrained and equipped mobile units to re-spond to water-related emergencies inOntario.

Effective emergency managementThe pillars that support effective emer-

gency management are program planning,prevention, preparedness, response andrecovery. These are the foundation ofOCWA’s Emergency Management Pro-gram.

Emergency plans are in place for bothfacility-specific and agency-wide emer-gency scenarios. Guided by legislation,best practices and informed by experi-ence, OCWA continuously develops testsand improves its emergency plans to en-sure an effective and efficient response toemergency situations.

Prevention has always been a primaryfocus of the water industry. Facilities aredesigned to provide a multi-barrier ap-proach. Over the past decade, OCWA andmany other utilities also began to utilize

The dynamic nature of water emer-gencies requires a highly integrated andcoordinated tactical response. With atotal complement of 25, OERT is com-posed of five regional teams, with spe-cially equipped trailers. These can bedeployed quickly to provide an immedi-ate response to prevent or recover froma water or wastewater emergency.

To ensure the most effective coverageand quickest deployment, these teamshave been established in five regions:Eastern Ontario, Central Ontario, South-western Ontario, Northeastern Ontarioand Northwestern Ontario. Each year, theteams establish a series of hands-on sce-narios, to test their response plans andtrain in real-world conditions.

Moose FactoryA unique opportunity to improve

wastewater treatment was presented in theremote community of Moose Factory,Ontario, on the southern tip of James Bay.The community had recently upgraded itssewage pump stations, had some changesin operating staff, and understood theneed for long-term maintenance plans andoperator training to ensure safe and reli-able operations.

For OERT members, it was an unfamil-iar wastewater system in a remote location,with high potential for degradation. This

The OCWA trailer that was prepared in Kirkland Lake, Ontario.

Ontario Clean Water Agency assists Moose FactoryIsland residents By Tony Janssen, Glen Lang and Yarlene Frisani

Equipment for the remediation effortbeing airlifted to Moose Factory Island. continued overleaf...

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:31 PM Page 30

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mirrored some of the conditions and com-plexities teams might face if called in torespond to a real emergency.

“It was important to satisfy the needfor a sewage-specific training compo-nent, since emergency response teamswere now being trained to respond toboth water and wastewater related emer-gencies,” says Tony Janssen, OERT teamlead for Northeastern Ontario and opera-tions manager for OCWA’s North EasternOntario Hub. The idea was to carry out,as a “real-life” practice, a “hands-on” re-mediation of a sewage works for a small

remote community that was looking forassistance.

In preparation for the response inMoose Factory, a preliminary plan wasestablished. It recommended OERTteams be deployed in four successive ses-sions to remediate problems, implementmaintenance and safety procedures, andtrain local staff. With an OCWA oversightcontract in place to follow up and keepthe plan on course, a permanent turn-around was thought to be possible. Fund-ing was allocated and the plans wereapproved and finalized, with the responseset to take place in May 2011.

Two team leads, Tony Janssen andJohn Seguire, from the Eastern Ontarioteam, travelled to the island to inspect thesituation and identify the resources, sup-plies and tools needed to complete theproject. A safety assessment was com-pleted, according to OERT protocols, toevaluate hazards crews would be facingand make the necessary provisions.

Upon first inspection of Moose Fac-tory’s five pumping stations, a variety ofissues were identified. It was found thatthe operation of three stations was com-

promised, due to electrical and mechani-cal issues that had occurred since the up-grades. Immediate electrical safetyconcerns were identified and repairsmade; some adjustments were made tothe plan in light of changed conditions.

Over the course of the visit, final teammembers were chosen from the OERTvolunteers, according to the skill sets re-quired. Specific tools and suppliesneeded to rectify the problem were iden-tified for inclusion in the trailer beingprepared in Kirkland Lake. The trailerwould first be shipped to Moosonee —

How the trailer got from Kirkland Laketo Moosonee.

A freshly painted station.


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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 32



located 1.5 miles across the river fromMoose Factory — via train. From there,the contents would be delivered to MooseFactory by helicopter as this was the onlymeans of transportation due to seasonalweather conditions.

The responseThe first OERT group arrived in

Moosonee in the first week of May. Theteam unloaded the trailer, stocked withtools and supplies, and packed totes inseparate lifts to ship to Moose Factory viahelicopter. Upon arrival in Moose Fac-tory, the team met with water plant andother Moose Cree First Nations staff, todiscuss the plan of action as well as anyadditional equipment required to com-plete the pumping station work.

“The first team concentrated on re-pairing the guide rail systems and cor-recting mechanical and basic electricaldeficiencies.” says Janssen.

The second team travelled to the is-land mid-May and focused mainly on re-pairing the lift stations. Team memberscompleted mechanical repairs, startedworking on the electrical control systemsand alarms, and also organized the tools,spare parts and safety equipment belong-ing to the First Nations.

At the same time, the third team pre-pared standard operating procedures(SOPs) and rounds sheets to organize thework and ensure proper checks and main-tenance procedures were in place oncethe repairs were completed.

The fourth and final team arrived inMoose Factory in late May. The regular

response team had an additional memberon the roster; Bruce Larstone, an OCWAoperator/mechanic was tasked to supportlocal operators looking after the MooseFactory plant over the coming years.

“Bruce’s job is to follow up whereOERT leaves off, as a system remediationlike this one takes years to be declaredcompletely successful,” Janssen explains.

The final team refined the roundssheets, trained First Nations staff on theroutine procedures and critical equip-ment SOPs and tested the alarm systemsthat were functional. One lift station waspainted and First Nations staff paintedthe rest.

After the remediation effort, several

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The fourth and last team that was deployed to the island (left to right:Carl Grimstead, Tony Janssen, RogerMellow, Stephane Barbarie and BruceLarstone – Operator/Mechanic fromthe North Eastern Ontario Hub whowill be looking after the Moose Factory sewage oversight project).

follow-up visits were carried out, usingNorth Eastern Ontario Hub staff to assistin cleaning up any remaining issues. InNovember, two courses — “Pumping andLift Stations” and “Electrical Awareness”— were held on Moose Factory Island.Training was specifically modified andadjusted to be as relevant as possible forthe local conditions.

The resultThe result was not only a reliable col-

lection system, but one with a very goodchance of remaining that way due to thehard work of the OERT experts, futureoversight by OCWA, and the newfoundconfidence of the Moose Factory opera-tors. With proper maintenance, technicalsupport from OCWA and standardizedwork practices, the pumping stations areable to function at full capacity.

The “hands-on” experience that eachteam member gained from supportingthis remote community was undoubtedlybeneficial in preparing OERT membersto plan and stage responses and think ontheir feet in difficult situations, with lim-ited access to external resources.

Federal funding of $2.9 million wasrecently announced to establish a pro-gram to remediate the lagoon treatmentsystem. OCWA is also providing assis-tance with this.

Tony Janssen, Glen Lang and Yarlene Frisani are with OCWA. E-mail: [email protected]

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 33


Groundwater Remediation

of the recovery wells, the piping, separa-tors, air strippers, and the carbon typicallyassociated with hydrocarbon groundwatertreatment processes. Treatment equipmentcan also be fouled through bacteria grow-

Remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated sites often in-volves some form of ground-water pumping as a contami-

nant control or recovery. Pumped ground-water from these sites often has dissolvedferrous iron (Fe2+) present that originatesfrom the soils, rocks, and minerals in con-tact with the groundwater. The extent towhich iron dissolves in groundwater de-pends on the dissolved oxygen concentra-tion, pH, and redox potential. Iron occursin two dissolved forms in groundwater: asferrous (Fe2+) and as ferric (Fe3+).

Once the soluble ferrous iron is exposedto the oxygen, the change to Fe3+ occursrapidly and is accompanied by an iron pre-cipitate, ferric hydroxide {Fe(OH)3} and,often, a bacterial slime.

Iron-related groundwater treatment issues

The combination of the ferric hydrox-ide and bacterial slime coats the interior

ing on biodegradable organics in thegroundwater. This fouling typically occursat concentrations of >5 mg/L of total iron.Total iron concentrations as low as 1 mg/Lcan cause operational fouling problems.

Groundwater recovery pumps, operat-ing at hydrocarbon-impacted sites with

The system is typically fabricatedfrom carbon steel, stainless steel, orplastic materials, and includes thenecessary piping, as well as a stain-less steel mesh bulkhead to enclosethe filtration media.

The system’s automated controls andseparation units allow for the removalof both types of iron (ferrous and fer-ric) to below 0.3 ppm.

New process for effective removal of iron fromgroundwater By Irene Hassas

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 34



elevated iron concentrations, show earlysigns of iron fouling and biologicalgrowth. An oil/water separator will oftenpresent ideal conditions for the formationof ferric hydroxide and biological slime.Air strippers also provide perfect condi-tions for iron fouling.

Iron will continue to precipitatethroughout the process and often limitsthe lifespan of a carbon bed. Placementof bag filters prior to carbon vessels pro-vides some ferric hydroxide removal butis not effective against dissolved iron.

In addition to the cost of equipmentmaintenance issues related to iron foul-ing, there is the additional issue of equip-ment downtime. Depending on the sitelocation and availability of maintenancepersonnel, iron fouling could increasedowntime be 40% to 50%.

Existing treatment technologies Concentrations of iron in water can be

approached with different treatment pro-cesses and technologies:

OxidationDissolved iron can precipitate through

oxidation using atmospheric oxygen.Oxygen converts dissolved iron to insol-

uble oxidized ferric forms. This type oftreatment is cost-effective, and there is nochemical cost associated with it. How-ever, there are some disadvantages, suchas the need for a large reaction tank andthe need to control slime growth thatcould cause taste and odour issues. Also,the oxidation process is slow, andchanges in water quality may affect thepH of the water.

SequestrationFor low (less than 1 ppm) to medium

(1-3 ppm) levels of iron in the water, se-questering agents can be used. A contin-uous feed of potassium permanganatewith or without chlorine will oxidize theiron.

Polyphosphate masks the effects ofiron concentrations in the distributionsystem. Adding phosphate to the waterwill keep the iron in solution. The iron ormanganese ions are surrounded by achain of phosphate molecules and cannotprecipitate. Sequestration delays the pre-cipitation of oxidized manganese andiron, reducing the layer of scale in pipes.

Ion exchangeIon exchange is a simple reversible

chemical reaction process where an ion,from a solution flowing through the solidparticles of a resin bed, is exchanged fora similarly charged resin ion (acid or baseexchange sites).

The main advantage of the system isthe use of a low-cost chemical (i.e., salt).Some disadvantages of the system arethat iron removal is limited to a concen-tration of less than 1 ppm, and dissolvedoxygen or iron bacteria can foul the resinwith iron and manganese deposits. Also,exchange capacity will be reduced overtime by plugged pores. The resin can becleaned, but the process is expensive andcauses capacity reduction.

Chemical treatment system For high levels of iron in the water

(100 to 1000 ppm), a chemical treatmentsystem can be utilized. Certain chemicalprocesses are designed to precipitatemetal ions from different industrialwastewater and groundwater, wherechelants and other agents have sur-rounded the metal ions. Chemical treat-ment processes are typically requiredwhen metals in solution are in a stable,


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both types of iron (ferrous and ferric) tobelow 0.3 ppm. With a capacity of up toand above 132,500 gallons per day(501,567 litres per day), it can accommo-date iron concentrations from 3 ppm to75 ppm on a non-reagent basis, as well aslow concentrations of manganese.

dissolved form and ions cannot be con-verted to insoluble particles.

These systems can be fully automatic.Based on the influent pH, dosing of coag-ulants and flocculants can be designed tobe self-adjusting and proportional to theflow rate. Most chemical treatment systemshave a large footprint, have high chemicaland operational costs, and require water-testing materials. Also, safety issues re-garding working with hazardous materialsduring their transportation, storage, usage,installation, and disposal, as well as duringmaintenance, are some of the challenges ofworking with these systems.

FII IRS iron removal systemFilter Innovations’ FII IRS with De-

ferum technology has been designedspecifically for construction site applica-tions to eliminate some of the existing re-mediation limitations resulting from ironprecipitation in filtration equipment. Otherapplications for which this technology canbe utilized are mining and agricultural op-erations, as well as the treatment of con-taminated water from domestic sources.

The system’s automated controls andseparation units allow for the removal of

System componentsThe system is typically fabricated

from carbon steel, stainless steel, or plas-tic materials, and includes the necessarypiping, as well as a stainless steel meshbulkhead to enclose the filtration media.

The AKV aerator/degasifier part of

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Polymer floating filter media (PFFM) is an effective alternative to traditionalheavy filtering materials such as sand, clay, anthracite, etc.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 36



the system is composed of a set of pro-prietary components fabricated fromstainless steel 304L material. The unitsare located at the inlet to the iron treat-ment system.

Feed water is supplied at a pressure ofminimum 65 psi and the velocity of waterflow reaches 180 km/h, creating a deepvacuum in the vacuum chambers. Dis-solved gases are released immediatelyand high iron is oxidized.

Polymer floating filter mediaPolymer floating filter media (PFFM)

is an effective alternative to traditionalheavy filtering materials such as sand,clay, anthracite, etc. It is manufacturedfrom EPA food-grade polymer material,is chemically and physically stable, andcan work in a wide range of temperaturesand pH. It also has an extended particu-late-capturing capacity of up to 500 mg/L(initial capacity) for suspended solids.

PFFM must be conditioned, over ashort period of time, to optimum operat-ing parameters. It is an ideal filtering ma-terial for "contact" filtration, whenreagents are introduced into the feedwater immediately in front of the filter.

The buoyancy of the media causes it toarrange itself as a floating filter bed. Fil-tration can be either upward or downwardin direction, depending on the applica-tion, with the “bed” restrained by a finemesh and supported by a grid. It effec-tively removes fine particles, over the fullservice flow cycle, down to 1.5 microns.

OperationFeed water is pumped from the collec-

tion tank/borehole at 65 psi to the AKVaerator/degasifier connected to the top ofthe Hydro-Robot assembly, where inten-sive processes of liquid aeration and gasremoval occur. Then, water flows downthe Hydro-Robot and into the hydro-au-tomatic filter tank filled with floating fil-ter media. Here, iron particles in insolubleform are removed throughout the depth ofthe filtering bed.

Filtered water flows by gravity into thefiltrate collector via the discharge pipe.

Gradual fouling of the bed increasesits resistance, raising the water level in anadjacent Hydro-Robot until it reaches themaximum level at which time a back-wash is initiated. This draws water out ofthe filtration chamber at such a speed that

flow through the filter bed reverses andthe filter bed is backwashed. During thebackwash, the filter bed is expanded by30% to 70%. The combination of thedownward flow of filtrate and the upwardbuoyancy of the floating media producesa vigorous agitation and scrubbing effect.This results in a fast regeneration of themedia in one to three minutes.

Loss of water for backwash purposesnormally does not exceed 1.5% to 3.0%of the daily flow of water.

ConclusionAn analysis of different iron manage-

ment solutions and an evaluation of exist-ing FII IRS-Deferum system installationshave demonstrated effective removal ofiron in groundwater treatment applica-tions. In most cases, the system removed80-95% of iron and, as a result, minimizedthe requirement for backwashing with ac-tivated carbon. This resulted in a drasticreduction in operation and maintenancecosts.

Irene Hassas is with newterra ltd.E-mail: [email protected]

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 37


Watermain Leakage

Therefore, it never reached the surface.Repair clamps were applied to the mainand the leak was easily fixed.

Prior to discovering the leak, the plantwas supplying 7,175 l/hr into the main.After the leak was fixed, average usagehad dropped to 1,545 l/hr. Flow rates atnight are now sometimes as low as 9 –13.5 l/min. Personnel had to adjust plantequipment and correct computer pro-gramming, which had been set up for themuch higher flow rates.

Plant personnel had tried to manage

One of Canada’s most spectac-ular drives is along the northshore of Lake Superiorwhere one will find the pic-

turesque village of Rossport, two hourseast of Thunder Bay or six hours west ofSault Ste. Marie.

In 2007-08, the Local Services Boardof Rossport (LSB), with the assistance ofthe Ontario government, built a new watertreatment plant to better serve the village.The plant went online in June 2008 andproduced an average of 4,100 to 4,550l/hr. Rates continued to rise, until the plantwas averaging 6,365 – 6,820 l/hr. Even inthe middle of the night, flow rates wereaveraging 5,455 l/hr. This was alarminglyhigh when one considers that Rossportonly has a population of about 100.

In the fall of 2010, the LSB contactedHetek Solutions for help in determiningthe best equipment for finding whatsurely had to be mainline leaks. Ross-port’s distribution pipes are PVC, encasedwith 3-inch foam insulation.

Gary Fricke, Project Manager withHetek Solutions, recommended a Sew-erin Aquaphon A100 electro acoustic leakdetector, which consists of a contactprobe and ground microphone. The con-tact probe allows the operator to listen onvalves, hydrants and directly on the pipewhen exposed. When the suspected leakis on the buried water pipe, the operatoruses the ground microphone to listen di-rectly on the surface over the buried pipefor any leak noise.

In the summer of 2011, the RossportLSB purchased the equipment and beganto survey their water distribution system forsuspected water leaks. Joe Campbell, Util-ity Supervisor and Chairman of the Ross-port Local Services Board, was checkingthe mainline, about 30 metres west of thewater plant, and getting readings of 3 to 5,when he suddenly got a reading of 60 onthe mid-range scale of 100. No water wascoming to the surface and the spot was notwhere a pipe joint should be.

However, excavating the pipe revealedthe leak and it was not at a joint. It is be-lieved that because the leak was close tothe lake and in sandy soil, water perco-lated through the sand and into the lake.

operations so that water treatment couldtake place primarily at night, to take ad-vantage of cheaper off-peak electricityrates. This became less and less possibleas leakage increased. Finding and stop-ping the mainline leak now allows for alltreatment to take place at night, cuttingthe plant’s electrical costs in half.

Rita Gowen is an operator at the Rossport Water Treatment Plant.

Gary Fricke is with Hetek Solutions. E-mail: [email protected]

Do all water leaks come to the surface?By Rita Gowen and Gary Fricke

Using the Aquaphon to detect non surfacing underground leaks.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 38

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:32 PM Page 39


Wastewater Reuse

school grounds, parks and other greenareas.

This project goes far beyond waste-water treatment and encompasses waterand energy conservation, environmentalpreservation, sustainability, recreation,education and an overall better quality oflife for the residents of Fillmore and Ven-tura Counties. It also serves as an exam-ple of how a community can tackle aninfrastructure challenge by choosing apublic-private partnership (PPP) and a de-sign-build-operate (DBO) model.

The City chose to contract with Amer-ican Water in a PPP to design, build andoperate a facility to produce high-qualitydisinfected water to meet the stringentstandards required for surface and sub-surface irrigation of public and private fa-cilities. The total project cost $42.5million, and included a $26-million zero-discharge, membrane bioreactor plantand appurtenances, and a $4-millionwater reuse system. The balance of the

When stricter regulationswere implemented to im-prove the quality oftreated wastewater dis-

charges to the Santa Clara River, the Cityof Fillmore, California, had a decision tomake. Its wastewater treatment plant,which was built in 1955, needed signifi-cant upgrades both to comply with theincreased standards and to meet the de-mands of a growing population.

Rather than simply building a facilityto discharge highly treated water to theriver, the City took an innovative ap-proach and decided to replace the plantwith a new, state-of-the-art water recy-cling facility. This would end the practiceof river discharges and enable develop-ment of a full-scale water reuse system tobenefit many areas of the town.

The result is a facility that meets therequirements of federal and state regula-tions as a zero-discharge facility, and awater-recycling program that irrigates

cost included offsite engineering, con-struction and permits.

Features of the plantThe plant incorporates state-of-the-art

technology that maximizes energy effi-ciency, helping to keep costs down. Aflow-equalization system minimizeswater flow during the day, when cost andenergy use are highest. Wastewater is cy-cled back into the plant where it is treatedduring off-peak hours, when power de-mand and cost are lower. A membranebioreactor system and an ultraviolet dis-infection system yield cleaner recycledwater suitable for irrigation.

Treated water flow is regulated throughpumps based on pressure and flow meas-urements. The UV disinfection systemfeatures an automated mechanical wipercleaning system that removes debris with-out removing the UV lamps or haltingoperation. Using recycled wastewater sig-nificantly reduces demand for potablewater. The recycled water irrigation sys-tem is controlled via a fibre optic networkusing state-of-the-art monitoring and con-trol systems.

Operating at full capacity, the Fillmoreplant is designed to treat 2.4 million gal-lons of water daily (mgd). The currentconfiguration is intended to operate at 1.8mgd. The plant’s peak pumping capacityis 4,146 gallons of effluent per minute.Facilities also include a recycled watertank that has a storage capacity of 1 mil-lion gallons.

The new plant is yielding water 10times cleaner than other types of modernactivated sludge plants. This water isbeing used to irrigate multiple properties,which is a true luxury in California,where water is always in demand.

