Extinction 2

8/3/2019 Extinction 2

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ExtinctionExtinction


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ExtinctionExtinctionThe Definition and CausesThe Definition and Causes


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ExtinctionExtinction ??


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What is Extinction?What is Extinction?

Extinction occurs when the last existingExtinction occurs when the last existingmember of a given species diesmember of a given species dies

In other wordsthere arent any more left!In other wordsthere arent any more left!

It is a scientific certainty when there areIt is a scientific certainty when there arenot any surviving individuals left tonot any surviving individuals left toreproducereproduce

occursoccurs ExtinctionExtinction Only a handful of individuals are leftOnly a handful of individuals are left

Odds of reproduction are slimOdds of reproduction are slim


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Causes of ExtinctionCauses of Extinction

Genetics and DemographicsGenetics and Demographics

Small populations = increased riskSmall populations = increased risk

MutationsMutations Beneficial genetic traits are overruledBeneficial genetic traits are overruled ( sifat( sifat

merugikan )merugikan )

Loss of Genetic DiversityLoss of Genetic Diversity

Shallow gene pools promote massive inbreedingShallow gene pools promote massive inbreedingInbreeding semakin besar )Inbreeding semakin besar )


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Causes Cont.Causes Cont.

Habitat DegradationHabitat Degradation

One of the most influentialOne of the most influential

Has many causesHas many causes Some due to humansSome due to humans

Some due to other factorsSome due to other factors


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ToxicityToxicity

Kills off species directly through food/waterKills off species directly through food/water

Indirectly via sterilizationIndirectly via sterilization Can occur in short spans (a single generation)Can occur in short spans (a single generation)

Can occur over several generationsCan occur over several generations

Increasing toxicityIncreasing toxicity

Increasing competition for habitat resourcesIncreasing competition for habitat resources


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Biological magnification ?Biological magnification ?


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increase in concentration of a substance inorganisms body

that occurs in a food chain as a

consequence of:a. Persistence (can't be broken down by

environmental processes)

b. Food chainc. Low (or nonexistent) rate of internal

degradation/excretion of the substance

(often due to water-insolubility)


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Destruction of HabitatDestruction of Habitat

Save the Rainforests!Save the Rainforests!

Elimination of living spaceElimination of living space Change in habitatChange in habitat

Rainforest to pasture landsRainforest to pasture lands ( padang rumput )( padang rumput )

Leads to diminishing resourcesLeads to diminishing resources (( -- SDA )SDA )

Increases competitionIncreases competition

Can be caused by natural processesCan be caused by natural processes

Volcanoes, floods, drought, etcVolcanoes, floods, drought, etc


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Causes Cont.Causes Cont.

PredationPredation

CompetitionCompetition

DiseaseDiseaseMass ExtinctionMass Extinction

Planned ExtinctionPlanned Extinction


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PredationPredation

Introduction of predatorsIntroduction of predators

Transported by humansTransported by humans

Cattle, rats, zebra muscles, etcCattle, rats, zebra muscles, etc

Sometimes on purpose, sometimes notSometimes on purpose, sometimes not

Can eat other speciesCan eat other species

Eat foodEat food sourcsourceses


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CoextinctionCoextinction

The loss of one species leads to the lossThe loss of one species leads to the loss

of anotherof another

Chain of extinctionChain of extinctionCan be caused by small impacts in theCan be caused by small impacts in the

beginningbeginning

A predator looses its food sourceA predator looses its food sourceAffected by interconnectedness in natureAffected by interconnectedness in nature


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Mass ExtinctionMass Extinction

A sharp decrease in the number ofA sharp decrease in the number of

species on Earth in a short period of timespecies on Earth in a short period of timeThere have been at least 5There have been at least 5

Last one was 65M years agoLast one was 65M years ago


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Mass Extinction DiagramMass Extinction Diagram


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Mass ExtinctionMass Extinction

Nearly 2/3rds (or more) of all animalNearly 2/3rds (or more) of all animal

species that ever existed on the planet arespecies that ever existed on the planet are

now gone.now gone. With contemporary extinction being attributed toWith contemporary extinction being attributed to

HUMAN activity.HUMAN activity.

