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1 ? . . (transitional fossils). . ; .

2 "

? 1 :3 . . (rock pigeon) . . " .4

C~D < B~DB~C < B~AC~D < A~BB~C < A~BA~B < A~D . ~ , ?

5 , A -B. -DNA . : 10 A -10 B, . A :0%.

10%.

50%.

100%.

90%. 6.

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. - ?7 .

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810. in vitro :

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. 9 (adaptive landscape) :

. . . Fit- . .

10 ?

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. 11 :

fitness

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. . . . . Tiktaalik roseae :

. (succession) . . . . ?

. . 20 ((non-continuous . transitional form) ) . 500 .

17" ". :

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Ubx "homeosis", :

-Hox .

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Pitx1 :

non-synonymous .

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non-sense .

synonymous .

-RNA?

RNA

RNA

RNA

RNA

RNA (handicap principle) :

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(maladaptive traits).

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