The current irrigation system provides200,000 gallons per day to two publicschools, the new Two Rivers Park and anew greenbelt along a historic railroad indowntown Fillmore. About 800,000 gal-lons per day are discharged to an under-ground effluent disposal system (EDS)that provides groundwater recharge.

Plans for irrigation water also includeareas in new home developments, com-

Wastewater recycling plant helps irrigate surrounding properties and recharge aquifer By Mark Strauss

The saf

e solution.The saf

e solution.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:01 PM Page 40


Wastewater Reuse

mercial building developments, the siteof the old wastewater treatment plant(which is being converted into a park),the grounds at City Hall and other public

areas. As the transfer piping and irriga-tion systems are developed for theseareas, water will be diverted from theEDS to the irrigation systems.

As part of the reuse and disposal sys-tem, American Water is operating a sub-surface drip irrigation system on about 20

The plant incorporates state-of-the-art technology that maximizes energy efficiency, helping to keep costs down.

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:33 PM Page 41


Wastewater Reusereserve could be increased and preserved.This gave the team a shared goal ofachieving value and cost savings whenselecting equipment and making designdecisions, and this teamwork approachwas sustained through the completion ofthe project.

The City and American Water workedclosely to bring together cost-saving ideasand innovation to save money in both con-struction and operations, while maintain-ing the high quality of discharges required.

acres of grass playing fields. This uniqueform of irrigation saves about 30% ofwater consumed and allows the disposalof recycled water during rain events,which is a critical need for the zero-dis-charge plant.

Additionally, the current volume of200,000 gallons per day being used for ir-rigation has reduced the use of potablewater sufficiently to allow the City topostpone drilling a new well, and helpspreserve its limited supply of good-qual-ity potable water.

Added benefits of the projectBeyond the environmental and com-

munity success of this project, the PPP ap-proach and DBO model helped the Citysave $4 million. Working through a singlecontract with the City at a guaranteed costallowed City officials to manage expendi-tures effectively, and significantly con-tributed to the project being completedahead of schedule and under budget.

A unique characteristic of this projectwas the sharing of the potential savingsin the contingency funds. AmericanWater, the City, the contractor and engi-neer, all had potential savings to realizeat the end of the project if the contingency

Examples include the use of UV dis-infection; real-time control of electricalusage; a fully automated, 100% redun-dant control system to allow the plant andthe offsite irrigation sites to operate with-out staffing during late-night hours, pro-ducing significant electrical cost savings;and use of the screw press for sludge de-watering instead of more expensive cen-trifuge or belt press units. The City andAmerican Water also worked closely toobtain permits and approvals for thesesystems, avoiding delays on several oc-casions.

The project, which began operatingin October 2009, has received numerousindustry awards, including the 2010Public-Partnership Awar d from the Na-tional Council on Public-Private Partner-ships, the Global Water Intelligence’s2010 Global Water Awards for WaterReuse Project of the Year, and the 2010Environmental Business Journal Busi-ness Achievement Award.

Mark Strauss is with American Water.For more information visit:

www.amwater.com

Working through a singlecontract with the City at aguaranteed cost allowedCity officials to manage expenditures effectively,

and significantly contributed to the projectbeing completed ahead of

schedule and under budget.

Dissolved oxygen addition improves water quality in water reservoirs(Continued from page 19)

the reservoir is to create a large aerobiczone around the intake structures in whichH2S, iron and manganese can be oxidized.This is both a biological and chemicalprocess, that is influenced by severalwater quality variables. Typically, in cleanlake water, it takes 24 to 48 hrs to oxidizeH2S, iron and manganese. Therefore, theaerobic zone must represent at least 48hours of hydraulic retention time sur-

by the required water amount that needsoxygenation. The total oxygen demand inthe hypolimnion is a function of the SOD(sediment oxygen demand) and the HOD(hypolimnetic oxygen demand). The dropin DO resulting from stratification is thebest measure of the total oxygen demand,representing both SOD and HOD.

Another approach for controlling sul-phide, iron and manganese downstream of

rounding the intake structure. This zonewill be affected by the release rate of thelakes, i.e., the higher the release rate, thelarger the zone needs to be.

To create an aerobic zone of 48 hourshydraulic retention time, twice the dailyrelease rate has to be kept aerobic aroundthe intake structure.

Once the total daily oxygen demandhas been established, an oxygenation sys-tem can be sized accordingly. ECO2 typ-ically works closely with the owner, theconsulting engineer and contractorthrough each step of the design processto make sure the project will be a success.Once installed, the Speece Cone operatesbasically maintenance-free. All orificesare a minimum of 4 inches to allow forsolids passage if necessary, and there areno moving parts in the cone, making it avery reliable device for continuous oxy-gen addition.

Inken Mello is with ECO Oxygen Technologies.

E-Mail: [email protected]

An ECO2 Speece Cone is made ready to be placed underwater.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:13 PM Page 42

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Canadians rarely encounter thethreat of water-related illnessexperienced in other countries.However, reports of trace con-

taminates, such as pharmaceuticals andpersonal care products (PPCPs), estro-gens, and household products, in Cana-dian lakes, rivers and streams have gainednation-wide attention.

“The problem,” says Chris Metcalfe,Professor of Environmental and ResourceStudies at Trent University in Peterbor-ough, Ontario, “is that wastewater treat-ment plants are designed to removeconventional pollutants such as ammonia,dissolved solids and biochemical oxygendemand substances. They aren’t designedto remove ‘down-the-drain’ chemicals,which pass through them.”

Water naturally contains bicarbonates,sulphates, sodium chloride, calcium,magnesium, and potassium. Besides the

Reports of trace contaminates, such as pharmaceuticals and personal careproducts (PPCPs), estrogens, and household products, in Canadian lakes,rivers and streams have gained nation-wide attention.

Canadian wastewater plants not designed to remove drugs and other PPCPs By Deborah Everest-Hill

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:33 PM Page 44

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obvious, common ingredients of munici-pal wastewater influent include metals,oils, nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus, nat-ural and synthetic hormones, householdchemicals and PPCPs. “These chemi-cals,” says Metcalfe, “can even appear,usually at extremely low concentrations,in drinking water.”

In 2006, the Ontario Ministry of theEnvironment (MOE) conducted a surveyof emerging organic contaminants suchas pharmaceuticals, hormones andbisphenol A (BPA). Over a 16-month pe-riod, 258 samples were analyzed fromselected source waters and 17 drinking-water systems. The most frequently de-tected compounds in finished drinkingwater were carbamazepine (anti-epilepticdrug), gemfibrozil (cholesterol-loweringdrug), ibuprofen and BPA.

The presence of these contaminates inwastewater has been a concern for twentyyears, but the development of more sen-sitive analytical methods in the pastdecade has enabled researchers to quan-tify their suspicions. Today, approxi-mately 400 PPCPs can be detected out ofmore than 4,000 available on the market,

says Joanne Parrott of EnvironmentCanada’s Water Science and TechnologyDirectorate.

Environment Canada has conductedstudies on the distribution of pharmaceu-ticals and veterinary drugs in marine/coastal watersheds of Eastern Canada,prairie watersheds, the St. LawrenceRiver, and the Great Lakes and FraserRiver basins. An analysis of wastewaterat 18 sewage treatment plants (STPs) in14 municipalities from September 1998to February 1999, revealed salicylic acid(acne medication), ibuprofen, naproxen(used to treat pain and inflammation) andcarbamazepine in both the influent andeffluent of several STPs. Gemfibrozilwas detected in the influent of threeSTPs. Interestingly, the concentration ofcarbamazepine found in influents wassimilar to that found in effluents – possi-ble evidence that the drug is resistant totreatment.

Metcalfe says that, while some com-pounds like acetaminophen and naproxenare relatively easy to remove (>90 percent), others such as carbamazepine andmeprobamate (a tranquilizer) are not. “A

compound’s physical and chemical char-acteristics play a major role in definingits removal mechanism,” explains LoriLishman of the Aquatic Ecosystem Man-agement Research Division at Environ-ment Canada.

Polycyclic and nitro musks (PNMs)are another group of organic compoundsdetected in municipal wastewater accord-ing to Environment Canada. PNMs arepresent in perfumes, deodorants, cosmet-ics, soaps, shampoos, laundry detergents,household cleaners, and air fresheners. In2006, these compounds were detected inboth the influent and effluent of 36 waste-water samples on the Thames River.

Further, between 1999 and 2000, aUnited States Geological Survey (USGS)analysis of 139 streams, considered sus-ceptible to contamination because of ur-banization and livestock production,found 80 per cent contained organic com-pounds such as fecal steroid, cholesterol,insect repellant, caffeine, triclosan (foundin products such as soap, toothpaste anddeodorant) and fire retardant.

The median number of organic com-continued overleaf...

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:13 PM Page 45

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pounds found per sample was seven, withsome samples containing as many as 38.According to the USGS, the insect repel-lant DEET is the third most commoncontaminant in streams. Caffeine isfourth and triclosan, fifth.

There are approximately 3,700 waste-water treatment systems in Canada toprocess the estimated 6 trillion litres ofsewage Canadians produce each year.According to Environment Canada’s2007 Municipal Water Use Report, 68per cent of Canadians received at leastsecondary wastewater treatment (47 percent mechanical and 21 per cent ad-vanced treatment). About 23 per cent ofthe population relied on treatment plantsproviding primary treatment and 6 percent were served by stabilization ponds.Approximately 3.2 per cent of Canadiansrelied on systems with no treatment. Fur-ther, the report indicated that more than150 billion litres of sewage could be dis-charged untreated or under-treated intosurface waters.

While some municipal wastewatersystems in Canada are good, Metcalfesays others are poor. Many municipalities

still use primary treatment. Some tracecontaminants are removed through ad-sorption to solids or by degradation.

In British Columbia, 36 per cent ofwastewater received less than secondarytreatment, according to the 2007 Munic-ipal Water Use Report. In three east coast

provinces and Quebec, only half of thewastewater received secondary waste-water treatment, or better. On the otherend of the spectrum, in Saskatchewan,Manitoba and Ontario the percentage ofwastewater receiving secondary treat-ment was 99, 98, and 89 respectively.

“Today, it’s anticipated that 75 per centof wastewater systems meet the proposedsecondary treatment standards,” saysHenry Lau, Spokesperson, MinisterialCommunications, Environment Canada.The remaining 25 per cent will have tomake changes to meet the proposed re-quirements.

In Ontario’s Halton Region there areseven STPs to process wastewater: foursecondary and three tertiary. “The levelof treatment provided depends on the re-quirements of the receiver,” explainsDavid Andrews, Director of WastewaterServices. While secondary treatment isrequired for one discharge location, ter-tiary may be required for another. In Hal-ton, all STPs include disinfection withultraviolet radiation (UV).“The use ofUV instead of chlorine eliminates theneed for chemical addition and the poten-


Wastewater treatment plants aren’tdesigned to remove ‘down-the-drain’chemicals, which pass through them.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:33 PM Page 46

ered,” says Lau. “Health Canada has beenworking on priority lists,” he adds, “animportant step toward making recom-mendations for improved wastewatertreatment.”

Studies in North America and Europesuggest that many “down-the-drain”chemicals can be removed more effec-tively with advanced treatment systems.Saad Y. Jasim, Director, Great Lakes Re-gional Office, International Joint Com-mission, and former Chief Executive

Officer of the Walkerton Clean WaterCentre, believes that ozone is a promisingtreatment method to remove traces ofpharmaceuticals and pesticides.

As the Director of Water Quality andProduction at the Windsor Utilities Com-mission, in the City of Windsor from 2002to 2005, Jasim and colleagues evaluatedthe effectiveness of ozone in removingpharmaceuticals and endocrine-disruptingchemicals from the municipality’s raw

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tial formation of chlorinated by-prod-ucts,” adds Andrews.

While most studies indicate the risk tohumans from trace pollutants is very low,Metcalfe believes “vigilance” is requiredto minimize the risks, especially for theyoung and the elderly. “What we're miss-ing is the risk assessment part,” he says.“Do these compounds at low concentra-tions have the potential to have an impacton the environment or human health?"That’s a difficult question to answer, ac-cording to Viviane Yargeau, chemical en-gineer and Associate Professor at McGillUniversity. Due to the large number ofcompounds in wastewater effluent, “it’schallenging to fully assess the potentialeffects of these substances on the envi-ronment.”

What we do know, thanks to Environ-ment Canada research scientists like Par-rott, is that some estrogens, pharmaceuticalsand personal care products at low concen-trations (nanograms per litre (ng/L) to mi-crograms per litre (ug/L)) appear to causeeffects in aquatic organisms such as fishand turtles. Concentrations of PPCPs inthese ranges exist in Great Lakes municipalwastewater effluent (MWWE), rivers andwaters.

Female Medaka exposed to fluoxetine(anti-depressant) in the lab illustrated de-layed maturation and changes in both eggproduction and reproductive behaviour.Fish exposed to diclofenac (anti-inflam-matory) exhibited effects in gills andliver. In another Environment Canadastudy, Darters collected downstream of aGrand River wastewater treatment plantshowed evidence of feminization. Simi-larly, male fathead minnows that werecaged for two weeks below a wastewatertreatment plant began producing egg yolkprotein, a sign of estrogen exposure.

While research on the effects ofPPCPs is being conducted in Europe andNorth America, Yargeau says that thereare many studies that illustrate the effectsof compounds like estrogen at concentra-tions as low as 1 ug/L, but there is littleor no information about many other com-pounds. “More importantly,” she adds,“little is known about the effects of a mix-ture of compounds.”

“Prioritizing the substances is chal-lenging because many factors such as theamount discharged in the environmentand the potential risk must be consid-



ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:33 PM Page 47


water supply. The analysis revealed thatremoval rates for trace levels of com-pounds such as carbamazepine, caffeine,cotinine, and atrazine were greater withozone than with conventional treatment.

“While active carbon is expensive andcan be ‘hit and miss,’ ozone is efficient atremoving these compounds and is cost-effective,” says Jasim. He also says morefocus on the wastewater treatmentprocess will result in less being requiredat the drinking water stage. “We savedabout $247,000 in the first year usingozone, due to a reduction of chemicalsused in the treatment processes.”

In 1999, he proposed that the WindsorUtilities Commission begin using ozoneto treat drinking water. In 2001, it was thefirst municipality in Ontario to supplywater treated with ozone. Since then,other municipalities such as Burlington,Oakville, Mississauga and Toronto havefollowed suit.

In an Environment Canada report,Lishman indicates that the advancedtreatment of wastewater effluents usingeither ozonation, or granulated activatedcarbon, appears to be effective in remov-

ing/degrading PPCPs based on a limiteddataset. However, she notes that moststudies of removal rates during treatmenthave involved pure compounds.

In 2006, the Ontario Ministry of theEnvironment conducted an analysis ofpharmaceuticals, hormones and BPA inuntreated source waters and finisheddrinking water. Removal efficiency forcarbamazepine was determined to be be-

tween 71 and 93 per cent for drinkingwater systems using granulated activatedcarbon (GAC). It was 75 per cent whenGAC was followed by ultraviolet irradia-tion. For gemfibrozil, the removal effi-ciency using GAC was between 44 and55 percent and increased to 82 per centwhen followed with UV. The use of GAC,or GAC followed by UV, resulted in a re-moval efficiency of BPA of 80 and 99 per

cent respectively. In Barcelona, Spain, the Department

of Environmental Chemistry comparedthe removal rates of a laboratory-scalemembrane bioreactor (MBR) with a con-ventional activated-sludge (CAS) processin a wastewater treatment facility. In gen-eral, the MBR was more effective in re-moving pharmaceuticals (>80 per cent).In some instances, removal rates for com-

pounds such as ibuprofen, naproxen andhydrochlorothiazide were high for bothprocesses. Carbamazepine was the mostpersistent compound, passing throughboth the MBR and CAS systems.

According to Environment Canada, amembrane bioreactor will provide a highdegree of solids removal. In contrast,ozonation and other advanced oxidationtreatments provide a more complete re-

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In 2006, the Ontario Ministry of the Environmentconducted an analysis of pharmaceuticals,

hormones and BPA in untreated source watersand finished drinking water.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:13 PM Page 48


moval of dissolved material in the waste-water, such as organics and pathogens.Lishman says further work with thesetechnologies using final effluents willprovide a better assessment of their capa-bilities.

Yargeau believes “improving the cur-rent wastewater treatment units to removethe recalcitrant compounds does notseem to be the most viable alternative.”However, she says current treatmentplants should not be replaced but up-graded. “Polishing steps,” she says, “willaddress issues related to contaminants ofemerging interest and the disinfection ofwastewater.”

Because wastewater treatment inCanada varies from coast to coast andfrom one city to another, the CanadianCouncil of Ministers of the Environment(CCME) endorsed the Canada-widestrategy for the management of munici-pal wastewater effluent in 2009. Underthe Fisheries Act, regulations will requirewaste treatment facilities across Canadato provide secondary treatment or anequivalent.

The proposed regulations were intro-

duced in March 2010 followed by a for-mal 60-day comment period. In additionto proposing national effluent qualitystandards, the regulations specify condi-tions for the deposit of effluent containingharmful substances such as biochemicaloxygen-demanding matter, suspendedsolids, total residual chlorine and un-ion-ized ammonia.

The proposed regulations would applyto wastewater systems that deposit a toxicsubstance and discharge 10 m3 or morefrom its final discharge point. Wastewatersystems that pose a high risk would be re-quired to comply within 10 years, whileothers would have either 20 or 30 yearsdepending on the potential risk. Environ-ment Canada aims to publish the finalregulations in 2012.

In addition to a harmonized approachto wastewater treatment, Yargeau says re-search at full-scale water treatment plantsand continued collaboration among engi-neers, scientists and toxicologists is re-quired to understand the treatmentconditions faced here in Canada.

For communities that provide primarytreatment, the transition to advanced

treatment systems will require a substan-tial investment by all levels of govern-ment in the coming years. Metcalfe saysmany municipalities across Canada arealready making these investments. Sev-eral cities are considering membrane fil-tration technologies, while Montreal isplanning an ozonation plant.

Metcalfe hopes the new EnvironmentCanada minimum standards for waste-water treatment will prove an incentivefor those communities still lagging be-hind. “Investment in improved sewagetreatment will not only cut back on the re-lease of conventional pollutants like am-monia, suspended solids and BOD,” hesays. “It will have the added benefit of re-moving many of these ‘down-the-drain’chemicals.”

Deborah Everest-Hill is a freelancewriter and communications

professional living in Stoney Creek, Ontario. E-mail:

[email protected]


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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 49


Renewable Energy

single phase power grid was not reliableenough for a backup to the RE system, itrequired the addition of a backup dieselgenerator. Accordingly, the design was al-tered to add one. As well, in keeping withthe overall system philosophy, a hydro-lyzer was proposed, so that any unusedelectricity would be used to generate hy-drogen from water. The hydrogen wouldthen be stored and used to augment thediesel generator’s fuel supply.

Injection of hydrogen into the genera-tor’s air/fuel mix would decrease fuelcosts and cut exhaust pollution by up to50%. Additionally, since the generatorwould rarely be used, surplus hydrogencould be used to help power some of thevillage’s diesel trucks.

The net result of this design was aWWTP with a highly reliable system, to-tally powered by renewable energy, andbacked up by a small residential powergrid and dual-fuel genset. It would be ca-

The Village of Sundridge, On-tario, currently uses settlingponds for its wastewater treat-ment. Because of seasonal

overcapacity and the expected populationincrease, the Ontario Ministry of the En-vironment is mandating a full and mod-ern wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

One item that was going to make thisan expensive project was that the newWWTP would be located seven kilome-tres away from the nearest 3-phase elec-trical line. The cost to bring power to thenew plant would be approximately onemillion dollars. As an alternative to this,the design and building consultant for theVillage proposed powering the facilitywith a renewable energy (RE) system. Itwould save both the cost and environ-mental impact of installing a power lineto the plant and the long-term cost of con-sumed electricity.

Hybridyne Power Systems Canadawas commissioned to carry out a feasibil-ity study, which showed that a hybrid REpower system could pay for itself in about15 years. As a bonus, the RE systemwould prevent some 326 tonnes of green-house gases (GHG) from being producedannually.

Hybridyne proposed to produce elec-tricity through an RE system consistingof twelve direct drive, high efficiency 10-kW wind turbines. These would produceabout 567,648 kiloWatt hours of electric-ity per year. Also, 48 kW of photovoltaicsolar panels, coupled with Hybridyne’shigh efficiency DC/AC conversion sys-tem, would produce an additional 83,885kiloWatt hours of electricity per year. Asingle phase power line nearby could beused as a backup and supplemental en-ergy source.

The RE system is designed to supplythe plant’s total power needs for twentyfour hours per day, with a reserve powersupply of seven to ten additional hoursusing lead/calcium batteries. This propri-etary system, designed and supplied byHybridyne, would be the first one usedanywhere to power a municipal WWTP.