Numerous factors go into the extinction ofNumerous factors go into the extinction ofa specific species.a specific species.

Though all point the finger to climate change.Though all point the finger to climate change.


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Mass ExtinctionsMass Extinctions

1.1. CretaceousCretaceous--Tertiary Extinction (65).Tertiary Extinction (65).

2.2. End Triassic Extinction (200).End Triassic Extinction (200).

3.3. Permian Triassic ExtinctionPermian Triassic Extinction (250).(250).4.4. Late Devonian Extinction (364).Late Devonian Extinction (364).

5.5. OrdovicianOrdovician--Silurian ExtinctionSilurian Extinction (440).(440).

(#= millions of years ago)(#= millions of years ago)


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Planned ExtinctionPlanned Extinction

Human controlledHuman controlled

Thought of to help humansThought of to help humans

Deadly virusesDeadly viruses PolioPolio

Near extinct (only in small parts of the world)Near extinct (only in small parts of the world)


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Natural Causes ofNatural Causes of

ExtinctionExtinction


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Climatic Heating and CoolingClimatic Heating and Cooling


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Changes in Sea Level or CurrentsChanges in Sea Level or Currents

www.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.htmlwww.johnstonsarchive.net/spaceart/cylmaps.html


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AsteroidsAsteroids

Causes completeCauses complete

devastationdevastation ( damage )( damage )

Flattening and crater atFlattening and crater at

or around impact siteor around impact site--

hundreds of miles widehundreds of miles wide ((

kawah )kawah )

Reverberations felt aroundReverberations felt around

the worldthe world Getaran di mana2)Getaran di mana2)


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Cosmic RadiationCosmic Radiation

www.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.htmlwww.iit.edu/~ipro313s/home.html


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Acid RainAcid Rain

Kills acid intolerantKills acid intolerant

speciesspecies


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Disease/EpidemicsDisease/EpidemicsDisease/EpidemicsDisease/Epidemics

Can wipe out entireCan wipe out entire

speciesspecies ((

menghilangkamenghilangkaspesies )spesies )

Frog with fungusFrog with fungus

diseasedisease

Killing frogs and otherKilling frogs and other

amphibiansamphibians


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Spread of Invasive SpeciesSpread of Invasive Species


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Natural factors usually occur at a slower

rate and therefore cause a low extinction

rate. Human activities occur at a faster

rate and cause higher extinction rates.

Human activities are mostly responsible

for the present extinction rates.

http://www.gov.mb.ca/conservation/sustain/extinct.pdf


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Human Causes ofExtinction


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Top Human Causes of

Extinction:

Increased human population

Destruction/Fragmentation of

habitat

Pollution

Climate change/Global warming


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Based on these, and other

studies done by The

international Union forConservation of Nature

and Natural Resources

(IUCN), human inducedextinctions are not

necessarily a new

phenomena. However,

extinction by humans todayis becoming much more

rapid.


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The rapid loss of species today is estimated by some

experts to be between 100 and 1,000 times higher than

the natural extinction rate, while others estimate rates as

high as 1,000-11,000 times higher.


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Habitat Degradation

Habitat loss and degradation affect 86%of all threatened birds, 86% of mammals and

88% of threatened ( terancam ) amphibians


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Climate change/GlobalWarming

JohnW

.W

illiams from UW

-Madison suggests that changesin regions such as the Peruvian Andes, portions of the

Himalayas and southern Australia could have a profound

impact on indigenous plants and animals

Williams and his research partners used computer modelsto estimate how various parts of the world would be

affected by regional changes consistent with the IPCC's

climate models.

Their findings indicated that By the end of the 21st century,

large portions of the Earths surface may experience

climates not found at present and some 2th century

climates may disappear.


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Their studies also suggest isolated climates such as the

Peruvian Andes could change drastically enough to lead

to species extinctions.

The climate change might also create new climates,

providing new opportunities for other species to thrive,

Williams said.

