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Kn x`he `viegdzeéì` k}d|xkn n{dxe| ldvl{g|xæglde| kn u{k xknq`#hdgmkdv` k fè `gxehk |ì` hk|qkvhdéeh`|' Qevklk u{k k|xen`|hdvdidgh` l`n `| ovkd`| q{}eh`| k u{k gì` må gehe ge|kgivkgeikg|' @ u{k u{kvkn`| ä {n f`n oc{}` hk exd dhehk| kdgo`vneéûk| k vkl{v|`| ehku{eh`| u{k |{q`vxkn |{e k}kl{éì`'U{kvkn`| xvefecm`| u{k |kjen okdx`| hk o`vne lvdexd e k dg` eh`ve'U{kvkn`| {ne ef`vheikn qeve |{q`vxev ` hk|kj` dgex` he| qk||è|

kn nkcm`vev e o`vne l`n` xvefecmen dghd dh{ecnkgxk k l`n`ku{dqk' U{kvkn`| {ne ik|xì` fe|kehe kn qv`lk||`|'

E odc`|òde he ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| k|xå vk|{ndhe e |ki{dv:@| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`| |ì` l`ckéûk| hk exd dhehk| n{cxdo{gld`ged|u{k òkvklkn ec`v e`| lcdkgxk| he `viegdzeéì` k hkned| qevxk|dgxkvk||ehe|' Kck| |ì` e o`vne l`n` {ne knqvk|e kgxvkiev ec`v e`|k{ lcdkgxk' Åvke| o{gld`ged| gì` q`hkn d|`cehenkgxk o`vgklkv ec`v

e` lcdkgxk' Hd||` vk|{cxe u{k {ne `viegdzeéì` k}kl{xe |{e k|xvexäideexve ä| hk |k{| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`|' @| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld` |ì` e o`vne exve ä| he u{ec ` ec`v ä xv`leh` kgxvk `| lcdkgxk| k e`viegdzeéì`' Q`vxegx`# `| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`| qvkld|en |kv l{dheh`|enkgxk ikvdh`| k eqvdn`veh`| l`gxdg{enkgxk qeve negxkv

6 @ xkvn` –lcdkgxk„ ä {|eh` g` |kgxdh` ikvec qeve dghdlev u{ecu{kv qk||è ̀ { iv{q` u{kvklkfk ec`v hk `{xv`|



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ 5=

{ne l`g|xegxk xv`le hk ec`v kgxvk `viegdzeéì`# lcdkgxk| k hkned| qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe|'

Lehe kz ned|# e| `viegdzeéûk| u{k hkn`g|xven cdhkvegée k ecx`hk|knqkgm` k|xì` eh`xegh` {ne ef`vheikn hk ik|xì` fe|kehe knqv`lk||`|' E ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| hk k# egxk| hk x{h`# e{nkgxev `

ec`v lvdeh` q`v {ne `viegdzeéì`# l`g|xv{dgh` {n enfdkgxkl`cef`vexd ` hk ikveéì` k dnqcknkgxeéì` hk dhkde| hk nkcm`vde kdg` eéì`# g` u{ec `| l`cef`veh`vk| |ì` k|xdn{ceh`| e eqvdn`vevl`gxdg{enkgxk |{e o`vne hk xvefecmev' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä

{n dnq`vxegxk nklegd|n` u{k xkn |dh` enqcenkgxk eh`xeh` qevel``vhkgev e| dgdldexd e| hk FQN k qkvqkx{ev |k{| fkgkoîld`| q`vx`he e `viegdzeéì`' Ä# q`vxegx`# `viegdzeh`v he| hd kv|e| dgdldexd e|hk o`vne e ievegxdv {ne kokxd e eivkieéì` hk ec`v l`n ` FQN' E||{e| vk|q`g|efdcdhehk| |ì`:

… Xveh{zdv e d|ì` k|xvexäide qeve e `qkveéì`2… Qv`n` kv e nkcm`vde l`gxdg{e h`| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`|2… O`nkgxev e dg` eéì` k lvdexd dhehk ge| eéûk| hk qv`lk||`|2… L``vhkgev e| exd dhehk| hk nkcm`vde k dg` eéì` hk qv`lk||`|

exve ä| hk {ne ef`vheikn hk ik|xì` hk q`vxoücd`2… El`nqegmev `| fkgkoîld`| kgxvki{k| e qevxdv he nkcm`vde k he

ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde h`| qv`lk||`|2… Hkodgdv k negxkv näx`h`| k okvvenkgxe| hk eq`d` qeve e|

dgdldexd e| hk FQN2… Hev eq`d` á| exd dhehk| hk ik|xì` he n{hegée h{vegxk `|

qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|2… O`vgklkv vkl{v|`| dgxkvg`| qeve ` k|x{h`# qk|u{d|e k k `c{éì`

hk FQN ge `viegdzeéì`2… Eq`dev ` {|` hk |d|xkne| k `{xve| xklg`cìde| vkceld`gehe| á

FQN2… L`nqevxdcmev k hd||kndgev l`gmkldnkgx`| vkceld`geh`| e

qv`lk||`| k vk|{cxeh`| fkn |{lkhdh`| l`n FQN'




@ K|lvdxüvd` ä ` i{evhdì` hk nkx`h`cìde|# {ne o`gxk hkel`g|kcmenkgx` k `vdkgxeéì`# {n eikgxk hk l``vhkgeéì` qevex`h`| `| xvefecm`| hk qv`lk||`|# {n el`nqegmeh`v h`| vk|{cxeh`|k {n ik|x`v u{k ievegxk e ehkvêglde h` u{k k|xå |kgh` okdx`' \k{qeqkc dvå n{hev e` c`gi` h` xknq`' Kn {ne `viegdzeéì` g` e geik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# k|qkve.|k u{k ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|k}kvée {n qeqkc ned| dgxkg|`' L`n ` e{nkgx` h` gî kc hknex{vdhehk kn FQN# {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`| |kvì` leqezk| hkvkecdzev dgdldexd e| hk qv`lk||`| l`n q`{l` eq`d` h` K|lvdxüvd`'

E lvdeéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä {ne xkghêglde n{ghdec'@viegdzeéûk| l`n {n K|lvdxüvd` fkgkodlden.|k hk o`vne ned| lcevek l`n vk|{cxeh`| l`glvkx`| hk |{e| dgdldexd e| hk FQN e qevxdv hk{ne ik|xì` fe|kehe kn qv`lk||`|# vk|{cxegh` kn nkcm`vhk|knqkgm` ic`fec'

\{q`vxegh` e| k dhêglde| k e| k}qklxexd e| hk u{k ` FQN dvånkcm`vev ` hk|knqkgm` `viegdzeld`gec# må {ne lvk|lkgxk fe|k hk

heh`| knqîvdl`|' [n dghdlexd ` hd|x` k|xå vkqvk|kgxeh` ge| Odi{ve|5 k 6 u{k n`|xven {n k|x{h` hk kodlålde kn FQN'




Odi{ve 5: Dnqelx` hk FQN




E Odi{ve 5 n`|xve {n e{nkgx` |digdodlexd ` hk nkcm`vde| lceve| knkg|{vå kd| g`| qv`jkx`| hk FQN g`| u{ed| k}d|xk {n K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`|' Egecìenkgxk# e Odi{ve 6 dghdle u{k `| fkgkoîld`| h`|qv`jkx`| hk FQN |ì` n{dx` ned| |{|xkgxå kd| le|` k}d|xe {nK|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| exd `'

Odi{ve 6: Vkecdzeéì` h`| Fkgkoîld`|




Odi{ve <: \{lk||` h`| Qv`jkx`| hk FQN




@ vkcexüvd` he FQXvkgh|<

# E\{v kt ò F{|dgk|| Qv`lk|| Dgdxdexd k|#xenfän l`vv`f`ve e lv deéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' EOdi{ve < hk|xele {ne l`vvkceéì` dgkiå kc kgxvk ` |{lk||` hk {nqv`jkx` hk FQN k e k}d|xêglde hk {ne ku{dqk hkhdlehe `{ {nLkgxv` hk K}lkcêglde -K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|$' Gk|xk k|x{h`# e|úgdle| `viegdzeéûk| u{k vkcexeven qv`jkx`| n{dx` fkn |{lkhdh`|kn FQN xdgmen {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| `{ ku{d eckgxk'

[ne vklkgxk qk|u{d|e# Xmk \xexk ò F{|dgk|| Qv`lk|| Negeiknkgx “6151 vkcexe u{k h`d| xkvé`| h`| kgxvk d|xeh`| xdgmen eci{ne o`vne

hk K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| kn |{e| `viegdzeéûk|' Qeve hev {nk}knqc` hk {n k|x{h` hk le|` k|qklîodl`# ` Fegl` Ykcc| Oevi`vkq`vxe u{k# e qevxdv h` eq`d` k dglkgxd ` h` |k{ Lkgxv` hkK}lkcêglde kn FQN# `| k|o`vé`| hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|qkvndxdven {ne kl`g`nde eg{ec hk <1 ndcmûk| hk hücevk| kn x`h`` fegl`' E qevxdv hk {n {gd kv|` qku{kg`# lkvle hk <1 {gdhehk|eqv` even ` FQN l`n` odc`|òde hk ik|xì`# k e||dn ` Ykcc| Oevi`xkn hk|kg `c dh` dnq`vxegxk l`nqkxêglde dgxkvge# k dxegh` l{|x`|

l`n e l`gxvexeéì` hk vkl{v|`| k}xkvg`|' @{xve| kl`g`nde| ên heqehv`gdzeéì` k vk{xdcdzeéì` hk qv`lk||`|'

G` Fegl` Ykcc| Oevi` 8

N{dx`| dven e lvdeéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| l`n` {nenkxe e |kv eclegéehe {ne kz u{k e nex{vdhehk `viegdzeld`gec knFQN e{nkgxe' Elvkhdxen`| u{k ` K|lvdxüvd` gì` |kje {n `fjkxd `

` xvefecm` hk nkcm`vde k ikvkgldenkgx` hkqv`lk||`| ä okdx` ge| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`| |{q`vxehe| qkc` |k{K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' \kn ` o`l` lkgxvecdzeh` k vkl{v|`|o`vgkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd`# n{dxe| hk||e| nkcm`vde| hk hk|knqkgm``viegdzeld`gec hk hk|knqkgm` ̀ viegdzeld`gec gì` xkvden ̀ l`vvdh`'

< FQXvkgh|# 6151# Xmk \xexk ò F{|dgk|| Qv`lk|| Negeiknkgx# Lkcde Y`co# Qe{c Mevn`g-kh|$: yyy'fqxvkgh|'l`n 8 6151# Qe{c Xezfez# Kgxkvqvd|k Evlmdxklx{vk# Ykcc| Oevi` Fegb# Evlmdxklxdgi FQNXmv`{im e Lkgxkv ò K}lkcckglk ex Ykcc| oevi` Fegb# Qv`lk|| het L`gokvkglk# 6? J{ct6151

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enfdld`|`# ne| {n nklegd|n` dxec qeve |kv lvdeh` hk|hk ` dgdld`#hk o`vne e qv`n` kv e dnqcknkgxeéì` fkn |{lkhdhe he ik|xì`fe|kehe kn qv`lk||`|'

Gk|xk xvefecm`# hk|kg `c kn`| {ne ef`vheikn efvegikgxk qeve ednqcknkgxeéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| u{k ä fe|kehe kn {nn`hkc` hk vkokvêglde l`n nkcm`vk| qvåxdle|# qvìvene| hkkh{leéì`# exd dhehk| hk hk|kg `c dnkgx` qvåxdl`#lèlmdgi knkgx`vdgiqeve ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk l`nqkxêglde|'

