Facultatea Agricultură, Specializarea Agricultură, 2015

7/23/2019 Facultatea Agricultur, Specializarea Agricultur, 2015

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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIIN E AGRICOLE I MEDICIN

VETERINARION IONESCU DE LA BRAD DIN IA I

FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

PROIECT DE DIPLOM

Coordonatori tiin ifici,

Prof dr E!"#n ULEA

A$i$t dr Andr##a Mi%a#&a BLU

A'$o&(#nt),

M)d)&ina*Maria IBULC

2015


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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIIN E AGRICOLE I MEDICIN

VETERINARION IONESCU DE LA BRAD DIN IA I

FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

SPECIALI+AREA AGRICULTUR

Starea fitosanitar a culturii de fasole din

ude ul Ia i! "n #erioada 2012$201%

Coordonatori tiin ifici,

Prof dr E!"#n ULEA

A$i$t dr Andr##a Mi%a#&a BLU

A'$o&(#nt),

M)d)&ina*Maria IBULC

Ia i2015


3/62

C&PRI'S

I'TROD&CERE(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()

P*RTE* I + * CO'SIDER*,II -E'ER*LE(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.

C*PITOL&L 1 $ ST*DI&L *CT&*L *L CERCETRII PE PL*'

'*,IO'*L /I I'TER'*,IO'*L(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

1(1( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind cultura fasolei((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((

1(2( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind eoluia #rinci#alilor a3enilor #ato3eni ai

fasolei la niel internaional(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((10

1(4( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind eoluia #rinci#alilor a3enilor #ato3eni

ai fasolei la niel naional(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((11

C*PITOL&L 2 + C*R*CTERI*RE* &'IT II 6ITOS*'IT*RE I* I I

* CO'DI IILOR CLIM*TIC E((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((17

2(1( Caracteri8area &nit ii 6itosanitare Ia i(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((17

-- Or"ani"ra.a-/

- Do.#ni!& d# acti(itat#-0

C*PITOL&L 4 + DESCRIERE* PRI'CIP*LILOR *-E' I P*TO-E' I*I C&LT&RII 6*SOLEI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1

4(1( Mo8aicul co9un al fasolei +Bean common mosaic virus((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((1

4(2( Mo8aicul 3al:en al fasolei+Bean yellow mosaic v irus((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((20

4(4( *rsura co9un a fasolei +Xanthomonas campestris #(phaseoli((((((((((((((((((((((((21

4(%( *rsura aureolat a fasolei+Pseudomonas syringae #(phaseolicola((((((((((((((((((((24

4(5( ;e teirea :acterian + Corynebacteriumflaccumfaciens #. flaccumfaciens(((((2%

4(7( *ntracno8a fasolei +Colletotrichum lindemuthianum((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((274()( Ru3ina fasolei + Uromyces appendiculatus(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((2.

P*RTE* * II + * $ CO'TRI


4/62

5(2( >ntoc9irea ?r ilor de rs#@ndire a a3en ilor fito#ato3en i(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4

5(4( Metode de #ro3no8(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((4

12- Pro"no3a c! a4!tor!& 'ioc&i.o"ra.#&or56

12 Pro"no3a c! a4!tor!& t#r.o7&!(io"ra.#&or56

122 Pro"no3a c! a4!tor!& 7ro"no"ra.#&or5-5(%( Eli:erarea :uletinelor de aerti8are(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%1

C*PITOL&L 7 + RE&LT*TE I DISC& I I(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%7

7(1( Caracteri8area condi iilor cli9atic e din ud( Ia i! "n #erioada 2012$201% ((((((((((%7

/-- Sc!rt) caract#ri3ar# c&i.atic) a an!&!i 6-*6-25/

/- Sc!rt) caract#ri3ar# c&i.atic) a an!&!i 6-2*6-558

/-2 Caract#ri3ar#a $!.ar) a anoti.7!ri&or59

7(2( Re8ultate #riind :uletinele de aerti8are e9ise #entru cultura de fasole dinude ul Ia i! "n anul a3ricol 2012$2014 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((51

7(4( Re8ultate #riind :uletinele de aerti8are e9ise #entru cultura de fasole din

ude ul Ia i! "n anul a3ricol 2012$2014 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5%

7(%( Model de co9:atere inte3rat a a3en ilor #ato3eni la cultura de fasole ((((((((((((57

CO'CL&II(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((70


5/62

LIST* 6I-&RILOR

Fi"!ra - * S#di!& Dir#c i#i Fito$anitar# Ia i -/

Fi"!ra 2- *Bean common mosaic virus: 7&ant) atacat)6

Fi"!ra 2 *Bean yellow mosaic virus atac 7# fr!n3)-

Fi"!ra 22 *Xanthomonas campestris7(phaseoli a;atac 7# fr!n3#< '; atac 7# 'oa'#Fi"!ra 25 *Pseudomonsas syringae7(phaseolicola atac 7# fr!n3# 2

Fi"!ra 21 * Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens7(. flaccumfaciens atac 7# fr!n3#5

Fi"!ra 2/ * Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens7(. flaccumfaciens: c!&t!r) atacat)1

Fi"!ra 20 * Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens7(. flaccumfaciens: atac 7# 'oa'#1

Fi"!ra 28 * Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: atac 7# fr!n3#/

Fi"!ra 29 * Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: atac 7# 7)$t)i0

Fi"!ra 2-6 * Uromyces appendiculatus: #cidii 7# 7)$t)i8

Fi"!ra 2-- - Uromyces appendiculatus: 7!$t! d# !r#do$7ori i !r#do$7ori 9

Fi"!ra 2- * Uromyces appendiculatus: 7!$t! d# t#&io$7ori i t#&io$7ori 9

Fi"!ra 1- * E.#nt# car# 7artici7) =n .anif#$tar#a 'o&i&or &a 7&ant#55

Fi"!ra /- * E(o&! ia t#.7#rat!ri&or >?C; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-5 5/

Fi"!ra / * E(o&! ia 7r#ci7ita ii&or >..; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-2 50

Fi"!ra /2 * E(o&! ia !.idit) ii r#&ati(# >@; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-2 50

Fi"!ra /5 * E(o&! ia t#.7#rat!ri&or >?C; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5 58

Fi"!ra /1 * E(o&! ia 7r#ci7ita ii&or >..; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5 58

Fi"!ra // * E(o&! ia !.idit) ii r#&ati(# >@; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5 59

Fi"!ra /0 * B!tin d# a(#rti3ar# #.i$ =n an!& 6-21

Fi"!ra /8 * Antracno3a fa$oi : Colletotrichum lindemuthianum12

Fi"!ra /9 * R!"ina fa$oi : Uromyces appendiculatus12

Fi"!ra /-6 * V# t#4ir#a 'act#rian) a fa$oi : Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens 7(

flaccumfaciens15

Fi"!ra /-- * B!tin d# a(#rti3ar# I #.i$ =n an!& 6-511

Fi"!ra /- * B!tin d# a(#rti3ar# II #.i$ =n an!& 6-511
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LIST* T*


7/62

I'TROD&CERE

Cr# t#r#a contin!) a 7o7!&a i#i 7# "&o', indif#r#nt d# rit.!& cr# t#rii 7rod!c ii&or

a"rico, ad!c# =n 7ri. 7&an c# .ai i.7ortant# i d# act!a&itat# 7ro'.# a $#co&!&!i no$tr!

7rod!c#r#a i a$i"!rar#a %ran#i 7#ntr! 7o7!&a i# >C#a7oi! N i co&a', -985;

n ac#$t $#n$, a"ric!&t!ra 7r#3int) !n ro& #tr#. d# i.7ortant, datorit) fa7t!&!i c)"!.inoa$# 7#ntr! 'oa'# con$tit!i# $!r$a c#a .ai i.7ortant) d# 7rot#in) (#"#ta&) 7#ntr! o.

Fa$oa #$t# c!&ti(at# =n 7#$t# 06 d# )ri, %r)nind 51*/6 din 7o7!&a ia "&o'!&!i n .!&t#

din ac#$t# )ri, att 'oa'# d# fa$o ct i (r#4ii r#3!&ta i $!nt !ti&i3at# i =n f!ra4ar#a ani.a&or

Ac#a$t) c!&t!r) $# af&) 7# &oc!& =n to7!& "!.inoa$#&or 7#ntr! 'oa'# c!&ti(at#, d!7) $oia,

oc!7nd =n an!& 6-2 o $!7rafa ) d# 9,25 .i&ioan# %a >FAO, 6-2;

Prod!c ii c!&t!rii d# fa$o $!nt c#& .ai ad#$#a condi ionat# d# a7ari ia i .anif#$tar#a

dif#rit#&or 'o&i, car# 7rin atac!ri 7# car# 7rod!c =n c!&t!r) d!c &a $c)d#r#a ca7acit) ii d#7rod!c i# a& $oi!ri&or Antracno3a, ar$!ra co.!n), (# t#4ir#a 'act#rian) i r!"ina $!nt con$id#rat#

ca fiind !n# dintr# 'o&i c# 7rod!c c# .ai .ari 7a"!'# =n c!&t!ri d# fa$o n condi ii

)rii noa$tr#, atac!& ac#$tor a"#n i 7ato"#ni a7ar# =n fi#car# an, d# fi#car# dat) c! int#n$it) i

dif#rit#, =n f!nc i# d# condi ii d# .#di! i 7rod!c# 7a"!'# =n$#.nat#

Antracno3a fa$oi, 7rod!$) d# ci!7#rca Colletotrichum lindemuthianum #$t# !na dintr#

'o&i c! c#a .ai .ar# r)$7ndir# &a noi =n ar) i con$tit!i# !n factor &i.itati( a& ac#$t#i c!&t!ri,

datorit) fa7t!&!i c) 7oat# 7rod!c# 7i#rd#ri d# 7rod!c i# d# 7n) &a 06, dac) n! $# a7&ic) &!cr)ri

d# 7r#(#nir# i co.'at#r#

A7ari ia i d#3(o&tar#a ac#$tor a"#n i 7ato"#ni n#c#$it) $ta'i&ir#a !nor .)$!ri 7#ntr! a

#(ita 7a"!'# car# 7ot fi 7rod!$#, &!7ta 7#ntr! co.'at#r#a ac#$tora fiind c! att .ai co.7)

i .ai difici&) c! ct $i$t#.!& d# c!&t!r) #$t# .ai int#n$i(

n condi ii =n car# a"ric!&t!ra $# a#a3) tot .ai .!&t 7# !n $i$t#. d# c!&t!r) int#n$i(,

i.7ortan a a(#rti3)ri&or 7ri(ind d#3(o&tar#a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni &a c!&t!ra d# fa$o cr# t#

con$id#ra'i&

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P*RTE* I

CO'SIDER* II -E'ER*LE

8


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C*PITOL&L I

ST*DI&L *CT&*L *L CERCETRII PE PL*' '* IO'*L I

I'TER'* IO'*L

1(1( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind cultura fasolei

C!&t!ra d# fa$o 7r#3int) o i.7ortan ) r#.arca'i&) att 7#ntr! a"ric!&t!r), ct i 7#ntr!

o.#nir#, datorit) i.7ortan #i 7# car# o r#7r#3int) i =n a$o&a.#nt, dar i =n a&i.#nta i# Ca

!r.ar#, ac#a$t) c!&t!r) a d#(#nit !n int#r#$ i a& c#rc#t)tori&or, car# a! =nc#rcat $) of#r#

a"ric!&tori&or $o&! ii c# .ai '!n#, 7#ntr! a =nr#"i$tra 7rod!c ii $!7#rioar# din 7!nct d# (#d#r#

ca&itati( i cantitati(, =n $#n$!& #fici#n #i #cono.ic#

M!&t# c#rc#t)ri a! fo$t #f#ct!at# d#*a &!n"!& ti.7!&!i =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# a.#&iorar#a

ac#$t#i $7#cii, dar i in c##a c# 7ri(# t# $t!di#r#a "#noti7!ri&or din cadr!& $7#ci#i

o%an$#n >-962; $t!dia3) (aria'i&itat#a $7#ci#i i o'$#r() n!.#roa$# &inii 7!r# d#

fa$o =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# !n n!.)r d# caract#r# f#noti7ic# cantitati(#

in"ard SA a =ncr!ci at .ai .!&t# $oi!ri d# fa$o d# "r)din) >-9-8; 7#ntr! a $t!dia

r#3i$t#n a $7#ci#i &a atac!& ci!7#rcii Uromyces appendiculatus Fri#$ n !r.a o'$#r(a ii&or $*a

con$tatat o di.in!ar# a .)ri.ii 'oa'#&or, =n$) o cr# t#r# =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# 7rod!c ia d# 7)$t)i,

iar =n 7ri.a "#n#ra i# fi&ia&) ra7ort!& dintr# r#3i$t#n ) i $#n$i'i&itat# &a ac#$t a"#nt 7ato"#n a fo$t

d# 2- >in"ard SA, -9-8;n an!& -990, a =nc#7!t #7#ri#n a #f#ct!at) d# Si.ioni!c Viota, L#ont# C, Si.ioni!c

D i Cr# ! L, =n cadr!& f#r.#i E3)r#ni a Sta i!nii Didactic# Ia i =n (#d#r#a o'$#r()rii

co.7ort)rii !nor $oi!ri i 7o7!&a ii &oca d# fa$o d# "r)din) > Phaseolus vulgaris L var.

nannus).