When the MOE decided that the local

pable of paying for itself through the sav-ings compared to the consumption ofever-more-expensive grid supplied elec-tricity. No greenhouse gases would begenerated except the small amount fromthe diesel genset on the rare occasionwhen it would be needed, and that smallamount was further mitigated by the useof hydrogen as a blended fuel.

The Village of Sundridge was pleasedabout being a world first for industry-leading Canadian know-how. It was ex-cited about sharing this concept withother communities in Northern Ontarioand worldwide in developing nations,who all had similar challenges, i.e., mod-ern infrastructure which needed lots ofreliable, and otherwise expensive and/orhard-to-reach electricity.

Hybridyne were equally pleased be-cause this would be a pilot project furtherapplying their proprietary and patentedHybrid Renewable Energy system in a

Sundridge’s proposed RE powered WWTP faces financial challenges By Richard Leverton

Hybridyne’s proposed system consisted of twelve 10-kW wind turbines and 48kW of photovoltaic solar panels.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 50


Renewable Energy

new application, an Ontario-designedwastewater treatment system/conceptwhich could be used throughout Canadaand exported worldwide.

Funding for the project was to be fromthe federal and provincial governmentsand the Village of Sundridge in equalthirds. In November 2008, the Village ap-plied to the Building Canada Fund (BCF)– Communities Component Program andwas successful in getting some fundingapproved.

So what went wrong?An application for the BCF program

was submitted when the project was inthe second public consultation stage of itsEnvironmental Assessment. This meantthat final costs and detailed design, in-cluding the addition of an RE system, hadnot been completed. When the final de-sign was done, the cost for the projectwas much more than the funding ap-proval received.

A Renewable and Clean Energy Ap-plication was submitted in September2009. The Village was notified in January2010 that it was not approved. It was toldthat, while the application met all of therequirements for funding, there was notenough funding available for all of thesubmissions received.

The Village then ran into multiple bu-reaucratic and government policy road-blocks:

• The BCF has a set timeline, duringwhich the project has to be complete inorder to receive funding; the timelinecould not be met.

• Many of the funding applicationsstated that, if you had already receivedfunding approval (even if it was inade-quate), you could not apply for more.

• The Village resubmitted its applica-tion to BCF for additional funding aftercompletion of the detailed design andasked for additional funds to be added tothe project. However BCF would not ap-prove it.

• An application under the first intakeof Ontario Small Waterworks AssistanceProgram was submitted in February2011. The Village was notified in June2011 that it was not approved.

• Another application was submittedunder the Showcasing Water InnovationFund in June 2011. The Village was no-tified in January 2012 that it was not ap-proved.

Sundridge’s council is extremely dis-appointed that they have been unable topower their WWTP with Renewable En-ergy and is concerned about the follow-ing consequences:

• Installation cost of a seven kilometrelong power line will be a drain on the Vil-lage’s finances.

• Electricity costs will be an ongoingburden and will increase every year asprices rise.

• The cost of diesel fuel for the backupgenerator will also increase every year.

• Delays are extending the environ-mental impact of the existing wastewaterprocess, because grid-supplied electricitywill generate hundreds of tonnes ofGHGs per year.

• The Village had been eagerly look-ing forward to being a leader in Canadaand northern Ontario and had been antic-ipating visits from civic leaders from allover the world to visit their one-of-a-kindRE-powered WWTP.

To date the project has not moved for-ward. Because of the main upgrades,some of which were required by theMOE, available funding is far short ofwhat is needed. The timetable has beennegatively affected by the lack of fundingapproval and by delays waiting for thevarious funding applications.

Richard Leverton is with HybridynePower Systems Canada Inc, E-mail:[email protected]

Located on Bernard Lake, betweenHuntsville and North Bay, Sundridgeis a popular summertime destinationand focal point for cottagers.

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 51



thus the variangle.• Provide enhanced grit removal effi-

ciency compared to the classic results andgeneral market requirements.

Finally, this research program wouldlead to a predictive model based on fieldperformance and computer modeling.

Background and methodologyClassic grit chamber design is typi-

cally referred to as 270º, referring to therotation angle of the water from the inletchannel to the outlet channel. This im-plies that the inlet and outlet of the unit

are on the same side of the induced vortextank. In order to fully understand the per-formance of the classic design, the exactgeometry of a 270o induced vortex gritchamber was modeled through CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics).

The Fluent® software (ANSYS) wasused for this modeling, as shown in Fig-

The headworks of a wastewatertreatment plant is not only thefirst step of the wastewatertreatment process, but also an

essential one, as it sets the tone for overalltreatment performance. Generally speak-ing, the headworks is composed of a me-chanical screen, grit chamber and solidshandling equipment.

Modern grit chambers remove grit byinducing a vortex pattern. A drive paddlein the induced vortex unit maintains or-ganics in suspension and circulationunder all flow conditions. Grit slurrypumps periodically remove accumulatedgrit from the hopper at the bottom of thegrit chambers.

Efficiency of the grit chambers is im-portant for the remainder of the waste-water treatment process. Removing solidsincreases treatment efficiency, improvesdownstream hydraulics, and protectsagainst excessive wear and tear in pumps.Traditionally, for design purposes, gritparticle sizes have included particleslarger than 65 mesh (0.008 in.) with aspecific gravity of 2.65. Removal of atleast 95% of these particles has alwaysbeen the target of grit removal design, butempirical studies in the literature validat-ing these performances have been rare.

Enhanced performance at the head-works stage is critical for advanced treat-ment technologies like membranes,MBRs and MBBRs. These are all sensi-tive to the presence of gross solids andgrit deposition. Grit removal performanceis also critical to lagoon-type treatmentrehabilitation.

Research objective : defining a 360o

Induced Vortex Grit ChamberA research program was established

recently to define a variangle (full 360ºrotation) Induced Vortex Grit Chamber(IVGC) design, identified as theMECTAN V®. The objectives of thisprogram were to create a new configura-tion that would:

• Position the outlet channel in any de-sired direction to facilitate the plant designwithout affecting the unit’s performance,

ure 1. The models were established usinga classic design IVGC unit installed inRidgecrest, California. The grit removalperformance obtained through CFD sim-ulations were then validated with empir-ical data from onsite trials. At the timeof testing, the Ridgecrest WWTP was at25% of nominal flow. Even though notconsidered close to the actual expected100% design flow, but close to averagedaily flow for many WWTPs, these testshave provided considerable data for de-veloping the new technology.

The sand dosage method was usedduring these performance tests in Ridge-crest. The quantity of injected sand wassufficient and the velocity in the channelwas high enough to avoid the settling ofsand before the grit removal system.While sand was injected, two samples, atequal flow rates, were taken simultane-

Figure 1. Original Fluent modeling of classic IVGC based on Ridgecrest, California, installation.

Improving an induced vortex grit chamber usingComputational Fluid Dynamics

By Denis Aubin, Mike Bruneau and John Cigana

Enhanced performance at the headworks stage iscritical for advanced treatment technologies like

membranes, MBRs and MBBRs.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 52



ously, one upstream and one downstreamof the grit chamber, using two sub-mersible pumps installed at the inlet andoutlet of the grit chamber.

Samples were then sent to an externallaboratory where analyses of sand gran-ularity and density were done. Grit sam-ples were sieved through three differentmesh sizes: 50, 70 and 100 (correspond-ing to 300, 250 and 150 µm). Thus fourranges of grit were obtained, correspon-ding to particle sizes <100, 100-70, 70-50 and >50 mesh (corresponding to<150, 150-200, 200-300 and >300 µm).

Figure 2 is a typical grit removal effi-ciency curve for a classic design IVGC at100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of designflow. The four computed curves on thisfigure clearly show one of the great ben-efits of the IVGC design: grit removalefficiencies increase with decreasing in-fluent flowrate. This is extremely positivesince 100% of design flow is rarelyachieved on a continuous basis. Removalefficiencies are therefore always betterduring average daily design flow, whichis anywhere between 25% to 50% of de-sign flow.

CFD development of the variangleflow path design and test sites

The project’s central objective was todevelop a new and more efficient varian-gle configuration, while adapting the de-sign to current approaches.

While very practical for bypass instal-lation, the classic design requires the out-let channel to be parallel to the inletchannel in order to connect to the down-stream treatment systems. In the late1980s, configurations using in-line inletand outlet configurations appeared. Thisapproach addressed the flow directionissue, but did not fully address the grit re-moval performance.

Two sets of full-scale testing werecompleted at fully operational installa-tions in Soledad, California, and Jackson,Kentucky. The sand dosage methodologydescribed for the Ridgecrest test was alsoused for the validation in Soledad andJackson. Soledad Wastewater Treatment Plant

The unit in Soledad, California, wasone of the first variangle units to be in-stalled. The municipal wastewater wasfed by gravity into the 16-ft-diameterunit. The feed rate only provided 25% oftotal design flow to perform the tests of

the variangle concept.Figure 3 compares different results

obtained through CFD modeling and em-pirical data.

The black line represents the grit re-moval efficiencies that a classic IVGCwould yield at 100% of design flow. Thedashed magenta line represents the effi-ciency for the same 100% design flowbut with a variangle configuration. It canbe clearly seen that the grit removal per-formance is enhanced by a variangle de-sign, across all grit sizes.

Furthermore, when comparing on thissame figure the grit removal efficienciesat 25% of design flow (the conditionswhere the tests were performed inSoledad) for the variangle design and acomparable classic design, it becomesclear from the empirical sand dosage teststhat the efficiency of the smallest gritsizes (between 100 and 150 microns) isenhanced by the variangle design.

It was determined that the sand dosagetest method could typically exaggerategrit distribution in the channel, so, from

Figure 2. Classic IVGC configuration grit removal efficiency vs. flow variations(typically, grit removal efficiency increases with flow-through reduction).

Figure 3. Soledad, California, variangle field test results compared to CFDmodeling

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 53



design. This particle size is typically con-sidered as very fine grit and very difficultto capture.

Jackson Drinking Water PlantThe Jackson, Kentucky drinking

water plant uses a grit removal system, as

a practical point of view, the curves forthe classic and variangle design are es-sentially identical for grit sizes above 150microns. However, for the grit sizesbelow 150 microns the efficiency is sub-stantially higher when using a variangle

it draws muddy and gritty water from thenearby river. The 7.5-ft-diameter grit tankwas installed after the intake pumps. Al-though not tested at 100% design flow,this installation did provide the opportu-nity to test the variangle concept at 60%of total design flow.

Figure 4 also compares different re-sults obtained both through CFD model-ing and empirical testing.

The black, orange and pink curvespresent the CFD-generated grit removalefficiencies for an equivalent classicIVGC design at 100%, 75% and 50% ofdesign flow. The dashed blue colour curveshows what the expected grit removal ef-ficiency would be with a variangle designat 100% of design flow. Again, it is clearthat the variangle design offers better gritremoval performance than the equivalentclassic design at 100% of flow, as grit re-moval efficiencies are better across theboard than with a classic design.

The sand dosage tests were performedat 60% of design flow. The real-world re-sults obtained on grit removal efficiencyagain show the superior performance ofthe variangle design over the classic de-sign. For example, for a 100 micron grit

Figure 4. Jackson, Kentucky, variangle field test results compared to CFD modeling

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size, it can be clearly seen from empiricaldata that grit removal efficiency is closeto 80%. By interpolating between the50% and 75% curves for the classic de-sign, the expected efficiency would be inthe range of 50% grit removal efficiency.This represents a huge improvement ingrit removal performance at sizes consid-ered extremely difficult to intercept.

CFD backed performance for grit removal

Computational fluid dynamics is apowerful and flexible tool that allows thestudy of a wide variety of applications inthe water industry. Field tests are bringingadditional credit to the use of CFD as adesign tool. This study combined bothCFD evaluation and field results with the

objective of developing and validating avariangle IVGC. As a conclusion, Table 1presents the grit removal performancesthat were achieved through this study. On-going field results and continuous CFDmodeling are being considered in order toenhance and provide for even more accu-rate prediction of grit removal perform-ances with the Fluent® CFD program.

Denis Aubin, Mike Bruneau and John F.Cigana are with John Meunier Inc.,

Veolia Water Solutions & TechnologiesCanada. a subsidiary of Veolia Water

Solutions & Technologies.E-mail: [email protected]

Table 1. Expected grit removal performance for a variangle design (2.65 specific gravity).

Particle size (microns) Particle size (MESH) Grit removal efficiencyAbove 300 Above 50 96%Above 210 and below 300 Above 70 and below 50 87%Above 150 and below 210 Above 100 and below 70 75%Above 100 and below 150 Above 140 and below 100 68%

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 55


Biosolids Dewatering

into the tubes, it is chemically condi-tioned with a polymer to allow maximumdewatering efficiency. Once pumping iscompleted, the Geotubes are left until theT

he Municipality of McDougalloperates a four lagoon cell sys-tem close to Parry Sound, On-tario, for the management of

sewage sludge. In the fall of 2010, thecells were in need of major rehabilitation,which included replacement of the cellliners and the repair of the cell walls.

In order to perform the rehabilitation,sludge from the lagoon cells had to be re-moved, dewatered and transported offsite.The Municipality intended to landfill thematerial, and in order to do so, required adewatering technology which could notonly produce a material that would passthe slump test, but one that could be de-ployed quickly and economically.

Geo-Dredging and Dewatering Solu-tions Inc. was contacted by Fowler Con-struction, the project’s general contractor,to undertake the dewatering portion of theproject using Geotube® dewatering con-tainers. These are constructed of a specialwoven polypropylene material which isextremely efficient at retaining solids,while producing a clear effluent.

The tubes sit upon a constructed area,which is designed to direct filtrate to aspecific location. As sludge is pumped

water has drained out and the odorlessmaterial retained is removed and trans-ported offsite.

Before undertaking the project, com-

Geotube units were deployed and connected to a manifold system.

Rehabilitating Parry Sound’s wastewater lagoonsrequired biosolids dewatering solutionBy Matthew Green

Geo-Dredging responded to the unanticipated increase in volume by addingtwo more 60’ x 100’ long and two 45’ x 100’ long Geotube units to the site.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 56


Biosolids Dewatering

pany representatives made a visit to thelagoon cell to collect samples of thesludge. After bench testing several sam-ples, it was determined that the sludgewas approximately 5-6% solids and wasoptimally flocculated using 4.7 kg ofpolymer per dry ton of material.

A dewatering cell was constructed inclose proximity to the lagoon cells inorder to transfer the filtrate producedthrough the dewatering process back tothe lagoon as simply as possible. FowlerConstruction undertook construction ofthe dewatering cell, which measured 120’in width x 200’ in length. It was designedto accommodate four Geotube unitsmeasuring 60’ in circumference x 200’long. Berms were constructed around the

perimeter of the dewatering cell in orderto limit the risk of filtrate being dis-charged to the environment. The area wassloped at approximately 1% so that fil-trate could be discharged to a collectiontrench located at the end of the cell.

Once the base of cell was constructed,an impermeable geomembrane liner wasinstalled to control the flow of filtrateproduced through the dewatering process.A non-woven geosynthetic was installedon top of the liner to protect it from dam-age over the course of the project. Finallya drainage media was installed, in orderto promote dewatering from the bottomof the Geotube units.

After completion of the dewateringcell, the Geotube units were deployed andconnected to a manifold system capableof feeding them all simultaneously, orone at a time.

Sludge was pumped to the units by aPTO driven manure pump. As the sludgewas transferred, it was conditioned inlineby Geo-Dredging’s custom-designed mo-bile polymer injection system. The auto-

mated nature of the system ensured opti-mal flocculation over the course of theproject by reading the percent solids ofthe sludge every 15 seconds and automat-ically adjusting dosage rates.

During the course of the project it be-came apparent that the original volume of15,000m3, thought to be contained in thelagoon, had been underestimated. Geo-Dredging responded to the unanticipatedincrease in volume by adding two more60’ x 100’ long and two 45’ x 100’ longGeotube units to the site. Because the de-watering cell had been constructed for thefour original units, the onsite crew had toplace the additional dewatering units ontop of the original ones. This allowed theproject to continue without additional laydown area being constructed.

Pumping continued until the lagoonshad been emptied and the dewatering as-pect of the project concluded in October2010.

The Municipality then commissionedthe removal of solids from the units inApril 2011. Samples of the dewatered ma-terial were collected and analyzed for totalsolids content. Although it was raining

heavily during the solids removal, sam-ples collected were analyzed at approxi-mately 30% solids. This easily passed theslump test, allowing the township to haulthe material to landfill.

The custom chemical conditioningsystem used by Geo-Dredging not onlyadjusts dosage rates to ensure properflocculation, it records detailed data per-taining to every project undertaken. Atthe completion of the project, approxi-mately 30,000m3 of material at an aver-age of 5.5% solids had been pumped toand dewatered by the Geotube units. Thisleft approximately 8,000m3 of dewateredmaterial to be transported offsite.

Use of the Geotube technology for thedewatering aspect of this project allowedthe Municipality to pump the sludge dur-ing 2010 and dispose of the dewateredmaterial in 2011. This enabled them tospread the cost of the project over twoyears.

Matthew Green is with Bishop WaterTechnologies who supplied the

Geotubes for this project.E-mail: [email protected]

Berms were constructed around

the perimeter of the dewatering

cell in order to limit the risk of filtrate

being discharged tothe environment.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 57


Water Treatment

Various factors need to be taken into account whendesigning a typical groundwater treatment plant inOntario. Raw water from drilled wells is deemed byMinistry of the Environment (MOE) criteria to be

groundwater, under the direct influence of surface water(GUDI). Such raw water may contain elevated levels of iron,manganese, colour, turbidity, taste/odours and microbiologicalcontamination. It is affected more by the presence of dissolvedsubstances than the presence of suspended solids.

In accordance with the MOE requirements, the service agree-ment for a water treatment plant (WTP) stipulates that treatedwater produced by the facilities must be in compliance with theTechnical Support for Ontario Drinking Water Standards, Ob-jectives and Guidelines, June 2003, and the Drinking-Water Sys-tems Regulation (170/03). The required treatment process forthis raw water consists of coagulation, flocculation, sedimenta-tion and filtration (or equivalent treatment). It must achieve anoverall performance that provides a minimum 3.0–logremoval/inactivation of Giardia cysts and 4.0–log removal/inac-tivation of viruses.

There are three possible treatment component options:1. Conventional chemically assisted direct filtration followed

by granular-activated carbon (GAC) adsorption system. This op-tion is considered best, because the raw-water supply is not af-fected much by suspended solids. Additional advantages ofdirect filtration are the decreased space and construction require-ments due to the lack of a sedimentation unit. Chemical costsand sludge production are also reduced due to decreased coag-ulant dosages.

2. Fully conventional chemically assisted sedimentation, fil-tration, followed by GAC adsorption system. This would not beeffective because the amount of settleable solids removed in thesedimentation tank would be low.

3. Membrane filtration. This would also not be effective inreducing dissolved substances, and therefore is not considered.

Typical plant components and processThe main components of a water treatment plant are one

rapid mixer, three identical flocculation tanks, three dual-mediafilters, filtered water well, three GAC contactors, clearwell,highlift pumps, backwash and GAC transfer pumps, residueholding tank and management system, chemical feeding andstoring system, and standby power.

A treatability study concluded that effective treatment for thistypical raw water would be coagulation followed by anionicpolymer, filtration followed by activated carbon adsorption anddisinfection. The selected chemical for coagulation is aluminumsulphate–alum (Al2(SO4)3 x 14 H2O); for coagulant aid it is an-ionic polymer; for pH adjustment it is potassium hydroxide(KOH); for disinfection it is sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); andfor fluoridation it is hydrofluosilicic acid (H2SiF6).

Raw water entering the treatment plant is dosed with alu-minum sulphate and polyelectrolyte, immediately followed by

a rapid mixer, where dynamic mixing will occur. The polyelec-trolyte and alum will destabilize the charge on suspended par-ticulates and colloids, promoting coagulation of the colourmaterial and reduction of turbidity. The effects of alum dosageare pH reduction and increase of sulphate concentration in theraw water. The reaction can be represented as:

Al2(SO4)3 → 2 Al3+ + 3 SO42-

Al3+ + 3 H2O ↔Al(OH)3 ↓ + 3 H+

CO2 + H2O ↔ HCO3- + H+

Al3+ + 3 HCO3- ↔Al(OH)3 ↓ + 3 CO2

The flocculation chambers following rapid mix will enhanceagglomeration of coagulated material, resulting in the formationof flocs. Flocculated water will then flow through dual-mediafilters with a top layer of anthracite and lower layer of Filox-Ror similar media. Flocculated iron and colour will be removedin the top layer of anthracite, and remaining iron and manganesewill be removed in the lower media. Dissolved Fe (II) and Mn(II) are usually removed from water by oxidation in engineeredconditions to their insoluble forms, followed by removal of pre-cipitated ferric hydroxide and manganese dioxide by filtration,represented as:

4 Fe2+ + O2 + 10 H2O → 4 Fe (OH)3 ↓ + 8 H+

6 Mn2+ + 3 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 Mn O2 ↓ + 12 H+

The lower Filox-R media has superb adsorption capacity be-cause of its high MnO2 coating. The coated manganese dioxidestrongly adsorbs Mn2+, represented by the following reaction:

Mn2+ + MnO2 (s) → MnO2 (s) - Mn2+

MnO2 (s) - Mn2+ + HOCl + H2O → 2 MnO2 (s) + Cl- + 3 H+

Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used at the dual-media filters’effluent to increase the pH of water. The effects of KOH dosageare removal of CO2 and increase of hydrocarbonate (HCO3

-)ions in the water.