Kgxkghkn`| u{k k}d|xkn xvê| qdcevk| hk hk|kg `c dnkgx` qeve `k|xefkckldnkgx` hk {n K|lvdxüvd`:e$ N`hkc` hk Vkokvêglde qeve {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| “ {nvkq`|dxüvd` hk n`hkc`| hk qv`lk||`| hk vkokvêglde#xknqcexk|k fè|qvåxdle| qeve k|xv{x{veéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|# hk el`vh`l`n e| qevxdl{cevdhehk| hk lehe `viegdzeéì`2

f$ Qvìvene hk Hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk L`nqkxêglde| kn FQN “ [n

qvìvene efvegikgxk hk xvkdgenkgx` qeve ievegxdv u{k e ku{dqkdgxkvge xkgme e| mefdcdhehk| k l`gmkldnkgx`| qeve eq`dev e`viegdzeéì` g` |k{ hk|kg `c dnkgx`# e qevxdv he {xdcdzeéì` hkef`vheikg| k okvvenkgxe| hk ik|xì` fe|kehe kn qv`lk||`|'

l$ Dnqcknkgxeéì` kn @ghe| “ dnqcegxeéì` qvìvk||d e h`||kv dé`| òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| hk|kg `c kv enex{vdhehk kn FQN hk {ne o`vne l`gxv`cehe' @ |{lk||` dgdldec gèxkghdnkgx` he| gklk||dhehk| he| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`| äo{ghenkgxec qeve k}qeg|ì` he l{cx{ve hk qv`lk||`|'

Elvkhdxen |̀ u{k ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk l`nqkxêglde dgxkvge hk ecxeu{ecdhehk qeve e `qkveéì` l`gxîg{e h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä {nqvä.vku{d|dx` qeve {n |{lk||` |{|xkgxå kc'




Xkv {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| kn f`n o{gld`genkgx` xenfänvk|{cxevå kn {n ned`v l`nqv`nkxdnkgx` h`| ikvkgxk| l`n `|qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde k eéûk| he ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde h`| qv`lk||`|#q`vu{k kck| |efkvì` u{k e ej{he hk k|qkldecd|xe| k|xå qv`gxenkgxkhd|q`gî kc hkgxv` he `viegdzeéì`'

@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä {n lexecd|eh`v qeve e xveg|o`vneéì` he`viegdzeéì`' Kck o`vgklk e dgovek|xv{x{ve hk eq`d` e`hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk {ne nkgxecdhehk `viegdzeld`gec kn u{k –hde|dn# hde xenfän„ må `q`vx{gdhehk| qeve x`h`| `| o{gld`gåvd`|

hk|l`fvdvkn k dnqcknkgxevkn o`vne| dg` eh`ve| hk kgxvkiev ec`ve`| lcdkgxk| k hkned| qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe|'

U{ecdhehk qeve e `qkveéì` l`gxîg{e h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä{n qvä.vku{d|dx` qeve ` |{lk||` |{|xkgxå kc' Xkv {n K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| kn f`n o{gld`genkgx` xenfän vk|{cxevå kn {n ned`vl`nqv`nkxdnkgx` h`| ikvkgxk| l`n `| qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde keéûk| he ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde h`| qv`lk||`|# q`vu{k kck| |efkvì` u{k

e ej{he hk k|qkldecd|xe| k|xå qv`gxenkgxk hd|q`gî kc hkgxv` he`viegdzeéì`'




\KÉÌ@ 6@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|







6'5 KGXVKIEGH@ _EC@V EXVE_Ä\ H@\QV@LK\\@\

E| `viegdzeéûk| kgxvkien ec`v e`| |k{| lcdkgxk| k `{xve| qevxk|dgxkvk||ehe| exve ä| hk |k{| qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`' Gì` må `{xvenegkdve' E| åvke| o{gld`ged| |`zdgme| gì` l`g|ki{kn kgxvkiev xec

ec`v' FQN ä {ne odc`|òde hk ikvkgldenkgx` m`cî|xdle u{k oeldcdxe ekgxvkie hk qv`h{x`| |{|xkgxå kc k fkgäodle qeve x`h`| `|kg `c dh`|' \ki{k.|k xenfän# q`vxegx`# u{k x`he `viegdzeéì`

k}kl{xe |k{ hdvkld`genkgx` k|xvexäidl` exve ä| hk qv`lk||`| hkgkiüld`' E |kuóêglde he k|xvexäide á k}kl{éì` q`||{d e| |ki{dgxk|levelxkvî|xdle|:

… @viegdzeéûk| k}d|xkn qeve kgxvkiev ec`v e`| lcdkgxk| k qevxk|dgxkvk||ehe|' D|x` ä hkodgdh` q`v |{e k|xvexäidle2

… Kce| oezkn d||` exve ä| hk {ne |ävdk hk exd dhehk| l``vhkgehe|u{k qkvnkden hd kv|`| kcknkgx`| o{gld`ged| he `viegdzeéì`'

D|x` ä {n qv`lk||`2… Oez |kgxdh` `xdndzev k||k| qv`lk||`| e odn hk |exd|oezkv e|

gklk||dhehk| h`| lcdkgxk| k `{xve| qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe|' D|x` änkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|2

… E` |k e||{ndv {ne d|ì` l``vhkgehe h` hk|knqkgm` hk x`h`|`| qv`lk||`| qkc`| u{ed| {ne `viegdzeéì` kgxvkie ec`v#`xdndze.|k ` hk|knqkgm` ic`fec' D|x` ä ik|xì` h`| qv`lk|| |̀2

… E ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`| qkvndxk u{k e| `viegdzeéûk| où{kn knqv`lk||`| u{k lvden e hdokvkgldeéì` g` nkvleh` hk|lvdxe qkcek|xvexäide' D|x` ä k}kl{éì`'

E kvhehkdve eidcdhehk `viegdzeld`gec k hk|knqkgm` dhkec ên h`qvò{gh` kgxkghdnkgx` h`| qv`lk||`| u{k kgxvkien ec`v' [neenqce l`nqkxêglde `viegdzeld`gec kn FQN ä {ne egxeiknq`hkv`|e qeve eu{kce| `viegdzeéûk| u{k eqvkghkn e k}kl{xev

kokxd enkgxk ` ikvkgldenkgx` fe|keh` kn qv`lk||`|'




6'6 HKODGDGH@ QV@LK\\@

K}d|xkn n{dxe| hkodgdéûk| hk qv`lk||` hk gkiüld` k hdokvkgxk|n`h`| hk qkg|ev |`fvk |{e egåcd|k k ikvkgldenkgx`' Xkn`| {ne

d|ì` enqce hk {n qv`lk||` hk gkiüld`' Qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`xveg|o`vnen kgxvehe| kn |eîhe| hk el`vh` l`n lkvxe| vkive| kvk|xvdéûk|# k |ì` mefdcdxeh`| q`v hd kv|e| qk||è|# |d|xkne| kdg|xeceéûk|'

Kck| k}d|xkn qeve kgxvkiev ec`v e`| lcdkgxk| k `{xve| qevxk|dgxkvk||ehe|' Qv`lk||`| gì` k}d|xkn hk o`vne d|`cehe' E |eîhe hk{n qv`lk||` ä |knqvk e kgxvehe hk `{xv`' @| qv`lk||`| d kn kn{n kl`||d|xkne n{cxdoelkxeh` k gì` |ì` l`nq`|x`| eqkge| hk|ku{êglde| hk exd dhehk| |dnqck|'

Gk||e d|ì` m`cî|xdle h` qv`lk||`# e||{ndn`| u{k u{k|xûk|–k}xkvge|„ -xec l`n` |exd|oeéì` h` lcdkgxk# gî kd| hk |kv dé`#u{ecdhehk# vk{xdcdzeéì` kxl'$ oezkn qevxk h` ikvkgldenkgx` fe|keh`kn qv`lk||`| he nk|ne o`vne u{k u{k|xûk| –dgxkvge|„ -xec l`n`dhkgxdodleéì` hk qkvhe|# vkh{éì` h` xknq` h` ldlc`# veld`gecdzeéì`hk qe||eikg| hk fe|xì` k |dnqcdodleéì` hk vkive|$'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ <1

6'< KGOVKGXEGH@ HK\EOD@\

X`he| e| `viegdzeéûk| hk|kjen `xdndzev |k{| |kv dé`|# kcdndgevqkvhe|# vkh{zdv ` xknq` hk ldlc`# nkcm`vev u{ecdhehk# e{nkgxevqv`h{xd dhehk# vkh{zdv l{|x`|# k dxev vkxvefecm`# qv`|qklxev`q`vx{gdhehk| k kcdndgev l{|x`| hk|gklk||åvd`|' Kce| u{kvkn oezkvd||` hk {n n`h` u{k |kje |{|xkgxå kc k u{k qv`n` e {n vkx`vg`|`fvk ` dg k|xdnkgx` kn egåcd|k k dnqcegxeéì` hk nkcm`vde|'Xveg|okvdv {n qv`fckne hk {ne åvke á `{xve gì` ä ` `fjkxd `' Äqvkld|` me kv {ne ef`vheikn l`kvkgxk u{k dhkgxdodu{k qv`fckne|k `q`vx{gdhehk|# |{e| le{|e| k hkqkghêglde|# k kgxì` hkvd k|`c{éûk| -XD# VM k `{xve|$ u{k `xdndzkn vk|{cxeh`| e qevxdv he d|ì`hk qv`lk||`|'

G`| úcxdn`| eg`|# n{dxe| `viegdzeéûk| xên vkecdzeh` dg k|xdnkgx`||digdodlexd `| kn {ne kg`vnk evdkhehk hk dgdldexd e| hk ik|xì` hkqv`lk||`| qeve eclegéev k|xk| odg|' N{dx`| qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde kikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`lk||`| xên ck eh` e n{hegée| |digdodlexd e|l`n` e{nkgx` he kodldêglde `qkveld`gec# g` e| òkvxe| hk |kv dé`|#e{x`neéì` hk qv`lk||`|# vko`vé` g` n`gdx`venkgx` hkhk|knqkgm`# vkhk|kgm` he k|xv{x{ve `viegdzeld`gec# kgxvkie hkk.|kv dlk|k l`go`vndhehk vki{cexüvde# qeve ldxev eqkge| eci{g|'

Kgxvkxegx`# e l`g|`cdheéì` he ik|xì` fe|kehe kn qv`lk||`| äqevldecnkgxk hdodl{cxehe qkc` oex` hk FQN# l`n` {ne hd|ldqcdge#

edghe levklkv hk {ne ef`vheikn hk ikvkgldenkgx` {gdodlehe'L`g|ku{kgxknkgxk ä l`n{n u{k núcxdqce| dgdldexd e| hk ik|xì` hkqv`lk||`| l`n hdokvkgxk| qv`q`|xe| |kjen l`gh{zdhe| hk n`h`d|`ceh` hkgxv` hk {ne `viegdzeéì`' D||` ck e e {ne {xdcdzeéì`cdndxehe hk |dgkvide| k e {n vkx`vg` vkh{zdh` |`fvk ` dg k|xdnkgx`'Gk|xk enfdkgxk# e eh`éì` hk ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`| ä ned| hdoîldc# l`nk|o`vé`| hd|qkghd`|`| k oveinkgxeh`|# k |kn l`g|`cdheéì` h`|fkgkoîld`| vkceld`geh`|'











l$ Ef`vheikg| l`g|d|xkgxk|# vkqv`h{xî kd| k l`godå kd| ge egåcd|k kikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`lk||`|2h$ Mefdcdhehk vko`véehe qeve dhkgxdodlev `qéûk| dg` eh`ve| hkvkhk|kgm` hk qv`lk||`|2k$ [xdcdzeéì` üxdne hk vkl{v|`| qeve vkh{zdv l{|x`| `qkveld`ged| o$Xvkdgenkgx` qehv`gdzeh` kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| qkce`viegdzeéì`2i$ Ned`v |{lk||` g`| qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`| m$ Gî kd|lvk|lkgxk| hk nex{vdhehk kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| ck egh` e {nnkcm`v hk|knqkgm` ̀ viegdzeld`gec2

d$ Vkcexüvd`| h` hk|knqkgm` hk qv`lk||`| eqvdn`veh`| oeldcdxeghè nkcm`vde l`gxîg{e2j$ Nkcm`v x`nehe hk hkld|ì` ge hkxkvndgeéì` hk qvd`vdhehk| h`|qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`|2b$ @q`vx{gdhehk| lvk|lkgxk| g` l`nqevxdcmenkgx` k l`cef`veéì`qeve kokxd ` vk{|` hk vkl{v|`|2c$ Nkcm`v ecdgmenkgx` hk k|xvexäide k qv`lk||` qeve e{nkgxevqv`h{xd dhehk k eidcdhehk2

n$ Ned`v mefdcdhehk qeve hk|kg `c kv k dnqcknkgxev k|xvexäide|kokxd e| hk XD kk.|kv dlk|'

Knf`ve e dnqcknkgxeéì` kn `viegdzeéûk| k|qklîodle| q`||e evdevhk el`vh` l`n e| ldvl{g|xæglde|# e ef`vheikn hk|lvdxe gk|xkh`l{nkgx` eclegéevå x`h`| k||k| `fjkxd `|'

Hk|kg `c kv ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| gì` el`gxklk he g`dxk qeve `hde' [ne dnqcknkgxeéì` kn `ghe| ä gklk||åvde qeve l`g|xv{dv e|l`nqkxêglde| vku{d|dxehe| l`n ` xknq`' D||` |kvå hd|l{xdh` l`nned`vk| hkxecmk| ge \kéì` <# `ghk hkodgdn`| ` hk|kg `c dnkgx`qvìvk||d ` kn xvê| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk `viegdzeld`gec'

X`he| e| `viegdzeéûk| qvkld|en u{k |k{| hd kv|`| l`cef`veh`vk|k|xkjen dg|qdveh`|# dgo`vneh`| k eq`deh`| qeve lmkiev e` xvefecm`x`h`| `| hde| qv`l{vegh` vk|`c kv {n qv`fckne hk qv`lk||` `{





K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ <?