La fina&!& #7#ri#n #i $*a! con$tatat !r.)toar#

C# .ai $c)3!t# (a&ori a co#fici#n i&or d# (aria'i&itat# a! fo$t =nr#"i$tra i 7#ntr!

dia.#tr!& i &!n"i.#a 7)$t)i&or, c##a c# indic) in#fici#n a !ti&i3)rii $#c i#i 7#ntr! ac#$t# do!) caract#r#

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10/62

Va&ori foart# .ari a co#fici#n i&or d# (aria'i&itat# d#t#r.inat# &a !r.)toar#

caract#r# n!.)r!& d# 7)$t)i 7# 7&ant), n!.)r!& d# 'oa'# i "r#!tat#a &or 7#

7&ant), &a toat# 7o7!&a ii i $oi!ri &!at# =n $t!di! Ac#$t# (a&ori 7#r.it

#$ti.ar#a fa7t!&!i c) #i$t) an$# .ari d# o' in#r# a !nor r#3!&tat# '!n# =n ca3!&

a7&ic)rii &!cr)ri&or d# $#c i# O .ar# in$ta'i&itat# "#n#tic) a $oi!&!i Ga&'#n) d# Mo&do(a, r#i# it) =n !r.a !n#i

ana&i3# co.7arati(# a (a&ori&or co#fici#n i&or d# (aria'i&itat# a t!t!ror caract#r#&or

ac#$t!i $oi, c! c# a c#&or&a&t# $oi!ri i 7o7!&a ii >Si.ioni!c Viota, L#ont# C,

Si.ioni!c D, Cr# ! L -999;

Indr#a D i A7a%id#an A >665; d#$cri! fa7t!& c) $7#cia Phaseolus vulgaris 7r#f#r)

$o&!ri .i4&ocii, ni$i7o*&!toa$#, 7#r.#a'i, 'o"at# =n $!'$tan # n!triti(#, c! !n 7@ c! (a&ori

c!7rin$# =ntr# /,1 i 0,1

Rao I i B##'# S a! #f#ct!at #7#ri#n # =n an!& 665 c! !n# $7#cii din "#n!&

Phaseolus7#ntr! a $t!dia c#rin # $7#ci#i Phaseolus vulgarisL 7#ntr! $o& A$tf#&, =n condi ii

!n!i $o& acid, c! con in!t ridicat =n a&!.ini!, $*a con$tatat fa7t!& c) $7#cia Phaseolus coccineus

ar# o r#3i$t#n ) .ai .ar# fa ) d# $7#cia Phaseolus vulgaris

N!.#roa$# c#rc#t)ri &a c!&t!ra d# fa$o a! fo$t #f#ct!at# i =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# d)!n)torii

ac#$t#i $7#cii

n an!& -92/, B!$%n#&& R 7!'&ic) !n artico& r#f#ritor &a #f#ct# !nor $)r!ri or"anic# =n

r#7rod!c#r#a i d#3(o&tar#a ")r")ri #i fa$oi, =n !rna&!& d# Ento.o&o"i# D# a$#.#n#a, a

$t!diat i =n condi ii d# &a'orator co.7orta.#nt!& 7o7!&a ii&or d# ")r")ri ) i =n an!& -956

7!'&ic) !n artico& r#f#ritor &a di$tr!"#r#a !n#i 7o7!&a ii #7#ri.#nta d# canthoscelides

obtectusSaH d# c)tr#Pediculoides ventricossusN#7

1(2( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind eoluia #rinci#alilor a3enilor

#ato3eni ai fasolei la niel interna ional

n !r.a c#rc#t)ri&or #f#ct!at#, Ma$t#n'ro#cJ C id#ntific) =n an!& -9/6 o $!r$) (a&oroa$)

d# r#3i$t#n ) =.7otri(a antracno3#i fa$oi, 7rod!$) d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum i an!.# &inia Corn#&& 595, c# 7o$#d) o "#n) n!.it) d# #& re Ac#a$t) &ini#

d#t#r.in) r#3i$t#n ) =.7otri(a ra$#&or alfa! beta! gamma i delta a ac#$t!i a"#nt 7ato"#n

>Ma$t#n'ro#cJ C, -9/6;

n 7#rioada -99*-991, =n B#&"ia, Ba!doin P a #f#ct!at c#rc#t)ri =n (#d#r#a o' in#rii

r#3i$t#n #i &a .ico3a d#t#r.inat) d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n Phoma e"igua (ar diversispora 7rin

%i'rid)ri int#r$7#cific# =ntr# an!.it# $7#cii a "#n!&!i Phaseolus C! a4!tor!& t#%nicii d#

c!&ti(ar# in (itro $*a #f#ct!at %i'ridar#a =nr#Phaseolus coccineus i Phaseolus vulgaris, =n !r.a

c)rora $*a! o' in!t 1 co.'ina ii La fina&!& ac#$tor c#rc#t)ri, P Ba!doin a o' in!t %i'ri3i d#

10


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fa$o c! 7rod!cti(itat# ridicat) i r#3i$t#n ) &a atac!& 7rod!$ d# Phoma e"igua >Phaseolus

polyanthusPhaseolus vulgaris; >Ba!doin P, -99/;

Un "r!7 d# c#rc#t)tori din N#'ra$Ja, SUA, cond! i d# Nor.an Sc%aad, =n !r.a !nor .ai

.!&t# ana&i3# "#n#tic# a! 7ro7!$ o no!) $7#ci# d# 'act#ri#,Xanthomonas fuscans, c! $!'$7#cii

i an!.# aurantifolii * 7ato"#n) &a citric# i fuscans : 7ato"#n) &a fa$o, r#f#ritoar# &aXanthomonas a"onopodis pv. fuscans Ac#$t# r#3!&tat# a! fo$t 7!'&icat# =n n!.#roa$# r#(i$t# i

a7oi confir.at# =n 660

Din c#rc#t)ri #f#ct!at# d# Bi&"i V N, BradH CA, Mat%# FM 7ri(ind int#rac i!n#a

dintr# #usarium graminearum i Phaseolis vulgaris, $*a ra7ortat 7ri.a confir.ar# a !n#i

a$oci#ri 7ato"#n# =ntr# ac#$t a"#nt 7ato"#n i fa$o, 'a3at# 7# inf#c ia r#a&i3at) =n c.7 C%on"o

i co&a' a! o'$#r(at c) at!nci cnd 7&ant# d# fa$o a! fo$t inf#ctat# =n condi ii contro&at# c!

i3o&at# d##usarium graminearum7ro(#nit# d# &a 7&ant# d# "r! inf#$tat#, fa$oa a 7r#3#ntat !natac 7!t#rnic d# 7!tr#"ai a& r)d)cinii i o r#d!c#r# a r)$)ririi 7&ant#&or n condi ii d# inf#ctar# =n

c.7, #usarium graminearum a ca!3at inf#c ia a cinci "#noti7!ri dif#rit# d# fa$o Ac#$t#

"#noti7!ri a! r#ac ionat dif#rit &a atac!& a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n #usarium graminearum, =n $7#cia&

datorit) dif#r#n #i d# $#(#ritat# a 'o&ii Ac#$t &!cr! a indicat fa7t!& c) =n an!.it# "#noti7!ri 7ot fi

")$it# "#n# d# r#3i$t#n ) =.7otri(a 7!tr#"ai!&!i r)d)cinii Doar tr#i dintr# "#noti7!ri &!at# =n

$t!di! a! a(!t (a&ori $c)3!t# =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# a7ari ia 7!tr#"ai!&!i r)d)cinii i an!.# Ec&i7$#,

Va 2 i T*29 >Bi&"i V N, BradH CA, Mat%# F M, 6--;

1(4( Stadiul actual al cercetrilor #riind eoluia #rinci#alilor a3enilor

#ato3eni ai fasolei la niel na ional

n an!& -9/5, S#(#rin Varian a #f#ct!at c#rc#t)ri 7# t!&7ini d# Xanthomonas phaseoli i

Xanthomonas phaseoli (ari#tat#afuscans, i3o&at# din 7&ant# d# fa$o din r#"i!n#a B!c!r# ti,

7#ntr! a o'$#r(a co.7ortar#a ac#$tora fa ) d# anti'iotic#, r#$7#cti( $tr#7to.icin*$!&fat i

7#nici&in) G

La fina&!& c#rc#t)ri&or $*a a4!n$ &a conc&!3ia c) anti'iotic!& 7)tr!nd# =n toat# #$!t!ri

'o'!&!i =n /6 d# .in!t#, c) 7#nici&ina =ntr*o conc#ntra i# d# -666 UIK.& =n ca3!& !n!i trata.#nt

c! o d!rat) d# - or) n! #$t# fitotoic) 7#ntr! $).n ), =n $c%i.' $tr#7to.icina =n ac##a i

conc#ntra i# i ac#a i condi ii d# trata.#nt d#t#r.in) o $c)d#r# c! a7roi.ati( 2 a fac!&t) ii

"#r.inati(# D# a$#.#n#a, 7#nici&ina ar# o ac i!n# 'act#rio$tatic) .!&t .ai int#n$) fa ) d#

$tr#7to.icina, a c)r#i ac i!n# #$t# .ai 'act#ricid), iar ca7acitat#a d# ada7tar# a 'act#ri#i fa ) d#

$tr#7to.icin) #$t# foart# .ar# >S#(#rin V, -9/5;

n c!r$!& ani&or -9/*-9/9 $*a! #f#ct!at c#rc#t)ri 7# or"an# (#r3i d# 7&ant# $a! 'oa'# din

car# a! fo$t i3o&a i a"#n ii 7ato"#ni 7#ntr! a o'$#r(a r)$7ndir#a "#o"rafic) a 'act#rio3#&or

fa$oi 7# t#ritori!& )rii noa$tr# >S#(#rin V, -9/9;11


12/62

Din 21 i3o&at# 'act#ri#n# >-9/*-9/9; c# a! 7ro(#nit d# 7# tot c!7rin$!& )rii, dar .ai

a$ din 7art#a $!dic), -6/ a7ar in#a! 'act#ri#i Xanthomonas phaseoli >51;, 18 'act#ri#i

Colletotrichum flaccumfaciens >1;, 58 'act#ri#iXanhomonas fuscans >6; i 2 'act#ri#i

Pseudomonas phaseolicola>-6;

Din 7!nct d# (#d#r# a& di$tri'! i#i $7#cii&or d# 'act#rii, $*a con$tatat fa7t!& c)Xanthomonas phaseoli#$t# 7r#3#nt =n .a4oritat#a c!&t!ri&or .ari d# fa$o, =n toat# 3on# )rii,

dar .ai 7! in =n 3on# 7r#.ontan#, !nd# fa$oa $# c!&ti() .ai 7! in Xanthomonas fuscansa

fo$t d#7i$tat =n c#ntr!& Mo&do(#i i =n 7art#a $!dic) a )rii i doar ct#(a ca3!ri $in"!&ar# =n

c#ntr!& Tran$i&(ani#iPseudomonas phaseolicola #$t# .ai 7! in =nt&nit) =n c!&t!ri d# fa$o

din ara noa$tr), fiind .ai d#$ d#7i$tat) =n &oca&it) i 7r#.ontan# i =n 7art#a $!dic) a )rii

Bact#ria Colletotrichum flaccumfaciens #$t# d#$t!& d# fr#c(#nt) =n c!&t!ra d# fa$o din

Ro.nia, =n$) n! 7r#3int) o i.7ortan ) #cono.ic) d#o$#'it) d#ct =n !n# ca3!ri i3o&at#>S#(#rin V, -9/9;

n !r.a ac#$tor c#rc#t)ri $# 7oat# ad.it# fa7t!& c) 'act#rio3# $!nt c# .ai i.7ortant#

'o&i a c!&t!rii d# fa$o din Ro.nia D# a$#.#n#a, dina.ica fr#c(#n #i ac#$tor 'o&i #$t#

d#t#r.inat) d# .ai .!& i factori car# $!nt dif#ri i d# &a an &a an n condi ii .#t#oro&o"ic#

fa(ora'i, o $).n ) inf#ctat) c! Xanthomonas phaseoli &a -6666 'oa'# $)n)toa$# 7oat#

7rod!c# o #7ifi i# 7!t#rnic) >S#(#rin V, -9/9;

D#*a &!n"!& ti.7!&!i $*a o'$#r(at c) &a ac# c!&t!ri d# fa$o car# !r.a! =n a$o&a.#nt#

d!7) "r!, car# &a rnd!& $)! a !r.at !n#i a&t# c!&t!ri d# fa$o, atac!& 7rod!$ d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n

Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7( phaseoli #$t# foart# "ra( Ca !r.ar#, S#(#rin V a #f#ct!at

c#rc#t)ri, c! $co7!& d# a $ta'i&i condi ii =n car# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n 7oat# r).n# =n $o&, con$tit!ind

inoc!&!& 7ri.ar P#ntr! r#a&i3ar#a ac#$t#i c#rc#t)ri $*a fo&o$it .#toda 'act#rio&o"ic), 7#ntr! car#

$*a! fo&o$it o c!&t!r) d# Xanthomonas a"onopodis7(phaseolii3o&at) din 7&ant# d# fa$o d#

&a F!nd!a, 7r#c!. i o c!&t!r) d# 'act#riofa"i $7#cific) ac#$t#i 'act#rii P#ntr! a $# a4!n"# &a

$co7!& 7ro7!$, $*a! fo&o$it ti7!ri d# $o&, din &oca&it) i =n car# $# c!&ti() fa$oa i car# $!nt

fa(ora'i atac!&!i ac#$t!i a"#nt 7ato"#n c#rno3io. din F!nd!a i 7od3o& din Li(ada >4!d# !&

Sat! Mar#; >S#(#rin V, -9/9;

S#(#rin V a fo&o$it t!&7ini a a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n Xanthomonas a"onopodis i an!.#

Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7( phaseoli >t!&7ina 1; i Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7( fuscans

>t!&7ina 0; i $*a! con$tatat !r.)toar#

Bact#riofa"ii 7ot fi fo&o$i i ca $ond# 'io&o"ic# 7#ntr! d#t#ctar#a 'act#rii&or

fito7ato"#n# =n dif#rit# $!'$trat!ri

Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7( phaseoli 7oat# $!7ra(i# !i ti.7 d# o &!n), =n $o&$t#ri&i3at, &a t#.7#rat!ra d# 6?*56?C i .ai 7! in &a 5?C n $o&!& n#$t#ri&i3at,

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7o7!&a ia d# 'act#rii a $c)3!t con$id#ra'i& =n $o&!& d# ti7 c#rno3io. i .ai 7! in =n c#&

d# ti7 c#rno3io. Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7( fuscans 7oat# $!7ra(i# !i ti.7 d# o &!n) =n $o&!&

$t#ri&i3at, =n condi ii d# ca.#r), dar =n condi ii d# $o& n#$t#ri&i3at 7o7!&a ia a 7i#rit =n

a.'# ti7!ri d# $o&, ac#a$t) (ari#tat# fiind .ai 7! in dotat) $) r#3i$t# acti(it) ii

anta"oni$t# din $o& >S#(#rin V, -902;

n c#rc#t)ri =ntr#7rin$# d# S#(#rin V i !7f#r'#r" Si.ona 7ri(ind .#cani$.!& ac i!nii