KOH + CO2 → K+ + HCO3-

pHnew = pHin (after filtration) + log [(HCO3-)/( CO2)]

GAC adsorption following dual-media filtration adsorbs or-ganic materials, which impart the potential tastes and odours,and which might otherwise be converted to trihalogenatedmethanes and homologues when chlorine is applied for disin-fection. Following GAC adsorption, sodium hypochlorite(NaOCl) is injected to disinfect and inactivate pathogenic or-ganisms in the water supply.

Treated water is collected in the clearwell, prior to beingpumped into the distribution system. Top-up chlorination willalso be provided at the highlift discharge header to provide therequired free chlorine residual throughout the water distributionsystem. Hydrofluosilicic acid is also injected into the highliftdischarge header to provide a fluoride residual in the finishedwater.

Treatment process unitsThe following process units’ size requirements are estab-

lished based on standard engineering design protocols developedby the MOE and the American Water Works Association, and

Design considerations for groundwater suppliedtreatment plants By Jahangir Chowdhury

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 58


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Water Treatment

on information from equipment manu-facturers.

a) Rapid mixer. The rapid mixershould be capable of providing velocitygradient (G value) up to 4,000 s-1. Thevariable speed drive is required to allowthe mixer speed to be changed to adjustG and GT values as flow conditions varyand to improve mixing efficiency.

b) Flocculators. The typical treatmentplant has three parallel flocculation trains,each having two flocculation cells in se-ries. Three trains operating simultaneouslyshould provide a contact time of 15-30minutes at design flow. With one floccu-lation train out of service, contact timeshould be set at 10-20 minutes. Mixing inthe first flocculation cell shall be capableof providing G value up to 100 s-1. Mixingin the second cell shall be capable of pro-viding G value up to 50 s-1.

c) Dual-media filters. The typicaltreatment plant has three filters. The filterunits shall allow the full design capacityto be produced, including allowances forin-plant use and backwashing, with a fil-tration rate not exceeding 10 m/hr. Eachfilter unit shall be designed to be capableof independent operation and backwash.Each filter unit shall be connected to thebackwash water supply line and air scourblower to facilitate the backwashing offilters. Backwash rate of each dual-mediafilter shall not exceed 50 m3/m2/hr and re-quired blower discharge rate shall not ex-ceed 600 SCFM, providing an air scourrate not exceeding 45 SCFM/m2 for eachfilter.

d) GAC contactors. Similar to that forflocculation and filtration, the GAC con-tactor of a typical plant also has three in-dependent trains. Three GAC contactorsoperate simultaneously to provide anempty bed contact time (EBCT) not lessthan 15 minutes at design flow. Duringmaintenance of one contactor, the EBCTcan be reduced to not less than 10 min-utes, if design flow coincides with themaintenance.

Backwash rate of each GAC contactorshall also not exceed 50 m3/ m2/hr. Dual-media and GAC contactor backwasheswill not be concurrent, allowing the samepump to be used for both backwash pur-poses.

Due to plant hydraulics, GAC contac-tors require the pumping system to trans-fer filtered water to them. The same

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:34 PM Page 59


Water Treatment

e) Clearwell. The volume of the clear-well is based on providing adequate chlo-rine contact time to meet CTrequirements, and also in making up theshortfall in distribution system storagesuch that projected maximum demandsand fire flow requirements would be met.

pumps shall be used for backwash and topump water from the filtered water wellto the GAC contactors. A total of fourbackwash and GAC transfer pumps shallbe provided, for backwash of dual-mediafilters and GAC contactors, GAC trans-fer, and standby capacity.

The volume for minimum CT require-ments is based on a required 1.0–log re-moval/inactivation of Giardia cysts(CT1.0-log, Giardia) and a 3.0–log removal/in-activation of viruses (CT3.0-log, Virus).

According to the MOE guideline, dis-tribution system storage requirements are

features• SMALL LOTS, PRE-CERTIFIED BY ICPMS

• HIGH VOID VOLUME FOR LONG FILTER LIFE

• MOLDED COMPOUND INLET IS STANDARD

• HIGH QUALITY POLYETHERSULPHONE 0.45 FILTER MEDIA

• UNIQUE OPEN PLEAT GEOMETRY FOR MAXIMUM MEDIAEXPOSURE

• EACH FILTER IS PRE-RINSED WITH ONE LITRE OF DE-IONIZED WATER

• MEDIUM TURBIDITY WATERRA FMT-45 & 0.2 MICRON CAP300X2 ALSO AVAILABLE


DISPOSABLE FILTERS

The Waterra FHT-45 high turbidity filter offersthe most surface area available in a capsule designedspecifically for groundwater monitoring.

Raw Water Pumps

Ancillary Systems

M

M

M

Via GAC pumps

Potas

sium

Hydr

oxide

Sodiu

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Alum

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Sulf

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Rapid Mixer

Sodiu

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Sodiu

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GAC system 1

GAC system 3

Filter 2

Filter 3

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Residue Management System

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Filter 1

Flocc. Tank 2A

Flocc. Tank 3A

Flocc. Tank 1B

Flocc. Tank 2B

Flocc. Tank 3B

Clearwell

Flocc. Tank 1A

Typical plant components and process.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 60


proach, When the distribution system re-quires highlift pumps to operate, thewater level in the clearwell will drop. Thiswill cause the effluent rate control valveson the GAC contactors to open, and thelevel in the GAC contactors will drop.

In turn, this will cause the GAC trans-fer pump to start, with its rate controlvalve modulating to maintain nominallevel in the contactors. Since the GACtransfer pump draws from the filtered

as follows:Total system storage = A + B + C A = Fire storage B = Equalization storage (25% of maximum day demand) C = Emergency storage (25% of A + B)

f) Highlift pumps. A typical plant hasfour highlift pumps. One pump will becapable of meeting the average day de-mand. Two pumps operating simultane-ously can meet the maximum daydemand. During fire demand, threepumps operating simultaneously will beable to meet total requirements.

Other factorsIt has been assumed for this scenario

that the wastewater will be discharged toa residue holding tank from which thewaste shall be pumped directly into theexisting sanitary sewer over a 24-hour pe-riod at a uniform rate. The residue hold-ing tank shall have a capacity equal to thetotal volume of backwash produced fromdual-media filters and GAC contactors,including filter-to-waste rinses.

Monitoring the treatment plantprocesses is required so that all necessaryflow measurement and some parameteranalyses can be conducted on a continu-ous basis. Grab sample analyses are re-quired for some chemical parameteranalysis.

• Magnetic or Venturi flow meters arerequired for the raw-water header, highliftdischarge header, filter and GAC effluentpipes, and backwash water supply pipe.

• Chlorine residue analyzers are re-quired for the highlift discharge header.

• Turbidity meters are required for thehighlift discharge header and filter efflu-ent lines.

• Facilities and equipment are requiredfor on-site testing for iron, manganeseand fluoride residual in the plant effluent.

• Ultrasonic level transducers are re-quired in the dual-media filters,GAC/backwash suction well, GAC con-tactors, highlift suction well, clearwelland residue holding tank.

A diesel generator set is required toprovide highlift pumping capacity equalto design year maximum flow, plus re-quired fire flow, as well as operating thetreatment plant during times of electricpower supply failure.

The overall process control strategy ofthe plant is a conventional level-based ap-

water well, the level in that well willbegin to drop. This will cause the effluentrate control valves on the filters to open,and the level in the filters will drop.

The raw-water flow control valve willthen adjust position to try to maintainlevel in the filters. Should this raw-waterrate control valve reach a fully openedposition without the filter level rising, theraw-water/well pump next in the dutycycle will be started.

As demand in the distribution systemreduces, highlift pumps shut down, caus-ing levels in the clearwell to raise. Thishigh level will shut down the GAC con-tactors and the filtered water well levelwill rise. The filter effluent valves willclose, causing the level in the filter to riseand the raw-water rate control valve toclose to maintain its control level. If thefilter level continues to rise, the raw-water/well pump will be stopped.

Jahangir Chowdhury is with Hatch Mott MacDonald Group. E-mail: [email protected]

Water Treatment

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Monitoring the treatment plant

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 61


Stormwater Management

Missouri River. While it typically pro-cesses 7 to 8 million gallons per day(mgd), it operates closer to its 12.5-mgdcapacity during heavy rainfall events.When precipitation is expected, pumpingstation operators need to be informed assoon as possible so they can prepare byopening and closing valves at the river’slevee station, in order to control theamount of water being sent to the treat-ment plant.

Each municipality and city needs tofind its own individual strategy to miti-gate street flooding, optimize wastewatertreatment plant operations, and reducecombined sewer overflows, based on itsunique infrastructure and topography. Ex-ecution of each strategy depends on a ca-pable monitoring system that offersaccess to critical information withoutdelay. The faster all the mission-criticalinformation is available, the more effec-tive the response strategy. Nothing beatsaccess to real-time information for bothassessment of the current situation andpredictive modeling.

With the help of an intelligent stormwa-ter decision support system (DSS), such asTelvent’s Stormwater Management Solu-tion, water utility and public works employ-

Last year’s overflowing of majorNorth American rivers, includ-ing the Red River in Manitobaand the Mississippi and Mis-

souri Rivers in the mid western UnitedStates, caused one of the worst series offloods in the past century. It left homesand businesses under water for monthsand caused extensive damage to publicand private property.

While last autumn and this winterhave been remarkably dry, long-term pre-dictions of changing weather patternspoint to an increase in flooding acrossNorth America.

The increasing intensity and fre-quency of rainfall patterns, with more vir-ulent storms reported each year, isleading to dramatic consequences forboth urban centres and the natural envi-ronment. This is prompting public worksofficials to take stock of their stormwatermanagement systems and revise theirlong-term strategy.

A case in point is the city of CouncilBluffs, located just outside Omaha, Ne-braska, and home to 62,000 citizens. Thecity’s wastewater treatment plant treatsstormwater and domestic and industrialwastewater before it is discharged to the

ees can manage stormwater runoff proac-tively and adequately. In the event of an im-pending crisis, these management systemshelp employees quickly implement bestpractices and deploy human resourceswhen and where they are needed most.

Importance of forecasting qualityBecause severe weather events are

often extremely localized and difficult topredict, a stormwater management solu-tion’s performance relies both on the ac-curacy of forecasting and the quality ofthe simulation model. It is important tobe aware of the limits of publically avail-able weather forecasts. Often they areneither accurate enough nor sufficientlydetailed to be used in a predictive modelof water runoff into the system.

All drainage districts may not be af-fected equally, even when they are lo-cated next to each other. The modelingfound in most freely available systemsoften leads to overly generalized predic-tions of overflows. Considerable time andmoney can be saved by focusing effortson high-risk locations and operationsthrough highly localized forecasts.

With so much depending on accurate,advance warning of impending weatherevents, operators of the Council Bluffs

The US National Guard helps a family evacuate flooded home during the Midwest flood.

Intelligent real-time stormwater management canreduce flood damage By Carmen De Miguel and Jim Forester

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 62



wastewater treatment plant rely on thecomprehensive weather radar and fore-casting services provided by Telvent.These forecasts are based on sophisticatedtechnology that combines numericalweather prediction models, on-the-groundsensor networks, and remote sensinginput via satellite and radar.

Using the latest observations from thefield and the most recent forecast dataavailable, a staff of 50 professional mete-orologists provides operators with fore-casts 24/7 that are updated every hour, arehighly localized and extremely accurate.Should there ever be a question regardingthe impact of a particular forecast, cus-tomers can connect with a meteorologistinstantly for further consultation.

With this information at their finger-tips, the staff at the Council Bluffs plantalways know when and how much rain toexpect.

“When we see rain forecast, we letstaff at the pumping station know so theycan open valves to grit chambers that arenot currently being used,” says Dan West,chief operator. “The pumping stationneeds to make sure the generators are on,

valves are open, and all other necessaryactions are taken prior to the storm.”

Accurate precipitation forecasts alsoimprove staffing efficiency. “Knowingwhen we can expect rain helps me sched-ule my team’s daily activities,” says West.“We can make arrangements for morestaff if necessary and save valuable timeduring severe weather.”

Essential model componentsTo make prevention cost-effective,

communities need to know not only theexact path of a storm and how much pre-cipitation it will bring to their exact loca-tion, but also how it will affect thesaturation levels of the area and the re-sulting risk of flooding. Accurate, real-time weather forecasts are just onecritical element of the more comprehen-sive, intelligent stormwater managementsystems that can help cities monitor andoptimize their complete water collectionand flooding mitigation systems.

A state-of-the-art decision supportsystem combines multiple interconnectedmodels to provide a complete view ofrunoff flow through the urban drainagesystem and accurately predict flooding

locations, extent and severity. In additionto the precipitation forecasting model, asecond critical component is a set of dy-namic models.

First, a hydrological model reflects theland phase, or catchment, aspect ofstormwater management, while account-ing for the fact that saturated soils gener-ate significantly more runoff than drysoils. This runoff model should also ac-curately predict the increase in flows instorm drains, based on precipitation andon the monitoring of detainment basins.

Secondly, the DSS should include a hy-draulic model that not only models theconnection between basins, but also thepotential for overflows and other pre-dictable events when the system is operat-ing both at capacity and over capacity. Thehydraulic model simulates overflow waterlevels above ground and flow rates inbelow-ground piping systems that resultfrom the runoff predicted by the hydrolog-ical model. This information identifiesflooding and overflow locations, extentand severity.

Finally, the DSS should be comple-continued overleaf...

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 63



mented with real-time network measure-ments from field sensors located at pipes,pumps, valves, gates, weirs and othervital system operations points. Whenvariation does occur between forecast andactual precipitation development, fieldsensors ensure that predictions are alwaysadjusted immediately.

Stormwater management solutions areusually accessible through a visualizationportal, where operators can chose relevantlayers of data to be applied to a mappingof their infrastructure. In state-of-the-artsolutions, the model output, includingsewer surcharge, CSO location, overflowvalues and other information, should bepresented in a user-friendly graphical in-terface, along with animated maps offlood-risk areas with flood extent, andalerts at locations where operational orsafety limits are exceeded. The graphicalinterface should be designed in a way thatallows operators to spot risks instantly.

The stormwater management solutionshould generate alarms whenever there isan impending overflow, and provide guid-ance and recommendations for operatinglift stations, retention facilities, treatment

facilities and outfalls to prevent over-flows. Because public works officialsmust be very mobile in their jobs, themost advanced industry solutions issuecustomized warnings and alerting serv-ices and can be accessed both throughcomputer and smart phone web browsers.

Additional benefitsAs well as helping prevent and man-

age acute flooding, a stormwater man-agement solution is a tool that can benefitthe whole organization, from operators toplanners and engineers. The mathemati-cal representations of the urban drainagenetwork are not only useful to map severethreats, but also provide a critical tool forthe design modifications and extensionsto sewer and stormwater systems. Thesystem is also useful in creating a cost-effective maintenance schedule forstormwater detention basins, wet wellsand dry ponds.

Training and proper knowledge man-agement are critical to the long-term suc-cess of public works organizations. Ad-vanced stormwater management solutionssupport hypothetical scenario develop-ment and simulations based on historical

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data, to prepare staff for a diverse set ofpossible risks, and establish best practicesin advance of real events.

But perhaps most importantly, usingan integrated DSS for stormwater man-agement and hydrology helps municipalagencies comply with the strict safety andcompliance regulations, one of the mainchallenges facing the industry. Usingthese highly sophisticated tools demon-strates that the municipal agency isproactively addressing its mandate to pro-tect the community from CSOs.

Flooding preparedness and stormwa-ter management are critical elements ofany community’s crisis response plan. Ascommunities prepare for changingweather patterns, they can look to leadingreal-time IT solutions and informationproviders for information that helps allstormwater management divisions planand cope with stormwater runoff.

Carmen De Miguel and Jim Foresterare with Telvent. For more information,

visit www.telvent.com

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 64


The first season of “The WaterBrothers”, an original six partdocumentary series from SKFilms, premiered on March

19th, which marked Canada Water Weekand UN World Water Day. The series isalso available for streaming nationally atwww. tvo.org. While last autumn and thiswinter have been remarkably dry, long-term predictions of changing weather pat-terns point to an increase in floodingacross North America.

Audiences join Tyler and Alex Mifflin,as they travel the world exploring thechallenges facing water. The WaterBrothers are passionate and bring a freshperspective to one of the most compellingcontemporary subjects of our time."Weare at an amazing time in human history,where we can all initiate change in ourdaily lives to solve global problems. Wehope, through this series, that we can shedsome light on the state of what’s reallyhappening with water issues around theworld," says co-host Tyler.

The brothers show that you can stillhave some fun, enjoy local cultures, andinvestigate serious subjects. Season oneincludes stunning footage and compellingstories as the brothers explore the massivecoral reef system of Central America andMexico ("Reefer Madness"), the potentialimpact of dams on the Mekong River in-cluding Cambodia and Vietnam ("Valleyof the Damned"), the Arctic ("The BigThaw"), the gigantic, engineered watersystems of California ("Water in All theWrong Places"), the threat to the GreatLakes from the invasive Asian Carp("Carpageddon") and our obsession withbottled water ("Bottlegate").

Tyler is a film production graduatefrom UBC. Alex is an environmental/in-ternational studies graduate from Dal-

housie. They are making this series,largely on their own. Alex is researching,writing, co-hosting and interviewingwater experts. Tyler is co-hosting, direct-ing, co-producing and shooting. The twobrothers are in their twenties.

Word about The Water Brothers isspreading and they already have a verystrong and growing following. They arefrequently asked to host and speak at

water and conservation related events andthis past fall, they made a presentation atthe TEDx Youth@Toronto conference.Excerpts from the series were selected forinclusion in the Youth Climate Report,during the 2011 UN convention on cli-mate change (COP17) in Durban, SouthAfrica.

www.skfilms.ca

The Water Brothers checking out ancient glaciers in the Arctic.

(Photo courtesy TVO)

The Water Brothers TV series premieresPublic education

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Monitoring

and Characterization, which came into ef-fect in February 2011. The guidance fo-cuses on investigative approaches thatincrease the amount of spatial and tempo-ral data collected. The overall objective isto create a larger three-dimensional dataset and accurate conceptual site model towork from.

Tools are now required to help con-sultants and custodians perform accuratesite investigations in the most efficientmanner. Multilevel groundwater monitor-ing systems are an example of one ofthese, which can provide a clearer pictureof the hydrogeologic environment.

Contaminated site investiga-tions have moved to the fore-front in Canada, throughincreased government fund-

ing and updated regulations and guid-ance documents. Under the FederalContaminated Sites Action Plan, morethan 18,000 contaminated or suspectedcontaminated sites have been identifiedin Canada, for a total of over 21,000 sitesin the Federal Contaminated Sites Inven-tory. With continued funding throughCanada’s Economic Action Plan, it is ex-pected that the number of contaminatedsites assessed and cleaned up will be ac-celerated.

Another program putting focus oncontaminated site investigations is theGreen Municipal Fund. Overseen by theFederation of Canadian Municipalities,this provides funding to municipal gov-ernments and their partners for brown-field redevelopment, including grants forthe initial site investigations and studies.

In addition to increased funding, siteinvestigation regulations and guidancedocuments are being reviewed and up-dated. In July 2011, changes made to On-tario Regulation 153/04 came into effect.The regulation outlines how Environmen-tal Site Assessments and Records of SiteConditions are to be completed, and de-scribes how work is to be undertaken atcontaminated sites.

One of the key changes described inthe Guide for Completing Phase Two En-vironmental Site Assessments under On-tario Regulation 153/04 is the preparationof a “conceptual site model” (CSM). ACSM is a detailed description of the site,including geology, hydrogeology and con-taminant distribution, using data frommultiple sources and testing methodolo-gies. It provides the basis for managementof a contaminated site. The regulation alsorequires more thorough sampling and test-ing to be completed.

Another example of moving towardsbetter investigative techniques is theBritish Columbia Ministry of the Environ-ment's Technical Guidance on Contami-nated Sites for Groundwater Investigation

Multilevel monitoring technologiesMultilevel groundwater systems allow

a number of depth-discrete zones in onewell. When installed in transects across asite, they enable groundwater assessmenton both horizontal and vertical axes, pro-viding a three-dimensional understandingof the site’s subsurface. Multilevel sys-tems also provide the detailed data re-quired for accurate site characterizationsand for creating representative conceptualsite models.