Regions wherenovel climates are

expected to form in

tropical and

subtropical regions

include the western

Sahara,

southeastern U.S.

and eastern India.


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Extinction HotspotsExtinction Hotspots


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HOTSPOT ?HOTSPOT ?


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AA specificspecific locationlocation thatthat hashas enormousenormous

speciesspecies diversitydiversity butbut isis alsoalso underunder threatthreatfromfrom humanhuman activitiesactivities isis knownknown asas aa

biodiversitybiodiversity hothot spotspot..

BiodiversityBiodiversity hotspotshotspots areare areasareas thatthat supportsupport

naturalnatural ecosystemsecosystems thatthat areare largelylargely intactintactandand wherewhere nativenative speciesspecies andand communitiescommunities

associatedassociated withwith thesethese ecosystemsecosystems areare wellwell

representedrepresented.. TheyThey areare alsoalso areasareas withwith aa highhigh

diversitydiversity ofof locallylocally endemicendemic species,species, whichwhichareare speciesspecies thatthat areare notnot foundfound oror areare rarelyrarely

foundfound outsideoutside thethe hotspothotspot..


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Where and what are hotspots?Where and what are hotspots?

The concept of biodiversity hotspots wasThe concept of biodiversity hotspots waspenned by British ecologist Norman Myers inpenned by British ecologist Norman Myers in1988 as a means to address the dilemma of1988 as a means to address the dilemma ofidentifying the areas most important foridentifying the areas most important for

preserving species. (national geographic)preserving species. (national geographic)

Hotspots are included in 6 continents excludingHotspots are included in 6 continents excludingAntarctica.Antarctica.

Hotspots are heavily distributed along shoreHotspots are heavily distributed along shorelines and near the equator.lines and near the equator.


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Hotspots are effected by many factorsHotspots are effected by many factorsincludingincluding

LoggingLogging

AgricultureAgriculture

HuntingHunting

Climate changeClimate change GovernmentGovernment

Hotspots can be added and removed fromHotspots can be added and removed fromthe classification of hotspot by whatthe classification of hotspot by whatrecovery or lack of prevention is takingrecovery or lack of prevention is takingplace in each area.place in each area.


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What is required to be considered aWhat is required to be considered a

hotspothotspot

The region must support at least 1,500The region must support at least 1,500plant species found nowhere else in theplant species found nowhere else in the

world, and it must have lost at least 70world, and it must have lost at least 70

percent of its original habitat.percent of its original habitat.


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What is Biodiversity?What is Biodiversity?Biodiversity is the variation of taxonomic lifeBiodiversity is the variation of taxonomic life

forms for a given biome or ecosystemforms for a given biome or ecosystem


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Benefits of BiodiversityBenefits of Biodiversity

Food and drinkFood and drink

MedicinesMedicines

Industrial materialsIndustrial materialsEcological servicesEcological services

Leisurely, cultural, andLeisurely, cultural, and

aesthetic valuesaesthetic values


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Causes of Biodiversity LossCauses of Biodiversity Loss

PollutionPollution

Loss of tropical forestLoss of tropical forest

Spread of urban areasSpread of urban areas

WarfareWarfareLarge dam constructionLarge dam construction

Road buildingRoad building

TourismTourism

Loss of traditionalLoss of traditionallifestyleslifestyles


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Consequences of Biodiversity LossConsequences of Biodiversity Loss

Loss of foodLoss of foodDecrease in biomassDecrease in biomass

Collapse of food webCollapse of food web

Reduction of ecosystemReduction of ecosystem

efficiency and communityefficiency and communityproductivityproductivity

Loss of medicinal suppliesLoss of medicinal supplies

Increased vulnerability ofIncreased vulnerability of

species to disease andspecies to disease andpredationpredation


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CropsCropsMonoculture of crops lets the yieldMonoculture of crops lets the yield

become susceptible to pests or virusesbecome susceptible to pests or viruses75% of crop varieties are extinct75% of crop varieties are extinct

