Facoltà di Economia

11

Facoltà di EconomiaFacoltà di Economia

LETTURA ED ELABORAZIONE SCRITTA DEL LETTURA ED ELABORAZIONE SCRITTA DEL TESTO ECONOMICOTESTO ECONOMICO

Prof.ssa Luisanna Fodde

Written/Spoken Language

Face-to-face communication

Writer-reader communication

Speech production/Written production

Language control in speech and writing: Pronunciation, intonation, accent, non-verbal communication (SPEECH)Style, grammar, structure, orthography (WRITING)

SOME TIPS/SUGGESTIONSSOME TIPS/SUGGESTIONS

•Presumption: Italian as Leading Language

•Language in Context

•Lexical Choice

•Distractions

•Text Structure

Presumption: Italian as Leading Language

• ADJECTIVES (position, gender and number: “others people”; “many newspapers important”)

• WORD ORDER (SVO: “Is necessary a cure”; “is important to be friends”)

• FALSE FRIENDS (actually, eventually…)

• INVENTIONS (“Comparated”, “bag of study”; “producted”)

• USE OF TENSES (“is not ended”, “are arrived”)

• ORTHOGRAPHY (months: january, february… years: in the 1984, nationality: german, italian; other: indipendence; )

LANGUAGE IN CONTEXTLANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

We normally modify the way we communicate (both in spoken and written language) according to the context

SPOKEN LANGUAGE: conversation with friends, conversation with our professors, conversation with people we do not know. Speaking in public, speaking in private, ecc.

WRITTEN LANGUAGE: emails (public/private), sms, chats, FB posts, university papers, essays, thesis, formal letters to universities to public organizations.

LANGUAGE IN CONTEXTLANGUAGE IN CONTEXTi know it only because i'm a car's world fan since i was child :)

but, if i'm very interested about a file, i must use bittorrent :))i just see a dark sedan parking under my window with man dressed in black... i'd better run away eheheh :D

Of course! It's obvious! But I don't know if only Prof. can accept they or not :D

Oh yes,when?Teacher will fix our errors!

Last thursday I went in Milano for 3 day

LANGUAGE IN CONTEXTLANGUAGE IN CONTEXT

IL CU2moro thN

cn u cum 2 my BDay pRt on satdy?

IL cll u wen I gt der

my mum wl taK me der

dis thng S drivN me %-)

I'm 100% Nluv W him

EMOTICONS!!!!

Lexical ChoiceLexical Choice

Confusing word classes, e.g. dead, died

Acronyms, e.g. EU/ UE, ONU/UN

Spelling, e.g. Bruxel, Whashinton

Translation of toponyms L’Aia / The Hague

CollocationsThis depends from/on me??The reason of/for??To do/make business; to do/make a deal??Make/do money; make/do promise??Take/make a decision?? To do/make mistakes?

DISTRACTIONS

CONCORDANCES

e.g. he cry, much persons, America and his partners

COHERENCE active/passive; past/present; plural/singular

ORTHOGRAPHY e.g. wich, whit, whome

IRREGULAR / REGULAR VERBSe.g. drived, gived, lead-leaded

Some rules to get better writing skills

ARTICLES: SINGULAR Always put an article (the-a) with singular

COUNTABLE NOUNS same as we do in ItalianEx: a boy, the chair, the scholarship, the man, a student,

the environment….

SINGULAR UNCOUNTABLE (time, money, food, choice, globalization, ) no article when considered in a general way, with a general meaning:

Ex: MONEY IS INDISPENSABLE; TIME IS MONEY; I NEED FOOD TO SURVIVE

But…. The money you gave me yesterday is not enough. I like the food they serve in that restaurant. They think

with pleasure about the time they spent with us in California


ARTICLES: PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS:NO article when considered in a general way, with a

general meaningEx. This article is about brands. Brands are considered as

a very important asset… . Students don’t like studying. Professors tend to be strict.