Flexible monitoring options allowgroundwater samples, hydraulic head andpermeability measurements to be ob-

Multilevel groundwater monitoring provides clearerpicture of contaminated sites By Tricia Lane

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 66


Monitoring

tained from each depth-discrete zone.Water samples can be collected using de-vices such as peristaltic, pneumatic or in-ertial pumps. The depth to water can bemeasured with small-diameter water levelmeters or transducers. Pressure transduc-ers allow for automated level monitoring,facilitating continuous water level moni-toring during hydraulic tests, or long-termmonitoring. In some systems, it is possi-ble to install both a pneumatic pump andpressure transducer at each port.

Multilevel systems are an integral partof determining the overall hydrogeologi-cal conditions of a site. This includesgroundwater flow and direction, contam-inant distribution and concentration gra-dients, contaminant migration pathways,including high-permeability features andpreferential transport pathways, and con-taminant fluxes and mass transport.

Newer guidance documents includerecommendations on well spacing andthe screened interval of each monitoringzone. Guidance suggests the use of morewells at various depths to ensure full cov-erage of an aquifer, as well as shorterscreened intervals to avoid cross-conta-

mination between aquifers, or betweendifferent layers within the same aquifer.

Typical multilevel systems have hy-draulically isolated short-screened inter-vals at various depths. This effectivelyovercomes the issues of aquifer coverageand cross-contamination, without the useof traditional nested or clustered monitor-ing wells. Shorter screened intervals alsoprovide true groundwater chemistry ateach monitoring zone and eliminate theissue of chemistry being averaged acrosslong screens.

Investigative advantagesEnvironmental consultants, drilling

contractors and custodians are pressurednot only by legislative requirements wheninvestigating a site, but also by theirclients with time and monetary con-straints. Therefore, they need tools thatcan help them accomplish investigationsin the most efficient and cost-effectivemanner.

With multilevel systems, there arefewer and generally smaller-diameterholes to drill, when compared to a cluster,or nest, of conventional monitoring wells.This results in lower drilling, installation

and sediment disposal costs, with less sitedisturbance. In addition, it is easier tobackfill and seal around a single casing,than to seal around a number of nestedwells in the same borehole; this saves oninstallation costs as well.

In some regions, multilevel systemshelp offset rising well-permitting costs.For example, in early 2011, a county inthe U.S. was proposing to increase the feefor monitoring well installation permitsfrom $201.00 to $489.00 per well (for thefirst 25 wells). With these fees, it wouldcost $3,423 to apply to install seven stan-dard groundwater monitoring wells atvarying depths. In comparison, a 100-ftmultilevel system with seven monitoringzones would only need one permit, thusreducing the permit cost to $489.

The interval that a multilevel port en-compasses is typically smaller than aconventional well. So, when samplingmultilevels, there are smaller purge vol-umes and rapid responses to water levelchanges. Purge and sampling times aredecreased, along with the costs to disposeof or contain purged water. Some multi-


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SAVE THE DATE5thAnnual

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Charity Golf TournamentIn support of: Water For People Canada

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:14 PM Page 67


Monitoring

level systems allow for simultaneouspurging of channels, saving even moretime. With monitoring times reduced,there are further savings in field person-nel time.

Multilevel systems can be installed forshort-term or long-term monitoring.After the initial site investigation is com-plete, they can continue to be used totrack the attenuation process or remedia-

tion efforts at a contaminated site.Continuous multilevel tubing

Since 1999, Solinst Canada Ltd. hasbeen manufacturing the CMT® (Contin-uous Multichannel Tubing) MultilevelSystem, which can monitor up to sevendepth-discrete zones in a single well.

The CMT system consists of an ex-truded polyethylene tube, 28 mm or 43mm in diameter, with either three orseven isolated channels running inter-nally along its length. Ports are manuallyconstructed at desired depths along thetubing, so each channel can be used tomonitor separate specific depths. Sys-tems are quick and easy to build; their de-sign and port construction can be carriedout right at the drilling site. Using con-ventional drilling methods, including di-rect-push, experienced contractors havedrilled and built several complete wellsin less than a day.

Over 150 environmental drilling con-tractors have been trained to assemble andinstall CMT systems. Thousands of sys-tems have been used at contaminated sitesaround the world, including Canada, theU.S., the UK, Germany, Italy, Hungary,

France, Sweden, South Africa and Aus-tralia. These projects involved nuclearwaste sites, mine tailings, landfills, petro-leum spill sites, and large MTBE plumes.

The depth-discrete data obtainedusing CMT provides site investigatorswith a better understanding of the three-dimensional flow and distribution of con-taminants in the subsurface. This allowsfor more detailed groundwater site char-acterizations and site conceptual modelsto be produced, helping site investigatorsmeet legislative requirements. More ac-curate site investigations also allow reme-diation strategies to be targeted moreprecisely, providing defensible data forlegal cases if required.

Overall, as the initiative to clean upcontaminated sites and brownfields inCanada moves forward, multilevel moni-toring systems are providing high-resolu-tion groundwater data, allowing a clearerpicture for consultants, drilling contrac-tors and custodians to assess and eventu-ally remediate the sites.

Tricia Lane is with Solinst Canada Ltd.E-mail: [email protected]

Solinst CMT multilevel well.

Contact your Mueller Representative

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Engineered for performance and longevity, they have specialfeatures to ease operation, to protect critical areas from wearand tear during operation, and to avoid corrosion. Lubricatedthrust collar and rugged thermoplastic bearings let parts turn orslide with less friction. The Mueller PRO-GUARD� EpoxyCoating System wth its superior fusion-bonded powerepoxy, covers the interior and exterior. The wedge is 100%encapsulated. Stainless steel bolts are standard in valves to12�. It all adds up to consistent performance, long-lastingservice life, and lower life-cycle costs.

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ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 68


ous subjects in an engaging, easily di-gestible manner.

As the book is divided into separate in-terviews, it does not read like a novel.Three sections of “Tough Realities” whichcompose Renewable Energy, deal withThe Political Scene, The Technologies,and Advocacy, Economics and Other Is-sues. These sections contain interviewchapters relating to the section, but notnecessarily to each other. This is espe-cially the case in the Technology section,in which a number of energy sources areexplained separately, relying on an expertparticular to that method of generation.

Renewable Energy draws on well-ed-ucated and prestigious individuals for itsinformation, including leading climatechange scientists, high-level governmentofficials, physicists, vice-presidents ofenergy companies, and ecologists. Everydiscussion, from the effects of wind tur-bines on bats, to the quantum mechanicsof photovoltaic solar cells, is clearly ex-plained without being pedantic. Somereaders who are involved in, for example,wind turbine research and production, orin the electric vehicle industry, may findthe sections dealing with their back-ground generalized or simple. However,given the wide array of topics covered inthis book, familiarity with one technologyshould not influence a reader to discountthe whole book.

Interviews conducted by Mr. Shieldsreveal that the renewable energy move-ment, far from being homogenous, is inactuality quite fragmented. For example,while one expert dismisses the role ofelectric vehicles, another emphasizestheir importance, yet another laments thelack of interest in hydrogen fuel cell ve-hicles.

In talking with Mr. Shields, he revealsthat the public is generally unaware of thefragmentation in the green or alternativeenergy movement. Although his bookdoes not expressly highlight this conflict,it is quite evident to the reader that the in-dustry has yet to agree on set agendas.

While the experts may disagree whenit comes to setting a course, there is broadconsensus that the United States is, ac-

As the world’s population re-cently crawled past theseven-billion mark, we aredrawn back to the question

of sustainability. Energy in all its formsis necessary to grow crops, pump water,fuel cars and heat homes. In calculatingthe carrying capacity of our planet, theunderlying factor is that of energy: howmuch we need, and how it can be gener-ated.

Renewable Energy: Facts and Fan-tasies by Craig Shields, is an informativeand engaging read, guiding readersthrough the many aspects of the cleanenergy industry. Mr. Shields, who has adegree in physics and over 25 years ex-perience as a marketing consultant, en-tered into clean energy a few years agoafter realizing its importance and poten-tial. In addition to this book, Mr. Shieldsis the editor of 2GreenEnergy.com, a re-source for innovation and investing in theclean energy industry.

Ongoing debates surrounding themovement toward renewable energy aresure to continue and become a focal pointof the 2012 American election. Renew-able Energy, while published in 2010, re-mains a rich and useful source ofinformation for those interested in what issure to be the most important challenge ofthis century. I was able to speak with Mr.Shields, and in talking with him, it be-came apparent that very little progress,notably in the United States, is beingmade. Indeed, the exploitation of new nat-ural gas reserves in America, made possi-ble through hydraulic fracturing, maypotentially stall or impede the movementaway from fossil fuel power generation.

The book is the product of 26 inter-views, conducted by Mr. Shields withvarious experts in fields relating to en-ergy. The variety of experts, each dis-cussing their relative and overlappingareas of focus, provides readers with acomprehensive look at renewable energy.Peak oil, electric cars, ecological con-cerns, capital formation and even cold fu-sion, are examples of Mr. Shields’ broaddiscussion. The book’s “question and an-swer” format explains complex and vari-

cording to Mr. Shields, “almost dead inthe water” in moving towards clean en-ergy. Ongoing frustration with partisanbickering, short-sighted politicians, anddeliberate obfuscation of climate changeand energy sciences, are all impediments,which experts agree, the industry faces.

These “tough realities,” as Mr. Shieldsrefers to them, are softened by a keensense of optimism. Cases of successfulpilot projects; consumer awareness ofharmful externalities; and a seeminglyendless supply of ingenuity characterizethe interviews.

It is a refreshing break from the usualdiscussions on energy, which tend to beoverwhelmingly grim or unrealisticallyoptimistic. The message of the bookseems to be that we will eventuallyachieve a clean energy based economy,but when, and at what cost?

Renewable Energy: Facts and FantasiesBy Craig Shields, 322 pages, Clean En-ergy Press (July 30, 2010), ISBN-10:0615388353, ISBN-13: 978-0615388359, is available from Amazon.com. PeterDavey is with Envi-ronmental Science& EngineeringMagazine. E-mail: [email protected]

Clearing the smog: A review of Renewable Energy:Facts and Fantasies By Peter Davey

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:35 PM Page 69

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Managing large plumes oflight non-aqueous phaseliquids (LNAPL) is expen-sive and time-consuming.

Standard LNAPL recovery technologiesare useful to a point, but they steadily de-cline in efficiency as the more easily re-movable product is recovered.

An innovative approach to LNAPL re-covery at an active railway yard has beendeveloped by Keystone Environmentaland Canadian National Railway (CN). Aportion of the yard was affected by75,000 litres of LNAPL in a mobileplume the size of a football field, whichhad the potential to reach sensitive eco-logical receptors at a nearby river. Thus,containment and removal/recovery werekey steps in the remedial process. The ob-jectives for the project were to:• Recover LNAPL.• Reduce dissolved phase hydrocarbons (DPH).

Innovative management of large LNAPL plumesBy Richard Johns, Francisco Perelló, Cam Patterson and David Brogliatto

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

LNA

PL

reco

vere

d (L

)

MAY 98-99 MAY 99-00 MAY 00-01 MAY 01-02 MAY 02-03

Year

Figure 1: Annual Product Recovery

Actual LNAPL Recovered Theoretical LNAPL Recovery


• Maintain containment to prevent off-site migration of the plumes.• Reduce the timeline and costs for site remediation.• Identify and complete improvements to the design.• Uncover applicability of the technology to other sites.

Through groundwater contouring, theengineering team manipulated the ground-water table and LNAPL interface levels toimprove the capture and recovery ofLNAPL and enhance the containment andtreatment of DPHs. The effectiveness ofthis approach was investigated at a portionof the CN railway yard in the City of Prince

(1998-2003)

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George, British Columbia. Field data wascollected to evaluate the benefits anddrawbacks of the groundwater contouringon the contaminated site remediationstrategy.

Project backgroundCN’s Prince George railway yard has

been in use for almost a century and islocated near the confluence of theNechako and Fraser Rivers. The site ge-ology consists of fluvial coarse sand andgravel between 1.5 and 11 metres belowground surface. Hydrogeologically, thesite is characterized as a highly perme-able unconfined aquifer with flat hy-draulic gradient and a shallow butseasonably variable water table.

Hydraulic conductivity at the siteranges from 4 x 10-4 to 4 x 10-3 cm/s. Thegroundwater table elevation typicallyranges from 3.5 to 5.5 m below groundsurface due to seasonal fluctuations of theriver elevations. Across most of the sitethe hydraulic gradient is very low, ap-proximately 0.05%. (0.0005 m/m - me-tres vertically per metre horizontally).Using these values, the average ground-water velocity was calculated to be 1 to 2

metres per year.An LNAPL plume of weathered diesel

fuel existed at the site due to former fu-elling-related activities. The plume wasidentified and delineated in 1996 and re-medial systems (reflecting the technologyof the day), consisting of three depressionpumps and LNAPL recovery systems

(P1, P2 and P3), were installed. The de-pression pumps operated between 1997and 2007 to enhance the LNAPL recov-ery and contain the contaminant plumes.

In 2002, when recovery rates were ob-served to be in decline, the engineeringteam explored alternative approaches to


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increase recovery rates. Using five yearsof LNAPL recovery data, the engineeringteam identified how naturally occurringsite conditions were affecting the recov-ery. The main finding was that variationsin the groundwater table elevations had asignificant effect on the LNAPL recov-ery, with high or rising groundwater tableelevations producing the greatest recov-ery rates. Based on this information,groundwater contouring systems weredesigned and evaluated using groundwa-ter modeling programs.

The model showed that injectingwater up-gradient of the LNAPL plumecauses a flushing effect, which simulateshigh groundwater elevations and hy-draulically displaces trapped LNAPLfrom the soil pores. After a successfulpilot study to test the hypothesis, four in-jection systems were installed in May2003. These were further enhanced withtwo recovery trenches (at P1 in 2003 andP2 in 2005). The injection wells providedgroundwater hydraulic mounding andflushing and the trenches elongated thecapture zone of the pumping wells in thedirection of the LNAPL plume.

To analyze the effectiveness of thegroundwater contouring systems, datawas collected in two sampling eventseach year:• Groundwater elevations from 26 monitoring wells.• LNAPL thicknesses from 16 monitoring wells.• Light extractable petroleum hydrocarbons (LEPH) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations from 10 monitoring wells.• LEPH and PAH concentrations from the water injected into four injection

wells.• LNAPL recovered at the three recovery systems.

Results and findingsThe results from the four years of

monitoring (2003 to 2007) demonstratedthat the groundwater contouring systemswere producing results similar to thosemodeled during the planning phase of theproject. Drawdown from the depressionpumps and mounding at the injectionwells affected the hydraulic gradient ofthe groundwater table as planned. Thesustained LNAPL recovery was theequivalent of more than a 400% increaseover the estimated recovery during thefour years of the study. This led to the re-covery of 13,000 L of LNAPL from thethree recovery systems. This was 9,000 Lmore than the estimated recovery fromthe un-enhanced system.

Although the injection and recoverytrenches were operated in conjunction,the injection appeared to have the greatereffect as the majority of the LNAPL wasrecovered from recovery well P3. P3 didnot have an associated recovery trench(due to site constraints).

Monitoring indicated that the LNAPLplume boundaries did not significantlychange. However, there was a narrowingof the plume at the centre of the productrecovery area due to flushing of the injec-tion wells. The monitoring wells adjacentto the P1 recovery trench exhibited a de-cline in product thickness, indicating asignificant volume of LNAPL was beingpushed into the recovery trench.

Elevated concentrations of DPH weremonitored at the fringe of the LNAPLplume and in the injected water quality.This indicates that while no significant

change in the location of the DPH plumewas observed in the four years of thestudy, long-term increase and down gra-dient migration of DPH concentrationscould occur. One identified drawback tothe system was that the water balance wasessentially “even.” Water that is pumpedand injected up-gradient has no net effecton the hydraulics in the larger context ofthe site.

Theoretically, the injection of waterpushes the recharge water (from up-gra-dient) around the edge of the product re-covery area (PRA) and then resumes thenatural flow on the down-gradient side.In reality, it appears that the rechargewater partially mixed with the re-injectedwater, which slowly increased in DPHconcentrations. Therefore, the capturezone of the pumping wells may no longerfully contain the dissolved phase plume.

The system was designed to recaptureall injected water using the depressionpumps, but mingling of the injected waterand up-gradient recharge water mayallow some groundwater containingDPHs to escape the hydraulic contain-ment. The injected water is flushingLNAPL toward the centre of the PRA,but the recovery wells may not be fullycapturing the DPH plume moving in thedown-gradient direction. The potentialmigration of the DPH plume could causea risk to down-gradient receptors thatcould be unacceptable in a risk-basedmanagement strategy.

Study conclusions and recommendations

Based on the results and findings, thistechnology has many useful benefits forthe remediation of LNAPL contaminatedsites. Monitoring of the DPH plume iswarranted and additional remedial sys-tem upgrades could be necessary to im-prove this technology.

The benefits of groundwater contour-ing include significantly increasedLNAPL recovery, reduced timelines andcosts for site remediation, and low main-tenance requirements. Meanwhile, thedrawbacks include no gain in water massbalance, potential reduced containment ofDPHs, and a reduced cone of depressiondue to extension in lateral direction fromthe product recovery trench.

On this site the reduced timeline, dueto the increased LNAPL recovery, led to asignificant cost saving for the remediation


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

LNA

PL

reco

vere

d (L

)

MAY 98-99

MAY 99-00

MAY 00-01

MAY 01-02

MAY 02-03

MAY 03-04

MAY 04-05

MAY 05-06

MAY 06-07

MAY 07-08

Year

Figure 3: Annual Product Recovery

Actual LNAPL Recovered Theoretical LNAPL Recovery

(1998-2008)

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:37 PM Page 74


of the site, estimated to be in the order of$1.5 million over the lifetime of the proj-ect. This estimate is based on the antici-pated reduction of the time for remediatingthe site from 50+ years to 15 years.

This low-maintenance technology re-quires no chemical handling, limitedmaintenance and servicing and only oc-casional monitoring of groundwater lev-els at the recovery and injection wells.These tasks can be added to the LNAPLrecovery system operator’s standard du-ties. The life expectancy of the injectionwells was conservatively estimated to befive years and the replacement costs werefactored into the cost savings from thesystems.

Due to concern about potential down-gradient migration of the DPH plumeand to fit with the site risk managementstrategy, the following operational im-provements and system upgrades werecompleted:• A portion of the re-injected water was segregated to adjust the water balance in the PRA and improve containment provided by the existing pumping wells.• A new treatment system was installed for the segregated water to allow for off-site disposal.• Additional monitoring wells were installed to better delineate the LNAPL and DPH plume at the leading edge.• Both the injection wells and the product recovery trenches were considered independently for use at other sites.

Applicability and barriers to use at other sites

The trends observed in the results arespecific to this site but can be expectedto affect comparable sites in a similarmanner. The groundwater table at this sitefluctuates more than 3 m in elevationeach year, mainly due to seasonal varia-tions. This increased the process ofLNAPL flushing and the migration ofDPHs. Sites with less permeable soil con-

ditions could expect a greater lag time inthe startup of injection systems and ob-servable increases in LNAPL recovery.This lag time may also lead to reducedDPH migration, which would be benefi-cial to sites where off-site migration is aconcern.

Containment of DPHs is more crucialat some sites than others. In this project,the DPH plume was migrating onto theneighbouring property, so containmentwas a key element of the risk-based re-mediation plan. For many other sites with

LNAPL plumes that are further awayfrom site boundaries or potential ecolog-ical receptors, the containment of theDPH plume may be less important as nat-ural attenuation limits the extent of mi-gration.

Preferential pathways will also signif-icantly alter the effectiveness of thesetechnologies at other sites. It is importantfor the consultant or site manager to beaware of utility corridors or fill areas thatmay alter the hydraulics of the site to pre-vent the flushing of LNAPLs.

This study demonstrated that ground-water contouring can significantly reducethe time required to remove an LNAPLsource, and to begin the risk assessmentprocess for final remediation.

Richard Johns, Francisco Perelló andCam Patterson are with Keystone

Environmental Ltd. David Brogliatto is with Canadian National

Railway Company. E-mail:[email protected]


Figure 4-1: Hypothetical flow paths Figure 4-2: Observed flow paths

(No interaction of recharge and injected water) (Interaction of recharge and injected water)

Pumping Injection

Well Well Pumping Injection Well Injected Water Well Injected Water

Recharge Water Recharge Water

Note: DPH contaminants shown with dashed lines, clean recharge water shown with solid line

In this project, the DPH plume was

migrating onto theneighbouring property,so containment was a

key element of the risk-based

remediation plan.

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:37 PM Page 75


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The year 2011 marked the Canadian Waterand Wastewater Association’s 25th An-niversary. Over the years the Associationhas evolved and adapted to changingmembership needs and the changing (andoften transitory) priorities of the federalgovernment. To commemorate this mile-stone, CWWA has published a history ofthe Association available for downloadfrom its web site. www.cwwa.ca. The his-tory examines the initial formation of theAssociation, and activities and achieve-ments over the past 25 years.

