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Fbrd> tPl;Ltrjpfs; njhifkjpg;G 2011 ,yq;if
Fbrd> tPl;Ltrjpfs; gbtk;njhifkjpg;G> Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; ngaH
tpyhrk;
gbtk; F3
,yf;fj;ij vOJk; Kiw
tpilia ,t;thW epwe;jPl;Lf
,t;thW gjpa Ntz;lhk;khfhzKk; khtl;lKk;
njhifkjpg;Gf; fz;lj;ij milahsg;gLj;Jk; ,yf;fk;
NjHjy; gpuNjrk;
trpg;gplj;jpd; jd;ik
Fbj;jd ,yf;fk;
gbt ,yf;fk;
A1
A0
A3
A6
A2
A4
A9
A7
A8
A5
A10
A11
A12
A13
1. efuk;
2. fpuhkk;
3. ngUe;Njhl;lk;
1. tPl;Lf;$W
2. $l;L trpg;gplk;
3. trpg;gplky;yhj fl;blf;$W
1' trpg;gplk;
2' ntw;wplk; (ntw;wplkhapd; 2 vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;L mLj;j $Wf;Fr; nry;f)
tPl;Lf;$W xd;wpy; xU Fbj;jdk; fhzg;gbd; ‘1’ vdTk;> xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l Fbj;jdq;fs; ,Ug;gpd;‘1’> ‘2’ vd;w njhlupy;,yf;fkplTk;. $l;L trpg;gplk;kw;Wk; trpg;gplky;yhjfl;blf;$WfSf;F vg;NghJk; ‘0’ If; Fwpf;fTk;.
Fbj;jdj;jpy;Æ $l;Ltrpg;gplj;jpy;Ætrpg;gplky;yhj fl;blf;$wpy; 6 NgUf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhu; ,Ug;gpd; xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;lgbtq;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl Ntz;bapUg;gJld;> gbtq;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g mtw;Wf;F ‘001’> ‘002’> ‘003’ vDk; njhlupy; ,yf;fkplTk;.
tpil ,yf;fkhapd; mijf; $l;bDs;
njspthf vOjTk;.
tpilahdJ jug;gl;Ls;s tpilfspy;
xd;whapd; cupa tpilapid khj;jpuk;
epwe;jPl;Lf.
tpilahf nrhy;> FwpaPL Mfpa ,uz;ilAk;
Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lkhapd;>
tpiliar;; nrhw;fspdhy; khj;jpuk; Fwpg;gpl
Ntz;Lkhapd;>
tUlk; khjk;
Mz;
ngz;
fz;b
new;nra;ifahsH
me;juq;fkhdJ : njhifkjpg;Gf; fl;lisr;; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; jkJ
kpfr; rpwe;j mwptpw;Fk;> jpwikf;Fk;
vl;batiuapy; rfyUk; ,j;jfty;fis
toq;FkhW Ntz;lg;gLfpd;wdH. jdpg;gl;l
jfty;fs; vf;fhuzj;jpw;fhfTk; toq;fg;gl
khl;lhJ.
gbtj;jpy; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfs; gjpag;gl Ntz;ba Kiw
fzf;nfLf;Fk;
cj;jpNahfj;jupd; ngaH
ifnahg;gk;
jpfjp
Nkw;ghu;it cj;jpNahfj;jupd; ngaH
ifnahg;gk;
jpfjp
mwpTiu• tpilfisg; gjptjw;F jug;gl;l ngd;rpiy
khj;jpuk; ghtpf;fTk;.
• VjhtJ khw;wq;fs; nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jhy;
J}a;ikahf mopf;fTk;.
• gbtj;jpy; Njitaw;w vijAk; vOj Ntz;lhk;.
gp. nr. ÷ c. m. m. gpupT
fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupT
gpupT
kh.e.r.÷ e.r.÷ gpuNjr rig
tl;lhuk;÷ fpuhkk;÷ ngUe;Njhl;lk;
njhifkjpg;Gf; fz;l ,yf;fk;
$wpd; njhifkjpg;G ,yf;fk;
$wpd; tif
,q;fpUe;J Muk;gpf;fTk;
fzf;nfLf;Fk; kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itcj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; jfty;fs;
1
2
ftdpf;f: rfy tPl;Lf; $WfSf;Fk; (ntw;Wf; $WfSk; cs;slq;fyhf) $l;L trpg;gplq;fSf;Fk; kw;Wk;
egu;fs; toikahf trpf;Fk; trpg;gplkw;w fl;blf; $WfSf;Fk; ,g;gbtk; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
A-Z
Fwpg;G
Specimen
9
A
eecim
peeen
Sp
en
Fwpg;gpl SSSpS
mm m. m. gpupT
fpuhk cj;jpNah
gpupT
$
SS
2
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
Specimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSSSS
3
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
Ntiy
ngw;wtuhSp
eneneFr; nry;yTk;.