$)r!ri&or d# c!7r! a$!7ra 'act#rio3#&or fa$oi, 7rin inf#ctar#a a do!) $oi!ri d# fa$o Craio(a -5

>r#3i$t#nt; i Rotor F&a"#o&t >$#n$i'i&; c! 'act#ria Xanthomonas phaseoli, t!&7ina -56 i

tratar#a ac#$tora .ai a7oi c! 3#a.) 'ord#) - i oic&or!r) d# c!7r! -, $*a con$tatat fa7t!&

c) =n ca3!& $oi!&!i Craio(a -5, oic&or!ra d# c!7r! n! $ti.!a3) acti(itat#a 7#roida3#i, =n$)

$ti.!a3) 7!t#rnic acti(itat#a 7o&if#no&oida3#i P# d# a&t) 7art#, &a $oi!& Rotor F&a"#o&t,

oic&or!ra d# c!7r! int#n$ific) .od#rat acti(itat#a 7#roida3#i, dar $ti.!a3) 7!t#rnic 7# c#a a

7o&if#no&oida3#i >S#(#rin V i !7f#r'#r" Si.ona, -902;

Pr#3#n a 'act#ri#i =n #$!t!& "a3d#i $ti.!a3) acti(itat#a a.'#&or #n3i.#, .ai int#n$ a

7&of#no&oida3#i, d#t#r.inat) d# ac!.!&ar#a ra7id) i int#n$) a f#no&i&or c# ar# &oc =n ti.7!&

inf#c i#i 7&ant#&or r#3i$t#nt# >S#(#rin V i !7f#r'#r" Si.ona,-902;

Ro ca F i Po7a G >-901*-900; a! #f#ct!at =n Ro.nia c#rc#t)ri r#f#ritoar# &a r#3i$t#n a

&a Colletotrichum lindemuthianum i a! id#ntificat .ai .!&t# ra$# fi3io&o"ic# a ac#$t!i a"#nt

7ato"#n alfa! beta $! beta %! gamma $ i epsilon>Ro ca F i Po7a G, -900;

n !r.a c#rc#t)ri&or #f#ct!at# d# S#(#rin V, Po7a G i D#nc#$c! S 7ri(ind co.7ortar#a

7&ant#&or d# fa$o fa ) d# Xanthomonas phaseoli =n condi ii contro&at# $*a a4!n$ &a conc&!3ia c)

r)$7!n$!& 7&ant#&or &a inf#c ia c! a"#n ii 7ato"#ni #$t# inf&!#n at d# n!.#ro i factori ca&itat#a

inoc!&!&!i, $tar#a fi3io&o"ic) a 7&ant#i i condi ii d# .#di! A$tf#&, fa7t!& c) =n r#&a ii dintr#

fa$o i Xanthomonas phaseoli 7ri.#a3) r#3i$t#n a ori3onta&), car# #$t# contro&at) d# "#n#

r#c#$i(#, d#t#r.in) o' in#r#a !nor dif#r#n # .ari =ntr# t#$t)ri din c.7 i c# din $#r)

Int#n$itat#a .ai .ar# a atac!ri&or din $#r) $# 7oat# #7&ica i 7rin fa7t!& c) =n $#r) #i$t)

7#r.an#nt condi ii o7ti.# 7#ntr! d#3(o&tar#a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni, dar .ai a$ datorit) $tr#$!&!i &a

car# $!nt $!7!$# "a3d# factorii d# !.iditat#, t#.7#rat!ra i &!.ina n! 7ot fi r#7rod! i fid#& =n

$#r), fa7t c# af#ct#a3) 7ot#n ia&!& d# r#3i$t#n ) a& 7&ant#&or D# a$#.#n#a, r)$7!n$!& dif#rit a&

7)$t)i&or d# c#& a& fr!n3#&or d!c# &a conc&!3ia ca ac#$t#a $!nt contro&at# d# "#n# dif#rit# >S#(#rin

V, Po7a G i D#nc#$c! S, -909;

P#ntr! a d#t#r.ina #f#ct!& !nor f!n"icid# a$!7ra !nor ci!7#rci a $#.in #i i a!7ra

nodo3it) i&or &a fa$o, #$an Tatiana i D!.itra Ena a! ana&i3at 28 d# 7ro'# d# $).n ) din dif#rit# $oi!ri d# fa$o, car# a! fo$t tratat# c! -- f!n"icid# $int#tic# i n#$int#tic# E7#ri.#nt#

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a! fo$t r#a&i3at# att =n c.7 ct i =n $#r) i $*a! f)c!t o'$#r(a ii c! 7ri(ir# &a #f#ct!&

trata.#nt#&or c%i.ic# a$!7ra "#r.ina i#i, r)$)ririi i $)n)t) ii 7&ant#&or, =n (ariant# c! i f)r)

'act#ri3ar# c!&hi'obium phaseoli

La fina&!& c#rc#t)ri&or $*a a4!n$ &a !r.)toar# conc&!3ii

C#a .ai .ar# 7art# a 7ara3i i&or car# $# .anif#$t) c#& .ai 7#ric!&o$ 7# 7&ant# d# fa$ofac 7art# din "r!7a c#&or c# $# tran$.it 7rin $).n ) $a! 7rin $).n ) i $o&S#(#rin V i E& Sad#J SA, -982;

Din r#3!&tat# c#rc#t)ri&or #f#ct!at# =n &a'orator, $*a con$tatat fa7t!& c) .#ta'o&i ii

$#cr#ta i d# r)d)cini a! ro&!& c#& .ai i.7ortant =n in%i'ar#a, $!7ra(i# !ir#a $a! =n.!& ir#a ac#$tor 'act#rii n c.7 =n$) $it!a ia #$t# .!&t .ai co.7), datorit) fa7t!&!i c) a&)t!ri d# c#i doi

factori >#!dat# radic!&ar# i 'act#rii 7artici7) i a& i factori car# $!nt .ai "r#! d# contro&at

S# r#co.and) a$tf#& ca "r!& $) fi# #(itat ca 7&ant) 7r#.#r")toar# 7#ntr! fa$o i $) fi# 7r#f#rat

or3!& >S#(#rin V i E& Sad#J SA, -982;

n !r.a c#rc#t)ri&or #f#ct!at# d# Mor$%#d S i Dr)"o#$c! Ena =n -982, =n c.7, $#r) i

&a'orator, 7ri(ind co.'at#r#a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni car# $# tran$.it 7rin 'oa'# d# fa$o, $*a!

con$tatat !r.)toar# E(id#n i#r#a 7rinci7a&or $7#cii d# ci!7#rci $a7rofit# i 7ara3it# d# 7# 'oa'# d# fa$o

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#usarium culmorum! #usarium o"ysporum! Cladosporium spp! Penicillium sp In (itro, 7rod!$!& Tiradin 01 a a(!t c#a .ai '!n) ac i!n# 'io&o"ic), =n$) ac i!n#a

ac#&!ia i 7rod!$ fa ) d# #usarium o"ysporum$i#usarium culmorumn! a fo$t $!fici#nt) Ca .#tod) d# tratar#, fo&o$ind ac##a i do3) d# f!n"icid, $*a r#.arcat .#toda slurry, car#

a d#t#r.inat i cr# t#r#a $#.nificati() a "#r.ina i#i >S#(#rin V i E& Sad#J SA, -982;

Ana&i3nd int#rac i!n#a dintr# 'act#rio3# i f#rti&i3ar#, =n condi ii d# &a F!nd!a,

Coc!$c! i co&a' >-9/8; a7oi @#ra i co&a' >-985; a! con$tatat fa7t!& c) &a fa$o, do3#

o7ti.# #cono.ic# d# =n"r) ).int# a! fo$t d# 06 J" N &a %#ctar i 0/ J" P O1&a %#ctar

#$an Tatiana E!"#nia, C$#7 N, Oanc#a F i co&a', c#rc#tnd .i4&oac# 'io&o"ic# d#

7rot#c i# a "!.inoa$#&or an!a fa ) d# 7rinci7a&ii 7ato"#ni $#.ina&i i t#&!rici, a! #f#ct!at

#7#ri#n # &a c!&t!ra d# fa$o >$oi!& A(an$; =n cadr!& ICCPT F!nd!a, =n condi ii d# c!&t!r)

n#iri"at) i &a SCCI Va&!& &!i Traian, =n condi ii d# iri"ar#

n condi ii d# iri"ar#, a7&icar#a Tric%o$#.in!&!i 1 PTS ca trata.#nt &a $).n ) $*a

do(#dit a fi #ficac# =n 7ro7or i# d# 81*99 7#ntr! 7rot#c ia ac#$t#i c!&t!ri fa ) d# 7rinci7a&ii

a"#n i 7ato"#ni $#.ina&i > Colletotrichum lindemuthianum; i t#&!rici > (clerotinia sclerotiorum;

Dr in" P&)cint) Do.inica Dani#&a a #f#ct!at c#rc#t)ri &a c!&t!ra d# fa$o 7#ntr! a

d#t#r.ina inf&!#n a f&or#i .ico&o"ic# 7ara3it# i $a7rofit# a$!7ra (ia'i&it) ii $#.in #&or P#ntr!

r#a&i3ar#a c#rc#t)rii $*a &!at =n ca&c!& .at#ria&!& 'io&o"ic con$tit!it din $oi!ri i 7o7!&a ii &oca

d# fa$o, c! dif#rit# ori"ini, din coc ia B)ncii d# R#$!r$# G#n#tic# V#"#ta d# &a S!c#a(a i $*

a! fo&o$it !r.)toar# .#tod# d# c#rc#tar# ana&i3a .acro$co7ic) a $#.in #i, t#$t!& $tandard d#

"#r.ina i#, .#toda U&$t#r 7# .#di! a"ari3at A$tf#&, 7# $#.in # d# fa$o coctat# =n 66- $*

a! id#ntificat -8 $7#cii d# .icro.ic#t#&hi'octonia solani, sariopsis griseola, Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum! #usarium roseum! (clerotinia sclerotiorum i -2 $a7rofit# *picoccum sp,

lteraria alternata! cremoniella verucosa! Cladosporium herbarum! (temphilium roseum!

Papularia arundinis#tc

n !r.a ca&c!&!i $tati$tic r#a&i3at, $*a o'$#r(at a7ari ia !nor cor#&a ii n#"ati(# i.7ortant#

r#f#ritoar# &a ac i!n#a ci!7#rci&or a$!7ra fac!&t) ii "#r.inati(# &a 'oa'# d# fa$o, 7#ntr! Cladosporium herbarum! +richoderma viridae i Penicillium sp Ac#$t &!cr! a d#.on$trat fa7t!&

c) ac#$t# .ic#t# $a7rofit# a! 7artici7at, a&)t!ri d# a& i factori, &a $c)d#r#a "#r.ina i#i $#.in #&or

coctat# =n 66- >P&)cint) Do.inica Dani#&a, 66/;

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C*PITOL&L II

C*R*CTERI*RE* &'IT II 6ITOS*'IT*RE I* I

2(1( Caracteri8area &nit ii 6itosanitare Ia i

Dir#c ia Fito$anitar) Ia i a7ar in# Mini$t#r!&!i d# A"ric!&t!rii, P)d!ri&or i D#3(o&t)rii

R!ra i #$t# o a!toritat# d# r#".#ntar# =n do.#ni!& 7rot#c i#i 7&ant#&or, a carantin#i

fito$anitar# i a 7rod!$#&or d# !3 fito$anitar Ac#a$t) !nitat# coordon#a3) i (#rific) a7&icar#a

7r#(#d#ri&or "a caract#ri$tic# Dir#c ia Fito$anitar) Ia i #$t# $it!at) =n .!nici7i!& Ia i, 7#

$trada D!.'ra(a Ro i#, n!.)r!& 2 >fi" -;

Fi" - S#di!& Dir#c i#i Fito$anitar# Ia i

-- Or"ani"ra.a

Potri(it Ordin!&!i MADR nr 58 din 6965668 i a @ot)rrii G!(#rn!&!i 281K660,

cadr!& or"ani3atoric d# f!nc ionar# a& Unit) i&or Fito$anitar# #$t# inc&!$ =n $tr!ct!ra

or"ani3atoric) a Dir#c ii&or 7#ntr! A"ric!&t!r) i D#3(o&tar# R!ra&) din Ia i Unitat#a Fito$anitar)

Ia i #$t# o !nitat# f)r) 7#r$ona&itat# 4!ridic), cond!$) d# Dir#ctor!& E#c!ti( In" F#r#n P#tr!