First WFP Canadaʼs galasells out

Water For People (WFP) Canada recentlyhosted its first-ever Annual Gala at theLiberty Grand in Toronto. Co-hosts JeffDouglas (CBC, As It Happens) and JoeySchooley welcomed a sold out crowd ofover 300 guests, leaders, and sponsorsfrom Ontario’s water and wastewater in-dustries. The goal was to raise awarenessand support for WFP’s water and sanita-tion initiatives in the developing world.

One highlight of the evening was an in-spiring keynote speech from world-renowned mountain climber, Jake Norton.Norton has planned a ground-breaking se-ries of expeditions to climb the three high-est peaks in each of the seven continents.This initiative, known as Challenge 21(www.challenge21.com), aims to raiseawareness about the world's clean watercrisis and to raise funds for WFP.

www.waterforpeople.org

Cranbrook wastewater system to receive funding

The City of Cranbrook, British Columbia’swastewater system is set to complete amajor overhaul, thanks to $8.5 million pro-vided through Canada’s Gas Tax Fund.The City will use the funds to completefour remaining phases of the WastewaterImprovement Project, including the instal-lation of aeration systems, completion ofthe transfer pipeline, as well as improve-ments to the transfer pump station and theirrigation pump station.

The overall upgrade program will pro-duce quality treated water which will meetor exceed national guidelines released ear-

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:37 PM Page 76


lier in 2011. The project will see the reuseof most of the treated effluent for crop ir-rigation.

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Canadian town has worldʼsbest water

Judges at an international water tastingcompetition determined that the Canadiantown of Greenwood, British Columbia, hasthe world's best tap water. It comes fromunderground aquifers and is untreated. Themayor of the hamlet of 676 people shippeda sample of Greenwood's drinking waterto the 22nd annual international water tast-ing competition in Berkeley Springs, WestVirginia, where judges gave it a score of40 out of a possible 44. Water from thecommunities that entered the competitionwas assessed for appearance, odour,flavour, mouth feel, aftertaste and overallimpressions.

Manitoba supports greenleaders

Projects that will reduce greenhouse-gasemissions by 2,000 tonnes a year over thenext decade are receiving more than$230,000 in grants through the ManitobaClimate Investment Pilot Program. TheProgram was introduced in spring 2011 tohelp businesses and not-for-profit organi-zations in Manitoba measure and reducetheir greenhouse-gas emissions.

The province's latest progress report onclimate change showed that Manitoba'sgreenhouse-gas emissions were two percent lower in 2010 than in 2000, meetingthe initial reporting target.

This reduction is equivalent to taking90,000 cars off the road every year.

www.gov.mb.ca

WaterSense comes to Ontario

WaterSense, a labelling and partnershipprogram developed by the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA), makes iteasy for consumers to find and choosewater efficient products such as faucets,showerheads and toilets. Products thatearn the WaterSense label are certified tobe at least 20 per cent more water efficientwithout sacrificing performance. Over a

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five year period, WaterSense helped U.S.consumers save 470 billion litres of water.

Ontario-based manufacturers can nowget their water-efficient products certifiedand promoted under the program. Retail-ers, municipalities and other organizationsin Ontario can also participate.

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Nutrient recovery technologies to be analyzed

The Water Environment Research Foun-dation (WERF) is funding well-qualifiedteams of experts to provide analysis andguidance on nutrient (specifically, phos-phorus) recovery technologies andprocesses. The goal of WERF’s NutrientRecovery challenge is to support the tran-sition from a treatment-based water qual-ity industry to a resource recovery andreclamation industry.

Although nutrients will be the first tar-get, eventually all materials in wastewaterthat can be commoditized will be. Extract-ing resources from wastewater is not new.Recently, a new category of processes hasemerged that extracts specific chemicalcompounds, with market value, fromwastewater treatment streams.

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Silicone industry welcomesfindings that D5 is safe

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As a result of the Minister’s acceptanceof the “Board of Review” (BOR) findings,D5 will be removed from a proposed listof toxic substances under the CanadianEnvironment Protection Act (CEPA). Priorto the Board of Review being established,Health Canada had already determinedthat D5 was safe for human health.

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Water stewardship key tosustainable food production

Without clean water, Canada's brewerswouldn't be able to continue supplyingCanadians with their signature products.Over the past two decades, they have re-duced how much water is used in brew-ing by over 50%. Company employees atLabatt Breweries of Canada have imple-mented 815 water conservation innova-tions over the past few years alone. Smallchanges, like reducing water pressurewhen washing bottles, yield significantconsumption savings.

Across Canada, beer consumers returnover 90% of bottles and cans they pur-chase. Recycling bottles, cans and thecases they're sold saves billions of litres ofwater each year. This is because reusablebottles use 50-80% less water than single-use bottles. E-mail: [email protected]

Veolia selected for NB mineeffluent treatment

A contract for the design and supply of a1,000-m³/day effluent treatment plant, toserve Trevali Mining Corporation’sHalfmile Zinc-Lead-Silver-Copper Minein New Brunswick, has been awarded toVeolia Water Solutions & TechnologiesCanada.

The treatment plant will provide pre-cipitation, decantation and filtration andpH adjustment. It will incorporate metalsprecipitation using Veolia’s Actiflo®Turbo, a high-rate, small footprint clarifi-cation process. The ACTIFLO processuses sand-ballasted settling and a TUR-BOMIX™ draft tube reactor that allowsfor a very compact design with high over-flow rates and short detention times.

This design enables the unit to performwell under dynamically changing flowrates without impacting final effluentquality. By combining a proprietaryreagent to magnesium hydroxide, solidsproduced in the ACTIFLO unit will belarger than sodium sulphide, which facili-

10 Alden RoadMarkham, Ontario Canada L3R 2S1Tel: 905-475-1545Fax: 905-475-2021www.napier-reid.com

Package Wastewater Treatment Plants/SBR/MBR/RBC/EA/DAF

10 Alden RoadMarkham, Ontario Canada L3R 2S1Tel: 905-475-1545Fax: 905-475-2021www.napier-reid.com

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Environmental Engineering Services

Peter J. Laughton, P. Eng.


ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:37 PM Page 79


tates downstream filtration.After clarification, the water undergoes

sand filtration to remove any remainingsolids, followed by pH adjustment. Also,the instrumentation and automation pack-age permits remote monitoring of the en-tire wastewater treatment plant, which is amajor benefit for the operation of theplant. E-mail: [email protected]

Endress+Hauser honours itsinventors

Patents with a sustained and positive effecton Endress+Hauser’s business successwere honoured at the company’s Innova-tors’ Meeting, held recently in Maulburg,Germany.

Thomas Sulzer and Johannes Ruchelhave advanced an interior polyurethaneliner for magneto-inductive flow metersthat allows them to be used for drinkingwater. Peter Zinth, Wolfgang Steidleand Tobias Stückl have made an envi-ronmental sampler suitable for use inexplosion hazard zones. Ralf Reimeltand Herbert Schroth have improved theprecision and reliability of level meas-urements with guided radar. E-mail:[email protected]

New lamp recycling facilityopens in Toronto

Ontario Lamp Recyclers has opened anew lamp recycling facility in Toronto,which has a capacity of 12 million lampsper year. Fluorescent and other lamps areprocessed to separate the mercury vapourand mercury-rich phosphor powder fromthe clean and recyclable glass and metalend caps. The mercury bearing materialsare treated off-site and reintroduced intothe lamp manufacturing process. E-mail:[email protected]

American Water receivesgrant for desalination

project

American Water has received a grant fromthe WateReuse Research Foundation toconduct a joint research project withDrexel University to measure and reducebiological fouling on membrane filters indesalination applications. The researchwill monitor the biological fouling poten-

SITE ASSESSMENT & REMEDIATION | ENVIRONMENTAL RISK MANAGEMENTWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT | PLANNING, PERMITTING & APPROVALSPARTICIPATORY RESETTLEMENT PLANNING & IMPLEMENTATION | AGRICULTURE& RURAL DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTINTEGRATED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT | WASTE MANAGEMENTAIR QUALITY, NOISE & VIBRATION CHARACTERIZATION AND MANAGEMENTLOCAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE (LRDI TM ) | GREENHOUSE GASCHARACTERIZATION & CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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tial using a recently developed tool formeasuring readily biodegradable compo-nents in seawater.

The desalination industry will benefitfrom improved membrane operations bymonitoring and controlling biodegradablematter in the pretreatment process. ROmembrane desalination is on the rise butthe industry continues to be plagued byproblems with membrane fouling, whichincreases operation, maintenance, and re-placement costs of the membrane filters.

www.amwater.com

Delcan named one ofCanadaʼs 50 best managed

companies

Delcan, a multidisciplinary engineering,planning and technology firm, was namedone of Canada’s 50 Best Managed Com-panies.

Established in 1993, Canada's 50 BestManaged Companies is an awards pro-gram, recognizing excellence in Canadiancompanies. Every year, hundreds of com-panies compete for this designation in arigorous and independent process thatevaluates management abilities and prac-tices beyond just financial performance.

www.delcan.com

YSI instrumentation available from SPD Sales

YSI’s online water quality instrumenta-tion is now available in Canada from SPDSales.YSI has launched its new digitalbased IQ Sensor Net 2020 XT. This onlineinstrument is a digital multi parametersystem with modular design for the meas-urement of DO, pH, ORP, turbidity, con-ductivity, TSS, NH4+, NO3-, COD, BOD,TOC, SAC and temperature. E-mail:[email protected]

WaterRF studies source protection

The Water Research Foundation (Wa-terRF) has just completed a new study,Source Water Protection Vision andRoadmap (#4176b), that will help drink-ing water utilities and other stakeholdersdevelop a strategy to protect the vitalsources of drinking water.

So that by 2025, every public commu-


ONEIA’s Post-Globe 2012 proves to be an inspiring eventThe three day event held in Toronto fromMarch 18-20, hosted numerous internationaldelegates and representatives from prominentOntario environmental firms. Networkingwas the main theme of the event, with panelsand sessions generously interspersed by cof-fee breaks in an energetic social setting. Run-ning throughout the day was the Export Café,a business to business matching service pro-vided by ONIEA.

The physical stimulants of coffee andcakes were matched by the thought provok-ing discussions of the morning panels. Theopening address was given by Ms. DonnaCansfield of the Ontario Ministry of Eco-nomic Development and Innovation, a promi-nent figure in Ontario’s environmental sector.

An Ontario market briefing followed,providing a candid look at the makeup andfuture of Ontario’s environmental industry.The panel, composed of Brandon Moffat ofStormFisher Biogas, Sam Stevens, formerExecutive Director of NRC-IRAP Ontarioand of Business Development at Calgon Car-bon, and Scott MacDonald of McRock Cap-ital, was moderated by Nick Parker of WaterTechnology Acceleration Project (Water-TAP). Concern regarding the status of theFeed in Tariff (FIT) program was voiced byall panelists, but divergence on business man-

agement, small vs. large enterprises and in-ternational expansion prompted an entertain-ing back and forth among participants.

Inspiration followed, as Anton Davies,principal of RWDI; Don Gorber, CEO SenesConsultants; and John Fahey, PrincipalGlobal Manufacturing for Golder Associates,discussed their companies’ successful ven-tures outside of Canada. Moderated by KerryFreek of Water Canada, the panelists an-swered and elaborated on questions relatingto challenges they faced.

The audience was urged to, “do theirhomework and keep their eyes open,” whenmoving into different countries and cultures.The honest and open discussion encouragedconfidence in the competiveness of Canadiancompanies in the global economy.

Following a luncheon address from NeilTonge of Molson Coors, the conference brokeup into three concurrent sessions: Ontariowater companies, renewable energy and busi-ness sustainability. The smaller sessions fea-tured speakers from Trojan Technologies, GEDigital Energy, Canadian Tire and many more.

Post-Globe 2012 was definitely a worth-while event to attend.

Peter Davey is an Editorial Assistant withEnvironmental Science & Engineering Mag-azine. E-mail: [email protected].

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:38 PM Page 81


introduction of Bill S-8, the governmentclaimed it was acting to protect drinkingwater for First Nations. The Bill is verysimilar to a previous version (known as S-11), which encountered a widespread op-position from First Nations.

“One of the main concerns with thisBill, similar to the previous Bill, is thatthere is no provision of resources to ensurethat First Nations are able to meet anystandards that are set. The government iswell aware of the fact that many First Na-tions in Ontario do not meet the depart-ment’s current protocols. The concern isthat First Nations are being set up to failand then who is held liable when they failto meet the regulations?” stated Ontario’sRegional Chief Toulouse.

In July 2011, the federal Department ofAboriginal Affairs and Northern Develop-ment Canada published the National As-sessment of First Nations Water andWastewater Systems. The contractor in-spected water and wastewater systems in120 First Nations communities in Ontario.This report found that out of 158 watersystems inspected, 72 were consideredhigh risk, 61 as medium risk, and 25 aslow risk. Of the 77 wastewater systems in-spected, 28 were categorized as high risk,38 as medium risk and 11 as low risk.

Bill S-8 states that the government iscommitted to improving the health andsafety of residents of First Nation lands,and that the government is “committed toworking with First Nations to develop pro-posals for regulations to be made underthis Act”. Regional Chief Toulouse indi-cated that it makes no sense to set drinkingwater standards without addressing the ob-vious infrastructure gaps that exist. TheOntario First Nations Technical ServicesCorporation estimates that it will cost ap-proximately $228 - $296 million to up-grade the 158 existing water treatmentplants found in First Nations communities.This is consistent with the cost estimateidentified by the contractor that producedthe government-commissioned nationalassessment.

CWWA Bulletin, March 2012

nity water supply will be protected by anactive source water protection program,the Roadmap calls for action in four areas:raise awareness; enhance coordination;provide support; and, increase recognition.

An annotated bibliography of sourcewater protection information, comprehen-sive case studies, and other backgrounddetails are provided in the companion doc-ument, Developing a Vision and Roadmapfor Source Water Protection for U.S.Drinking Water Utilities (#4176a).

To help advance general understanding

of the challenges associated with sourcewater management and the importance ofimplementing proactive managementstrategies, the Foundation is making bothreports available to the public at www.WaterRF.org.

Are the First Nations beingset up to fail?

On March 1, 2012, the federal governmentintroduced Bill S-8, Safe Drinking Waterfor First Nations Act. In announcing the

September 29 – October 3, 2012New Orleans Morial Convention CenterNew Orleans, Louisiana

“If you want to know what will be important to you in the future, go to WEFTEC. If you want to see what equipment you will be using in the future, go to WEFTEC. If you want to know how to effectively deal with the multitude of issues confronting the water/wastewater industry, then you simply MUST go to WEFTEC. WEFTEC is ‘The Answers Event’.”

—WEFTEC 2011 Attendee

So many new features this year, you won't want to miss it!

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:38 PM Page 82

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ACG Technology ACG Technology

ACG Technol-ogy’s packagetreatment sys-tem offers per-formance anddurability. Itprovides

sewage treatment within a small foot-print. Aeration, mixing and settling canbe accomplished in compact, easilytransported ISO containers, ideal for re-mote locations. Provides flexibility ofadding future parallel units, an econom-ical means of meeting the needs of anygrowing sewage loads.Tel: 905-856-1414, Fax: 905-856-6401 E-mail: [email protected]: www.acgtechnology.com

Package Treatment System Coalescing oil/water separators

ACG Technology’scoalescing oil/water separatorsare available incarbon steel, stain-less steel, FRP andpolypropyleneconstruction. Stan-

dard systems include air-operated di-aphragm pump, air filter and floatingskimmer. Adjustable weir and skimmerheight provides optimal oil removal andminimal disposal volume. Standardrange is 1 to 50 GPM.Tel: 905-856-1414, Fax: 905-856-6401E-mail: [email protected]: www.acgtechnology.com

Air Liquide Canada

Oxygen for lagoons and activated sludge

To reduce BOD, odour, sludge volumeindex and polymer, activate your sludgesystems with a boost of oxygen. Ven-toxAL pure-oxygen transfer systems aredesigned for easy installation. Contactone of Air Liquide Canada’s specialists.Tel: 450-641-6218 E-mail: [email protected] 780-438-5635 E-mail:[email protected]

Bürkert Fluid Control Systems

Process Control

The Burkert mxControl type 8620 is de-signed to automate the control of processvariables within a water treatment system.This multi-purpose process and chem-istry controller can integrate an HMI,PLC, data logger, enclosure, and powersupply and is designed to be connectedlive to the Web with an on board Ethernetport. Tel: 905-632-3033, Fax: 905-632-3833E-mail: [email protected]: www.burkert.ca

C&M Environmental Technologies

Package treatment plant

WesTech Engi-neering’s Clari-Cell-B™Package Treat-ment Plant uti-lizes atwo-stage con-figuration con-

sisting of an up-flow buoyant coarsemedia roughing filter followed by a con-ventional down-flow fine media filter.Pre-engineered for simplicity, the Clari-Cell-B is easily installed and integratedinto new or existing flow sheets for low tomedium flow water treatment. Tel: 705-725-9377, Fax: 705-725-8279E-mail: [email protected]: www.cmeti.com

American Public University Avensys Solutions

Phoenix Panel System

• Upgrades and optimizes all types of filters• Installs directly over existing underdrain system• Eliminates the need for base gravel layers• Improves backwash flow distribution• Provides longer filter runs and lower turbidity effluentTel: 403-255-7377, Fax: 403-255-3129E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.awifilter.comAWI

• Optimizes all types of filters• Extremely low profile; lowest available• Manufactured from corrosion-resistant stainless steel• Variable custom orifice sizing• Custom hydraulic design• Guaranteed uniform air scour distribution• Rapid, low-cost installationTel: 403-255-7377, Fax: 403-255-3129E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.awifilter.com

Phoenix Underdrain System

AWI

American Public University is ready tohelp you move your career forward. Weoffer more than 150 undergraduate andgraduate degree and certificate pro-grams in a wide variety of specialitiesincluding environmental science.Classes start monthly and are 100% online. Tel: 877-777-9081 E-mail: [email protected]: www. StudyatAPU.com/ese

Online education

Awite’s GasAnalysis Sys-tems are specif-ically designedfor biogas appli-cations and im-

plemented in more than 1,200 biogasplants worldwide. The standardized Sys-tem AwiEco offers a reliable and cost-effective measurement. The customizedSystem AwiFlex offers highest flexibil-ity and more options than other conven-tional analysis systems. A completesolution with low maintenance effort –adjusted to every customer’s needs.Tel: 888-965-4700 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.avensyssolutions.com

Gas analysis systems


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Concept Controls

Concept Controls’ rental inventory is thelargest in Canada, giving our customers aflexible alternative to buying. We ensurethat we always have the most up-to-dateGas Monitors, Industrial Hygiene instru-mentation, and Environmental Monitoringequipment, calibrated and ready for you.Tel: 888-207-2212E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.conceptcontrols.com

Rentals department

The new CSF48fromEndress+Hausersets the bench-mark in waterquality monitor-ing. Choose be-

tween vacuum or peristaltic pumping,and multiple sampling routines. Opt forthe two industrial digital sensors (expand-ing to eight in the future) and connect tothe SCADA with the latest communica-tions protocols. A complete monitoringand collection solution responding totoday’s industrial requirements. Tel: 800-668-3199, Fax: 905-681-9444E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ca.endress.com

Water sampler

Endress+Hauser

Analytical system

The new Liquiline CM44x platform fromEndress+Hauser is a true multi-channel“Plug & Play” analytical system, usingMemosens digital communications. Justplug in up to eight digital sensors andyou are ready to go! Move now to a truedigital system.Tel: 800-668-3199, Fax: 905-681-9444 E-mail: [email protected]: www.ca.endress.com

Endress+Hauser


C&M Environmental Technologies

High rate filtration system

The WWETCOFlexFilter™from WesTechEngineeringprovides an in-novative solu-tion for CSO,primary treat-

ment, tertiary treatment and industrialwater pretreatment. The combination oftapered media compression, porosity gra-dient within the media bed and a low flowbackwash system make the FlexFilter oneof the most versatile and efficient filterson the market. Tel: 705-725-9377, Fax: 705-725-8279E-mail: [email protected]: www.cmeti.com

Canadian Safety Equipment

Portable shelter

The Pelsueground tentsare one piece(including allpoles inte-grated into theshell) and set

up in seconds for protection from the ele-ments during equipment repair. Thesetents are also used as portable shelters,haz-mat decon, field offices and restareas. They are manufactured from flameretardant 250 denier polyester and a 10’by 10’ tent only weighs 48 lbs. Tel: 800-265-0182, 905-949-2741Fax: 905-272-1866E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cdnsafety.com

Degremont

Sludge press

The Dehydrist™Twist SludgePress is an ad-vanced sludgedewateringprocess fromDegremont, em-ploying the

Bucher Unipektin hydraulic piston presstechnology. Up to 30% reduction insludge bulk volume can be achieved overconventional dewatering, and digestedsludge can be dewatered to autothermalconditions before incineration. E-mail:[email protected] Web: www.degremont-technologies.com

Denso

Proven worldwidefor well over 100years, DensoPetrolatum Tapesoffer the best,most economical,

long-term corrosion protection for allabove and below ground metal surfaces.Requiring only minimum surface prepa-ration and environmentally responsible,Denso Petrolatum Tape is the solution toyour corrosion problems in any corro-sive environment. For applications inmines, mills, refineries, steel mills, pulp& paper, oil & gas, and the waterworksindustry. The answer is Denso!Tel: 416-291-3435, Fax: 416-291-0898E-mail: [email protected]: www.densona.com

Denso Petrolatum Tapes

First Response Environmental

Environmental response

First Response/Recycle City brings you atrue 24/7/365 source for your environ-mental needs. We own and operate fullylicensed Hazardous, Non Hazardous Re-cycling Centres. We also offer confinedspace rescue services, training coursesand emergency response to any and all in-cidents.Tel: 866-774-5501, Fax: 905-679-4038E-mail: [email protected]: www.first-er.com

Geneq

GPS/GIS data collection

The SXPad, a full-featured, affordable,rugged, handheldcomputer forGPS/GIS data col-lection, is built formobile GIS users inapplications ranging

from water/electric/gas utilities, andtransportation to mining, agriculture, andforestry. With its waterproof seal and sur-viving one metre drops to concrete, theSXPad is built tough to survive outdoors,and works in extreme temperatures from -4F (-20C) to 140F (60C). Tel: 514-354-2511, Fax: 514-354-6948E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sxbluegps.com

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H2Flow

H2FLOW offersPinnacle’s revo-lutionary Zenithozone systems,producing up to600 lbs/day (5%wt.) per unit.With their highlyefficient design,they can be

turned up/down for 100% dosage vari-ability. They are built with solid compo-nents, are rugged, proven, extremelycompact, and water cooled, with noyearly maintenance.Tel: 905-660-9775, Fax: 905-660-9744E-mail: [email protected]: www.h2flow.com

Ozone systems

The YSI Profes-sional Plus hand-held multi-parameter meterprovides extremeflexibility for themeasurement of avariety of combi-nations for dis-solved oxygen,conductivity, spe-cific conductance,salinity, resistivity,total dissolved

solids (TDS), pH, ORP, pH/ORP combi-nation, ammonium (ammonia), nitrate,chloride and temperature.Web: www.hoskin.ca

Multiparameter meter

Hoskin Scientific

The YSIProODOTM hand-held DO meterprovides extremedurability for themeasurement ofoptical, lumines-cent-based dissolved oxygenfor any field application.