But…. The students in our class are very nice. I don’t like the professors who always tell me what to do. The brands sold in that shop are outdated

!!!! Plurals in –y: companys-companies


CONCORDANCES:This article speak; brands and its power; This brands; New

consumers is;The article continue; Positives and negatives aspects of

brands; Brands wasn’t built; They was different;SPELLING: RAPPRESENT; SIMBOL; BY-BUY- STORY-

HISTORY; OBTEINWORD CLASSES:This article talks about brands and their powerful. Brands are important for the company successful. It compares the brands’ past with the actually.Principle v principal VERB TENSES:The role of brands is changed; companies are changed,

production systems are transformed …


WORD ORDER:

SVO – A big importance have also logo and slogo

INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE:This article speaks about marketing brands (???) in the

global economy and the tactics for convince consumers

PERSONAL PRONOUNS; RELATIVE PRONOUNS (THEY/THEM, WHO/WHICH/THAT)

ADJECTIVES OF NATIONALITY:CAPITAL LETTERS!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

WHAT IS THIS ARTICLE ABOUT?

“The article speaks, tells … - is about, highlights, observes, focuses on …”

This article is written by John Kenneth which speak of the past company and the future company in USA

Burocratic, an heirarchicalthis companies, companysthis choise three ways to look the modern companyThere are three types of school for divide types of

corporations. (…) for survive the companies must change for have more flexibility. They must adapt themselves for survive.

It focus on As the article saydIn the time, in the years


“The article speaks, tells … - is about, highlights, observes, focuses on …”

This article is about the evolution/development of modern companies.

Modern companies have changed very much recently………..

The environment …………………….Consumers have……………………So, companies should/must/ will have to…..


THE ARTICLE ARGUES OF THE MODE AS THE OLD COMPANY CHANGES FOR ADAPTED HIS WORK OF THE NEWS TECNOLOGIES

This article argued that how the companies to adapt in the environment, how the old companies modificated they are product.

During the 1967 – during the 1960s / in 1967Actual companiesThe organisation’s companies

At the first time companies producted with economies of scales

Shareholders have more choice about how to put their money


In the story …The company for look the future must to focus ….The New Industrial State argued the USA to ménage a

handful of a big companies who the economy in the name of stability

The US’s giant corporations been transformed by global competition

This article study old and new ways of organisation in bigs firms

Consumers have big chois where spend theyr moneyIn the futer will survive only small companiesThere are three ways of thoughtThe ways of survive of the companiesThrough modern flexible production sistem based on

lowering of the costs and the increase of the choice


This article is about the relationship between fear and management. Analyzing sport business the author speaks about the generals effects that fear may have on employees. Lots of successful manager use terror in their workplace, but nowadays bosses cannot abuse of their power because of modern laws and scarcity of workers, so they have to manage them with care . The problem is if fear really motivate. To answer to this question there are different points of views. According to S. Snook fear can help to reach particular targets. Differently fear can be disastrous and lead to lots of problems, including state of anxiety. The constant fear is common among artist and services where people with fragile personality and talent are the main product.

Text StructureText Structure

Purpose defines the type of texts: WHY?

Readers define the type of texts: WHO?

Context defines the type of texts: WHERE?

Purpose, readers and context define the text style HOW?


Purpose defines the type of texts: WHY?- WRITE AN EMAIL TO HAVE INFORMATION ABOUT A MASTERS PROGRAMME IN TOURISM & MANAGEMENTReaders define the type of texts: WHO?- YOU – the writer- THE DIRECTOR OF STUDIES – the readerContext defines the type of texts: WHERE?- What is the means of communications?- What are your respective positions/roles/titles/culture?Purpose, readers and context define the text style- HOW are you going to write this email?


Purpose defines the type of texts: WHY?- WRITE AN EMAIL TO HAVE INFORMATION ABOUT A WINE TRADE SHOW BEING ORGANIZED NEXT YEAR IN DUBAIReaders define the type of texts: WHO?- YOU – the writer- THE TRADE SHOW ORGANIZER – the readerContext defines the type of texts: WHERE?- What is the means of communications?- What are your respective positions/roles/titles/culture?Purpose, readers and context define the text style- HOW are you going to write this email?

WINE FAIR/MASTERS PROGRAMMain Errors

CONCORDANCES:

REGULAR/IRREGULAR verbs:

ORTHOGRAPHY:

CONFUSIONS:

INVENTIONS:

OTHER:

A Note on StyleA Note on Style“Buongiorno Prof.” “Buona prof.ssa”, “buongiorno proff.”