6'; HKODGDGH@ @ K\L@Q@ HK EX[EÉÌ@H@ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\

@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| gì` e||{nk ` l`gxv`ck he|vk|q`g|efdcdhehk| k}d|xkgxk h`| ikvkgxk| hk cdgme' E|vk|q`g|efdcdhehk| he| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld` gì` |ì` ecxkvehe|' @K|lvdxüvd` q`||{d {n qeqkc hk cdhkvegée k eq`d` qeve kvdodlev |k e|dgdldexd e| k|xì` |kgh` l`glc{îhe| l`vvkxenkgxk' Kck qv`q`vld`ge{n q`gx` lkgxvec kn xkvn`| hk l``vhkgeéì`# l`n{gdleéì` klèlmdgi' Kck kgl`veje k oeldcdxe e {xdcdzeéì` he| okvvenkgxe| kxälgdle| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| he `viegdzeéì`'

@| n`hkc`| hk `qkveéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| q`hkn x`nevhd kv|e| o`vne|' @ K|lvdxüvd` q`hk |kv hk|kgmeh` k dnqcknkgxeh`qeve o{gld`gev exve ä| hk {n k|qklxv` u{k ed he dgxkv kgéì` ádgoc{êglde# l`go`vnk hkn`g|xveh` ge Odi{ve 8'

Odi{ve 8: N`hkc` hk @qkveéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|

[n K|lvdxüvd` q`hk |kv l`godi{veh` qeve xkv {n qeqkc o`vxknkgxkdgxkv kgld`gd|xe k e{x`vdxåvd` g` u{ec k|xå o`vnecnkgxkl`gxv`cegh` `{xve| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld` kn |{e| dgdldexd e| hk

ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|' H` `{xv` ceh` h` k|qklxv`# ` K|lvdxüvd` q`hk





K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ <=

hk vkq`vxk' [n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| kokxd ` k|xå cå qeve |kv dv e`gkiüld` k gì` qeve hdvkld`gå.c`' E Odi{ve ; n`|xve e d|ì` hk ecx`gî kc h`| |kv dé`| k qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`| hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`|'

Odi{ve ;: \kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|

Ä dnq`vxegxk kgoexdzev k||e hdokvkgée kgxvk `| |kv dé`| k qv`lk||`|dgxkvg`| -`{ v`xdge|$ h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' Q`v |kv dé`#hkodgdn`| l`n` e leqeldhehk u{k ä òkvkldhe k l`g|{ndhe qkcened`vde h`| lcdkgxk| dgxkvg`| h` K|lvdxüvd` -{gdhehk| hk gkiüld`$'Q`v qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`|# hkodgdn`| l`n` eu{kce| exd dhehk| u{khk kn |kv hk|knqkgmehe| ehku{ehenkgxk qkc` K|lvdxüvd` hkn`h` u{k `| |kv dé`| q`||en |kv òkvkldh`| e`| lcdkgxk|' K||k|qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`| ievegxkn u{k e| hkneghe| hk |kv dé`| |kjenqvd`vdzehe| k `| |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| |kjenkokxd enkgxk l`glkfdh`|# kgxvki{k| k nkcm`veh`| l`gxdg{enkgxk'

@| |kv dé`| òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` qeve e `viegdzeéì` k|xì`lexki`vdzeh`| xegx` l`n` –\kv dé`| hk Nkcm`vde hk Qv`lk||`|„ `{l`n` –\kv dé`| he Ik|xì` h` Hde.e.Hde h`| Qv`lk||`|„' \kv dé`| hknkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`| |ì` exd dhehk| l`n` n`hkceikn# egåcd|k kvkhk|kgm` hk qv`lk||`|# u{k |ì` l`g|{ndh`| qkc`| qv`jkx`|' Eci{g|




qv`jkx`| vku{d|dxevì` {n ned`v kg `c dnkgx` h` K|lvdxüvd` h` u{k`{xv`| -gk|xk le|` eu{kce| exd dhehk| |kvì` hk|kg `c dhe| qkce|qvüqvde| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`$'

\kv dé`| hk ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde dglc{kn exd dhehk| l`n`neg{xkgéì` he evu{dxkx{ve k vkq`|dxüvd` hk qv`lk||`|# eq`d` ánkhdéì` hk hk|knqkgm` k kh{leéì` g`| l`glkdx`| hk ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`|' Kck| |ì` |kv dé`| ikvecnkgxk k}kl{xeh`|qkvd`hdlenkgxk# e` dg ä| hk q`v qv`jkx`|'

E nex{vdhehk he ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| he `viegdzeéì` dgoc{kglde `gî kc hk kg `c dnkgx` h` K|lvdxüvd` kn exd dhehk| hk nkcm`vde kikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`lk||`|'

@ `fjkxd ` ic`fec `viegdzeld`gec ä lvdev {ne l{cx{ve hk nkcm`vdel`gxîg{e2 {ne l{cx{ve `ghk x`h` l`cef`veh`v -k x`he| e| qevxk|dgxkvk||ehe|$ k|xå |knqvk f{|legh` o`vne| hk kgxvkiev nkcm`vk|vk|{cxeh`|' Gì` ä qeqkc h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| oezkv x`he e

nkcm`vde k ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde h`| qv`lk||`| he `viegdzeéì`'

@ K|lvdxüvd` ä ` ehndgd|xveh`v he| nkx`h`cìde|# {ne o`gxk hkl`g|kcm` k hdvkld`genkgx`# {n q`gx` hk l``vhkgeéì` qeve x`h`xvefecm` hk qv`lk||`# {n eq`gxeh`v k {n ik|x`v hk l`go`vndhehk'@ K|lvdxüvd` hk|knqkgmevå {n qeqkc hdokvkgxk kn `viegdzeéûk|hd kv|e|' L`n` n`|xveh` ge Odi{ve ?# |k{ qeqkc kn {ne úgdle`viegdzeéì` xenfän n{hevå exve ä| h` xknq`'






@| |kv dé`| òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| |ì` l`g|{ndh`|qkce| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`' Kn eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk| e| {gdhehk|hk gkiüld` q`hkn |kv hdvkld`gehe| e {xdcdzev `| |kv dé`| h`K|lvdxüvd` e` dg ä| hk vkl{v|`| k}xkvg`|' Kn `{xve|# e| {gdhehk| hkgkiüld` q`hkn k|l`cmkv |k kck| u{kvkn |k eckv h`| |kv dé`| h`K|lvdxüvd` `{ gì`' Xdqdlenkgxk# |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde hkqv`lk||`| |ì` neghexüvd`| ge ned`vde he| `viegdzeéûk|'Ef`vheikg| qeve o`vgkldnkgx` k {xdcdzeéì` h`| |kv dé`| hknkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`| q`hkn evdev'









E` e ecdev k||k| heh`|# ` qvdgldqec e{x`v h` vkcexüvd`# Qe{c Mevn`g#l`nkgxe: –G`||e k}qkvdêglde ä u{k e| `viegdzeéûk| u{k xvefecmen|kvdenkgxk g` gî kc l`vq`vexd `# ikvecnkgxk xên |k{| iv{q`| hkIk|xì` hk Qv`lk||`| g` gî kc l`vq`vexd `# vkq`vxegh`.|k qeve {ngî kc k}kl{xd ` `{ e {n l`ndxê k}kl{xd `# l`n` qcegkjenkgx` `{k|xvexäide' E| `viegdzeéûk| u{k xên `| iv{q`| hk qv`lk||`| hkgkiüld`| c`lecdzeh`| ge| åvke| hk XD `{ L`gxv`ck he U{ecdhehkikvecnkgxk xên {ne qkv|qklxd e ned| cdndxehe kn Ik|xì` q`vQv`lk||`| k |k kgl`gxven eqkge| kn qevxk hk x`he e ik|xì`qv`lk||`|„

Odi{ve 9: C`lecdzeéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|

E k}qkvdêglde |{ikvk u{k {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ikvecnkgxkxvefecmevå nkcm`v |k o`v {ne {gdhehk lkgxvecdzehe od|dlenkgxk# e`dg ä| hk |kv hd dhdhe q`v x`he e `viegdzeéì`' Kn {ne iveghk




`viegdzeéì` ikìveodlenkgxk hd|qkv|e# `ghk k}d|xkn hd kv|`|xvefecm`| hk qv`lk||`| kn l{v|`# q`hk |kv úxdc hd|q`v hk K|lvdxüvd`|c`led| vkq`vxegh`.|k e {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| l`vq`vexd `'




6'9 DGXKIVEGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HKQV@LK\\@\

Q`hkvì` k}d|xdv `{xv`| –K|lvdxüvd`|„ `{ {gdhehk| `viegdzeld`ged|l`n {n l`gj{gx` k|qklîodl` hk dgdldexd e| hk ik|xì` ge|`viegdzeéûk| n`hkvge|' Eci{g| k}knqc`| |ì`: K|lvdxüvd` hkIkvkgldenkgx` hk Qv`jkx`| -QN@$# ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Ik|xì`K|xvexäidle -@\N$# K|lvdxüvd` hk Ikvkgldenkgx` hk N{hegée|-@LN$ k `{xv`|' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| gì` hk k |kv d|x` l`n`{n |{f|xdx{x` hk gkgm{n hk||k|' Lehe {n o`vgklk {n |kv dé` hkeq`d` á ik|xì` l`nqcknkgxev k gì` l`gl`vvkgxk' L`go`vnk dghdleh`ge Odi{ve =# k}d|xkn n{dxe| qvåxdle| hk ik|xì` e |kvknl`g|dhkvehe|' E `viegdzeéì` hk qv`lk||`| vkl`gmklk e ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`| l`n` odc`|òde lkgxvec' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä#q`vxegx`# k||kgldec' Knf`ve e ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`| |kje {n |kv dé`qvkkndgkgxk hk eq`d`# hk k |kv dgxkivehe e` q`vxoücd` l`nqckx` hkik|xì`'

Odi{ve =: Q`vxoücd` hk _ec`vk| hk Ik|xì`







6'= VKL[V\@\ H@ K\LVDXÜVD@ HKQV@LK\\@\

E o`vne k ` xenegm` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| evden knhdokvkgxk| `viegdzeéûk| k e` c`gi` h` xknq` kn {ne úgdle`viegdzeéì`' Kn ikvec# hk ; e 51 qvòd||d`ged| xvefecmevì` g`|K|lvdxüvd`| hk Qv`lk||`|# nk|n` kn `viegdzeéûk| hk iveghk q`vxk#g` u{k xegik á kgxvkie h`| |kv dé`| l`n{g|' [n u{ehv` nkg`v hko{gld`gåvd`| q`hk |kv |{odldkgxk kn eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|' G`kgxegx`# {n gúnkv` ned`v hk qvòd||d`ged| q`hk |kv gklk||åvd`# |k` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| òkvklkv |kv dé`| ehdld`ged|' Ge Odi{ve 4#hkodgdn`| eci{g| qeqäd| `{ xdq`| hk xvefecm` u{k q`hkvì` |kvkgl`gxveh`| g` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' Lcev` u{k hd kv|`| qeqäd|q`hkn |kv hk|knqkgmeh`| q`v {ne úgdle qk||è k# kn `{xv`|le|`|# q`hk me kv ned| hk {ne qk||è kn {n qeqkc k|qklîodl`'