Web:www.hoskin.ca

Hand-held DO meter

Hoskin Scientific

Huber Technology

The Strainpress® Inline Sludge Screenfrom Huber Technology is designed toeffectively screen sludge in pressurizedlines. Reduces maintenance costs andincreases the operating reliability ofdownstream sludge treatment systems.The Strainpress is precision manufac-tured of stainless steel. There are morethan 700 installations. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/ESE

Sludge screen

Huber Technology

Huber Technology’s RoS3Q InclinedScrew Press provides high performancesludge dewatering in a compact, en-tirely enclosed machine. The RoS3Qprovides efficient and reliable operationwith minimal operator attendance. Theslow rotational design is simple and en-ergy-efficient. E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.huberforum.net/ESE

Screw press


The patented Hexa-Cover® system canbe used on all kinds of liquids. It is theideal solution for eliminating: • Evaporation • Organic growth • Emission • Odour The unique design makes the elementsinterlock by wind pressure and ensurethat the Hexa-Cover tiles mechanicallyconstitute a coherent cover.

Tel: 519-469-8169, Fax: 519-469-8157E-mail: [email protected]: www.greatario.com

Greatario Engineered Storage Systems Greyline Instruments

Ultrasonic flow meter

The new Grey-line TTFM 1.0Transit TimeFlow Meter ac-curately meas-ures flow fromthe outside ofmetal or plastic

pipes. It includes clamp-on ultrasonictransducers for easy flow measurement ofliquids including water, oils and chemi-cals. Powerful new digital signal process-ing ensures high ±1.0% accuracy in awide range of applications and operatingconditions. Tel: 888-473-9546E-mail: [email protected]: www.greyline.com

Water level indicator

Heron offers the dipper-T Water Level In-dicator with power, with high visibilityyellow tape and for lengths from 1,000 ft(300 m) up to 3,000 ft. Using a powerreel will make taking level readings indeep wells faster and less strenuous. Allpower reels are available with 12V or120V DC. Large double frame allows foreasy fastening on to drill rigs or truckbeds. The tape you need at the price youwant...now with power. Tel: 800-331-2032E-mail: [email protected]: www.heroninstruments.com

Strescon Limited inSaint John, NewBrunswick, has sup-plied the largestStormceptor everinstalled in AtlanticCanada, an STC

14,000 installed at the Costco Whole-sale site in Fredericton. The site encom-passes Corbett Brook and adjacentwetlands on the grounds of the Univer-sity of New Brunswick, which are hometo various species, a mature forest andwetlands. Tel: 800-565-4801E-mail: [email protected]: www.imbriumsystems.com;www.stormceptor.com

Protecting sensitive watershed

Imbrium Systems

Heron Instruments

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The Dräger X-zone 5000, incombination withthe Dräger X-am5000, monitorsup to six haz-ardous gases andwarns at pre-setlevels. This easilytransportable, ro-bust and water-

proof instrument extends mobile gasdetection technology to a unique systemwith many applications.Tel: 800-560-4402, Fax: 877-820-9667E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.ospreyscientific.com

Area monitoring

Osprey Scientific

SEW-Eurodrive have rounded off thelower power range of the robust helicaland bevel-helical gear units that are partof the X Series of industrial gear units,by offering the proven gear units for thetorque range of 6.8 to 45 kNm (5,000 to33,000 ft-lb). Tel: 905-791-1553E-mail: [email protected]: www.sew-eurodrive.com

Industrial gear units

SEW-Eurodrive

ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pump

The award-winning delta® with optoDrive®

provides di-verse controland operatingcapabilities ina capacity

range of 7.5 - 75 l/h, 362 psi - 29 psi.The delta from ProMinent has many ad-vanced features: pulsed or continuousdosing; automatic detection of airlock,low pressure and high pressure; and anautomatic degassing option.Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca/delta

ProMinent Fluid Controls

Metering pumps

Smith & Loveless

Smith & Love-less Inc. an-nounces itslatest headworksinnovation,PISTA®

WORKS™, a pre-engineered packagedheadworks system, combining screen-ing, grit removal and grit washing intoone integrated system. It is pre-assem-bled and shipped direct to the job site,significantly reducing field-installationcosts, while allowing for a compactfootprint. All equipment componentsare constructed of stainless steel. Tel: 913-888-5201, Fax: 913-888-2173E-mail: [email protected]: www.smithandloveless.com

Headworks system

Feature-richand dependableSigma seriesmeteringpumps fromProMinent helpkeep yourchemical feedunder control.

Sigma pumps operate in capacities of upto 1000 LPH and pressures up to 174psi. Microprocessor controls are easy touse, with backlit LCD for rapid and reli-able adjustment.

Tel: 888-709-9933, Fax: 519-836-5226E-mail: [email protected]: www.prominent.ca


MSU Mississauga

MSU MGSafety Hatches- the open andshut case forhatch stan-dards. With single, doubleand multi-doorconfigurationsin aluminum

and stainless steel, they are made righthere in Canada. Check us out on the web www.msumississauga.comTel: 800-268-5336, Fax: 888-220-2213 E-mail: [email protected]

Safety hatches

MSU Mississauga

MSU MG Safety Hatches set the standard in Canada for fall-through protection. They withstand pedestrian and occasional traffic loads. With single,double and multi-door configurations inaluminum and stainless steel, they aremade in Canada. Tel: 800-268-5336, Fax: 888-220-2213 E-mail: [email protected]: www.msumississauga.com

Safety hatches

John Meunier

Physicochemical pretreatment

HYDREX™water treat-ment chemi-cals areformulated tomeet the indi-vidual specifi-cations ofcustomers inthe industrial

and municipal sectors. They are key com-ponents in physicochemical pretreatmentof water, including clarification, anti-scaling, anti-fouling and corrosion miti-gation applications.Tel: 1-888-LINKVWS (546-5897)E-mail: [email protected]: www.johnmeunier.com

Nelson Environmental

Wastewater treatment

The SAGR® (Submerged AttachedGrowth Reactor) is a tertiary wastewatertreatment process that can provide nitrifi-cation with prolonged cold water temper-atures (<0.50C). The SAGR process canbe utilized for nitrification following anysecondary treatment processes, includingaerated or facultative lagoons.Tel: 888-426-8180, Fax: 204-237-0660E-mail: [email protected]: www.nelsonenvironmental.com

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Solinst Canada has introduced a newversion of the Levelogger water leveland temperature datalogger. The newLevelogger Junior Edge provides a cost-effective option for groundwater or sur-face water monitoring applications. Ithas an increased memory capacity of40,000 sets of water level and tempera-ture data points, a 5-year battery, andaccuracy is 0.1% FS. Tel: 905-873-2255, Fax: 905-873-1992E-mail: [email protected]: www.solinst.com/Prod/3001/Junior/

New datalogger

Solinst Canada

Mechanical actuators

The portable, elec-trically operatedHydrolift has beenone of the mostpopular mechani-cal actuators forthe Waterra InertialPump, and we've

been working to make it better. Today,the improved Hydrolift is more durableand easier to use and, most importantly,more affordable than ever.Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Waterra Pumps

Peristaltic pumps

The PegasusAlexis® PeristalticPump from Wa-terra is a self-con-tained samplingstation that in-cludes all the bestfeatures of thesedevices. Packagedin the rugged Peli-

can™ 1430 case and incorporating itsown power supply and charger, this pumpwill keep you sampling in the field allday long. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Waterra Pumps

Xylem

New name for ITTWWW

ITT Corporation’s water business is nowa standalone global water technologycorporation, named Xylem. The com-pany’s product brands include Flygt,Wedeco, Sanitaire, and Leopold. Xylemcontinues to maintain a strong Canadianpresence, with 14 sales locations, 24 au-thorized distributors and several servicepartners to service the water and waste-water market.Tel: 514-695-0100E-mail: [email protected]: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

Solinst Canada

The Waterloo Emitter™ is a simple, lowcost device designed for the remedia-tion of contaminated groundwater. Itenables oxygen or other amendments todiffuse through silicone or LDPE tubingin a controlled uniform manner, en-hancing aerobic bioremediation. Fits50, 100, 150 mm diameter wells.Tel: 905-873-2255, Fax: 905-873-1992E-mail: [email protected]: www.solinst.com

Enhance bioremediation


Inline disposable filters

Waterra

Waterra currently has three Inline Dis-posable Filter options available: the 0.45Micron high turbidity FHT-45, the 0.45Micron medium turbidity FMT-45, andthe 0.2 Micron CAP300X2. All our fil-ters use high quality polyethersulphonefilter media (which offers excellent par-ticle retention above the target micronsize range) and are pre-rinsed with 1Lof de-ionized water to ensure purity. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

Xylem

WEDECO Ozone Generators fromXylem eliminate pollutants, colouredsubstances, odours and micro-organismswithout creating harmful byproducts.They are compact in design to reduceoverall footprint, and provide reducedenergy consumption per unit of ozoneproduction.Tel: 514-695-0100, Fax: 514-697-0602Web: www.xylemwatersolutions.com/ca

Chemical-free water treatment

Spill Management

Specialist training

Practical

Hands-on

Progressive

Formats

Tel: 905-578-9666, Fax: 905-578-6644

E-mail: [email protected]: www.spillmanagement.ca

Waterra Pumps

NEW affordable optical dissolved oxygen

measurement system

The newAquaPlus™ Meter,together with theAquaPlus Probe,provides an afford-able optical dis-solved oxygenmeasurement sys-tem. It can recordup to 3,000 datasets, including DO,

EC, temperature and barometric pres-sure. The AquaPlus system retails for$1,425.00. Tel: 905-238-5242, Fax: 905-238-5704E-mail: [email protected]: www.waterra.com

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:39 PM Page 87

CanadianEnvironmental

Official Show Guide For:The 20th Annual

Conference & TradeshowApril 30 - May 2, 2012

CANECT2012International Centre - 6900 Airport Road, Mississauga

Scheduled Session TopicsApril 30:Environmental Regulation & Compliance Water and Wastewater: Regulation, Compliance and OpportunityBrownfields: The new rules

May 1:Environmental Management EssentialsManaging Toxics and Toxics ReductionAir and GHG Emissions Regulations & Compliance

May 2:Documenting and Demonstrating Environmental Due DiligenceChanges to the Certificates of Approval ProcessBest Practices for Spills Prevention and Management

Co-organized by Environmental Science & Engi-neering Magazine, CANECT is the largest eventof its kind in Canada, typically attracting up to2,000 tradeshow visitors and conference delegates.

Conference delegates and tradeshow visitors are a high qualityaudience of senior people responsible for environmentalengineering, regulations and compliance issues.

CANECT 2012 will be co-located in Ontario with Partnersin Prevention, an annual tradeshow organized by WorkplaceSafety & Prevention Services.

Combined, CANECT and Partners in PreventionTradeshow are expected to attract some 400 exhibitingcompanies and 7,000 tradeshow visitors. Tradeshow badgesfrom either show will allow admission to both shows at noextra charge. To register for free tradeshow registration, pleasevisit www.envirogate.ca, or fill out and fax in the free passthat came with this copy of ES&E magazine.

If you would like to receive a printed CANECT conference program, please contact Darlann Passfield,

Tel: 905-727-4666 (Ext 30), or Toll Free: 1-888-254-8769,

Email: [email protected]. Conference details are also available at www.envirogate.ca

w w w. e n v i r o g a t e . c a


ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:15 PM Page 88

CANECTEnvironmental Management Essentials

This new ‘Environmental Management Essentials’ course of-fers a key guide to integrating a flexible and responsive envi-ronmental management system with similar ISO managementstandards covering health and safety, quality, and energymanagement. Environmental Management Standards underISO 14001 are outlined, along with opportunities for integrat-ing these with other management and sustainable develop-ment standards including the new ISO 50001 EnergyManagement Standards.

Chemicals Management: Alert - your deadline forcomplying with the TRA is just months away!

The Toxics Reduction Act, 2009 requires operators of regu-lated facilities to report annually to the ministry on facility-wide amounts of toxic substances used, created, andcontained in product. The deadline for submitting Phase 1toxic reduction plans is months away - December 31, 2012.The course provides guidance on complying with the TRA aswell as other similar federal and municipal chemicals man-agement regulations.

Air & GHG Emissions: Management & Compliance This course, now in its 12th year, delivers Canada’s most up-to-date and authoritative guide to complying with federal and provincial air and GHG emissions regulations, including new Environmental Compliance Approvals for Air and Noise. In addition, the course provides practical strategies for man aging everyday air-related issues related to noise, odour and dust.

Demonstrating and Documenting Environmental DueDiligence

Proof of environmental due diligence can provide managerswith a first line of defence against environmental charges andsave thousands of dollars in penalties. This course providespractical insight into environmental due diligence and why it isvital to document and demonstrate its application in commer-cial transactions, dealings with employees, contractors andconsultants, stakeholders and communities, and in response toministry investigations.

Approvals Modernization: The ‘industry standard’ The new regime for environmental approvals took effect Nov.1,2011 and is still ‘a work in progress.’ This course, jointly pre-sented by members of MOE’s Approvals Modernization branchand approvals specialists at Golders, has been called “the in-dustry standard” for those wanting to keep up-to-date with thelatest developments, as well as those seeking guidance onbest practices for managing all types of approvals and permits.

Spills: Best Practices for Reporting, ContingencyPlanning, Communicating and Emergency Response

Amendments to federal Environmental Emergency (E2) Regula-tions took effect Dec. 21, 2011 and extend the scope and re-quirements of mandatory ER planning to cover an additional 41substances. Even if federal regulations do not apply to you, En-vironment Canada ‘strongly recommends that you create anemergency plan voluntarily.’ Attend this course and learn moreabout the new requirements and what to do to respond profes-sionally to spills, leaks, and other environmental emergencies.

CANECTWorkshopsProgram - Day 3, May 2Environmental Regulation and Compliance 2012 -

Essential Overview and Update CANECT’s essential annual introductory and update course -presented in association with leading environmental lawyersfrom Bennett Jones LLP - has established its reputation asCanadian industries’ chosen source for cutting-edge environ-mental regulation, compliance and due diligence training.

Water and Wastewater: Regulation, Compliance, Opportunity

New federal wastewater effluent treatment regulations are dueto be published this spring, but leading organizations havelong recognized that an enlightened water and wastewaterstrategy is fundamental to maintaining compliance and sus-tainability. Governments are supporting this trend with toughnew laws on source water protection, water-taking, pricing andtreatment standards. Attend this course and learn provenmanagement and compliance strategies and solutions.

Brownfields: Working with the new rulesExtensive changes to the Brownfields regulatory regime tookeffect July, 2011. This course, developed by Janet Bobechko,of Blaney McMurtry LLP, provides registrants with an authori-tative guide to working with the new rules governing Recordsof Site Condition and Phase I and Phase II site assessments.An annual ‘must-attend’ for all engineers, consultants,lawyers, planners, site-owners, investors, insurers and devel-opers. K

eyn

ote

SPE

AK

ERS

Wednesday MorningKeynote Tod Maffin, Digital Technology & Marketing Guru

Wednesday Lunch Keynote

Michael Kerr, “The Workplace

Energizer”Tuesday Morning KeynoteJohn Furlong, Chief Executive Officer, Vancouver 2010 Organizing Committee

Program - Day 2, May 1

Program - Day 1, April 30


ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:39 PM Page 89


CANECT ‘12•• Air pollution control • Analytical laboratory • Confined space entry• Consulting engineering • Containment • Decontamination systems • Emergency response • Environmental auditing

• Filters • Groundwater treatment • Hazardous waste treatment• Health & safety • Instrumentation & control • Legal services • Liners/geotextiles • Noise & vibration control

• Oil & water separation • Pumps, pipes, valves, fittings • Protection/safety equipment • Recycling • Residuals dewatering, disposal & handling equipment • Site & soil remediation

• Software systems • Spill control & containment • Stormwater control • Tanks & storage • Transportation services • Water treatment • Wastewater treatment • Waste disposal

CANECT Exhibits ... Manufacturers, distributors, suppliers and companies from the following areas:

CANECT 2012Floor Plan

HoursMay 1

- 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

May 2- 8:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.

CANECT FLOOR PLAN 2012

CANECT Floor

Presentations

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:39 PM Page 90


•

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:40 PM Page 91

LLiisstt ooff EExxhhiibbiittoorrss aass ooff AApprriill 55,, 22001122Accuworx Inc. #1434Brampton, ON877-898-7222E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.accuworx.caContact: John TheurerProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental compli-ance, Remediation, Vacuum trucks, Emergency Response,Waste treatment facility.

ACG Technology & Envirocan #1238Woodbridge, ON 905-856-1414 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.acgtechnology.com, www.envirocan.ca Contact: Greg JacksonProducts/Services to be displayed: Wastewater, stormwa-ter and water treatment systems and equipment. Openchannel and full-pipe flow meters, data-loggers andtelemetry.

Acoustic Product Sales #1212Long Sault, ON613-551-6100E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.acousticproductsales.com Contact: Blake NoonProducts/Services to be displayed: Acoustic metal panels,acoustic enclosures, acoustic test facilities - (product,medical, research), sound surveys.

Adler Tank Rentals #1521Syracuse, NY716-799-3044E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.adlertank.comContact: Scott HinmanProducts/Services to be displayed: Tanks, Vac boxes,Water tight roll off,

AGAT Laboratories #1234Mississauga, ON 905-712-5100E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.agatlabs.comContact: Kristi HuffProducts/Services to be displayed: AGAT Laboratories of-fers full-service laboratories to the Environmental, Agri-Food, Life Sciences, Energy, Mining, Industrial andTransportation sectors.

AIM Environmental Group #1332Stoney Creek, ON905-560-0090E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.aimgroup.caContact: Justin LimProducts/Services to be displayed: Environment services,waste management, soil remediation and groundwatertreatment, bioremediation, contaminated material dis-posal, organics processing and composting.

Altech Technology Systems Inc. #1336 Toronto, ON

Canadian Environmental Conference & Tradeshow

416-467-5555 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.altech-group.com Contact: George Bennett Products/Services to be displayed: Air pollution controlequipment: System REITHER venturi wet scrubber,packed towers, mist eliminators, industrial wastewatertreatment equipment: System HydroKleen MBR, ultra fil-tration membranes, pH control, coagulation and floccula-tion.