“Salve, sono C.C., io dovrei partire con il progetto erasmus a T.”

buongiorno professoressa sono F.,la studentessa Erasmus....volevo sapere se…

“……Secondo Lei, c'è qualche problema per l'approvazione degli esami?Quando posso venire nel suo ufficio per avere dei chiarimenti?Attendo una sua risposta”

“So che il suo orario di ricevimento è il lunedì e lei gradisce sia rispettato ma non potrebbe fare un'eccezione? Domani cioè venerdì mattina è possibile fissare un incontro?Aspetto una sua risposta”.

“Egregia Professoressa Fodde,alla tastiera E. S.(matr. …. del corso di Economia _Manageriale):la studentessa vincitrice della Borsa Erasmus”

A Note on StyleA Note on Style“in effetti, per i crediti, la differenza tra 4 e 8 e' tanta, ma mi informero' e le faro' sapere. comunque, per quanto riguarda l'esame studente…….., me lo potete convalidare anche se non c'e' l'esatto corrispondente a cagliari???”byehey holet's go”

buongiorno, scusi se la disturbo, sono una ragazza che segue la falcoltà di economia e gestione dei servizi turistici, vorrei sapere se per lunedì la lezione sarà da mezzogiorno alle tre o dalle tre alle sei, la ringrazio, buongiorno

“Prof.ssa ci fa sempre piacere ricevere le sue mail ma questa volta si va veramente oltre ogni + rosea aspettativa ;-) Finalmente notizie!!!! Grazie a nome di tutti e tre! A presto! P.S.:La brochure ?!?”

A Note on StyleA Note on Style

SalveSono uno studente del corso di economia e gestione aziendale, volevo sapere riguardo ai testi consigliati per coloro che hanno sostenuto un punteggio maggiore di 23, se quest'ultimi sono gli stessi che verranno utilizzati poi durante il corso del secondo semestre o sono materiale di approfondimento, mi potrebbe dire inoltre se questo è il suo sito: http://economia.unica.it/inglesenello stesso posto trovarvi indicati il materiale succitato?Grazie,buona giornata

A Note on StyleA Note on Style

“hi am comin in 20mins…”

“Am trying a few people 2 c if they can do course. I’ll sms u names + numbers….”

“Just spoke 2 Anna 2 organise going 2 Rome, I’ll have all results on thurs would u like 2 c them b4 I go?”

E-mailsE-mailsUsed increasingly in international business to replace

letters, faxes and sometimes phonecalls

Why? INEXPENSIVE, EASY-TO-USE

-Style of writing can vary, but usually…. more INFORMALHowever…… we must pay attention to:1. Our reader and our purpose, and adapt style of

writing accordingly;2. HUMOR/JOKES;3. E-mails are public;4. Sending something important? Use follow-up faxes

or letters!5. Keep track! File and Print!!

Vedi : p. 18-19 Skills; pp-9-13 dispensa

MASTERS PROGRAMME - REPLY

Purpose defines the type of texts: WHY?-WRITE AN EMAIL TO THE ITALIAN STUDENT WHO REQUESTED INFORMATION ON YOUR MASTER PROGRAM-Your email should contain information on:UNIVERSITY CALENDAR; COURSE START; TYPE OF LESSONS; COMPULSORY EXAMS; ACCOMMODATION; ANY OTHER USEFUL INFO

Readers define the type of texts: WHO?- YOU – the Director of Studies- AN ITALIAN GRADUATE STUDENT – the reader

Context defines the type of texts: WHERE?- What is the means of communications?- What are your respective positions/roles/titles/culture?Purpose, readers and context define the text style- HOW are you going to write this email?

WINERY- REPLY

Purpose defines the type of texts: WHY?-WRITE AN EMAIL TO THE ITALIAN WINE PRODUCER WHO REQUESTED INFORMATION ON YOUR WINE TRADE SHOW-Your email should contain information on:SITE OF THE TRADE SHOW; COUNTRIES AND WINERIES PARTICIPATING; SCHEDULE OF EVENTS; ACCOMMODATION; ANY OTHER USEFUL INFOReaders define the type of texts: WHO?- YOU – The Trade Show organizer- AN ITALIAN wine producer – the reader

Context defines the type of texts: WHERE?- What is the means of communications?- What are your respective positions/roles/titles/culture?Purpose, readers and context define the text style- HOW are you going to write this email?