Due to the spread of modern agricultureDue to the spread of modern agriculture


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Tropical Forest CuttingTropical Forest Cutting

Cover 13% of EarthCover 13% of EarthHome to 50% of all known plant and animalHome to 50% of all known plant and animal

speciesspecies

FAO reports 15.4 million hectares areFAO reports 15.4 million hectares are

destroyed annuallydestroyed annually

The Convention on BiologicalThe Convention on Biological


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DiversityDiversity

Mission StatementMission Statement

The objectives of this convention are theThe objectives of this convention are the

conservation of biological diversity, sustainableconservation of biological diversity, sustainable

use of its components and the fair and equitableuse of its components and the fair and equitablesharing of the benefits arising out of thesharing of the benefits arising out of the

utilization of genetic resources.utilization of genetic resources.

Since it was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,Since it was adopted at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992,189 countries have signed and implemented it. The United States189 countries have signed and implemented it. The United States

signed it in 1993 but has yet to put it into action still todaysigned it in 1993 but has yet to put it into action still today



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DiversityDiversity

2010 Biodiversity Target2010 Biodiversity Target

Members adopted a plan to significantly reduce the presentMembers adopted a plan to significantly reduce the present

rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional andrate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and

national level by the year 2010.national level by the year 2010.


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ReferencesReferences

Ceballos, G., and Ehrlich, P., 2002, Mammal Population Losses and the ExtinctionCeballos, G., and Ehrlich, P., 2002, Mammal Population Losses and the ExtinctionCrisis:Crisis:

Science, v. 296, p. 904Science, v. 296, p. 904--908.908.

Fahrig, L., 2002, Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: AFahrig, L., 2002, Effect of Habitat Fragmentation on the Extinction Threshold: A

Synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 12, p. 346Synthesis: Ecological Applications, v. 12, p. 346--353.353.

Gittleman, J., The Risk of ExtinctionGittleman, J., The Risk of ExtinctionWhat you dont know will hurt you: Science, v.What you dont know will hurt you: Science, v.291.291.

Petcchey, O.L., and Gaston, K.J., Extinction and the loss of functional diversity: TheyPetcchey, O.L., and Gaston, K.J., Extinction and the loss of functional diversity: TheyRoyalRoyal

Society, p. 1721Society, p. 1721--1727.1727.

Rutledge, D., Lepczyk, C., Xie, J., Liu, J., 2001, Spatiotemporal Dynamics ofRutledge, D., Lepczyk, C., Xie, J., Liu, J., 2001, Spatiotemporal Dynamics ofEndangeredEndangered

Species Hotspots in the United States: Conservation Biology, v. 15, p. 475Species Hotspots in the United States: Conservation Biology, v. 15, p. 475-- 487.487.

Kent, Holsinger. "The Causes of Extinction." 27 Aug. 2005. 12 Mar. 2007Kent, Holsinger. "The Causes of Extinction." 27 Aug. 2005. 12 Mar. 2007.

Madeley, J., Warnock, K., 1995, Biodiversity: A Matter of Extinction: The challenge ofMadeley, J., Warnock, K., 1995, Biodiversity: A Matter of Extinction: The challenge ofprotecting the Souths biological heritage .

Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004,Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of Conservation Biology: RecommendedPrinciples of Conservation Biology: Recommended Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society forGuidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education Committee of the Society for Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service .Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service . Conservation Biology:Conservation Biology: Conservation BiologyConservation Biology

.. Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.

..


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ReferencesReferencesTrombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004,Trombulak, Stpehen C., et. Al. 2004, Principles of ConservationPrinciples of Conservation

Biology: RecommendedBiology: Recommended

Guidelines for Conservation Literacy from the EducationGuidelines for Conservation Literacy from the Education

Committee of the Society forCommittee of the Society for

Bald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife ServiceBald Eagle. US Fish andWildlife Service

..

Conservation Biology:Conservation Biology: Conservation BiologyConservation Biology

.

Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.Extinction. Lecture by BruceWalsh at University of Arizona, 1995.

.

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Extinction 2