A-MAPS Environmental Inc. #1334Ottawa, ON613-270-9378E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.amapsenv.comContact: Daniel SpitzerProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental map-ping, Air quality mapping, Interactive Graphical User inter-faces for air pollution risk assessments, Smartphoneapplications for environmental risks alerts.

Avensys Solutions #1223Toronto, ON416-499-4421 or 888-965-4700E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.AvensysSolutions.com Contact: Jennifer Loeffler, Anup JainProducts/Services to be displayed: As an industry leaderin the process and environmental monitoring systems inthe Canadian marketplace, Avensys Solutions provides in-strumentation and analytical equipment for measurementof flow, gas, level and water quality. Serving the industrial,water/wastewater, green energy and power general mar-kets. Avensys Solutions also offers strong engineering andservicing capabilities.

BakerCorp Canada #1437Hamilton, ON905-545-4555E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.bakercorp.comContact: Kevin BaileyProducts/Services to be displayed: Tank and filtrationequipment rental, filtration media sales.

BSI Group Canada #1228Mississauga, ON 800-862-6752E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.bsigroup.ca Contact: Christine AbellaProducts/Services to be displayed: BSI Group is a leadingglobal services organization with solutions to drive busi-ness performance – ISO standards, certification, training,and software.

The Cannington Group #1419Gormley, ON905-841-1848E-mail: [email protected]


Please see our ad in this issue of ES&E



ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:17 PM Page 92

CCANECT Exhibitors


Web site: www.thecanningtongroup.comContact: Frank ApollinaroProducts/Services to be displayed: The Cannington Grouphas been providing clients with the most cost-effective so-lutions for their environmental and demolition needs since1976. Specializing in site remediation, hazardous wastecleanup, demolition, building decommissioning and tankremovals and installation we are dedicated to developingsolutions that are safe, cost-effective, and address com-plex challenges, public concerns and comply with the lat-est government regulations. The Cannington Group is a registered contractor with theTechnical Standards and Safety Authority (TSSA), and is amember of the Ontario Petroleum Contractors’ Associationand the National Demolition Association.

CETCO Oilfield Services #1224Arva, ON519-663-5444E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cetcooilfieldservices.com Contact: Al RossProducts/Services to be displayed: CETCO Oilfield Serv-ices provides comprehensive solutions for a host of oil-field, petrochemical, and refining needs. Our holisticapproach to service gives our clients the most compre-hensive and knowledgeable experience possible. CETCOOilfield Services combines products, patented technolo-gies, and highly trained technical expertise to solve ex-traordinary problems. We offer: Water Treatment, IndustrialWastewater Treatment Products, Produced Water Treat-ment Systems, Well Testing Services, Pipeline Services,Nitrogen Services, Coiled Tubing Services. Claessen Pumps Ltd. #1432Innisfil, ON 705-431-8585E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.claessenpumps.com Contact: Daniel Blandford Products/Services to be displayed: Grindex Submersiblepumps.

Continental Carbon Group #1429Stoney Creek, ON905-643-7615E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.continental-carbon.com Contact: Hugh SkinnerProducts/Services to be displayed: Continental CarbonGroup: service provider for water & wastewater filter sys-tems, media supply & exchange, underdrain service, andmaintenance services.

Dalimar Instruments Inc. #1333Richmond Hill, ON905-707-9000E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.dalimar.caContact: Mike CardilloProducts/Services to be displayed: Instruments for noiseand vibration measurements in the workplace and in theenvironment. Sound level meters, noise dosimeters,human vibration meters and related accessories.

Drain-All Ltd. #1322Ottawa, ON613-327-5906

E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.drainall.comContact: Stephen HuzaProducts/Services to be displayed: Emergency Response,Hazard waste removal-disposal, spill containment, con-fined space entry/rescue, precision hydro excavation,chemical lab packing, CCTV Inspections.

Dragun Corporation #1426Windsor & Toronto, ON 519-979-7300E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.dragun.comContact: Alan HahnProducts/Services to be displayed: Soil and groundwaterassessments. Cost-effective remediation of soil andgroundwater. Peer reviews. Expert witness services.

ECO Canada (Environmental Careers Organization) #1435Calgary, AB403-233-0748E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.eco.caContact: Lesley SchonhofferProducts/Services to be displayed: ECO Job Board, EP(Environmental Professional) Certification, Wage-SubsidyInternships, Professional Development and Training, Aca-demic Institution Accreditation, HR Consultation.

E.R.E. Inc. #1523Montreal, QC514-326-8852E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ereinc.comContact: Mary BaccariProducts/Services to be displayed: E.R.E. Inc. specializesin the areas of site remediation & wastewater treatment aswell as equipment required for sampling & monitoring ofair, water & soil.

Exova Canada Inc. #1341Mississauga, ON905-822-4111E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.exova.comContact: Kelly LancasterProducts/Services to be displayed: Exova is a globalprovider of laboratory testing, advising and assuring serv-ices to many of the world's most innovative companies.

exp Global #1528Brampton, ON905-796-3200E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.exp.comContact: Lynn RockettProducts/Services to be displayed: exp Global providesprofessional, technical and strategic engineering consult-ing services in six practice areas: buildings, earth & envi-ronment, energy, industrial, infrastructure, andsustainability.

FERRO Canada Inc. #1328Richmond Hill, ON905-763-0787E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ferrocanada.comContact: Jamie Ferrante Products/Services to be displayed: Environmental Con-tracting Company - expertise in abatement of asbestos,mould, lead, PCBs and soils as well as interior and struc-tural demolition.




ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:45 PM Page 93

CCANECT ExhibitorsWeb site: www.hespro.caContact: Brian BaertProducts/Services to be displayed: Hespro is a regulatoryand compliance company serving the Health, Safety andEnvironmental needs for its valued clients.

Imprint Plus ™ #1427Richmond, BC800-563-2464E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.imprintplus.com Contact: Kayli FlandersProducts/Services to be displayed: Imprint Plus is theonly manufacturer of the reusable, eco-friendly namebadge system – serving over 2.8 million happy customersworldwide. With Imprint Plus’ patented, award-winningname badge system, you can create professionallybranded, customized badges in-house with just a PC andprinter. Employee turnover? No problem! While eachbadge may look permanently engraved, they are entirelyreusable! This eliminates replacement costs, per-unit ship-ping and wasted materials! Our easy-to-use softwaremakes name badge customization a breeze; add your ownlogos, graphics, names, and titles for top-quality, profes-sional name badges in seconds. Discover the time andmoney you can save at BOOTH 1427.

Indicium Compliance Solutions Inc. #1312St. Catharines, ON905-938-9465E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.indiciumcs.comContact: Dave PlatakisProducts/Serivices to be displayed: Indicium ComplianceSolutions Inc. is a division of a privately owned industrialwaste management company providing training, auditsand assessments, and performance packaging.

Lakes Environmental Software #1438Waterloo, ON519-746-5995E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.webLakes.comContact: Julie SwatsonProducts/Services to be displayed: Lakes Environmentalsupplies easy-to-use and sophisticated air dispersionmodeling, emissions inventory and risk assessment soft-ware to industries, government agencies and academia.

Levitt-Safety EHS Instrument Solutions #1219Oakville, ON800-268-6196E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.levitt-safety.com Contact: Norman Dean Products/Services to be displayed: Field Instrumentationfor Environmental Monitoring. Soil, Water and Air. Fixedand Portable Gas Detection, Bore Hole Gas Monitoring,PID,FID, GC/GCMS.

LiquidMix Agitators Inc. #1222Coe Hill, ON905-670-9486E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.liquidmixagitators.comContact: Denzel Brown.Products/Services to be displayed: Side Entry Mixer, TopEntry Mixer, Portable Mixer, Blender & Tanks.

First Response Environmental Inc. #1319Hamilton, ON289-639-2020E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.first-er.com Contact: Wesley HicksProducts/Services to be displayed: First Response, a24/7/365 source for your environmental needs – we offerConfined Space/ High Angle Rescue, Training, and Emer-gency Response services.

Footage Tools Inc #1337Vaughan, ON905-695-9900 or Toll Free: 1-888-737-3668E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.footagetools.comContact: Ben FergusonProducts/Services to be displayed: Footage Tapping Tools,Sava Pipe Plugs and Haz-Mat products, Wheeler-Rex Pro-fessional Tools and Xena Intelligent Security Locks.

Golder Associates Ltd. #1428Mississauga, ON 905-567-4444E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.golder.comContact: Elaine BonnellProducts/Services to be displayed: Golder Associates isan employee-owned, global company providing consult-ing, design, and construction services in earth, environ-ment, and the related areas of energy.

H2Flow Equipment Inc. #1229Concord, ON 905-660-9775E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.h2flow.com Contact: Michael AlbaneseProducts/Services to be displayed: Water - Wastewatertreatment for industrial applications; Pre-treatment tosewer, screens; DAFs, sludge dewatering presses, odourcontrol, liquid storage tanks.

Heron Instruments Inc. #1340Burlington, ON 905-634-4449 /800-331-2032E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.heroninstruments.comContact person: Vicky Toon Products/Services to be displayed: Heron Instruments Inc.specializes in groundwater level measurement equipment.Water Level Indicators, Oil/Water Interface Meters &Groundwater Data Loggers.

Hoskin Scientific #1226 Burlington, ON 905-333-5510E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.hoskin.caContact: Corey LunmanProducts/Services to be displayed: Rental and Supply ofSampling and Monitoring Equipment for Air, Water and Soilfor Environmental, Mining, Forestry and Agricultural Markets.

Hespro #1233Stevensville, ON888-840-3456E-mail: [email protected]






ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:45 PM Page 94

MMandel Scientific Company Inc. #1218Guelph, ON 519-763-9292E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.mandel.caContact: Michael GreenProducts/Services to be displayed: Canadian developedand manufactured multi-parameter, titration, BOD andCOD analysis equipment for the environmental laboratory,water, wastewater, and process analytics.

newterra ltd. #1423Toronto, ON 416-490-7848 (877-803-0878) E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.newterra.com Contact: Irene Hassas Products/Services to be displayed: newterra engineers,manufactures and supports wastewater treatment systemsand groundwater remediation systems, and supplies airquality instrumentation and treatment solutions.

Novatech #1422Mississauga, ON905-569-9814E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.novatech.caContact: J.C. ArènesProducts/Services to be displayed: Portable and continu-ous emissions analyzers, particulate & opacity, integratedsystems.

Opus2 Mobile Solutions #1236 Woodbridge, ON 905-850-9111 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.opus2mobile.comContact: Stephen Grant Products/Services to be displayed: Customized mobileapplications in days, not months. Gather field data, in-spections, or workorders using smartphones or smartpensand integrate to backoffice systems. Osprey Scientific Inc. #1424Edmonton, AB / Mississauga, ON800-560-4402E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ospreyscientific.com Contact: Tanya McGowanProducts/Services to be displayed: We specialize in theareas of water quality, toxicity, gas monitoring for personalsafety and site evaluation, environmental assessment, re-mediation measurements and waste characterization.

PACK-A-CONE c/o Mindspace Inc. #1230Markham, ON905-284-1000E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.packacone.com, www.underfyre.com Contact: Cory TseProducts/Services to be displayed: Pack-A-Cone is theoriginal collapsible pylon. Introducing UNDERFYRE - thelatest in performance FR Wear – fire resistant, wicking,cotton clothing.

Quantum Murray LP #1531-1537Stoney Creek, ON905-388-4444E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.qmlp.ca Contact: Jim GaleaProducts/Services to be displayed: Emergency Response,Confined Space Rescue, Industrial Training, ChemicalSpills.

CANECT Exhibitors


Rice Earth Sciences #1536Vaughan, ON905-760-0170E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.ricerentals.caContact: Michael KleespiesProducts/Services to be displayed: Environmental Moni-toring and Sampling Equipment for water, soils and air.

Royal Roads University #1522Victoria, BC 250-391-2600 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.royalroads.caContact: Timothy KituriProducts/Services to be displayed: Royal Roads Univer-sity delivers applied and professional programs to ad-vance professionals in the workplace. Graduate andundergraduate degrees are delivered online and face-to-face on campus.

RWDI #1412Guelph, ON519-823-1311E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.rwdiair.comContact: Elaine FarrowProducts/Services to be displayed: Air Quality, Noise & Vi-bration, Water & Waste, Environmental Software, SourceTesting, Odour, Dust, GHGs, Toxic Reduction, Ventilation,Ambient Measurements.

SciCorp International Corp. #1532Barrie, ON705-733-2626E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.scicorp.netContact: Justin MaatProducts/Services to be displayed: SciCorp manufacturesmicronutrients for biological wastewater treatment andother organic waste applications to reduce cost, eliminateodours, and improve plant performance.

SNC-Lavalin Environment #1232Toronto, ON416-635-5882 or Toll Free: 877-635-5882E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.snclavalin.com/environmentContact: Chris Webb Products/Services to be displayed: SNC-Lavalin Environ-ment provides professional environmental services per-taining to air quality, acoustics, planning, approvals, siteassessment, remediation, risk management, waste, audits& management systems.

Spill Management Inc. #1338Stoney Creek, ON905-578-9666E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.spillmanagement.caContact: Ruth HollandProducts/Services to be displayed: Spill Managementteaches hands-on response countermeasures to all indus-tries, institutions, Municipalities, Provincial, and Federalagencies, and also exercises Emergency Response Plans,across Canada.

St. Lawrence County Industrial Devel. Agency #1418Canton, NY315-379-9806





ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:45 PM Page 95

EE-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.slcida.comContact: Brian NortonProducts/Services to be displayed: SLCIDA is the mostcomprehensive source of business information, financialresources and real estate sites for companies expandinginto the U.S. marketplace. The U.S. market starts here!

TEAM-1 Academy Inc. #1235Oakville, ON905-827-0007E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.team1academy.com Contact: Brian KovalcikProducts/Services to be displayed: TEAM-1 Academy Inc.,North America’s leader in professional safety training,equipment sales, standby rescue, confined space, ropeaccess and wind industry services for over 20 years! Nomatter what your needs are, we have a solution for you.We are an authorized distributor for PETZL, DBI/SALA,Dräger, PROTECTA, North, Miller, Norguard, Skylotec, andmany more! We offer a complete line of safety equipment,service and installation. We look forward to working withyou! Safety through action…Success through commit-ment!

CANECT Exhibitors

Testmark Laboratories Ltd. #1433 Mississauga, ON 905-821-1112 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.testmark.ca Contact: Sylvia Rennie Products/Services to be displayed: Testmark Laboratoriesis a leading provider of accredited environmental labora-tory testing services. Operating out of 4 city-centres in On-tario, we provide organic, inorganic, toxicological,microbiological and industrial testing.

Titan Environmental Containment Ltd. #1540 Ile des Chenes, MB866-327-1957 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.titanenviro.caContact: John Mooney Products/Services to be displayed: Titan supplies and in-stalls geomembranes for waste and effluent containment.Titan is a premier installer of bolted and welded steeltanks.



ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-09 9:45 PM Page 96

This 2.5-day mini-symposium in cooperation with the Center for the Study of Open Source Emissions will feature papers, posters, and panel discussions will present a unique opportunity to highlight recent progress in measurement and modeling of emissions from these difficult source categories.

NEW IN 2012!MINI-SYMPOSIUM ON FUGITIVE SOURCES: OIL & GAS, FLARES, AND DUST JUNE 19-22

www.awma.org

CONFERENCE

105TH ANNUAL

THE A&WMA PRESENTSLEADING ENVIRONMENTAL FRONTIERSRegister now for A&WMA’s 105th Annual Conference & Exhibition, the premier education, networking, and solutions event, where you will enhance your knowledge and network with fellow environmental professionals from around the world.

LIMITLESS opportunities are available at the 105th Annual Conference & Exhibition to get optimal visibility as an exhibitor and/or sponsor. Exhibition and/or sponsorship are the ideal way to show your company's commitment to the environment, and to get your organization's name in front of the industry's leading professionals.

Please contact Alison Lizzi at 412.904.6003 or [email protected] for more information.

Air - Basic SciencesAir - MeasurementChemical ManufacturingEducationElectric PowerFederalHealth & Environmental EffectsHeavy Industry & General Manufacturing

Mini-symposium on Fugitive Sources: Oil & Gas, Flares, and Dust

Oil & Gas Exploration and ProductionRegulatoryRenewable EnergySustainabilityTransportationWaste Management

JUNE 19 - 22, 2012HENRY B. GONZALEZ CONVENTION CENTER SAN ANTONIO, TX

GENERAL CONFERENCE SPONSOR http://ace2012.awma.org/ 800-270-3444

REGISTER OR CALL US TODAY!

ES&E Mar2012_4_2012 12-04-12 4:20 PM Page 97

Environmental Science & Engineering Magazine

ACG Technology............................99

Air & Waste Management Assoc. .97

Air Liquide Canada........................64

American Public University ..........45

American Water .............................49

American Water Works Assoc.70-71

Associated Engineering..................5

Avensys Solutions.........................55

AWI ..................................................17

Barr Plastics...................................22

C&M Env. Technologies ................31

CALA...............................................73

Canadian Safety.............................24

Canadian Water Summit ...............96

CCS Corporation ......................20-21

CIMA+ .............................................35

City of Barrie ..................................51

Cole Engineering ...........................44

Concept Controls...........................48

Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute ..100

D’Aqua Technologies ....................32

Delcan Water ..................................33

Denso .............................................11

Duperon .........................................65

Endress + Hauser ..........................15

exp Global ......................................73

FedDev Ontario ..............................10

Gorman-Rupp.................................25

Greatario.........................................57

Greyline Instruments.....................36

H2Flow............................................24

Heron Instruments.........................37

Hoskin Scientific......................12, 63

Huber Technology ...........................9

Imbrium Systems...........................59

IPEX.................................................43

John Meunier .................................18

Kemira.............................................36

KSB Pumps ....................................61

Levelton Consultants ....................59

Master Meter.....................................3

Minotaur Stormwater Services.....54

MSU Mississauga ..........................27

Mueller Canada ..............................68

Orival...............................................19

Osprey Scientific ...........................46

Pro Aqua.........................................39

ProMinent .........................................2

Schneider Electric .........................29

SEW-Eurodrive...............................32

Smith & Loveless...........................14

Solinst Canada...............................23

Spill Management ..........................91

Stantec............................................46

Tervita ........................................20-21

The City of Barrie...........................51

USF Fabrication .............................40

Veolia Water ...................................18

Water for People ............................67

Waterloo Biofilter ...........................35

Waterra ........................34, 41, 60, 72

WEFTEC..........................................82

XCG Consultants ...........................48

Xylem ................................................7

Xypex ..............................................47

Legal Affairs

The federal government is fail-ing to enforce its own environ-mental laws, according to anew report from Ecojustice.

Getting Tough on Environmental Crimeanalyzes available enforcement informa-tion, under several federal environmentallaws, and finds the federal government isunderperforming on many fronts. It foundthat the number of inspections and warn-ings issued under the Canadian Environ-mental Protection Act (CEPA) has declinedsince 2005/06, despite an increased num-ber of enforcement officers.

The number of CEPA investigations,prosecutions, and convictions has also de-clined steadily since 2003/04. “The aver-age number of convictions under CEPAis about 20 per year, which is extremelylow in relation to the number of inspec-tions, warnings and investigations,” saysWilliam Amos, Director of the EcojusticeClinic at the University of Ottawa and co-author of the report. “Considering that thethreat of conviction is crucial to deterringpolluters, these low numbers cast seriousdoubt on the effectiveness of CEPA en-forcement in preventing environmentalcrime.”

Average fines for environmental of-fenders, which amount to about $10,000per CEPA conviction, are also too low toserve as an effective deterrent for would-be polluters, according to the report. Ittook Environment Canada more than 20years to collect $2.4-million in finesunder CEPA. In comparison, the TorontoPublic Library collected $2.6-million infines for overdue books in 2009 alone.

The report found that enforcement datagathered under different federal environ-mental laws is often inconsistent, incom-plete and hard to access. Very limitedinformation identifying environmental of-fenders, incident location and the exactnature of the violation is then disclosed tothe public. Data on compliance rates byregulated entities is not publicly available.

“The Canadian government shouldmake all information about pollution, en-vironmental degradation and enforcementefforts publicly available online,” Amossaid. The report recommends adopting an

online enforcement disclosure approachsimilar to the US Environmental Protec-tion Agency’s Enforcement and Compli-ance History Online (ECHO).

The report also offers a series of rec-ommendations about how the govern-ment can do better:

• Provide sufficient resources for allenvironmental enforcement departments,to ensure quality reporting and qualitycontrol.

• Establish a comprehensive onlinedatabase to provide full disclosure ofcompliance and enforcement of all fed-eral environmental laws.

• Release all non-confidential enforce-ment information concerning regulatedentities (i.e. businesses and municipali-ties), including inspections, investiga-tions, warnings, orders, prosecutions,convictions, penalties and fines.

For more information, visit www.ecojustice.ca

Ecojustice says feds are failing to enforce Canada’s environmental laws

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Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine March-April 2012