PAG 60 WRITING

Dear Don, IT TRAINING COURSES

Thank you for your interest in our training courses.My name is Andrea Cassel and I am responsible for our training courses.Herein enclosed please find our course programme for 2009.We are a very well-established company, with a 30 years’ experience in training IT professionals in the latest technology. If you need any help in selecting the right course don’t hesitate to contact us for further information and advice . My direct phone number is: 077-3458799.I look forward to welcoming you in one of our courses.Best regards,AndreaTeaching consultant

Apologise and give reasonsPag. 61

Dear applicant/Dear Mr. Smith,

I regret /We regret to inform you that due to the high number of applications, we had to close our workshop. As we announced last month, we decided to have no more than 35 participants because we wanted the workshop to be as interactive as possible.

However, given the success we met (because of the success of our workshop) we are planning to hold another similar workshop later in the year. As soon as we have a precise date, we will inform you (we will let you know).Again, I/we apologise for this inconvenience. It goes without saying (Of course) that in case of any cancellations (if there are any cancellations) we will inform you (we will let you know).Best regards,

Marta GrahamWorkshop director

Other Errors

STRUCTURE: PUNCTUATION, CHANGING PARAGRAPHACCORDING TO TOPIC

FORM/STYLE

As you requested, I am SENDing /TELLing / GIVing you/ATTACHing information on …………

Herein enclosed/attached you will/can find information/ a file/ a document on

Please find enclosed/attached information on …..I have enclosed/attached

At the end of this message you will/can find ……

As you requested, I am writing / I am pleased to give you some information….

3434

Types of sentencesTypes of sentencesDear Mario,

With reference to the arrangements we made yesterday, I am writing to inform you about our next conference.

The conference will be held at the Hotel T, in Cagliari, on ThursdayNovember 12 at 9,00…...

Following our telephone conversation yesterday, I am writing to confirm our next meeting.

As for our meeting, I can confirm you that ….

As regards our meeting, I can confirm you that…

With regards to our meeting, I can confirm you that…

THE RUSSIAN TOURIST MARKETPurpose defines the type of texts: WHY?-WRITE AN EMAIL TO THE RUSSIAN TOURIST BOARD TO INTRODUCE YOUR HOTEL AND START NEW FORMS OF COLLABORATION WITH THE RUSSIAN TOURIST MARKET -Your email should contain information on:YOUR HOTEL FACILITIES; IDEAS FOR A MEETING AND VISITS OF RUSSIAN TOUR OPERATORS TO SARDINIAReaders define the type of texts: WHO?- YOU – The hotel manager- The Russian tourist board Director – the readerContext defines the type of texts: WHERE?- What is the means of communications?- What are your respective positions/roles/titles/culture?Purpose, readers and context define the text style- HOW are you going to write this email?

3636

CLARIFICATIONS (p. 14-15)CLARIFICATIONS (p. 14-15)Dear Umesh,It was good to speak to you.

I just wanted to check the details of our arrangements. So, we are meeting on Thursday 17 June at 12.00. We said the meeting will be (take place) at your office. Can you confirm the exact address, please? It’s Bridge Street, what number?

I am going to (will) bring our company video, I just want to know if you prefer to have the Latin American videos as well as the Asian ones.How about lunch afterwards? Is 13.30 ok for you? We could go to the Mayflower, it’s a nice American restaurant across the road from your office. Let me know what you think.

If you need to contact me here’s my mobile phone number:Can you send me yours?Thanks and all the bestLuisanna

3737

CLARIFICATIONS (p. 14-15)CLARIFICATIONS (p. 14-15)

Dear Jo,I’m not sure what your ‘yes’ was referring to; could you clarify?Just a couple of other things I want to clear up:

- In your email you say that the meeting will be postponed to Thursday.Do you mean Thursday next week? What about the time and the place (Same time and place)?- As for the estimated cost. The figure you mention, is it in pounds, dollars, or euros (which currency are you referring to)?- Lastly, Andrea Cavalieri, the senior contractor, is it a he or a she?