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- Do.#ni!& d# acti(itat#

Unitat#a Fito$anitar) Ia i #$t# =.7)r it) =n tr#i d#7arta.#nt#

o D#7arta.#nt!& d# carantin) fito$anitar)afid#; D# a$#.#n#a, &a $#.)nat $#

(a fo&o$i n!.ai $).n ) &i'#r) d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n, 7ro(#nit) d# &a $oi!ri r#3i$t#nt#

4(4( *rsura co9un a fasolei +Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli

Ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# foart# r)$7ndit) =n ar#a&!& d# c!&t!r) a& fa$oi i 7rod!c# 7a"!'#

.ari, att cantitati( ct i ca&itati(, !n#ori 7!tnd d!c# c%iar &a co.7ro.it#r#a c!&t!rii

Si9#to9e A ac#$t#a a7ar =n toat) 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i#, =nc#7nd d# &a r)$)rir#a fa$oi,

cnd $# o'$#r() 7#t# n#r#"!&at# $a! circ!&ar#, d# c!&oar# 'r!n)*")&'!i#, c! a$7#ct a7o$, .ai a$

7# (r#.# !.#d) P# fr!n3# $# 7ot o'$#r(a 7#t# .ici, c! di.#n$i!ni d# circa *2 .., co& !roa$#,

c# $!nt d#&i.itat# d# n#r(!ri, tran$7ar#nt#, d# c!&oar# (#rd#*")&'!i#, aco7#rit# c! #!dat

'act#rian "a&'#n*($co$, c# #$t# (i3i'i& 7# 7art#a inf#rioar) a &i.'!&!i >fi" 25 a; n condi ii

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=n car# t#.7#rat!ra ar# (a&ori c!7rin$# =ntr# /C * 8C iar !.iditat#a at.o$f#ric) ar# (a&ori

ridicat#, n!.)r!& i $!7rafa a 7#t#&or cr# t#, ac#$t#a $# !n#$c iar in# d# d#co&orar# a4!n" &a *

1 .. &) i.# At!nci cnd !.iditat#a at.o$f#ric) $cad#, #$!t!ri $# !$!c) iar #!dat!& 'act#rian

$# tran$for.) =ntr*o 7#&ic!&) fin), &!cioa$) c# $# $f)r.) ! or T!&7ini atacat# 7r#3int) 7#t#

'r!n*ro cat# aco7#rit# d# !n #!dat 'act#rian ")&'!i, iar 7# 7)$t)i a7ar 7#t# .ici, circ!&ar#, d#c!&oar# (#rd#*=nc%i$, car# .ai a7oi d#(in 'r!n# c! .ar"in#a ro i#*c)r).i3i# Boa'# din 7)$t)i

$!nt inf#ctat# 7rin int#r.#di!& (a$#&or cond!c)toar#, =n !r.a inf#ct)rii ac#$t#a r).nnd .ici i

3'rcit# n ca3!& inf#c ii&or tr3ii, 'oa'# (or a(#a t#"!.#nt!& =n")&'#nit $a! (or 7r#3#nta

n!.ai o 7at) "a&'#n) >fi" 25 ';

#ig. . Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli: a; atac 7# fr!n3#< ';atac 7# 'oa'#

>for#$trHi.a"#$or";

Trans9itere + rs#@ndire A t#.7#rat!ra d# inacti(ar# a 'act#ri#i #$t# d# 58C*16C,

=n$) =n t#"!.#nt!& $#.in #&or ac#a$ta 7oat# r#3i$ta 7n) &a /1C n c!r$!& (#"#ta i#i,

tran$.it#r#a 'act#ri#i #$t# a$i"!rat) d# c!r#n ii d# a#r i 7ic)t!ri d# a7), iar d# &a !n an &a a&t!&

'act#ria r#3i$t) =n t#"!.#nt!& $#.in #&or i =n r#$t!ri (#"#ta inf#ctat#

*3entul #ato3en +ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# 7rod!$) d# 'act#ria Xanthomonas a"onopodis 7(

phaseoli S.it%; DH#, c# a7ar in# r#"n!&!i Procariote, di(i3i!n#a Bacteria, fa.i&ia

Pseudomonadaceae i $# 7r#3int) $!' for.) d# 'a$tona #, c! di.#n$i!ni d# 6,1*2,/*6,2*-,5

., !nici&iat# i a$7oro"#n# P# a"ar ac#$t# 'act#rii for.#a3) co&onii .ici, circ!&ar#, d# c!&oar#

"a&'#n), c! .ar"in#a n#t#d) P# f#&ii d# cartof ac#$t#a $# d#3(o&t) a'!nd#nt, for.nd .!ci&a"ii

d# c!&oar# "a&'#n) Bact#ria 7ato"#n) coa"!a3), a&ca&ini3#a3) i 7#7toni3#a3) &a7t#,

&ic%#fia3) "#&atinan vitro! t#.7#rat!ra o7ti.) d# cr# t#r# #$t# d# 8*26?C iar c#a ta&) d# 58*

16?C

n c.7 'act#ria $# r)$7nd# t# foart# ! or, .ai a$ at!nci cnd 7&o!) i 'at# (nt!& La

tran$.it#r#a 'o&ii .ai contri'!i# i in$#ct#, i#7!rii, .a ini, !n#&t# i &!cr)torii Inf#c ia $# r#a&i3#a3) 7rin r)ni $a! $to.at#, iar 7#rioada d# inc!'a i# d!r#a3) a7roi.ati( 7n) &a 1 3i,

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=n f!nc i# d# t#.7#rat!r) i !.iditat#

Preenire i co9:atere A 7r#(#nir#a atac!&!i ac#$t!i a"#nt 7ato"#n $# 7oat# r#a&i3a dac)

$# r#$7#ct) a$o&a.#nt!& d# 5 ani, dac) fa$oa #$t# c!&ti(at) =n '#n3i a&t#rnati(# c! 7or!.', c!

rnd!ri ori#ntat# 7#r7#ndic!&ar 7# dir#c ia (nt!ri&or do.inant# i dac) $# fo&o$# t# &a $#.)nat

$).n ) n#inf#ctat), o' in!t) din &ot!ri $#.inc#r# car# a! a(!t &i.ita d# i3o&ar# d# .ini. 166 . 7r#c!. i 7rin int#r.#di!& trata.#nt#&or c%i.ic# =n ti.7!& (#"#ta i#i

4(%( *rsura aureolat a fasolei +Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola

Ac#a$t) 'oa&) a fo$t $#.na&at) 7#ntr! 7ri.a dat) =n E&(# ia, =n an!& -9/, iar =n Ro.nia

a fo$t .#n ionat) 7#ntr! 7ri.a oar) d# E R)d!$c! i co&a' =n an!& -9/6, =n 4!r!& ora !&!i C&!4,

iar =n 7r#3#nt ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# =nt&nit) =n toat# 3on# d# c!&t!r) a fa$oi din ara noa$tr)

Si9#to9e A ac#a$t) 'oa&) $# .anif#$t) 7rin $i.7to.# a$#.)n)toar# c! c# 7rod!$# d#

'act#ria Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli! 7# cotidoan#, t!&7ini, 7)$t)i i 'oa'#, c!dif#r#n a c) #!dat!& c# a7ar# 7# ti.7 !.#d a c!&oar#a cr#.*a&'icioa$)

P&ant# r#3!&tat# din $#.in # inf#ctat# $!nt .ici, c&orotic#, c! fr!n3# c# 7r#3int) 7#t#

c&orotic# .ici, d# -*2 .., dar c! o 3on) .ar"ina&) c&orotic) &at) d# -* c., c! a$7#ct d# a!r#o&)

>fi" 21; A"#nt!& 7ato"#n #(o&!#a3) 'in# at!nci cnd !.iditat#a at.o$f#ric) #$t# .ari i &a

t#.7#rat!ri d# -/*-?C, a$tf#& =nct =n ac#$t# condi ii 7&ant# .ici $!nt =n")&'#nit# =n tota&itat#

i n! (or 7rod!c# 7)$t)i

Fi" 25Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola atac 7# fr!n3#>in(a$i(#or";

*3entul #ato3en A ac#a$t) 'act#ri# a7ar in# r#"n!&!i Procariota! di(i3i!n#a Bacteria,

fa.i&iaPseudomonadaceae i $# 7r#3int) $!' for.) d# 'a$tona # dr#7t#, rar ! or c!r'at#, c!

di.#n$i!ni -*2,/*6,5*-,2 . i $!nt Gra.*n#"ati(#

Tran$.it#r#a 'act#ri#i d# &a !n an &a a&t!& $# fac# 7rin $#.in # car# 7ro(in din 7)$t)i

inf#ctat# i 7rin t!&7ini n#d#$co.7!$#, r).a$# =n c.7 n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i# 'act#ria $# r)$7nd# t# ! or, fiind (#%ic!&at) d# (nt i 7r#ci7ita ii, 7r#c!. i d# iri"ar#a 7rin a$7#r$i!n#,

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!n#&t#, .a ini i .!ncitori Inf#c ia $#c!ndar) $# r#a&i3#a3) 7rin r)ni i $to.at# i #$t#

inf&!#n at) d# 7r#3#n a 7ic)t!ri&or d# a7) &a $!7rafa a fr!n3#i P#rioada d# inc!'a i# #$t# d# circa

/*-6 3i, &a t#.7#rat!ra d# 5*8?C Ac#a$t) 'act#ri# atac) dif#rit# $7#cii d#Phaseolus, /lycine

hispida i Pueraria

Preenire i co9:atere A 7#ntr! a 7r#(#ni a7ari ia ac#$t#i 'o&i $# r#co.and) $) $#fo&o$#a$c) &a $#.)nat n!.ai $).n ) $)n)toa$), o' in!t) din &ot!ri $#.inc#r# c# n! a! 7r#3#ntat

atac d# 'act#rio3) $a! $).n ) tratat) c! Manco'#n /6 5J"Kt $).n ) n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i# $#

7ot #f#ct!a trata.#nt# c! 7rod!$# c!7ric# iar 7#ntr! &ot!ri $#.inc#r# $# r#co.and) 5*1

trata.#nt# fo&iar#, dintr# car# =naint# d# =nf&orit iar !r.)toar# d!7) for.ar#a 7)$t)i&or

Foart# i.7ortant# 7#ntr! 7r#(#nir#a a7ari i#i 'o&ii $!nt .)$!ri fito$anitar#, c#

a"rot#%nic# i d# i"i#n) $anitar), 7r#c!. i fo&o$ir#a $oi!ri&or i %i'ri3i&or r#3i$t#nt# $a! torant#

&a atac!& ac#$t#i 'act#rii4(5( ;e teirea :acterian a fasolei + Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv.

flaccumfaciens

Ac#a$t) 'oa&) a fo$t $#.na&at) =n an!& -9-, =n SUA, d# @#d"#$, iar =n Ro.nia a fo$t

d#$co7#rit) d# E R)d!$c! i co&a' =n an!& -9/6, =n 3ona Tran$i&(ani#i, !nd# 7rod!c# 7a"!'#

c# 7ot a4!n"# i 7n) &a 21

Si9#to9eA 7&ant# atacat# d# ac#a$t) 'act#ri# r).n .ai .ici i 7r#3int) ini ia& o

ofi&ir#, car# .ai a7oi #(o&!#a3) i c!7rind# =ntr#a"a 7&ant) V# t#4ir#a #$t# 7r#c#dat) d# a7ari ia 7# fr!n3# a !nor 7#t# !.#d#, i3o&at#, car# $# !$!c) r#7#d# i d#(in a&'icioa$# >fi" 21; P)$t)i

7&ant#&or atacat# $# =n")&'#n#$c i $# !$!c) i r).n $#ci =n ca3!& atac!ri&or ti.7!rii P#

$#.in # atacat# $# o'$#r() 7#t# "a&'#n#, (ariat# ca for.) i di.#n$i!ni >fi" 20; La $!7rafa a

#$!t!ri&or d# 7# 7)$t)i i fr!n3# atacat# n! a7ar# #!dat 'act#rian, iar =n ca3!& inf#c ii&or

"ra(# a7ar 7# $!7rafa a t!&7inii !&c#ra ii a&!n"it# c# 7ot d!c# &a .oart#a 7&ant#i Boa&a #$t#

fa(ori3at) d# t#.7#rat!ri ridicat# >8?C; i d# (r#.#a !$cat) >fi" 2/;

Fi" 21 Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens atac pe frun'e

>7&ant.ana"#.#ntn#torJor" ;

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Fi" 2/ Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens c!&t!r) atacat)

>7&ant.ana"#.#ntn#torJor" ;

Fi" 20 Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens atac7# 'oa'#7&ant.ana"#.#ntn#torJor")

*3entul #ato3en A ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# 7rod!$) d# 'act#ria Corynebacterium

flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens @#d"#$; Co&&in$ #t on#$ i a7ar in# r#"n!&!i Procariote,

di(i3i!n#a Bacteria, fa.i&ia *nterobacteriaceae S# 7r#3int) $!' for.) d# 'a$tona i ar#

di.#n$i!ni 6,/*26,2*6,1., c! - 7n) &a 5 ci&i 7o&ari T#.7#rat!ra .ini.) &a car# ac#a$t)

'act#ri# $# 7oat# d#3(o&ta #$t# d# -,1?C, c#a o7ti.) #$t# d# 9*2?C, iar c#a .ai.) d# 2/*56?CR)$7ndir#a ac#$t#i 'act#rii #$t# fa(ori3at) d# a7a d# iri"a i# i d# n#.ato3i, iar tran$.it#r#a #i

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d# &a !n an &a a&t!& $# fac# 7rin $).n a inf#ctat) i 7rin r#$t!ri d# 7&ant# 'o&na(# r).a$# 7#

c.7 P#rioada d# inc!'a i# a 'act#ri#i #$t# inf&!#n at) =n .od dir#ct d# (r$ta 7&ant#i, d#

condi ii c&i.atic#, 7r#c!. i d# (ir!n a t!&7ini&or 'act#ri#n#, (ariind =ntr# 1*-5 3i

Bact#ria Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens7oat# inf#cta i a&t# $7#cii

a "#n!&!i Phaseolus7r#c!.Phaseolus aureus, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus mungo, 0ignasinensis, /lycine hispida

Preenire i co9:atere A 7#ntr! a 7r#(#ni a7ari ia 'o&ii #$t# n#c#$ar $) $# fo&o$#a$c)

$).n ) $)n)toa$) 7ro(#nit) din c!&t!ri d# fa$o n#inf#ctat#, 7r#c!. i r#$7#ctar#a

a$o&a.#nt#&or d# .ini. 2*5 ani Tot 7#ntr! 7r#(#nir#a atac!&!i ac#$t!i a"#nt 7ato"#n #$t# foart#

i.7ortant ca d!7) r#co&tar#, r#$t!& d# 7&ant# $) fi# $trn$# i di$tr!$# S# r#co.and), d#

a$#.#n#a, cr##ar#a i c!&ti(ar#a d# $oi!ri i &inii r#3i$t#nt# $a! torant# d# fa$o &a atac!&

ac#$t!i a"#nt 7ato"#n4(7( *ntracno8a fasolei + Colletotrichum lindemuthianum

Ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# foart# r)$7ndit) i 7rod!c# 7a"!'# foart# .ari, =n $7#cia& &a c!&t!ri

d# fa$o din r#"i!ni .ai !.#d#, !nd# 7a"!'# 7ot a4!n"# c%iar 7n) &a 06 din 7rod!c ia

tota&), dac) n! $!nt a7&icat# .)$!ri d# 7r#(#nir# i co.'at#r#

Si9#to9e A ac#$t#a a7ar 7# toat# or"an# 7&ant#i, =nc#7nd d# &a cotidoan#, 7# car# $#

o'$#r() 7#t# .ici, 'r!n#, o(a $a! circ!&ar#, ! or d#ni(#&at# P&ant# tin#r# car# $!nt atacat#