Odi{ve 4: Qeqäd| he ku{dqk h` K|lvdxüvd`

Vkockxdgh` e k|xv{x{ve hk |kv dé`| qeve ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|-Odi{ve ;$# k}d|xkn xvê| qvdgldqed| o`vne| hk ex{eéì`'

… @| |kv dé`| hk nkcm`vde hk Qv`lk||`| dgxkveikn l`n e|{gdhehk| hk gkiüld` qeve o`vgklkv {ne iene hk vkl{v|`| qeveqv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|2

… @| |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde hk qv`lk||`| |ì` lkgxved| qeve` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| k kg `c kn e lvdeéì` k neg{xkgéì` hkevu{dxkx{ve| hk qv`lk||`# nkx`h`cìde|# l`g kgéûk| kdgovek|xv{x{ve he ik|xì` k nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|2

… @ eq`d` h` K|lvdxüvd` efvegik x`he| e| exd dhehk| vkceld`gehe|l`n e ehndgd|xveéì`# ik|xì` hk |d|xkne| hk Xklg`cìde heDgo`vneéì` k e ik|xì` h`| vkl{v|`| hk l`gmkldnkgx` h`K|lvdxüvd`# dglc{dgh` {n n`hkc` hk vkq`|dxüvd` lkgxvec'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ;1

[ne lceve hd|xdgéì` hk k |kv okdxe kgxvk `| |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` h`hde.e.hde hk qv`lk||`| k `| hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|' @| qvdnkdv`||ì` o`leh`| kn l`g|xv{dv k ikvkgldev x`h`| `| kcknkgx`| l`n{g|gklk||åvd`| qeve ` |{lk||` h`| qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde hk Qv`lk||`|# kkg|dgev e| qk||è| e {|å.c`|' Jå `| úcxdn`| xvexen h` o`vgkldnkgx`hk vkl{v|`| qeve xvefecmev hdvkxenkgxk g`| qv`jkx`|'

Kn eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|# ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| qkvndxdvå u{k`| qvòd||d`ged| he| {gdhehk| hk gki`ld` k}kl{xkn |k{| qvüqvd`|qv`jkx`| “ kg|dgegh` k dg|xv{dgh`# ne| gì` e||{ndgh` ` l`gxv`ck'

@{xve| `viegdzeéûk| n`gxevì` ` K|lvdxüvd` hk n`h` u{k kck xkgmevkl{v|`| |{odldkgxk| qeve qv` kv qvòd||d`ged| k|qkldecdzeh`| qeveo`vnev ku{dqk| hk qv`jkx`| kn exkghdnkgx` á| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`'

\k ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| o`vgklkv |k{| qvòd||d`ged| qevexvefecmev q`v c`gi`| qkvî`h`| kn qv`jkx`| k|qklîodl`| -nkcm`vde hkqv`lk||`|$# ä gklk||åvd` xkv l{dheh` qeve qv`xkikv `| xvefecm`| hk

ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde k eq`d` h` K|lvdxüvd`' G` k}xvkn`# |k x`he| e|qk||è| xvefecmevkn kn qv`jkx`|# gì` må kokxd enkgxk# gkgm{nK|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|'

@ gúlck` hk o{gld`gåvd`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ikvecnkgxk|kvå qkvnegkgxk# |kgh` u{k q`hk |kv l`nqcknkgxeh` q`vqvòd||d`ged| k}xkvg`| qeve l`fvdv `| qkvî`h`| hk iveghk| qv`jkx`|#o`vgklkv l`gmkldnkgx`| k|qklîodl`|# `{ o`vgklkv dgo`vneéûk|k}xkvge|' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| q`hkvå negxkv {n u{ehv` hkqvòd||d`ged| qvä.l`gxvexeh`| k gd kceh`| leqez hk xvefecmev hko`vne kodldkgxk k kodlez g`| qv`jkx`| hk qv`lk||`|'

@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| hk k vkecdzev {n vkid|xv` hk |k{|o{gld`gåvd`| dgxkvg`| u{k vkecdzeven l`n |{lk||` qv`jkx`| hkqv`lk||`|' \ì` qvòd||d`ged| ecd`|`| k k}qkvdkgxk| u{k q`hkn |kv




hd|q`gdfdcdzeh`| qeve `{xve| qevxk| he `viegdzeéì` qeve qv`jkx`|#eivkiegh` k}qkvdêglde# mefdcdhehk k ec`v'

Q`hk |kv eqv`qvdehe qeve eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk| e v`xexd dhehk hkqvòd||d`ged| exve ä| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' K|xe| qk||è|q`hkn hk|kg `c kv l`nqkxêglde| u{k |ì` úxkd| ge qvåxdle u{egh`vkx`vgen e| |{e| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`' E v`xexd dhehk nîgdne|{ikvdhe ä hk ? e 56 nk|k|'




6'4 ODGEGLDENKGX@ H@ K\LVDXÜVD@HKQV@LK\\@\

Kn eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|# `| K|lvdxüvd`| hk Qv`lk||`| |ìòdgegldeh`| exve ä| he l`fvegée qkc`| |kv dé`| qvk|xeh`|'

Vkl`nkghen`| o`vxknkgxk u{k {n odgegldenkgx` lkgxvec |kjeievegxdh` k gì` k|xkje |{jkdx` á qevxdldqeéì` `qld`gec he| {gdhehk|hk gkiüld`| k qv`jkx`|' U{egh` k|xk odgegldenkgx` gì` k|xåievegxdh`# `| qvòd||d`ged| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| elefen q`vhkhdlev xknq` l`g|dhkvå kc á qv`l{ve hk odgegldenkgx` g`|qv`jkx`|' D||` q`hk elevvkxev g{n hk| d` hk o`l` kn vkceéì` e |{e|exvdf{déûk| ̀ vdidged|'

Qv`q`n`| u{k `| |kv dé`| hk ik|xì`.h`.hde k ` eq`d` h` K|lvdxüvd`|kjen odgegldeh`| lkgxvecnkgxk# qeve ievegxdv e||dn `hk|kg `c dnkgx` k e neg{xkgéì` h`| näx`h`|# okvvenkgxe| kxälgdle| hk FQN# kgu{egx` `| |kv dé`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`||kjen odgegldeh`| exve ä| h` `véenkgx` hk qv`jkx`|'

Exkgéì` k|qkldec hk k |kv hehe e` vkx`vg` odgeglkdv`qv`q`vld`geh` qkc` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| kn u{ecu{kvl`godi{veéì` u{k k|xkje `qkvegh`' E nd||ì` ä nkcm`vev `hk|knqkgm` `viegdzeld`gec hk negkdve lceve k `fjkxd e' U{egx`ned`v ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|# ned`vk| |k{| l{|x`|# k ned`vk| e|

nkcm`vde| `viegdzeld`ged| u{k hk kn |kv dnqcknkgxehe|' @K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| |knqvk |kvå {n –lkgxv` hk l{|x`„' Kckhk|knqkgmevå {n qeqkc dnq`vxegxk ge ikveéì` hk kl`g`nde| hkl{|x`| k ned`vk| vklkdxe| . ne| k|xe| k|xevì` |knqvk kn `{xve|{gdhehk| hk gkiüld`# `{ |kje# qkvxkglkvì` e `véenkgx`| hk `{xve|åvke| he ̀ viegdzeéì`'

Gk|xk dxkn# egecd|en`| ` `fjkxd ` k ` k|l`q` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk

Qv`lk||`|# |k{| hd kv|`| nkd`| hk o{gld`genkgx`# |{e c`lecdzeéì`



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ;<

ge `viegdzeéì`# k l`n` hk k `l`vvkv e ec`leéì` hk vkl{v|`|' G`qvü}dn` leqîx{c`# hd|l{xdvkn`| `| hkxecmk| hk l`n` l`g|xv{dv#ikvkgldev k `qkvev {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|'






K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ;;

\KÉÌ@ <L`g|xv{dgh`# Ikvkgldegh` k@qkvegh` ` K|lvdxüvd` hk

Qv`lk||`|



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ;?

\kn hú dhe gkgm{ne l`g|xv{dv# ikvkgldev k `qkvev {n K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| ä {ne xevkoe# knf`ve ecd`|e# l`nqck}e' Kce gì` q`hk |kvvkecdzehe hk {n hde qeve ` `{xv`' Dgk dxe kcnkgxk# ä gklk||åvd` {nqceg` hk dnqcknkgxeéì` kn `ghe|' Qeve eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|# `K|lvdxüvd` q`hk |kv x`xecnkgxk k|xefkckldh` kgxvk ? k 4 nk|k|2`{xve| q`hkn x`nev ned| xknq`' Gk|xe |kéì`# hd|l{xdvkn`| xvê|qdcevk| qeve ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` he| l`nqkxêglde| g` K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`|'e$ N`hkc` hk Vkokvêglde hk K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|2f$ Dnqcknkgxeéì` kn @ghe|2

l$ Qvìvene hk Hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk L`nqkxêglde| kn FQN'K|xk| qdcevk| o`ven hk|kgmeh`| qeve qv`n` kv ` hk|kg `c dnkgx`qvìvk||d ` h` K|lvdxüvd`# hkodgdgh` `| |kv dé`| òkvxeh`| k e|l`nqkxêglde| kn FQN hk x`he e `viegdzeéì`' @| hkxecmk| hkex{eéì` hk kn evdev kgxvk `viegdzeéûk| k|qklîodle|'

Qeve hev o`vne qvåxdle á gklk||dhehk hk qvd`vdzev `

hk|kg `c dnkgx` h` K|lvdxüvd` k |k{| |kv dé`|# hkodgdn`| xvê| gî kd|hk nex{vdhehk `viegdzeld`gec qeve ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk {nexvejkxüvde . hk|hk {ne `qkveéì` dgdldec l`n |kv dé`| cdndxeh`| exä{ne `qkveéì` qckge l`n |kv dé`| l`nqckx`|'

@| xvê| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk he dnqcknkgxeéì` kn `ghe| |ì`levelxkvdzeh`| l`n`:e$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc 5: hdo{|ì` h`| l`glkdx`| k fkgkoîld`| hk FQN2f$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc 6: lvdeéì` hk l`g kviêglde kgxvk e| dgdldexd e|hk FQN2l$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc <: ecdgmenkgx` k|xvexäidl` k l{cx{ve hk FQN'

K|xk| gî kd| k|xì` hkq`d| hk|lvdx`| ge |kéì` <'8 hk|xe |kéì`' Ednqcknkgxeéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| k}dik e hkodgdéì` hkv`xdge|# l`nqkxêglde| k dgovek|xv{x{ve hk |{q`vxk qeve eq`dev# i{dev




k l``vhkgev x`h` ` xvefecm` hk nkcm`vde k ikvkgldenkgx` hkqv`lk||`| q`v x`he e `viegdzeéì`'