Please answer asap (Please confirm asap)Carrie

3838

CLARIFICATIONS

Dear Ms Tau Pei Lin,Thank you for your email concerning my travel arrangements.

I can confirm that I will be arriving on Monday at 05.00 at Beijng airport. Will you/ somebody meet me at the airport?

As for the meeting with your lawyers, I would like to know the exact time and place. You say that a Mr. Chang will attend the meeting. Can you remind me about his position in the company? What is his first name?

Also, you mention a dinner on Sunday. I am sure there must be a mistake or misunderstanding. As you know, I am leaving on Sunday morning. I would be very pleased to come. Can I bring my wife? (Is my wife invited?).

I look forward to hearing from you soon,SincerelyJ. Peters

3939

REQUESTS AND REPLIESREQUESTS AND REPLIESp. 16; pp. 60-61 Skillsp. 16; pp. 60-61 Skills

Dear Don,

IT TRAINING COURSES

Thank you for your interest in our IT training courses.Our company is an established training firm with 30 years’ experience in the field. Our goal is to always train IT professionals in the latest technology.As you requested, I am enclosing our course programme for the current year.We will be pleased to offer our advice and help in selecting the right course for you.In case you need any further information, do not hesitate to contact me on my direct phone: 339-2765421.I look forward to welcoming you soon to our courses.Best regards,Laura Diaz,ManagerIT TECHNOLOGY inc.

4040

30 SECONDS p. 1530 SECONDS p. 15

4141

Dear José Feliciano,

Thank you very much for your email. I apologize for the delay of this email (replying so late to your email), but I have been very busy recently.Of course I remember our meeting in Geneva and I am glad you liked my presentation, thank you very much.Our company is still very interested in the Spanish market and in establishing contacts with experienced companies in the field, therefore it would be great to meet you. Unfortunately, I will not be available next month, but I could come to Spain next December instead. Would it be possible to meet there?However, before we arrange this meeting and before making any decisions, I need to see a proposal in writing to show to my colleagues.Please find attached a copy of the paper I mentioned in Geneva.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Thank you very much for your interest in our company.Regards,Heinrich Schmidt

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REQUEST EMAILS REQUEST EMAILS (p.17)(p.17)Dear Sirs (Dear Mr. Atwood, Dear John),

Just a short message to request immediate payment of our invoice n. 372b, which is now six months overdue. (I am writing once again to request immediate payment…)We have tried to contact you for several weeks now, always unsuccessfully.We regret to inform you that until the overdue balance on your account is fully and immediately settled, no new orders will be accepted from your part/firm.We hope this unfortunate occurrence will be resolved as soon as possible so that we can continue to do business with you as successfully as we have in the last few years.

Yours sincerely,

Phil CollinsGeneral ManagerRESS & SONS, Ltd

Faxes Faxes (23-25)(23-25)

- Well-established means of communication. - Fast, convenient, flexible

FORMAT: senders’ and receivers’ INFORMATION

STYLE: similar to letters (FORMULAIC EXPRESSIONS)

less formal sometimes

1. Address not written in full;2. Each page must be numbered;3. Signatures in full;4. Hand-written faxes sometimes acceptable;5. Care for details important

Letters (Snail mail)Letters (Snail mail)

Still used in formal written communication (SPECIALLY IF PRINTED IN GOOD PAPER) for:FORMAL INTRODUCTIONS TO COMPANIES;CONFIRMATION OF CONTRACTS;THANK-YOU MESSAGES

- They can be a useful back-up to important e-mails or faxes;

- They can be used to send bulky material (brochures, samples);

- They can be used when there are technological problems

Letters LAYOUT (pp. 27-Letters LAYOUT (pp. 27-30)30)

- Blocked or Indented layout. No commas for addresses;

- Initials to be included: Mr K Jennings;

- Letters beginning with name in salutation (Dear Mr Jennings) should end Yours sincerely (Yours truly, Sincerely Yours in the US);

- Letters beginning with Dear Sir, Dear Sirs, should end Yours faithfully;

Gentlemen (very American and very sexist, not recommended internationally)

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Facoltà di Economia