(or a(#a i r)d)cini 7!tr#3it#, a$tf#& =nct ac#$t#a $# (or !$ca P# fr!n3# 7&ant#&or atacat#

a7ar# o 'r!nificar# 7ar ia&) a n#r(!ri&or >fi" 28;, .ai (i3i'i&) 7# 7art#a inf#rioar) a &i.'!&!i, iar

7# ac#$t# 7#t# a7ar 7!ncti oar# 'r!n#*n#"ricioa$# c# r#7r#3int) ac#r(!&ii ci!7#rcii

Fi" 28 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum atac 7# fr!n3#

>for#$trHi.a"#$or";

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Ac#$t# 7or i!ni 'r!nificat# $# (or n#cro3a i $# 7ot d#$7rind#, dnd fr!n3#&or !n a$7#ct

$f iat P# 7)$t)i atacat# $# o'$#r() 7#t# circ!&ar# $a! #&i7tic#, =n dr#7t!& c)rora #$!t!& #$t#

adncit iar 7# .ar"in# $# 7oat# o'$#r(a o 3on) 'r!n*ro iatic) >fi" 29; n adncit!ri d# 7#

cotidoan#, t!&7ini $a! 7)$t)i $# for.#a3) 7!nct# .ici d# c!&oar# ro3, car# .ai a7oi d#(in 'r!n#

i =n fina& n#"ricioa$#, c# r#7r#3int) &a")r# d# conidiofori c! conidii n ca3!& !n!i atac 7!t#rnicac#$t# 7#t# conf&!#a3), 7)$t)i (or r).n# $t#ri, $# (or !$ca $a! (or for.a $#.in # .ici,

3'rcit# $a! 'r!nificat# n ca3!& =n car# atac!& $!r(in# .ai tr3i!, cnd 'oa'# $!nt d#4a

for.at#, 7# ac#$t#a (or a7)r#a 7#t# 'r!n# $a! caf#nii, iar =n 7or i!n#a r#$7#cti() t#"!.#nt!& (a fi

=ncr# it

Fi" 29 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: atac 7# 7)$t)i

>i7.i.a"#$or";

*3entul #ato3en A ac#a$t) 'oa&) #$t# 7rod!$) d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum >Sacc Et Ma"n ; Br #t Ca(, fa. ,elancoliaceae! ord ,elanconiales!

$!'=ncr#n"1euteromycotina. Ac#a$t) ci!7#rc) = i d#3(o&t) .ic#&i!& =n $7a ii int#rc#&!&ar# a

#$!t!&!i atacat i for.#a3) .ici $tro.# 7# car# $# dif#r#n ia3) &a")r# d# conidiofori c! conidii

$a! ac#r(!&i, di$7!$# $!'c!tic!&ar La .at!ritat#, c!tic!&a $# frn"# iar conidii $!nt 7!$# =n

&i'#rtat#, r)$7ndind!*$# c! a4!tor!& 7ic)t!ri&or d# a7) $a! c! a4!tor!& (nt!&!i

Ci!7#rca r#3i$t) d# &a !n an &a a&t!& $!' for.) d# .ic#&i! =n $).n ) i =n r#$t!ri d#

7&ant# inf#ctat# Ac#$t a"#nt 7ato"#n 7r#3int) n!.#roa$# ra$# fi3io&o"ic#, dintr# car# ra$a alfa

#$t# c#a .ai r)$7ndit), !r.at) a7oi d# ra$a delta, fa7t car# =n"r#!n#a3) .!nca d# o' in#r# a

$oi!ri&or d# fa$o r#3i$t#nt# &a ac#a$ta 'oa&)

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Preenire i co9:atere A o .ar# i.7ortan ) o r#7r#3int) r#$7#ctar#a .)$!ri&or

7r#(#nti(# i an!.# rota ia d# .ini. 2*5 ani, $trn"#r#a r#$t!ri&or d# 7&ant# inf#ctat#, !r.at) d#

ar)t!ri adnci i d# fo&o$ir#a &a $#.)nat d# $).n ) n#inf#ctat)

n ti.7!& (#"#ta i#i $!nt o'&i"atorii do!a trata.#nt#, indif#r#nt d# d#$tina ia c!&t!rii

7ri.!& i.#diat d!7) r)$)rir# i a& doia =naint# d# =nf&orir# n c##a c# 7ri(# t# c!&t!ri d#$tinat# con$!.!&!i d# 7)$t)i, $# (or in# $#a.a n!.ai d# ac#$t# trata.#nt#, =n ti.7 c# 7#ntr! c!&t!ri

d#$tinat# 7rod!c#rii d# $).n ) trata.#nt# (or contin!a i d!7) for.ar#a 7)$t)i&or >5*1

trata.#nt# =n tota&; S# (or fo&o$i, a&t#rnati(, att 7rod!$# $i$t#.ic# ct i f!n"icid# d# contact

4()( Ru3ina + Uromyces appendiculatus

R!"ina fa$oi #$t# o 'oa&) foart# r)$7ndit), iar =n anii c! 7r#ci7ita ii a'!nd#nt# i c%iar

=n ca3!& iri")rii 7rin a$7#r$i!n#, 7oat# 7rod!c# 7i#rd#ri d# 7rod!c i# d# 7n) &a 56*86, ca

!r.ar# a di$tr!"#rii fr!n3#&or n Ro.nia, ac#a$t) 'oa&) a fo$t $#.na&at) 7#ntr! 7ri.a dat) d#c)tr# IC Con$tantin#an!, =n an!& -96

Si9#to9e A'oa&a $# .anif#$t) 7# toat# or"an# a#ri#n# a 7&ant#i, dar =n $7#cia& 7#

f!n3# Pri.)(ara $# 7ot o'$#r(a 7ri.# $i.7to.#, $!' for.a !nor 7#t# .ici, "a&'#n#, circ!&ar#,

i3o&at# $a! conf&!#nt#, c# $# 7ot (#d#a 7# a.'# f# # a &i.'!&!i P# 7art#a $!7#rioar) a

&i.'!&!i, =n dr#7t!& ac#$tor 7#t# "a&'#n#, $# for.#a3) 7!nct# .ici, a&'icioa$#, di$7!$# =n "r!7!ri,

c# r#7r#3int) 7icnidii ci!7#rcii D!7) 7! in ti.7, =n dr#7t!& ac#&ora i 7#t#, =n$) 7# fa a

inf#rioar) a &i.'!&!i, $# d#3(o&t) #cidii ci!7#rcii, ")&'!i*a&'icioa$#, di$7!$# circ!&ar >fi" 2-6;

Ac#$t $tadi! $# .anif#$t) .ai rar =n nat!r)

Fi" 2-6 Uromyces appendiculatus: #cidii 7# 7)$t)i

>%tt7KKco..on$iJi.#diaor";

28
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nc#7nd c! &!na i!ni#, =n dr#7t!& 7#t#&or $# for.#a3) 7# a.'# f# # a &i.'!&!i, dar

.ai a$ 7# 7art#a inf#rioar), 7!$t! .ici, 7!&(#r!nt#, 'r!n*ro iatic# >!r#do$7orii ci!7#rcii;

>fi" 2--;

Fi" 2-- Uromyces appendiculatus 7!$t! d# !r#do$7ori i !r#do$7ori

>7&ant.ana"#.#ntn#torJor" ,%tt7KKntar$*"rin"o(;

n ti.7!& (#rii 7ot a7)r#a .ai .!&t# "#n#ra ii d# !r#do$7ori, car# =n ca3!& 7r#ci7ita ii&or

a'!nd#nt# $a! a iri")rii 7rin a$7#r$i!n#, 7ot int#n$ifica atac!& D!7) a7roi.ati( &!ni, =n &oc!&

!r#do$7ori&or $a! =n 4!r!& ac#$tora $# for.#a3) 7!$t! .ici, 7!&(#r!nt#, n#"ricioa$#, c# con in

t#!to$7orii ci!7#rcii, .ai a$ 7# 7art#a inf#rioar) a &i.'!&!i >fi" 2-;

Fi" 2- Uromyces appendiculatus 7!$t! d# t#&io$7ori i t#&io$7ori

>%tt7KKco..on$iJi.#diaor",%tt7KKntar$*"rin"o(;

*3entul #ato3enA Uromyces appendiculatus >P#r$; LinJ, fa. Pucciniaceae! ord

Uredinales! $!'=ncr#n"Basidiomycotina.E$t# o $7#ci# .acrocic&ic) a!toic) &a car# 7icnidii i

#cidii 4oac) !n ro& $#c!ndar i c%iar &i7$#$c ct#odat)

Ci!7#rca i#rn#a3) $!' for.) d# t#!to$7ori r).a i =n c.7, =n r#$t!ri (#"#ta

inf#$tat#, iar =n )ri c! t#.7#rat!ri .ai ridicat# 7oat# i#rna i $!' for.) d# !r#do$7ori n

29
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7#rioada d# (#"#ta i#, ci!7#rca $# r)$7nd# t# $!' for.) d# !r#do$7ori, inf#c ia fiind fa(ori3at)

d# t#.7#rat!ri ridicat# >-/*5C; i !.#ctar#a 7r#&!n"it) a fr!n3#&or

P# &n")Phaseolus vulgaris, ci!7#rca .ai atac) i a&t# $7#cii din fa. 2eguminosae 0igna

sinensis! Phaseolus coccineus! Phaseolus lunatus.

Preenire i co9:atere A c#a .ai #ficac# .)$!r) o r#7r#3int) c!&ti(ar#a d# $oi!ri c!r#3i$t#n ) fa ) d# ac#$t a"#nt 7ato"#n D# a$#.#n#a, o .ar# i.7ortan ) o r#7r#3int) r#$7#ctar#a

rota i#i c!&t!rii, d# .ini. 2 ani R#$t!ri d# 7&ant# inf#ctat# $# (or $trn"# d# 7# c.7 i (or fi

ar$#, iar a7oi $# (a #f#ct!a o ar)t!r) adnc) Co.'at#r#a a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n $# 7oat# r#a&i3a i

7rin a7&icar#a trata.#nt#&or c%i.ic# =n ti.7!& (#"#ta i#i, fo&o$ind +iradin 6,2, Ti!ra. 6,,

S!&f .!ia'i& 6,5, dar $# (a in# cont i d# fa7t!& c) dif#rit# $oi!ri i 7o7!&a ii d# fa$o $#

co.7ort) dif#rit fa ) d# atac!& ac#$t#i ci!7#rci D!7) Po7#$c! G >-992;, $oi!ri Pr#.ia& i

F!nd!a 22 a! r#3i$t#n ) .i4&oci#, iar A.'oH i I!tta $!nt r#3i$t#nt# 7rin r#ac ia d# %i7#r$#n$i'i&itat#

30


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P*RTE* * II + * $ CO'TRI


32/62

C*PITOL&L %

IMPORT*' * I SCOP&L ST&DIERII TEMEI

%(1( I9#ortana studierii te9ei

Cr# t#r#a 7o7!&a i#i, n#c#$it) i #cono.ic# i $o&icit)ri tot .ai ridicat# 7#ntr! #7ort a! cond!$ &a n#c#$itat#a 7ractic)rii !n#i a"ric!&t!ri int#n$i(# n c##a c# 7ri(# t# c!&t!ra d#

fa$o, ac#a$ta 7r#$!7!n# fo&o$ir#a =n c!&t!r) a !nor $oi!ri c! ca7acitat# .ar# d# 7rod!c i#,

fo&o$ir#a iri"a i#i dar i cr# t#r#a cantit) i&or d# =n"r) ).int# ad.ini$trat# n$) toat# ac#$t#

.)$!ri &!at# a! d!$ &a a7ari ia !nor #7ifi ii "ra(# i a$tf#& a &!at na t#r# !n no! o'i#cti( i an!.#

ac#&a d# a ")$i noi .#tod# 7#ntr! 7rot#c ia c!&t!ri&or d# fa$o =.7otri(a atac!&!i a"#n i&or

fito7ato"#ni

A7ari ia, d#3(o&tar#a i $7#cia&i3ar#a ac#$tor a"#n i fito7ato"#ni, c# con$tit!i# o 7art#

co.7on#nt) a a"ro#co$i$t#.!&!i fa$oi a d!$ &a n#c#$itat#a $ta'i&irii !nor .)$!ri car# $) #(it#

7a"!'# c# $# 7ot 7rod!c#, iar &!7ta =.7otri(a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni a d#(#nit c! att .ai difici&) i

co.7), c! ct $i$t#.!&t d# c!&t!r) a& fa$oi #$t# .ai int#n$i( Atac!& ac#$tor a"#n i 7ato"#ni

a$!7ra c!&t!ri&or d# fa$o #$t# !n!& din factorii car# =.7i#dic) r#a&i3ar#a d# 7rod!c ii #"a c!