K|xk xk}x` eqvk|kgxe {ne ef`vheikn qeve e k|xv{x{veéì` kdnqcknkgxeéì` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| u{k |k vkecdzevå# he||ki{dgxk| xevkoe| hkxecmehe|:e$ Hk|kg `c kv k negxkv {ne evu{dxkx{ve hk qv`lk||`| l`vq`vexd ek evxkoex`| vkceld`geh`|2f$ Hk|kg `c kv k negxkv l`g kgéûk| hk n`hkceikn hk qv`lk||`|hk gkiüld`|2

l$ Hk|kg `c kv k negxkv {ne nkx`h`cìde hk nkcm`vde hkqv`lk||`|2h$ Nkg|{vev k vkq`vxev ` hk|knqkgm` hk qv`lk||`|2k$ Ikvkgldev l`go`vndhehk l`n `| qehvûk| eqv` eh`|2o$ Eq`dev qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`|2i$ Ikvkgldev qvìvene| kh{leld`ged| kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| qeveku{dqk|2m$ Kck ev leqeldhehk h`| o{gld`gåvd`| kn l`nqv`nkxkv.|k l`n

exd dhehk| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`|2d$ Lvdev {n l`gj{gx` qehvì` hk näx`h`| k okvvenkgxe| qeve egåcd|k#nkcm`vde k ikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`lk||`|2j$ Nkhdv k ikvkgldev nex{vdhehk kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|2b$ Vkecdzevfkglmnevb| hk hk|knqkgm` hk qv`lk||`|2c$ Egecd|ev k ikvkgldev vkive| hk gkiüld`2n$ Eq`dev `| h`g`| hk qv`lk||`|2g$ Ehndgd|xvev vkq`|dxüvd`| hk n`hkc`| hk qv`lk||`|2`$ L``vhkgev |kv dé`| hk eq`d` k}xkvg`2q$ Eq`dev dgdldexd e| hk e{x`neéì` kk.|kv dlk|2 u$ Ikvkgldev n`hkc`| hk vkokvêglde k |k{ {|`2v$ Ikvkgldev ku{dqk k `véenkgx` h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|2|$ Hk|kg `c kv {ne l{cx{ve `vdkgxehe e qv`lk||`| exve ä| heqv`n`éì` he d|ì` hk qv`lk||`|2x$ E||k||`vev e ikvêglde kn vkceéì` e` hk|kg `c dnkgx` l`gxîg{`he ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| k e||{gx`| vkceld`geh`|2



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ;=

{$ E ecdev k vkq`vxev `| fkgkoîld`| eclegéeh`| l`n e| dgdldexd e| hkik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|'

@ k|u{kne he Odi{ve 51 n`|xve ` v`xkdv` hk hk|kg `c dnkgx`' @v`xkdv` eqvk|kgxe ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` qvìvk||d ` h` K|lvdxüvd` kno{géì` h`| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk qv`q`|x`|' Efed}` eqvk|kgxen`|e| kxeqe|.lme k g` hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|'




<'5 QVKQEVEV K QCEGKJEV

[n qcegkjenkgx` qvä d` k hkxecmeh` ä dnq`vxegxk' E| exd dhehk|lme k hk kn dglc{dv:e$ Odgecdzev ` xkvn` hk efkvx{ve h` qv`jkx`2f$ Qvkqevev {n qceg` hk qv`jkx` hkxecmeh`2l$ Dhkgxdodlev qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe|2h$ K|xefkcklkv e| k}qklxexd e| h` qv`jkx`2k$ L`godvnev e cìî|xdle h` qv`jkx`# qvez`| k vkl{v|`|2o$ K|xefkcklkv `| enfdkgxk| oî|dl` k hk XD2

i$ Vk d|ev k e ecdev ` md|xüvdl` hk –xvefecm` hk qv`lk||`|„ ge`viegdzeéì`'

N{dxe| qk||è| xkvì` kg `c dnkgx` k kgx{ec l`n ` K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`|' Egxk| hk k|xefkcklkv ` K|lvdxüvd`# ä dnq`vxegxklkvxdodlev.|k u{k x`he| e| qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe| xkgmen {nkgxkghdnkgx` eqv`qvdeh` h` u{k k|xå qcegkjeh` k q`vu{k d|x` ädnq`vxegxk' [ne egåcd|k hkxecmehe hk qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe| ä k}didheqeve u{k {ne l`n{gdleéì` fkn dgo`vnehe k `| qceg`| hk ik|xì` hkn{hegée| q`||en |kv lvdeh`|'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ?1

Odi{ve 51:Vèhneq h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|






@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä ` n`x`v qeve x`vgev {ne `viegdzeéì`lkgxvehe kn |k{| qv`lk||`|# ex{egh` l`n` ` iveghk lexecd|eh`v hexveg|o`vneéì` `viegdzeld`gec' Hk|xe o`vne# |{e dgxv`h{éì` hk k |kvl`gh{zdhe l{dheh`|enkgxk'

[ne lvk|lkgxk |kg|dfdcdzeéì` |`fvk FQN k |`fvk ` K|lvdxüvd`qvkqevevå {ne fe|k |ücdhe qeve |{e| o{x{ve| `qkveéûk|' K|xegklk||dhehk gì` hk k |kv |{fk|xdnehe' @| evxkoex`| e |ki{dv hk kn|kv hk|kg `c dh`| l`n` qevxk he l`n{gdleéì` k ik|xì` hkn{hegée|:

e$ Qceg` nk|xvk hk l`n{gdleéì`2f$ Qceg` hk l`n{gdleéì` k kgiejenkgx` hk qevxk| dgxkvk||ehe|2l$ Qceg` hk eéì` hk cdhkvegée2h$ E ecdeéì` h` dnqelx` ge `viegdzeéì`'

K}d|xk {ne gklk||dhehk l`gxîg{e hk negxkv dgxkvk||k# {n |kg|` hk{viêglde k l`nqv`nkxdnkgx`' [ne he| nkcm`vk| negkdve| hk oezkv

d|x` |knqvk ä l`n{gdlev e| md|xüvde| hk |{lk||` dgdlded| k kn l{v|`ge| u{ed| ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| xkn |dh` kg `c dh`' Dgxkvcdieh`|e`| qceg`| hk l`n{gdleéì` k ik|xì` hk n{hegée| k|xì` á cdfkveéì`l`gxv`cehe h`| |kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| -\kéì` <'<'5$ k `qvìvene kh{leld`gec dglc{dgh` e|qklx`| hk ik|xì` hk n{hegée| khk|kg `c dnkgx` hk mefdcdhehk| kn l`n{gdleéì` -\kéì` <';$'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ?<




<'< QDCEV 5: N@HKC@ HK VKOKVÊGLDE KK\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\

[n n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde qeve ` qv`jkx` k `qkveéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| o`d hk|kg `c dh` qkce KC@ Iv`{q l`n fe|k kn qk|u{d|ek}xkg|d e xküvdle k qvåxdle# g` Fve|dc k k}xkvd`v' Nkcm`vk| qvåxdle|hk hd kv|e| vkokvêglde| k k|x{h`| hk le|`| k|xì` l`nfdgeh`|#ikvegh` {n vdl` dg|xv{nkgx` qeve e{}dcdev e| `viegdzeéûk| eeclegéev hk|knqkgm` eqkvokdéèh` exve ä| hk {ne ef`vheikn hkikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`lk||`| kokxd e'

@ n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde kn K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| o`vgklk {neiene |digdodlexd e hk n`hkc`| hk qv`lk||`| k xknqcexk|u{k |ìèheqxeh`| qeve exkghkv enfdkgxk| k}lc{|d `|' E hd|q`gdfdcdzeéì`hk|xk nexkvdec |digdodle nkg`| xknq` k l{|x` g` hk|kg `c dnkgx`hk qv`jkx`| fe|keh`| ge| nkcm`vk| qvåxdle| kn ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`|' Ge l`g|xv{éì` hk|xk n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde#hk|kg `c kn`| {n qceg` efvegikgxk qeve e{}dcdev e| `viegdzeéûk|e l`g|xv{dv# ikvkgldev k `qkvev {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ?;

<'<'5 \KV_DÉ@\ O@VGKLDH@\ QKC@K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\

@ n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde hk K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk|| |̀ vkecdze {ne lcevehd|xdgéì` kgxvk: -e$ |kv dé`|# u{k hk kn |kv o`vgkldh`| qkc`K|lvdxüvd` á `viegdzeéì`2 k -f$ qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`| -`{ v`xdge|$ u{kikvkglden k `{ |{q`vxen e kgxvkie hk |kv dé`|' Q`v |kv dé`#kgxkghk.|k l`n` {ne leqeldhehk u{k hk k |kv òkvkldhe kl`g|{ndhe qkc` lcdkgxk h` K|lvdxüvd` -{gdhehk| hk gkiüld`$' Q`v

qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`|# kgxkghk.|k l`n` eu{kck| qv`lk||`| u{k hk kn|kv hk|knqkgmeh`| ehku{ehenkgxk qkc` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|qeve u{k |k{| |kv dé`| q`||en |kv òkvkldh`| e`| lcdkgxk|kokxd enkgxk'

Vkockxdgh` k|xk| l`glkdx`|# ` n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde q`||{d u{exv`l`nq`gkgxk| qvdgldqed|: qv`lk||`| hk ik|xì`# qv`lk||`| hk eq`d`#|kv dé`| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# |kv dé`| hk nkcm`vde| hk

qv`lk||`|' [ne d|ì` ikvec he k|xv{x{ve h` n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde än`|xvehe ge Odi{ve 55 |ki{dhe q`v {ne hk|lvdéì` hk lehe {n h`|l`nq`gkgxk|'

… Qv`lk||`| hk ik|xì` Qv`lk||`| hk ik|xì` |ì` eu{kck|vkceld`geh`| á| exd dhehk| hk ikvkgldenkgx` h`| |kv dé`| hkFQN' Dglc{kn e xveg|o`vneéì` he| hkneghe| k|xvexäidle| k`qkveld`ged| kn |kv dé`| hk FQN# e egåcd|k# l`godi{veéì` kn`gdx`venkgx` h`| |kv dé`| hk FQN# e ecdeéì` h`| vk|{cxeh`| ke |{|xkgxeéì` he l{cx{ve hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| q`v x`he e`viegdzeéì`'

… Qv`lk||`| hk eq`d` |ì` eu{kck| u{k |{q`vxen e `qkveéì` h`qvüqvd` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' D||` dglc{d lvdeéì` kneg{xkgéì` hk qv`lk||`| k nkx`h`cìde| qeve ` ldlc` hk dhe h`qv`lk||`# k|xefkckldnkgx` h`| qeqäd| k vk|q`g|efdcdhehk



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ??

vkceld`geh`| á ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# ehndgd|xveéì` h` q`vxoücd`hk |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# ehndgd|xveéì` hk vkl{v|`|m{neg`|# lvähdx` k l`fvegée'

… \kv dé`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`| |ì` `| |kv dé`| u{k hk kn|kv òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` h{vegxk qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde| hkqv`lk||`' D||` dglc{d |kv dé`| qvdgldqed| -l`n` egåcd|k hkqv`lk||`|# n`hkceikn k vkhk|kgm`# k ik|xì` hk n{hegée|$#e||dn l`n` |kv dé`| vkceld`geh`| ned| |òd|xdleh`| kl`nqcknkgxevk| -l`n` e{x`neéì` hk qv`lk||`|# egåcd|k hk

vd|l`|# k dhkgxdodleéì` hk l`nqkxêglde|$' L`g|dhkven`| l`n`–|kv dé`| qvdgldqed|„ eu{kck| hdvkxenkgxk cdieh`| l`n e ik|xì`q`v qv`lk||`|# k l`n` –|kv dé`| l`nqcknkgxevk|„ eu{kck| u{khk kn |kv hk vk|q`g|efdcdhehk hk `{xve| åvke| hk ik|xì`# q`vänedghe e||dn vkceld`geh`| á ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# |k{| näx`h`| kokvvenkgxe|'

… \kv dé`| hk ik|xì` h` hde.e.hde |ì` eu{kck| u{k hk kn |kv

òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` kn {ne fe|k qkvdühdle# |{|xkgxegh` eik|xì` fe|kehe kn qv`lk||` ge `viegdzeéì`' Kck| |k vkceld`gená| exd dhehk| nkcm`v hk|knqkgmehe| hk o`vne lkgxvecdzehe'Kck| o`vnen {n qexenev hk |kv dé`| l`vk qeve ` K|lvdxüvd`#nk|n` kn {ne `viegdzeéì` l`n {n ecx` gî kc hk nex{vdhehkkn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|' K|xì` dglc{îh`| |kv dé`| qvdgldqed|l`n` neg{xkgéì` he evu{dxkx{ve hk qv`lk||`|# leqeldxeéì` knik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|# k eq`d` á nkhdéì` hk hk|knqkgm`# e||dnl`n` |kv dé`| l`nqcknkgxevk| vkceld`geh`| e ̀ {xve| hd|ldqcdge|-xec l`n` l`nqcdeglk# ik|xì` hk vd|l`| k ik|xì` hk l{|x`|$'