7ot#n ia&!& .ai. a& $oi!ri&or fo&o$it# Antracno3a, ar$!ra co.!n), ar$!ra a!r#o&at) i 7!tr#"ai!&

!.#d a& t!&7ini&or i 7)$t)i&or $!nt con$id#rat# a fi c# .ai fr#c(#nt# i .ai 7)"!'itoar# 'o&i a

fa$oi n Ro.nia, ac# ti a"#n i 7ato"#ni atac) =n fi#car# an, d# fi#car# dat) c! a&t# int#n$it) i i

r#a&i3#a3) 7a"!'# =ntr# 1*-1, c# 7ot a4!n"# c%iar i 7n) &a 16*/6, 7!tnd co.7ro.it# =n

tota&itat# 7rod!c ia d# fa$o

A$tf#&, co.'at#r#a 'o&i&or 7rod!$# d# Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Xanthomonas

campestris7(. phaseoli, Pseudomonas syringae7(phaseolicola i Botrytis cinerea r#7r#3int)

!na din 7riorit) i 7rod!c)tori&or d# fa$o din ara noa$tr), 7#ntr! a 7!t#a r#! i $) o' in)

7rod!c ii d# 'oa'# 7r#coni3at#

%(2( Sco#ul studierii te9ei

32


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Moti(!& 7#ntr! car# a. a$ ac#a$t) t#.) d# $t!di! a fo$t ac#&a d# a $coat# =n #(id#n )

i.7ortan a t!t!ror acti(it) i&or Sta i#i d# Pro"no3) i A(#rti3ar# din cadr!& Unit) ii Fito$anitar#

din Ia i Acti(itat#a ac#$t#i !nit) i 7r#3int) o i.7ortan ) d#o$#'it) 7#ntr! to i 7rod!c)torii d#

fa$o i n! n!.ai, car# =nc#arc) $) r#a&i3#3# 7rod!c ii $!7#rioar# att din 7!nct d# (#d#r#

ca&itati( ct i cantitati(, =n condi ii d# #fici#n ) #cono.ic)

C!. =n !&ti.!& ti.7 a"ric!&torii tind $) $# =ndr#7t# $7r# $i$t#.# d# c!&t!r) int#n$i(#,

i.7ortan a 7ro"no3#&or i a(#rti3)ri&or 7ri(ind a7ari ia i d#3(o&tar#a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni &a

c!&t!ra d# fa$o i n! n!.ai, cr# t# con$id#ra'i& P# d# o 7art#, a(#rti3)ri #&i'#rat# d# Unit) i

Fito$anitar# r#7r#3int) o $!r$) i.7ortant) d# infor.ar# 7#ntr! a"ric!&tori, c# =i a4!t) foart# .!&t

=n r#! ita co.'at#rii #fici#nt# i #cono.ic# a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni din c!&t!ri, iar 7# d# a&t) 7art#,

$!nt i.7ortant# i 7#ntr! c#i i.7&ica i =n c#rc#t)ri r#f#ritoar# &a ac#a$t) c!&t!r)

A$tf#&, a(#rti3)ri =i a4!t) $) aa") .o.#nt# o7ti.# =n car# $) fac) o'$#r(a ii a$!7ra

c!&t!ri&or, dar i #(#nt!a trata.#nt# at!nci cnd $co7!& !r.)rit n! #$t# ac#&a d# a o'$#r(a

#(o&! ia a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni, ci a a&tor factori

33


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C*PITOL&L 5

METODE I TE='ICI DE SEM'*L*RE * *-E' ILOR

6ITOP*TO-E'I

5(1( Ealuarea 3radului de atac #rodus de a3enii #ato3eni

E(a&!ar#a "rad!&!i d# atac 7rod!$ d# a"#n ii fito7ato"#ni 7r#3int) o i.7ortan ) d#o$#'it),

d#oar#c# ar# !n i.7act dir#ct a$!7ra 7rod!c)tori&or, n#"!$tori&or i con$!.atori&or Grad!& d#

atac $# trad!c# 7rin 7a"!'# =nr#"i$trat#, car# $# #7ri.) =n 7i#rd#ri d# nat!r) cantitati() i

ca&itati() a 7rod!c i#i Pi#rd#ri d# nat!r) cantitati() $# #7ri.) =n cantit) i d# $#.in #

7i#rd!t# din r#co&ta &a %#ctar, iar c# d# nat!r) ca&itati() $# #7ri.) 7rin a&t#rar#a c!&orii

$#.in #&or $a! a .i#3!&!i ac#$tora, di$tr!"#r#a #.'rion!&!i $a! i t)(ir#a 'oa'#&or E(a&!ar#a ac#$tor 7a"!'# $# fac# 7arc!r"nd !n n!.) d# #ta7# i an!.# d#t#r.inar#a fr#c(#n #i i a

int#n$it) ii 'o&ii, a "rad!&!i d# atac 7rod!$ d# a"#n ii 7ato"#ni, a 7ra"!&!i #cono.ic d# d)!nar#, a

ni(#&!&!i d# d)!nar# =n !nit) i d# 7rod!c i#, dar i #c%i(ant!& ac#$tor 7a"!'# =n 7i#rd#ri

')n# ti P#ntr! #f#ct!ar#a contro&!&!i fito$anitar =n .od cor#ct i 7#ntr! r#! ita ac#$t!ia tr#'!i#

&!at) .ai =nti =n ca&c!& o 7ri(i# d# an$a.'&! a$!7ra c!&t!ri&or n ac#$t .od $# 7oat# o'$#r(a

dac) atac!& a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni #$t# &oca&i3at $a! dac) ac#$ta $*a r)$7ndit 7# toat) $!7rafa a

c!&t!rii >S#(#rin C , Corn#a C)&ina P#tr! a, 669;

n 7roc#$# d# inf#$tar# i d# .anif#$tar# a $i.7to.#&or 7rod!$# d# a"#n ii 7ato"#ni &a

7&ant#, $# dif#r#n ia3) .o.#nt# i.7ortant# i an!.# atac!& i da!na $a! 7a"!'a

Atac!& $# r#7r#3int) (a&oric 7rin !r.)toar# #.#nt# frecen , intensitate i 3rad de

atac>Oroian, 665;

6recen a >F; 'o&ii #$t# r#7r#3#ntat) d# (a&oar#a r#&ati() a n!.)r!&!i >n; d# 7&ant# $a!

or"an# d# 7&ant# atacat# d# a"#n i 7ato"#ni >(ir!$!ri, 'act#rii, ci!7#rci; ra7ortat# d# n!.)r!& >N;

d# 7&ant# $a! or"an# &!at# =n ca&c!& Va&oar#a ac#$t#i fr#c(#n # r#i#$# =n !r.a o'$#r(a ii&or

dir#ct# #f#ct!at# a$!7ra !n!i an!.it n!.)r d# 7&ant# $a! or"an# a 7&ant#i, =n f!nc i# d#

an!.it# condi ii $a! ca3!ri Dat# =r#"i$trat# $# (or ca&c!&a c! a4!tor!& r#&a i#i 34


35/62

F=n x100

N ! =n car#

n r#7r#3int) n!.)r!& d# 7&ant# $a! or"an# a 7&ant#i atacat#< N r#7r#3int) n!.)r!& d# 7&ant# $a! or"an# a 7&ant#i &!at# =n ca&c!&

Intensitatea>I; atac!&!i $# trad!c# 7rin (a&oar#a 7rin car# #$t# r#dat "rad!& d# aco7#rir#

$a! #tind#r# a atac!&!i, ra7ortnd $!7rafa a atacat) &a $!7rafa a tota&) &!at) =n con$id#rar#

P#ntr! d#$cri#r#a int#n$it) ii atac!&!i $# fo&o$#$c $c)ri car# 7ot a(#a n!.#r# dif#rit# d# c&a$# d#

notar# n Ro.nia, =n c# .ai .!&t# ca3!ri $# fo&o$#$c $c)ri c! 5, 1 $a! / c&a$# d# int#n$it) i

a atac!&!i >ta' 1-; Fi#car# dintr# ac#$t# c&a$# cor#$7!nd# !nor an!.it# int#r(a d# 7roc#nt#

a int#n$it) ii atac!&!i P#ntr! a ca&c!&a int#n$itat#a atac!&!i $# fo&o$# t# !r.)toar#a for.!&)

I= (i x f)n ! =n car#

i r#7r#3int) nota acordat) $a! $!7rafa a atacat) R)d!$c! i Rafai&), -9/0;

Su#rafa a atacat! "n #rocente 'otarea intensit ii atacului1$4 -%$10 11$25 227$50 551$)5 1

7)$100 /

n 7r#3#nt, c#a .ai a7ro7iat) d# r#a&itat# #$t# con$id#rat) notar#a =n $cara FAO >c#!ti&i3#a3) not# d# &a - &a 9; >ta' 1;

+abelul 3.%

Scara de notare 6(*(O( cu clase a intensit ii atacului la :olile #lantelor

'otarea intensit ii atacului -radul de atac

1 Atac!& n! $# o'$#r()2 Atac!& #$t# inci7i#nt, c! $i.7to.# 7! in

#(id#nt#35


36/62

4 P#t# oc!7) 7n) &a 1 din $!7rafa )

% P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# 1*-1 din $!7rafa )

5 P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# -1*1 din $!7rafa )

7 P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# 1*56 din $!7rafa )

) P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# 56*16 din $!7rafa )

. P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# 16*01 din $!7rafa ) P#t# aco7#r) =ntr# 01*-66 din $!7rafa )

P#ntr! a a7r#cia int#n$itat#a atac!&!i 7rod!$ d# a"#nt!& 7ato"#n Xanthomonas campestris

7(phaseoli $# fo&o$# t# $cara d# notar# din ta' 12

+abelul 3.

Scara de a#reciere a intensit ii atacului #rodus de a3entul #ato3en Xanthomonas

campestris #(phaseoli >M!nt#an! N, @at.an M, -99/;

Nota Si.7to.# 7rinci7a F)r) atac1 Atac foart# $&a' *2 7!nct# d# 'oa&)

2 Atac $&a' 1*9 7#t# 7# 7&ant)< - din $!7rafa ) atacat)

4 Atac $&a' $7r# .i4&oci! 7#$t# -6*-1 7#t# d# inf#c i# 7# 7&ant)< */ din $!7rafa a or"an!&!i atacat #$t# af#ctat)

% Atac $&a' $7r# .i4&oci! 6*26 7#t# d# inf#c i#< fi#car# fr!n3) trifo&iat) ar# o 7at) d# atac ti7ic)>%idro3at);< 0*-1 din $!7rafa a or"an#&or atacat# #$t# af#ctat)

5 Atac .i4&oci! toat# fo&io i 7)$t)i 7r#3int) 7#t# d# atac< 6*26 din $!7rafa ) af#ctat)

7 Atac .i4&oci! $7r# 7!t#rnic toat# or"an# $!nt atacat#< $!7rafa a af#ctat) #$t# d# 26*56

) Atac 7!t#rnic 16 din fr!n3# i 26 din 7)$t)i 7r#3int) atac "ra(< $#.in # =nc) n! $!nt atin$# d# 'oa&)< r#co&t) 7artia& co.7ro.i$)

. Atac foart# 7!t#rnic fr!n3# i 7)$t)i aco7#rit# =n 7ro7or i# d# 1*/6 c! 7#t# d# inf#c i#ta' 15;

+abelul 3.4

Scara de ealuare a intensit ii atacului #rodus de a3entul #ato3en Colletotrichum

lindemuthianum

>M!nt#an! N, @at.an M, -998;

'ota Si9#to9e #rinci#ale0 F)r) atac1 Atac foart# $&a' *2 7#t# 7!nctifor.#

36


37/62

2 Atac $&a' ct#(a 7#t# d# 'oa&) >5*8;< a7roi.ati( - din $!7rafa a or"an!&!i #$t#

af#ctat)4 Atac $&a' $7r# .i4&oci! 7#$t# -6*-1 7#t# 7# 7&ant)< */ din $!7rafa a or"an!&!i

inf#ctat #$t# af#ctat)% Atac $&a' $7r# .i4&oci! 7#$t# 26 d# 7#t# d# atac, fi#car# fr!n3) trifo&iat) ar# o 7at)

d# atac n#cro3at)5 Atac .i4oci! toat# fo&io $!nt atacat#< 7)$t)i 7r#3int) 7#t# ti7ic# adncit#7 Atac 7!t#rnic toat# or"an# 7&ant#i 7r#3int) 7#t# d# atac< 7#$t# 26 din $!7rafa a

or"an#&or #$t# af#ctat)) Atac 7!t#rnic 7#$t# 16 din 7)r i or"an#&or atacat# 7r#3int) $i.7to.# a 'o&ii


38/62

F)r) atac GA Q 6Atac foart# $&a' GA Q 6,-*-

Atac $&a' GA Q -,-*1,6Atac .#di! GA Q 1,-*-1

Atac 7!t#rnic GA Q -1,-*6Atac foart# 7!t#rnic GA 6,-

Da!n# $a! 7a"!'# $# #7ri.) 7rin no i!n#a d# "rad d# d)!nar# >GD; Ac#a$t)

no i!n# r#7r#3int) din 7!nct d# (#d#r# (a&oric, 7i#rd#r#a r#&ati() din cantitat#a d# r#co&t)

on in!t) d# &a o 7&ant) $a! d# &a o c!&t!r) atacat), ra7ortat) &a r#co&ta tota&) o' in!t) d# &a o

7&ant) $a! d# &a o c!t!r) $)n)toa$) >n#atacat); Da!na $# ca&c!a3) c! a4!tor!& !r.)toar#i

r#&a ii

GD Qsb

s -66 , =n car#

$ r#7r#3int) 7rod!c ia 7&ant#i $a! a c!&t!rii n#atacat#


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7ro'a'i&), c# 7oat# $!f#ri .odific)ri datorit) inf&!#n #i condi ii&or d# .#di! n $c%i.', %)r i

7#ntr! 7ro"no3) arat) o 7ro"no3) r#a&)

Fo&o$ind dat# o' in!t# =n o'$#r()ri #f#ct!at# 7#ntr! a $ta'i&i d#n$itat#a n!.#ric) i

"rad!& d# atac $# (or =ntoc.i %)r i d# r)$7ndir# i d# 7ro"no3)

C# 1 cat#"orii d# atac $# (or r#7r#3#nta 7# %)r i d!7) !r.)tor!& .od#&+abel 3.5

Modul de re#re8entare #e ?r i a cate3oriilor de atac

Densitatea i 3radul de atac Culoarea re#re8entriiSla:

MilociuPuternic

6oarte #uternic

Etre9 de #uternic

5(4( Metode de #ro3no8

Prin 7ro"no3) $# =n #"# d#t#r.inar#a $7a ia&) i t#.7ora&) a a7ari i#i =n .a$) a !nor

d)!n)tori $a! a !nor a"#n i 7ato"#ni, dar i #$ti.ar#a "ra(it) ii atac!ri&or 7# car# ac# tia 7ot

ca!3a A$tf#&, c! a4!tor!& 7ro"no3#i $# 7oat# .#n iona data a7ari i#i =n .a$) a a"#n i&or

fito7ato"#ni i a d)!n)tori&or, iar 7rin 7r#&!crar#a dat#&or o' in!t# $# 7ot $ta'i&i .o.#nt#

o7ti.# 7#ntr! #f#ct!ar#a trata.#nt#&or, c##a c# (a d#t#r.ina o #fici#n ) .ai.) 7#ntr!

co.'at#r#a &or, fo&o$ind do3# $a! conc#ntra ii $c)3!t# d# $!'$tan #, =naint# ca d)!n)torii $a!

a"#n ii 7ato"#ni $) 7rod!c) 7a"!'# =n$#.nat# =n c!&t!ri n f!nc i# d# 7#rioada d# ti.7 7#ntr!

car# $# #&a'or#a3) 7ro"no3#, ac#$t#a 7ot fi d# do!) f#&!ri i an!.# 7ro"no3# d# &!n") d!rat) i

7ro"no3# d# $c!rt) d!rat) Pro"no3# d# &!n") d!rat) $# #&a'or#a3) 7# 'a3a dif#r#n #i dintr#

d#n$itat#a n!.#ric) a 7o7!&a ii&or, $ta'i&it) c! a4!tor!& %)r i&or d# r)$7ndir# i .orta&itat#a

r#3!&tat) ca !r.ar# a factori&or d# .#di! >$#c#t), =n"%# , in!nda ii, t#.7#rat!ri .ini.# $a!