K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ?=

E odi{ve 55 n`|xve ` n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde l`nqckx :̀

Odi{ve 55: N`hkc` hk Vkokvêglde h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|

Lehe {n hk|xk| qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`| k |kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| k|xì` hk|lvdx`| ned| efed}`'

Ä dnq`vxegxk u{k ` K|lvdxüvd` |kje ikvkgldeh` q`v kck nk|n`{xdcdzegh` qvdglîqd`| |ücdh`| hk ikvkgldenkgx` fe|keh` knqv`lk||`|' D||` gì` ä eqkge| fè qvåxdle# ne| xenfän {ne iveghkhkn`g|xveéì` e` vk|xegxk he `viegdzeéì`' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk kvde |kv|k{ qvüqvd` k|x{h` hk le|` qeve {ne ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| fkn|{lkhdhe' Q`v d||`# ä qvkld|` l`g|dhkvev ` l`glkdx` ned`v hk {nenqc` ”qv`lk||` he ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`|—# h` u{ec e| eéûk| h`K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| oezkn qevxk'




@| |kv dé`| k qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`| òkvkldh`| q`v {n K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| kn qckg` o{gld`genkgx` k|xì` hk|lvdx`| l`n ned|hkxecmk| ge xefkce efed}`'










Kn eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|# `| hd kv|`| |kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk

Qv`lk||`| |kvì` hkodgdh`| l`n` neghexüvd`|# ` u{k |digdodle u{k e|{gdhehk| hk gkiüld` xên u{k l`g|{nd.c`| h` K|lvdxüvd`' Kn `{xv`|le|`|# e| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld` q`hkn k|l`cmkv |k l`g|`nkn `{ gì``| |kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` -kce| q`hkn# q`v k}knqc`# k}kl{xev q`vl`gxe qvüqvde eci{ne| exd dhehk| “ d||` ä ned| ovku{kgxk u{eghòecen`| he l`gh{éì` hk qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|$'

[ne fè ef`vheikn qeve hkodgdv e k}xkg|ì` k cdndxk| h`| |kv dé`|

k}kl{xeh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` ä qkg|ev qvdnkdvenkgxk g` –qv`lk||` hkik|xì` hk qv`lk||`|„# k l`n d||` hkxkvndgev ` ive{ hk lkgxvecdzeéì̀

|' hk|lkgxvecdzeéì` hk|kjeh` qeve e| qvåxdle| hk FQN' D||` xenfäng`| ej{he e hkodgdv `| qeqäd| hk `{xv`| ex`vk| ge k|xv{x{ve hki` kvgegée# l`n` `| h`g`| hk qv`lk||`# cîhkvk| hk qv`lk||`#ik|x`vk| hk gkiüld` kxl' K}qc`vevkn`| kn hkxecmk| e ef`vheikn heKC@ Iv`{q qeve ` –qv`lk||` he ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`|„ kn g`||e|qvü}dne| q{fcdleéûk|'




<'<'6 DNQCEGXEÉÌ@ H@\ \KV_DÉ@\

Gì` ä egxej`|`# gkn |kvde qv{hkgxk# o`vgklkv x`h`| `| |kv dé`|hkodgdh`| hk|hk ` l`nké` he| `qkveéûk| h` K|lvdxüvd`' Kn lehe`viegdzeéì`# {ne e ecdeéì` ä gklk||åvde qeve hkxkvndgev ` qcegèqv`qvdeh` hk v`cc`{x ' D||` hkqkghkvå h` gî kc hk nex{vdhehk hkik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| he `viegdzeéì`# he hd|q`gdfdcdhehk he|l`nqkxêglde| gklk||åvde| k he hkneghe h`| gkiüld`| qeve `||kv dé`|' Qeve eci{ne| `viegdzeéûk|# eci{g| |kv dé`| q`hkn g{gle`l`vvkv'

E Odi{ve 56 eqvk|kgxe {n qceg` hk dnqcegxeéì` ikgävdl`n`|xvegh` `| |kv dé`| òkvkldh`| kn lehe gî kc hk nex{vdhehk k `qv`lk||` u{k# l`g|ku{kgxknkgxk# qvkld|e |kv hkodgdh` qevekgxvkiev k|xk| |kv dé`|' @| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk |kvì` hd|l{xdh`| ge\kéì` <'8'

Odi{ve 56: N`hkc` hk Vkokvêglde h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|




<'<'< H@L[NKGXEÉÌ@ HK EQ@D@

Qeve lehe {n h`| |kv dé`| k qv`lk||`| eldne nkgld`geh`|#h`l{nkgx`| hk eq`d` |ì` {xdcdzeh`| qeve `vdkgxev e dnqcknkgxeéì`k nkcm`vde l`gxîg{e' K|xk| h`l{nkgx`| vkockxkn e k}qkvdêglde vkech` qv`jkx` kn {ne evdkhehk hk enfdkgxk| `qkveld`ged|'

E |ki{dv# k|xì` hd|q`gî kd| l`n` k}knqc`| hk fè| qvåxdle|:e$ Odlme| hk hkxecmenkgx` hk |kv dé`2f$ Oc{}`| k neg{ed| hk qv`lk|| |̀ qeve lehe |kv dé`2

l$ Näx`h`| k xälgdle|# okvvenkgxe| k n`hkc`|2h$ Dg|xv{éûk| hk xvefecm` qeve `| n`hkc`|'

E| |kéûk| |ki{dgxk| hk|lvk kn k o`vgklkn k}knqc`| qeve lehe {nhk|xk| kcknkgx`|'




<'<'<'5 ODLME\ HK HKXECMENKGX@ H@\

\KV_DÉ@\E| odlme| hk hkxecmenkgx` hk |kv dé` o`vgklkn dg|xv{éûk| |`fvk: e$ @fjkxd ` h` |kv dé`# k|qkldodlegh` e vezì` h` |kv dé` |kvòkvkldh` k |k{| vk|{cxeh`| xîqdl`|2f$ Qkvd`hdldhehk h` |kv dé`# k|qkldodlegh` u{egh` ` |kv dé` hk k|kv k}kl{xeh`2l$ Eqcdlefdcdhehk h` |kv dé`# k|qkldodlegh` kn u{k |dx{eéûk| `|kv dé` hk k |kv {xdcdzeh`2h$ Qe||`| gklk||åvd`| qeve kgxvkiev ` |kv dé`2k$ Qvk|xeéì` hk |kv dé` k exvdf{x`| hk hk|knqkgm`2o$ Qeqäd| k vk|q`g|efdcdhehk|'

Efed}` gü| o`vgklkn`| {n k}knqc` hk {ne odlme hk hkxecmenkgx`hk |kv dé` qeve ` |kv dé` –Eq`dev e Nkhdéì` hk Hk|knqkgm`„'

K}knqc` hk Odlme hk Hkxecmenkgx` hk \kv dé`




<'<'<'6 OC[]@\ K NEG[ED\ HK QV@LK\\@\

QEVE LEHE \KV_DÉ@@| oc{}ìvene| k neg{ed| hk|lvk kn e| exd dhehk| hk k}kl{éì` h`||kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' Kck| o`vgklkn ned`vk| hkxecmk|k dg|xv{éûk| hk xvefecm` qeve e| qk||è| hdvkxenkgxk vk|q`g|å kd|qkce kgxvkie h` |kv dé`# k n`|xve l`n` `| lcdkgxk| h` K|lvdxüvd` k`{xve| åvke| hk |{q`vxk -XD# VM# kxl'$ q`hkn |kv kg `c dh`|' Efed}ò`vgklkn`| {n k}knqc` h` oc{}ìvene h` |kv dé` –Dnqcknkgxev k`qkveld`gecdzev qv`lk||`|„'

K}knqc` hk oc{}ìvene hk qv`lk||`




<'<'<'< NÄX@H@\ K XÄLGDLE\#

OKVVENKGXE\ K N@HKC@\Qeve lehe |kv dé` `{ qv`lk||` dgxkvg` k}d|xkn hd kv|`| evxkoex`| kokvvenkgxe| u{k q`hkn |{q`vxev |{e k}kl{éì`' @ n`hkc` hkvkokvêglde dgl`vq`ve näx`h`| k xälgdle| {|eh`| qeve eq`dev ednqcknkgxeéì` hk {n |kv dé`' K|xk l`gj{gx` hk h`l{nkgx`|vkqvk|kgxe {ne qevxk ecd`|e h` n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde k o`vgklkned`vk| dg|xv{éûk| |`fvk l`n` {ne exd dhehk hk k |kv k}kl{xehe'

Efed}` o`vgklkn`| eci{g| k}knqc`| hk okvvenkgxe| k xknqcexk| qeve qv`lk||`| dgxkvg`|'




K}knqc`| hk Okvvenkgxe|






K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ =1

<'<'<'8 DG\XV[ÉÛK\ HK XVEFECM@ QEVE

@\ N@HKC@\Qeve lehe okvvenkgxe hk |kv dé` k n`hkc`# k}d|xk {ne dg|xv{éì` hkxvefecm` u{k hk|lvk k |{e odgecdhehk k {|` qvåxdl`' Kce o`vgklk`vdkgxeéì` |`fvk l`n` e okvvenkgxe n`hkc` hk kn |kv eqcdlehe| kl`n` `| heh`| hk kn |kv l`ckxeh`|# egecd|eh`| k vkq`vxeh`|' EOdi{ve efed}` n`|xve {n k}knqc` hk dg|xv{éì` hk xvefecm` qeve `n`hkc` hk {n –Qceg` hk Dnqcknkgxeéì` hk Qv`lk||`„'

@ n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde ä {n exd ` hk ec`v dgk|xdnå kc ge lvdeéì`h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' Kck vkockxk k}qkvdêglde l`g|dhkvå kc kqkvndxk u{k e dgovek|xv{x{ve få|dle h` K|lvdxüvd` |kje l`g|xv{îheveqdhenkgxk k l`n kokxd e vkceéì` l{|x`.fkgkoîld '̀




K}knqc`| hk Dg|xv{éì` hk Xvefecm`




@ n`hkc` hk vkokvêglde hd|q`gdfdcdze ` l`gmkldnkgx` ikveh` knhd kv|`| qv`jkx`| he KC@ Iv`{q hk k|xv{x{veéì` k dnqcknkgxeéì`hk K|lvdxüvd`| hk Qv`lk||`|' Kck vkockxk k}qkvdêglde l`g|dhkvå kc kqkvndxk u{k e dgovek|xv{x{ve få|dle h` K|lvdxüvd` |kje l`g|xv{îheveqdhenkgxk k l`n kokxd e vkceéì` l{|x`.fkgkoîld '̀



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ =<

<'8 QDCEV 6: DNQCKNKGXEÉÌ@ KN @GHE\

Hkodgdn`| xvê| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk qeve ` hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk{ne xvejkxüvde hk|hk e| `qkveéûk| dgdlded| l`n |kv dé`| cdndxeh`|exä {ne `qkveéì` l`nqckxe' @| xvê| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk hednqcknkgxeéì` kn `ghe| |ì`:e$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc 5: hdo{|ì` h`| l`glkdx`| k fkgkoîld`| hk FQN2f$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc 6: lvdeéì` hk l`g kviêglde kgxvk e| dgdldexd e|hk FQN2l$ Nex{vdhehk Gî kc <: ecdgmenkgx` k|xvexäidl` k l{cx{ve hk FQN'

Odi{ve 5<: Gî kd| hk Leqeldxeéì`

Xkgxev qvk|xev x`h`| `| |kv dé`| hk|hk `| qvdnkdv`| hde| h`K|lvdxüvd` qûk kn vd|l` e `qkveéì`' Ä dnq`vxegxk hk|kg `c kv `||kv dé`| ivehexd enkgxk qeve `fxkv e lkvxkze hk u{k kck| q`hkn |kvkgxvki{k| hk negkdve qvòd||d`gec k l`vvk|q`ghkv á| gklk||dhehk|lvk|lkgxk| he| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld` q`v xveg|o`vneéûk| kn |{e|v`xdge| hk xvefecm`' @ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä {n qvk|xeh`v hk|kv dé`| dgxkvg` qeve e| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`# k# q`vxegx`# kgxvkiev|kv dé`| hk ecxe u{ecdhehk l`g|d|xkgxknkgxk ä {n qvä.vku{d|dx`qeve ` |{lk||`' \k `| ik|x`vk| he| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld` gì`




elvkhdxevkn u{k ` K|lvdxüvd` `| e{}dcde qeve vk|`c kv |k{| hk|eod`|h` hde.e.hde# kgxì` ` K|lvdxüvd` xkvå dhe l{vxe'

E Odi{ve 5< n`|xve `| xvê| gî kd| hk nex{vdhehk# e||dn l`nèci{ne| dgdldexd e| u{k dc{|xven e ex{eéì` h` K|lvdxüvd` kn lehe{n hk||k| gî kd| E| |kéûk| |ki{dgxk| hd|l{xkn ` l `gxkúh` k `|vk|{cxeh`| qvkxkghdh |̀ q`v lehe gî kc hk nex{vdhehk=

'

= Ckeghv` Jk|{|# Eghvk Neldkdve# Hegdkc Bevvkv# Ndlmekc V`|knegg' E Ovenky`vb o`v eFQN Lkgxkv ò K}lkcckglk \kqxknfkv 6114' Vkxvdk kh <1 @lx`fkv 6151# ov`n FQxvkgh|:yyy'fqxvkgh|'l`n






K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ =;



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ =?

<'8'5 NEX[VDHEHK GÎ_KC 5

E eh`éì` hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| k}dik qvdnkdvenkgxk e hdo{|ì` hk|{e dnq`vxæglde k ` k|xefkckldnkgx` hk {n l`gj{gx` dgdldec hk|kv dé`| qeve |{q`vxev e ik|xì` h` ldlc` hk dhe h` qv`lk||` -k}':n`hkceikn hk qv`lk||`# egåcd|k hk qv`lk||`$' Q`vxegx`# `| |kv dé`|eu{d |ì` hk h{e| gex{vkze|' Qvdnkdv`# {n l`gj{gx` dgdldec hknkx`h`cìde| k okvvenkgxe| hk k |kv hkodgdh` qeve e||ki{vev evkecdzeéì` hk qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde k dg` eéì` hk |{lk||`'

\ki{gh`# ik|x`vk| hk kn l`g|dhkvev u{k ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| gì`ä eqkge| n`hkceikn k h`l{nkgxeéì` hk qv`lk||`|# ne| {neef`vheikn |d|xknåxdle qeve vkqkg|ev ` n`h` l`n` {ne`viegdzeéì` k}kl{xe k nkcm`ve |{e| `qkveéûk|' @ K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| xkn qeqkc o{ghenkgxec ge hd {cieéì` hk|xe dhkde qkce`viegdzeéì`'




<'8'6 NEX[VDHEHK GÎ_KC 6

U{egh` `| ik|x`vk| kgxkghkn k ec`vdzen e dnq`vxæglde hk ik|xì`q`v qv`lk||`|# k e| dgdldexd e| dgdlded| |ì` l`nqckxehe| l`n |{lk||`#ä lvîxdl` qeve ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| e||ki{vev e l`g kviêgldehe| dgdldexd e| vkceld`ge| e FQN kn {ne nkx`h`cìde l`g|d|xkgxk#efvegikgxk k vkl`gmkldhe hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|'

E l`g kviêglde k dxevå vkh{ghæglde| k vko`véevå e dhkde hk e ik|xì`q`v qv`lk||`| vkqvk|kgxev {n q`vxoücd` hk |`c{éûk| v`f{|xe| k

dgxkivehe|# u{k qv`n` en nkcm`vde| hk ecx` dnqelx` g`| gkiüld`|hk negkdve |{|xkgxå kc'

@ K|lvdxüvd` xkn qeqkc o{ghenkgxec ge qv`n`éì` k k|xv{x{veéì` hei` kvgegée gklk||åvde qeve dgxkvgecdzeéì` he ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|ge ̀ viegdzeéì`'



K\XEFKCKGH@ @ K\LVDXÜVD@ HK QV@LK\\@\ ==

<'8'< NEX[VDHEHK GÎ_KC <

Odgecnkgxk# ecän he l`g kviêglde hk|kjehe# ä dnq`vxegxk u{k `K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| hk|h`fvk kokxd enkgxk dgdldexd e| h`|hdvkld`geh`vk| k|xvexäidl`| hkodgdh`| qkce ecxe ehndgd|xveéì`' D|x`q`hk |kv eclegéeh` u{egh` ` K|lvdxüvd` ikvkglde e| hkneghe| hkik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| hk el`vh` l`n ` qcegkjenkgx` k|xvexäidl` khd||kndge e l{cx{ve hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| qkce `viegdzeéì`' @q`vxoücd` hk |kv dé`| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| gk|xk k|xåid` äl`nqcknkgxeh` l`n |kv dé`| u{k |k vkceld`gen l`n e ik|xì` hk

hk|knqkgm` k l`go`vndhehk qeve e||ki{vev u{k e ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`| |kje d|î kc e x`h`| k# q`vxegx`# qevxk dgxkivegxk h`qvüqvd` hde.e.hde he `viegdzeéì`'

@ K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| hk k l`gxdg{enkgxk eheqxev |{e|qvüqvde| qvåxdle| e odn hk |k negxkv ecdgmeh` l`n e| qvd`vdhehk| h`gkiüld`'




<'; QDCEV <: QV@IVENE HKHK\KG_@C_DNKGX@ HK L@NQKXÊGLDE\ KN FQN

[n `fjkxd ` qvdn`vhdec h` hk|kg `c dnkgx` h` K|lvdxüvd` hkQv`lk||`| ä hk|kg `c kv leqeldhehk dgxkvge kn ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`|' D|x` k}dik {n qvìvene ock}î kc u{k o`vgkée {n nd|x` hkxvkdgenkgx` klèlmdgi# l`n e dgxkgéì` ikvec hk xegx` kgxvkievvk|{cxeh`| k|qklîodl`| h` qv`jkx` u{egx` hk|kg `c kv l`nqkxêglde|kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|'

E| leqeldhehk| e |ki{dv# e |kvkn kgxvki{k| q`v k|xk qvìvene# |ì`dxed| qeve u{k ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| |kje fkn |{lkhdh`:

e$ @ kgxkghdnkgx` h`| qvdglîqd`| hk ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`|2f$ @ hk|kg `c dnkgx` k {|` hk n`hkc`| hk evu{dxkx{ve hk qv`lk||`|l`vq`vexd `|2l$ E lvdeéì` hk l`gj{gx`| hk nkhdh`vk| hk qv`lk||`| kn {n u{ehv`

hk feceglkh |l`vklevh2 h$ E mefdcdhehk hk oezkv egåcd|k hk qv`lk||` qeve qvd`vdzeéì` hkhkld|ûk|2k$ E lvdeéì` k ikvkgldenkgx` hk {ne `viegdzeéì` lkgxvehe knqv`lk||`|2o$ @ {|` hk {ne nkx`h`cìde hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|2i$ E l`ckxe hk dgo`vneéûk| qeve qv`jkx`| hk nkcm`vde| hk qv`lk||`2m$ E mefdcdhehk hk oeldcdxev dg` eéì`2

d$ E ikveéì` hk dhkde| hk n{hegée| hk qv`lk||`|2j$ E nkhdéì` hk hk|knqkgm` hk qv`lk||`|2b$ E mefdcdhehk hk eclegéev k |{|xkgxev n{hegée| g` qv`lk||̀ 2c$ @ ikvkgldenkgx` hk vkive| hk gkiüld`2n$ E e{x`neéì` hk qv`lk||`| hk gkiüld`2g$ E nkhdéì` k ikvkgldenkgx` he nex{vdhehk hk ik|xì` q`vqv`lk||`|'




L`n` dc{|xveh` ge Odi{ve 58# ` Qvìvene hk Leqeldxeéì` kn Ik|xì`q`v Qv`lk||`| q`||{d h`d| l`nq`gkgxk|: -e$ Kh{leéì` kXvkdgenkgx` kn Ik|xì` q`v Qv`lk||`|2 k -f$ Qv` e hk L`glkdx`| kQv`jkx`| Dgdlded|'

Odi{ve 58: Hk|kg `c dnkgx` he Leqeldxeéì` hk FQN

E u{egxdhehk k xdq` hk xvkdgenkgx` kn Ik|xì` q`v Qv`lk||`|k}didh`| hkqkghkvì` he| ldvl{g|xæglde| qevxdl{cevk| he`viegdzeéì`' L`n ` qe||ev h` xknq`# k el`qceh` l`n ` gî kc hkleqeldxeéì` k hkneghe| hk |kv dé`|# ` xvkdgenkgx` |kvå k}didh`xegx` qeve ` qk||èc h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|# u{egx` qeve `vk|xegxk he ̀ viegdzeéì`'

Qvìvene| hk xvkdgenkgx`| q`hkn |kv ndgd|xveh`| xegx` qkceku{dqk h` K|lvdxüvd`# l`n` q`v vkl{v|`| k}xkvg`|' Ge oe|k dgdldec hk|kg|dfdcdzeéì` k dgxv`h{éì` hk Ik|xì` q`v Qv`lk||`|# ä qv` å kc u{kvkl{v|`| k}xkvg`| o`vgkéen xvkdgenkgx`' E u{k|xì` gì` ä |k ekgxvkie |kvå hk vkl{v|` dgxkvg` `{ k}xkvg`# ne| |dn e u{ecdhehk h`xvkdgenkgx`'




Hk|kg `c kv qvåxdle kn egåcd|k hk qv`lk||`|# nkcm`vde k leqeldhehkkn ikvkgldenkgx` k}dik ned| h` u{k xvkdgenkgx`|' E xk`vde#okvvenkgxe| k xälgdle| qvkld|en |kv kgxkghdhe|' Hkq`d| hk kn |kvq`|xe| kn qvåxdle| vkecdzegh` e xveg|déì` he |ece hk e{ce e` c`lec hkxvefecm`' @ eqvkghdzeh` kn |ece hk e{ce hk k |k x`vgev qvåxdle|l`nq`vxenkgxed| k qv`jkx`| qvåxdl`| u{k kgxvkien fkgkoîld`| vked|'

[ne kz u{k ` qk||èc h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| xkgme |dh`xvkdgeh` kn egåcd|k hk qv`lk||`|# nkx`h`cìde| hk nkcm`vde kikvkgldenkgx` “ k k|xk| xkgmen |dh` l{|x`ndzeh`|# le|` gklk||åvd`

“ {n qv`jkx` dgdldec hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||` l`glkdx{ec q`hk |kvl`gh{zdh`'

D||` hå á ku{dqk h` K|lvdxüvd` e `q`vx{gdhehk hk {xdcdzev enkx`h`cìde kn {n qv`jkx` vkec kn |k{ qvüqvd` enfdkgxk' Knf`vee ku{dqk dgxkvge hk e |k kglevvkiev he ned`v qevxk he| exd dhehk|h` qv`jkx` q`hk |kv qv` kdx`|` xkv g{ne qk||è k}xkvge l`nk}qkvdêglde vkck egxk qeve ex{ev l`n` dg|xv{x`v k l`g|kcmkdv` e odn

hk e||ki{vev u{k `| qv`jkx`| dgdlded| |kjen fkn |{lkhdh`|'

Á nkhdhe u{k e l`godegée k e leqeldhehk -xegx` h` K|lvdxüvd`# heku{dqk k h` vk|x` he `viegdzeéì`$ |k hk|kg `c kn# ned| k ned|qv`jkx`| q`hkn |kv e||{ndh`| kn l`gj{gx` l`n `| ik|x`vk| he|{gdhehk| hk gkiüld` k |k{ qk||èc'