.ai.# #tc; i a ac i!nii 'act#riofa"i&or >d! .ani nat!ra&i; Pro"no3a d# $c!rt) d!rat) $# r#a&i3#a3) c! a4!tor!& 7ro"no3#&or d# &!n") d!rat), dar i =n f!nc i# d# 7r#ci3ar#a #act), 7# o

7#rioad) $c!rt) d# ti.7, a inf&!#n #i factori&or (aria'i&i d# .#di! i a c#&or d# r#"&ar# 'io&o"ic)

>d! .anii nat!ra&i; Ac#$t ti7 d# 7ro"no3) #$t# .ai concr#t), d#oar#c# ar# &a 'a3) dat# concr#t#

of#rit# d# .#di!, 7# o 7#rioad) .ai $c!rt) d# ti.7 i =ntr*!n ar#a& 'in# d#&i.itat n c##a c#

7ri(# t# 7ro"no3a d# &!n") d!rat), 7r#(#nir#a a7ari i#i atac!&!i !nor a"#n i 7ato"#ni $# fac# c!

.ai .!&t# &!ni =naint#, =n ti.7 c# =n ca3!& 7ro"no3#i d# $c!rt) d!rat), in(a3ia 7oat# fi

7r#coni3at) intr*!n ti.7 .ai $c!rt >ct#(a 3i $a! $)7t).ni;Pro"no3a d# $c!rt) d!rat) $# r#a&i3#a3) c! a4!tor!& !r.)toar#&or .#tod#

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R#a&i3ar#a i $t!di!& 'ioc&i.o"ra.#&or@; Fi#car# a'at#r# =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# condi ii

.#t#oro&o"ic# con$id#rat# nor.a >!.iditat# r#&ati()*@ i t#.7#rat!r); ar# !n #f#ct a$!7ra

cic&!&!i 'io&o"ic a& !n#i $7#cii, $tn4#nind =n.!& ir#a $a! r#7rod!c#r#a a"#n i&or fito7ato"#ni n

!r.a !nor #7#ri.#nt# #f#ct!at# $*a $ta'i&it fa7t!& c), dac) ti.7 d# !na 7n) &a do!) $)7t).ni

#i$t) condi ii fa(ora'i =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# t#.7#rat!ra i !.iditat#a 7#ntr! d#3(o&tar#a a"#n i&or fito7ato"#ni, at!nci #$t# foart# 7ro'a'i& ca ac# tia $) 7rod!c) o in(a3i# =n c!&t!ri

Va&ori t#.7#rat!ri&or c!7rin$# =ntr# 7ra"!& d# 7ro&ificitat# i 7ra"!& 'io&o"ic d#t#r.in)

cr# t#r#a or"ani$.#&or, iar (a&ori car# d#7) #$c 6?C (or d#t#r.ina att cr# t#r#a ct i

.!&ti7&icar#a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni

12 Pro"no3a c! a4!tor!& t#r.o7&!(io"ra.#&or

T#r.o7&!(io"ra.# r#7r#3int) "rafic# car# con in, 7# &n") (a&ori con$tant#&or t#r.ic#

i (a&ori 7r#ci7ita ii&or din 3ona &!at) =n $t!di! i a7oi co.7arar#a ac#$tora c! (a&oar#a t#.7#rat!ri&or =nr#"i$trat# n !n# $it!a ii, ac#$t# "rafic# 7ot ar)ta !n #(#nt!a& "rad d# atac

datorit) 7r#ci7ita ii&or di$contin!i A$tf#&, "rad!& d# atac 7oat# a(#a (a&ori .ai .ari >=n ca3!&

(a&ori&or .ari a !.idit) ii;, dac) $# ia! ca&c!& =n ca&c!& a"#n ii 7ato"#ni 7r#c!. 'act#rii din

fa.i&ia Pseudomonadaceae, $a! (a&ori .ai $c)3!t# >(a&ori .ai $c)3!t# a !.idit) ii;, dac)

(or'i. d#$7r# ci!7#rci din fa.i&iaPucciniaceae

122 Pro"no3a c! a4!tor!& 7ro"no"ra.#&or

Pro"no"ra.# r#7r#3int) dia"ra.# d# %i"ro"raf, t#r.o"raf $a! t#r.o%i"ro"raf 7# car# $#

")$#$c con$tant# 'io&o"ic# >t6, O, O-, T i @; i 7# car# $!nt =n$cri$# condi ii c&i.atic# d#

c)tr# a7arat# d# =nr#"i$trar# Co.7arnd (a&ori con$tant#&or nor.a a $7#ci#i c! c#

=nr#"i$trat# 7# !n an!.it t#ritori! $# 7ot #&a'ora 7ro"no3# d# $c!rt) d!rat) Un a"#nt 7ato"#n

7r#3int) condi ii 7ri#&nic# d# d#3(o&tar# at!nci cnd .#cani$.!& d# =nr#"i$trar# a& a7arat!&!i

not#a3) (a&ori %i"rot#r.ic# =n int#r(a&!& d# fa(ora'i&itat# i condi ii n#fa(ora'i 7#ntr!

d#3(o&tar# i r)$7ndir# at!nci cnd (a&ori $!nt =n$cri$# =n afara $!'3on#&or o7ti.# A7&icar#a

trata.#nt#&or $# (a r#a&i3a innd $#a.a d# (a&ori caract#ri$tici&or c&i.atic# =nr#"i$trat#, adic)

at!nci cnd ac#$t# (a&ori $!nt notat# =n int#r(a&!& d# fa(ora'i&itat# trata.#nt# $# (or a(#rti3a,

iar cnd (a&ori (or fi notat# =n int#r(a&!& n#fa(ora'i&, co.'at#r#a (a fi ino7ort!n) >n! $# (or40


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&an$a a(#rti3)ri;

5(%( Eli:erarea :uletinelor de aerti8are

B!tin# d# a(#rti3ar# $!nt #&a'orat# d# Dir#c ia Fito$anitar) Ia i, c! $co7!& d# a #(ita

iK$a! d# a co.'at# a"#n ii 7ato"#ni i d)!n)torii din ar#a !nd# a7ari ia ac#$tora 7r#3int)

fa(ora'i&itat#A(#rti3ar#a fito$anitar) 7r#$!7!n# 7r#ci3ar#a !nor t#r.#n# d# int#r(#n i# =n (#d#r#a

co.'at#rii a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni $a! a d)!n)tori&or, t#r.#n# $ta'i&it# =n !r.a #&a'or)rii 7ro"no3#&or

Din ac#a$ta r#i#$# c) a(#rti3ar#a #$t# d# fa7t o 7ro"no3) d# $c!rt) d!rat), c! a4!tor!& c)r#ia $#

$ta'i$c .o.#nt# o7ti.# 7#ntr! a7&icar#a .)$!ri&or d# co.'at#r#, dar i .#tod# o7ti.#

car# tr#'!i#$c fo&o$it# Att =n do.#ni!& fito7ato&o"i#i, ct i =n c#& a& #nto.o&o"i#i, =n .o.#nt!&

#.it#rii a(#rti3)ri&or tr#'!i# $) $# in) $#a.a d# (a&ori t#.7#rat!ri&or, a !.idit) ii r#&ati(# a

a#r!&!i >@; 7r#c!. i d# d!rata d# !.#ctar# a 7&ant#&or $a! or"an#&or ac#$tora c! 7ic)t!ri d#a7) $a! ro!) D!rata d# !.#ctar# $# $ta'i t# c! a4!tor!& dro$ofa"!&!i i tr#'!i# $) fi# d# 7n)

&a 2 or#

innd cont c) =n 7r#3#nt $# 7ractic) o a"ric!&t!r) .od#rn) i a(#rti3ar#a tr#'!i# $) in)

7a$!& c! ac#a$ta i $) in) cont d# t#r.#n!& d# co.'at#r# int#"rat) a a"#n i&or fito7ato"#ni i a

d)!n)tori&or, c# =n"&o'#a3) !n n!.)r .ar# d# t#%nici d# co.'at#r# a"rofitot#%nic#, 'iot#%nic#,

'io&o"ic# >'iot#ra7ia;, fi3ico*.#canic# i c%i.ic# Ca 7art# co.7on#nt) a $i$t#.!&!i d#

co.'at#r# int#"rat), .#toda 'io&o"ic) i.7!n# a(#rti3ar#a trata.#nt#&or c! 7rod!$# car# $)

7r#3int# o toicitat# r#d!$) i =n 7#rioad# =n car# 7r)d)torii nat!ra&i $a! %i7#r7ara3i ii $) n! fi#

#&i.ina i

P# .)$!r) c# $# #.it '!tin# d# a(#rti3ar#, =n cadr!& $ta i#i d# a(#rti3ar# $# r#a&i3#a3)

"rafic# 7# fi#car# c!&t!r), =n f!nc i# d# ordin#a trata.#nt#&or, a$tf#& =nct &a $fr it!& fi#c)r!i an

$) $# 7oat) (#d#a c&ar n!.)r!& d# a(#rti3)ri #.i$#, 7r#c!. i n!.)r!& trata.#nt#&or a7&icat# &a

fi#car# c!&t!r) =n 7art#

nr#"i$trar#a r#3!&tat#&or trata.#nt#&or #f#ct!at# =n &ot!ri d#.on$trati(# i 7rod!c ii

o' in!t# =n cadr!& ac#$tora, =n co.7ara i# c! r#3!&tat# o' in!t# =n !nit) i d# 7rod!c i#, $# (a

fac# =n r#"i$tr# $7#cia

La #&a'orar#a a(#rti3)ri&or a7&ic)rii trata.#nt#&or =.7otri(a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni i a

d)!n)tori&or $# (or &!a =n con$id#rar# !r.)toar# tr#i crit#rii i an!.# crit#ri!& #co&o"ic,

crit#ri!& 'io&o"ic i crit#ri!& f#no&o"ic

Crit#ri!& #co&o"ic $# r#f#r) &a #(o&! ia factori&or c&i.atici c!. ar fi t#.7#rat!ra,

7r#ci7ita ii $a! !.iditat#a din 3ona c#rc#tat), c# ar 7!t#a fa(ori3a a7ari ia, d#3(o&tar#a i

.!&ti7&icar#a !nor a"#n i 7ato"#ni

Crit#ri!& 'io&o"ic (i3#a3) 7artic!&arit) i 'io&o"ic# a a"#n i&or 7ato"#ni, c#rin #

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ac#$tora fa ) d# factorii d# .#di! 7r#c!. i d# 7artic!&arit) i dif#rit#&or $tadii a 'o&i&or

>inf#c ia, inc!'a ia, fr!ctificar#a;

Crit#ri!& f#no&o"ic ar# =n (#d#r# #ta7# d# cr# t#r# i d#3(o&tar# a 7&ant#&or 7#ntr!

$ta'i&ir#a .o.#nt#&or a(#rti3)ri&or Ac#$t crit#ri! $# 'a3#a3) 7# r#&a ia dintr# f#nofa3a 7&ant#i

"a3d) i a7ari ia $tadi!&!i 'io&o"ic d)!n)tor a& a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n A(#rti3ar#a a7&ic)rii trata.#nt#&or $# r#a&i3#a3) c! a4!tor!& '!tin#&or d# a(#rti3ar#, c# $#

#.it =n .od "rat!it d# $ta ii d# a(#rti3ar# i 7ro"no3) din fi#car# 4!d# Ac#$t# '!tin# d#

a(#rti3ar# $# #&i'#r#a3) i.7ri.at# 7# %rti#, c# c!7rind# =n 7art#a d# $!$ a 7a"inii adr#$a !nit) ii

c)r#ia $# tri.it# i t#$t!& a(#rti3at, iar 7# r#$t!& 7a"inii $!nt 7r#3#ntat# infor.a ii c! 7ri(ir# &a

factorii c&i.atici c# a! d!$ &a d#3(o&tar#a a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n $a! a& d)!n)tor!&!i i atac!& c#

!r.#a3) $) ai') &oc, 7#rioada $a! t#r.#n# &a car# tr#'!i# #f#ct!at# trata.#nt# 7#ntr! a

=nr#"i$tra #fici#n a .ai.) a ac#$tora, $!'$tan # r#co.andat# 7#ntr! trata.#nt# 7r#c!. i conc#ntra ii ac#$tora i !n# .)$!ri $7#cia

A(#rti3)ri fito$anitar# $# 7ot #&i'#ra att $!' for.a !nor for.!&ar# $7#cia, ct i 7rin

int#r.#di!& .a$$*.#dia $a! t#fonic

E&a'orar#a a(#rti3)ri&or fito$anitar# =n (#d#r#a #f#ct!)rii trata.#nt#&or &a 'o&i c!&t!rii

d# fa$o =n .o.#nt# o7ti.# $# r#a&i3#a3) c! a4!tor!& dat#&or =nr#"i$trat# i #.i$# d# c)tr#

$ta ia A"roE7#rt

Ac#$t $i$t#. =n&oc!i# t# c! $!cc#$ $i$t#.# c&a$ic# d# 7ro"no3) i a(#rti3ar# i ar#

7o$'i&itat#a d# a $!7ra(#"%#a condi ii c&i.atic# i dat# introd!$# d# !ti&i3ator, 7#c!. i d# a

7ro7!n# dat# !ti =n c##a c# 7ri(# t# .o.#nt# o7ti.# 7#ntr! #f#ct!ar#a trata.#nt#&or