L`g|xv{dv leqeldhehk kn ik|xì` q`v qv`lk||`| k}dik `hk|kg `c dnkgx` nkxdl{c`|` hk l`godegée kn ef`vheikn hkqv`lk||`' @ xdnk h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| qvkld|e |kv l`godegxk gen`hkceikn k kgxvkie h`| |kv dé`| u{k kck| qvk|xen e` vk|x` he`viegdzeéì`' Ik|x`vk| hk gkiüld`| hk kn xkv l`godegée |{odldkgxkg`| vk|{cxeh`| hk|xk| |kv dé`| qeve |{fnkxkv |k{| qv`lk||`| áegåcd|k k ikvkgldenkgx`'




[ne l`g|xv{éì` |ücdhe hk l`godegée l`nqevxdcmehe ä ikvecnkgxk{n qvä.vku{d|dx` qeve {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| fkn |{lkhdh` k{n ikvkgldenkgx` fe|keh` kn qv`lk||`|'




<'? VK_D\Ì@ K EQVKGHDZEIKNIkvkgldev ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| {xdcdzegh` qvdglîqd`| hkikvkgldenkgx` fe|keh` kn qv`lk||`| |digdodle u{k e nkcm`vdel`gxîg{e xenfän hk k |kv eqcdlehe g` K|lvdxüvd`' Eqü| ` qkvî`h`dgdldec hk `qkveéì` k qvdnkdv` qv`jkx` hk nkcm`vde hk qv`lk||`|#x`h` ` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| k dgovek|xv{x{ve hk |{q`vxk hk kn|kv vk d|x`| k ex{ecdzeh`| l`go`vnk gklk||dhehk'




<'?'5 VK_D\Ì@ QÜ\.DNQCKNKGXEÉÌ@

Nk|n` {n k|xåid` qvdnåvd` he vk d|ì` qü|.dnqcknkgxeéì` hk kck egxev hd kv|e| u{k|xûk|:

\kv dé`| h` K|lvdxüvdè$ @ |kv dé` kgxvki{k o`d hk kgl`gxv` e`| vku{d|dx`| h` lcdkgxkdgxkvg` h` K|lvdxüvd`0f$ U{k cdéûk| o`ven eqvkghdhe| |`fvk e kgxvkie hk |kv dé`|0l$ @ u{k o`d okdx` |exd|oex`vdenkgxk0

h$ @ u{k o`d okdx` dg|{odldkgxknkgxk0k$ U{k n{hegée| hk kvden |kv okdxe| qeve nkcm`vev `| vk|{cxeh`|h`| o{x{v`| qv`jkx`| k `{xve| exd dhehk| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|0

Nkx`h`cìdee$ U{ed| e|qklx`| he nkx`h`cìde o{gld`geven fkn0f$ U{ed| e|qklx`| he nkx`h`cìde gì` o{gld`geven fkn0l$ E nkx`h`cìde o`d fkn kgxkghdhe0

h$ K}d|xkn e|qklx`| he nkx`h`cìde u{k dnqv`h{xd enkgxkhdodl{cxen ̀ qv`jkx`0k$ U{ed| n{hegée| hk kvden |kv okdxe| qeve nkcm`vev `| vk|{cxeh`|h`| qv`jkx`| o{x{v`| k `{xve| exd dhehk| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|0

Vk|{cxeh`| hk Qv`jkx`|e$ @ qv`jkx` kgxvki`{ `| fkgkoîld`| k|qkveh`|0f$ @ qv`jkx` q`hkvde xkv |dh` odgecdzeh` egxk| |k e ku{dqk h` qv`jkx`

xd k||k'''l$ @ u{k o`d okdx` |exd|oex`vdenkgxk0h$ @ u{k o`d okdx` dg|{odldkgxknkgxk0k$ K}d|xd{ l`n{gdleéì` efkvxe k eqv`qvdehe0o$ K}d|xdven vkl{v|`| hd|q`gî kd| |{odldkgxk|0i$ U{ed| n{hegée| hk kvden |kv okdxe| qeve nkcm`vev `| vk|{cxeh`|h`| qv`jkx`| o{x{v`| k `{xve| exd dhehk| h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|0




E vk d|ì` qü|.dnqcknkgxeéì` ä {ne `q`vx{gdhehk dhkec qeve `K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| qv`l{vev k vk|q`ghkv `| qv`fckne| k`q`vx{gdhehk| kn |k{ qvüqvd` –qv`lk||` hk ikvdv q`v qv`lk||`|„'




<'?'6 QCEG@ HK XVEG\DÉÌ@

[n qceg` hk xveg|déì` hk k |kv hk|kg `c dh` qeve ikvkgldev en{hegée h` näx`h` hk hk|kg `c dnkgx` dgdldec qeve e `qkveéì`g`vnec l`gxîg{e h` K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|' @ qceg` hk xveg|déì`hk kvde l`fvdv k|xk| e||{gx`|:e$ Odgecdzeéì` hk u{k|xûk| qkghkgxk| kn vkceéì` e` qceg` hkhk|kg `c dnkgx` `vdidgec2f$ N{hegée| g`| |kv dé`| e |kvkn òkvkldh`| qkc` K|lvdxüvd` knvk|q`|xe á| hkneghe| k okkhfelb| he| {gdhehk| hk gkiüld`|2

l$ Ej{|xk he| gklk||dhehk| h`| vkl{v|`| qeve e| `qkveéûk| kn l{v|`“ qk||è|# |d|xkne|# dg|xeceéûk|2h$ Qceg` hk hk|kg `c dnkgx` he ku{dqk h` K|lvdxüvd`2k$ Qvìvene hk kh{leéì` l`gxdg{ehe qeve x`he e `viegdzeéì`2o$ Qceg`| hk c`gi` qvez` qeve e |{|xkgxeéì` he l{cx{ve hk qv`lk||`|2i$ H`l{nkgxeéûk| hk dgdldexd e| hk qv`lk||` fkn |{lkhdhe| exä `n`nkgx` n`|xvegh`# |k q`||î kc# {n vkx`vg` |`fvk ` dg k|xdnkgx`q`|dxd `2m$ Qceg` hk nevbkxdgi qeve vk kghkv ` l`glkdx` hk ikvkgldenkgx`fe|keh` kn qv`lk||`| qeve x`he e `viegdzeéì`# qvdgldqecnkgxkqeve e ikvêglde |êgd`v'

Xec qceg` hk xveg|déì` o`vgklkvå {ne |ücdhe qcexeo`vne hkcegéenkgx` qeve e `qkveéì` l`gxîg{e hk {n K|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`|fkn |{lkhdh`'




\KÉÌ@ 8

Kgxvkie| k Lv`gìvene




[n lv`gìvene qehvì` qeve {n qv`jkx` hk dnqcknkgxeéì` hkK|lvdxüvd` hk Qv`lk||`| ä eqvk|kgxeh` ge xefkce efed}`' E |ki{ghel`c{ge hkn`g|xve e| kxeqe| e |kvkn vkecdzehe| h{vegxk ` qv`jkx`'@| dghdleh`vk| hk xknq` hì` {n ec`v eqv`}dneh` he h{veéì` hklehe kxeqe' Cìdlenkgxk# |k xvexe hk {ne ikgkvecdzeéì` k eqvk|kgxe

evdeéûk| u{egh` eqcdleh` ge qvåxdle'







Vkl{v|`| Ehdld`ged|




L@GXEX@\

K|xk h`l{nkgx` o`d kcef`veh` kn xvê|l`gxdgkgxk|' Qeve ned`vk| dgo`vneéûk|#kgxvev kn l`gxex` l`n: Fe||en EcBmeve|md-Evåfde \e{hdxe$# Ckeghv` Jk|{| -Fve|dc$ `{Vìkv Xvkikev -E{|xvåcde$' @| hkxecmk| h`l`gxex` |ì` o`vgkldh`| efed}`:

FE\\EN ECBMEVE\ MDä ` LK@ heK\ L`g|{cxdgi# {ne l`g|{cx`vde he Evåfde\e{hdxe l`n o`l` kn ik|xì` k xklg`cìde hedgo`vneéì` k l`n{gdleéì`' Vk|dhkgxk hkVdtehm# Fe||en q`||{d iveghk k}qkvdêgldeg` |kx`v qúfcdl` k qvd eh` kn xklg`cìdehe dgo`vneéì` k l`n{gdleéì`# ik|xì` hkqv`lk||`|# ik|xì` k|xvexäidle# mkecxmdgo`vnexdl|# ikvkgldenkgx` hk qv`jkx`|#

hk|kg `c dnkgx` hk gkiüld`|#lèlmdgi kik|xì` hk n{hegée|' Kck ä qvk|dhkgxk heE||`ldeéì` h`| Qvòd||d`ged| hk Ik|xì` hkQv`lk||`| hk Gkiüld` -Leqîx{c` |`fvkEvåfde \e{hdxe$ k dg|xv{x`v lvkhkgldeh` hevkhk ic`fec hk e||`ldeh`| he FQXvkgh|'Fe||en q`hk |kv l`gxexeh` qkc` k.nedcf'ecbmeve|mdAk|l`g|{cxdgi'l`n'|e `{ qkc`xkcko`gk "4?? ;1; 6?9 1?8' @ |dxk he K\L`g|{cxdgi ä yyy'k|l`g|{cxdgi'l`n'|e '

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CKEGHV@ JK\[\ k EGHVKNELDKDVE|ì` |üld`| he KC@ Iv`{q#

{ne l`g|{cx`vde fve|dckdve o`lehe kn|`c{éûk| hk ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`| hkgkiüld`' Kck| xenfän |ì` qk|u{d|eh`vk| kqvòk||`vk| he [gd kv|dhehk Okhkvec h`Vd` hk Jegkdv` -[OVJ$' Ckeghv` ä _dlk.Qvk|dhkgxk k o{gheh`v he E||`ldeéì` hkQvòd||d`ged| hk Ikvkgldenkgx` hkQv`lk||`| hk Gkiüld` -EFQNQ$# k dg|xv{x`vlvkhkgldeh` he vkhk ic`fec hk e||`ldeh`|he FQXvkgh|' @| qv`jkx`| vklkgxk| hkCkeghv` k Eghvk |ì` o`leh`| kni` kvgegée k evu{dxkx{ve hk qv`lk||`|l`n lcdkgxk| h`| |kx`vk| ic`fecneg{oelx{vdgi k |kv dé`| odgeglkdv`|'Ckeghv` q`hk |kv l`gxexeh` qkc` k.nedcckeghv`'jk|{|Akcìv`{q'l`n'fv k Eghvkqkc` k.nedc:eghvk'neldkdveAkcìv`{q'l`n'fv ' Enf`|k|xì` hd|q`gî kd| g` xkcko`gk ";; 65 66666545' @ |dxk he KC@ Iv`{q äyyy'kcìv`{q'l`n'fv





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http://www.elogroup.com.br/






V@IKV XVKIKEVhkhdl`{ |{e dheqvòd||d`gec oecegh`# qkg|egh`#

k|lvk kgh` k qvk|xegh` l`g|{cx`vde |`fvkegåcd|k# nkcm`vde k ik|xì` hk qv`lk||`|'Ovku{kgxknkgxk xvefecme l`n` –xmdgbdgi qevxgkv„ k nkgx`v# kck o`vgklk l`g|{cx`vdekn egåcd|k hk qv`lk|| |̀ hk gkiüld`' Vìkvä {n dg|xv{x`v lvkhkgldeh` he vkhk ic`fechk e||`ldeh`| he FQXvkgh| k xknndgd|xveh` l{v|`| ge Evåfde \e{hdxe#

Femvedg# Vkdg` [gdh`# Åovdle# E{|xvåcde kG` e Zkcæghde' K|lvdx`v ovku{kgxk g`| FQNx`qdl|# Vìkv ä {n l`c{gd|xe qkvdühdl` h`FQXvkgh| k l`gxvdf{d{ l`n {n leqîx{c` g`cd v X̀mk Dgxkvgexd`gec Meghf``b ò FQN -\qvdgikv 6151$'Vìkv q`hk |kv l`gxexeh` qkc` k.nedcv'xvkikevAck`gevh`'l`n'e{ `{ qkc`xkcko`gk "?5 -1$854 661 6=1' @ |dxk heCk`gevh` L`g|{cxdgi äyyy'ck`gevh`'l`n'e{

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CKDX[VE L@NQCKNKGXEV

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