Si$t#.!& A"roE7#rt #$t# a&c)t!it din $ta ia c#ntra&) d# $!7ra(#"%#r# $a! $ta ia d# 'a3) &a

car# $# ada!") $ta ii 7#ntr! .)$!rar#a i tran$.it#r#a dat#&or Sta ia c#ntra&) d# $!7ra(#"%#r#

#$t# a&c)t!it) &a rnd!& #i dintr*!n ca&c!&ator IBM co.7ati'i&, 7ro"ra.!& A"roE7#rt, r#c#7tor!&

A"roE7#rt 7r#c!. i ant#na d# r#c#7 i# La ni(#&!& ac#$t#i $ta ii, dat# c# a! fo$t $tocat# =n PC

$!nt 7r#&!crat# c! a4!tor!& !nor .od! n!.it# #t#n$ii i $# 7ot for.!&a r)$7!n$!ri &a !n#

=ntr#')ri a '#n#ficiar!&!i $a! ana&i3ator!&!i c!. ar fi car# $!nt .o.#nt# o7ti.# a7&ic)rii !nor

trata.#nt#, dac) #$t# n#c#$ar) a7&icar#a !d)ri&or $a! c# 7rod!$# 7ot fi fo&o$it# &a a7&icar#a

trata.#nt#&or

P#ntr! ca $i$t#.!& $) f!nc ion#3# &a ca7acitat# .ai.), #$t# n#c#$ar ca a.7&a$ar#a $ta i#i

d# 'a3) $) $# fac) =n c#ntr!& ar#a&!&!i d# ac i!n# a& $ta ii&or din 3ona r#$7#cti() i =n ac##a i

c&)dir# =n car# &!cr#a3) 7#r$oan# c# fo&o$#$c ac#$t $i$t#., 7r#c!. i a.7&a$ar#a ant#n#i d#

r#c#7 i# &a o =n)& i.# ct .ai .ar# >ta' 10;

+abel 3.6

Corela ii sta:ilite "ntre distan a de trans9isie i "nl i9ea antenei

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43/62

n)& i.#a ant#n#i >.#tri; Di$tan a d# tran$.i$i# >Ji&o.#tri;

7 1

10 8

20 -/

40 5

Sta ia d# .)$!rar# i tran$.it#r# a dat#&or #$t# co.7!$) din trad!ctoar# >$#n3ori c#

=nr#"i$tr#a3) #.#nt# c&i.atic# i tran$for.) =n 7ara.#tri;, ac!.!&atori, ant#n) i acc#$orii

7#ntr! a$a.'&ar#

Dat# o' in!t# =n t#ritori! $# con(#rt#$c c! a4!tor!& 7ro"ra.!&!i A"roE7#rt, in$ta&at =nca&c!&ator, =n !nit) i d# .)$!r) >.., ?C, .K$; Et#n$ii #a.in#a3) dat# 7ri.ar# i

#&a'or#a3) r)$7!n$!ri, d#n!.it# #(#ni.#nt#, c# $!nt $tocat# =ntr*o a&t) 'a3) d# dat#, d#n!.it)

&i$t) d# #(#ni.#nt# Ca #(#ni.#nt#, $# 7ot =nt&ni !r.)toar# $it!a ii

Condi ii d# inf#c i#


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Gazda

Condiiilede mediu

Agentulpatogen

6actorii de 9ediu, r#7r#3#nta i d# condi ii .#t#oro&o"ic#

Fi" 1- : E.#nt# car# 7artici7) =n .anif#$tar#a 'o&i&or &a 7&ant#

Boa&a 7&ant#&or $# d#fin# t# 7rin .anif#$tar#, $i.7to.# i 7a"!'# 7rod!$# Toat#

#.#nt# con$tit!i#nt# tr#'!i# $) =ntr!n#a$c) !n n!.)r d# condi ii 7#ntr! ca 'oa&a $) $#

.anif#$t# n ca3!& =n car# "a3da n! .anif#$t) $#n$i'i&itat# fa ) d# !n an!.it a"#nt 7ato"#n, n!

(or #i$ta condi ii 7#ntr! a7ari ia $i.7to.#&or ind!$# d# ac#& a"#nt 7ato"#n n ac#&a i ti.7,

c%iar dac) "a3da 7r#3int) $#n$i'i&itat# i condi ii d# .#di! $!nt fa(ora'i a"#nt!&!i 7ato"#n,

d# a$#.#n#a n! (or a7)r#a $i.7to.# a 'o&ii

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C*PITOL&L 7

RE&LT*TE I DISC& II

7(1Caracteri8area condi iilor cli9atice din ude ul Ia i "n #erioada 2012$201%

/-- Sc!rt) caract#ri3ar# c&i.atic) a an!&!i 6-*6-2

Din 7!nct d# (#d#r# a& t#.7#rat!ri&or, an!& a"rico& 6-*6-2 a 7r#3#ntat t#.7#rat!ri

.#dii .ai ridicat# fa ) d# c# nor.a, t#.7#rat!ra .#di# an!a&) fiind d# -6,-C, c! 6,1C .ai

.ar# d#ct t#.7#rat!ra .#di# nor.a&) =nr#"i$trat) =n 4!d# !& Ia i

n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i# >&!ni a7ri&i#*$#7t#.'ri#; t#.7#rat!ri .#dii a! a(!t (a&oar#a

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d# -0,8C, c! 6,1C .ai .!&t d#ct t#.7#rat!ri .#dii nor.a din ac#a$t) 7#rioad) >-0,2C;

T#.7#rat!ra .ini.) a an!&!i $*a =nr#"i$trat =n &!na ian!ari#, c! (a&oar#a d# *-/,6C, iar

c#a .ai.) =n &!na a!"!$t, c! (a&oar#a d# 22,8C, a.'# (a&ori fiind =nr#"i$trat# &a $ta ia

.#t#oro&o"ic) Ada.ac%i >fi" /-;

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

Temperaturi (C) 2012-2013

Fi" /- : E(o&! ia t#.7#rat!ri&or >?C; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-2

n c##a c# 7ri(# t# 7r#ci7ita ii, an!& a"rico& 6-*6-2 $# caract#ri3#a3) ca fiind fa(ora'i&, (o&!.!& .#di! an!a& a& 7r#ci7ita ii&or fiind d# 0-9, .., c! 6-,5 .. .ai .!&t d#ct

(o&!.!& an!a& nor.a& a& 7r#ci7ita ii&or, d# 1-0,8 .. i =n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i# (o&!.!&

7r#ci7ita ii&or .#dii =nr#"i$trat# a d#7) it (o&!.!& nor.a&, fiind d# 591,5 .., c! -109 .. .ai

.ar# d#ct (o&!.!& nor.a& >fi" /;

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180200

Precipitaii (mm) 2012-2013

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Fi" / : E(o&! ia 7r#ci7ita ii&or >..; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-2

U.iditat#a r#&ati() a a#r!&!i 7#ntr! an!& a"rico& 6-*6-2 a fo$t d# 05, c! 5 .ai

.ar# d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&), iar =n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i# a fo$t d# /0, c! 5 7roc#nt# .ai .ar#

d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) >fi" /2;

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Umiditatea relativ (H%) 2012-2013

Fi" /2 * E(o&! ia !.idit) ii r#&ati(# >@; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-*6-2

Din 7!nct d# (#d#r# c&i.ato&o"ic, an!& a"rico& 6-*6-2 a fo$t !n an fa(ora'i& c!&t!ri&or

a"rico

/- Sc!rt) caract#ri3ar# c&i.atic) a an!&!i 6-2*6-5

n c##a c# 7ri(# t# an!& a"rico& 6-2*6-5, ac#$ta a =nr#"i$trat o t#.7#rat!r) .ini.) =n

&!na ian!ari# .ai $c)3!t) fa ) d# an!& 7r#c#d#nt, d# *6,-C =n &!na ian!ari# i o t#.7#rat!r)

.ai.) .ai .ar#, d# 21,9C =n &!na a!"!$t >fi" /5;

-40

-20

0

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100

Temperaturi (C) 2013-2014

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Fi" /5 : E(o&! ia t#.7#rat!ri&or >?C; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5

Din 7!nct d# (#d#r# a& 7r#ci7ita ii&or, 7!t#. $7!n# c) an!& 6-2*6-5 a fo$t .!&t .ai

$#c#to$ fa ) d# an!& 7r#c#d#nt, c! o (a&oar# .#di# an!a&) a 7r#ci7ita ii&or d# 299,8 .., c! --8 .. .ai 7! in d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) >1-0,8 ..;, r#$7#cti( 8-,6 .. =n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i#,

c! 1/,1 .. .ai 7! in d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) >fi" /1;

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100

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200

250

Precipitaii (mm) 2013-2014

Fi" /1 : E(o&! ia 7r#ci7ita ii&or >..; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5

U.iditat#a r#&ati() .#di# an!a&) a a#r!&!i =nr#"i$trat) =n an!& a"rico& 6-2*6-5 a fo$t d#

0-, c! !n 7roc#nt .ai .ar# d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) i c! 2 7roc#nt# .ai $c)3!t) fa ) d#

(a&oar#a =nr#"i$trat) =n an!& 7r#c#d#nt, r#$7#cti( d# /5 =n 7#rioada d# (#"#ta i#, c! !n 7roc#nt

.ai .ar# d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) i c! 2 7roc#nt# .ai .ic) d#ct (a&oar#a =nr#"i$trat) =n an!&

ant#rior >fi" //;

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Umiditatea relativ (H%) 2013-2014

Fi" // : E(o&! ia !.idit) ii r#&ati(# >@; =nr#"i$trat# =n 4!d Ia i =n 7#rioada 6-2*6-5

/-2 Caract#ri3ar#a $!.ar) a anoti.7!ri&or

(eptembrie - 7oiembrie %8$%

din 7!nct d# (#d#r# a& t#.7#rat!ri&or, ac#$t anoti.7 a =nr#"i$trat t#.7#rat!ri

$!7#rioar# c#&or nor.a, d# -6,0C, r#$7#cti( -6,-C

t#.7#rat!ri .ini.# =n &!ni $#7t#.'ri#, octo.'ri# i noi#.'ri# a! fo$t d#

2,2C, ,-C r#$7#cti( *2,6C

t#.7#rat!ri .ai.# =nr#"i$trat# =n ac#a i &!ni a! fo$t d# 1,5C, 8,0C

r#$7#cti( -9,9C

=n c##a c# 7ri(# t# r#"i.!& 7&!(io.#tric, .#dia c#&or 2 &!ni a fo$t d# 50 .., c!

-6,5 .. .ai .!&t d#ct (a&oar#a .#di# nor.a&) >2/,/ ..;

1ecembrie #ebruarie %8$%-%8$

din 7!nct d# (#d#r# a& t#.7#rat!ri&or, ac#$t anoti.7 a =nr#"i$trat ac#a i

t#.7#rat!ri .#dii ca i c# nor.a, d# *,-C

t#.7#rat!ra .ini.) a ac#$t!i anoti.7 $*a =nr#"i$trat =n &!na ian!ari#, d# -/,6C,

iar c#a .ai.) tot =n &!na ian!ari#, d# 0,8C

t#.7#rat!ra .#di# a &!nii d#c#.'ri# a fo$t .ai $c)3!t) c! ,9C d#ct c#a

nor.a&) >*2,0C, r#$7#cti( *6,8C;, c#a a &!nii ian!ari# a fo$t c! 6,5C .ai

ridicat) d#ct c#a nor.a&) >*2,C, r#$7#cti( *2,/C; iar c#a a &!nii f#'r!ari# a fo$t

c! ,1C .ai ridicat) d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) a ac#$t#i &!ni >6,/C, r#$7#cti(

*-,9C;49


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=n c##a c# 7ri(# t# r#"i.!& 7r#ci7ita ii&or, (a&oar#a .#di# =nr#"i$trat) =n ac#$t# 2

&!ni a fo$t d# 5-,0 .., c! -2,2 .. .ai .ar# d#ct (a&oar#a nor.a&) >8,2 ..;

,artie - ,ai %8$

din 7!nct d# (#d#r# t#r.ic, anoti.7!& a =nr#"i$trat t#.7#rat!ri .#dii &!nar# c!

-,5C .ai ridicat# fa ) d# (a&ori nor.a din ac#a$t) 7#rioad) >--,C, r#$7#cti(

9,8C; C#a .ai ridicat) t#.7#rat!r) din ac#$t anoti.7 a fo$t d# 26,8C,

=nr#"i$trat) =n &!na .ai, iar c#a .ai $c)3!t) a fo$t =nr#"i$trat) =n &!na .arti#, c!

(a&oar#a d# *-6,0C

=n c##a c# 7ri(# t# r#"i.!& 7&!(io.#tric, cantitat#a .#di# d# 7r#ci7ita ii

=nr#"i$trat) =n ac#$t anoti.7 a fo$t d# /5,/ .., fiind c! 7! in $!' (a&oar#a

nor.a&) >/1,2 ..;

unie - ugust %8$

=n ac#$t anoti.7 $*a! =nr#"i$trat t#.7#rat!ri .#dii &!nar# .ai ridicat# c! -,/C

fa ) d# (a&ori .#dii nor.a >6,1C, r#$7#cti( -8,9C;

t#.7#rat!ra .ai.) a ac#$t!i anoti.7 a fo$t =nr#"i$trat) =n &!na i!ni# i a a(!t

(a&oar#a d# 22,8C iar c#a .ini.) a fo$t d# -6,C, =nr#"i$trat) tot =n &!na i!ni#

cantitat#a .#di# d# 7r#ci7ita ii =n ac#$t anoti.7 a fo$t d# 9-, .., c! 2,9 ..

.ai .!&t d#ct (a&oar#a .#di# nor.a&) >/0,2 ..;

(eptembrie 7oiembrie %8$

t#.7#rat!ri .#dii &!nar# din ac#$t anoti.7 a! fo$t d# -6,8C, c! 6,0C .ai

.ar# d#ct (a&oar#a .#di# nor.a&) >-6,-C; T#.7#rat!ra .ini.) =nr#"i$trat) =n

ac#a$t) 7#rioad) a fo$t d#

Documents

Facultatea Agricultură, Specializarea Agricultură, 2015