wFr; nry;yTk;.
pS
X
Nti
tiu rfyJk; nyTk;.fspy; VjhtJ Ntiy
J nra;j eltbf;if. mur my;yJ jdpahu;
ll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpggplTk;.
k;: new;nra;ifgwpg;gtH> fzf;fp,uhZt nyg;
j;j fhik
25
S1
4
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
Specimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSSSS
5
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
Ntiy
ngw;wtuhSp
eneneFr; nry;yTk;.
wFr; nry;yTk;.
pS
X
Nti
tiu rfyJk; nyTk;.fspy; VjhtJ Ntiy
J nra;j eltbf;if. mur my;yJ jdpahu;
ll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpggplTk;.
k;: new;nra;ifgwpg;gtH> fzf;fp,uhZt nyg;
j;j fhik
25
S1
6
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
SSSpecimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSSSS
7
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
Ntiy
ngw;wtuhSp
eneneFr; nry;yTk;.
wFr; nry;yTk;.
pS
X
Nti
tiu rfyJk; nyTk;.fspy; VjhtJ Ntiy
J nra;j eltbf;if. mur my;yJ jdpahu;
ll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpggplTk;.
k;: new;nra;ifgwpg;gtH> fzf;fp,uhZt nyg;
j;j fhik
25
S1
8
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
SSSpecimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSpSSS
9
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
Ntiy
ngw;wtuhSp
eneneFr; nry;yTk;.
wFr; nry;yTk;.
pS
X
Nti
tiu rfyJk; nyTk;.fspy; VjhtJ Ntiy
J nra;j eltbf;if. mur my;yJ jdpahu;
ll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpggplTk;.
k;: new;nra;ifgwpg;gtH> fzf;fp,uhZt nyg;
j;j fhik
25
S1
10
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj; jpdKk;
Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ> ,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
SpSSpecimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSpSSS
11
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
q;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy
Ntiy
ngw;wtuhSp
eneneFr; nry;yTk;.
wFr; nry;yTk;.
pS
X
Nti
tiu rfyJk; nyTk;.fspy; VjhtJ Ntiy
J nra;j eltbf;if. mur my;yJ jdpahu;
ll egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpggplTk;.
k;: new;nra;ifgwpg;gtH> fzf;fp,uhZt nyg;
j;j fhik
25
S1
12
toikahf trpg;gtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ ,Ue;jhu;
toikahf trpg;gtH Mdhy; njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy
toikahf trpf;fhjtH njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;NghJ jw;fhypfkhf ,Ue;jhu;
Fbj;jdj; jiytH
kidtpÆ fztd;
kfd;Æ kfs;
kUkfd;Æ kUkfs;
Ngud;Æ Ngj;jpÆ g+l;ld;Æ g+l;b
Fbj;jdj; jiytupd; my;yJ Jizapd; ngw;NwhH
Vida cwtpdH
tPl;Lg; gzpahs;
tpLjpahsH
cwtpduy;yhjtH
kjFU
tpUe;jpdH
egupd; jfty;fs;
2008 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G
gpwe;jtHfSf;F (3 taJ kw;Wk;
mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
njhifkjpg;Gf; fzj;jpd;; NghJ ,tH (jpUj;jr;; Rw;wpd;NghJ khj;jpuk; gjpaTk;)
egupd;; ,yf;fk;
Fbj;jdj; jiytUldhd cwTKiw
tpthf me;j];J
,dj;njhFjp
fle;j 30 jpdq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j fw;wy;
eltbf;iffs;
,e;j egH fy;tp fw;gjw;fhfj;
jpdKk; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ>
,e;jf; $wpypUe;jh?
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpy; trpg;gjw;F te;j fhuzk;
xd;wpw;F Nkw;gl;l fhuzq;fs; ,Ug;gpd; gpujhd fhuzj;Jf;F milahskpLf.
FbAupik
gpwe;j khtl;lk;
cly; kw;Wk; cs ,lu;ghLfs;
,jw;F Kd;G (,Wjpahf) trpj;j khtl;lk;
toikahf trpf;Fk; ,k; khtl;lj;jpy;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; fhyk; (tUlq;fspy;)
rkak;
ghy;
gpwe;j jpfjp
ngau;
Njrpa milahs ml;il ,y.
P0
P1
P3
P6
P8
P15
P16P13
P9
P10
P14
P12
P11
P7
P4
P5
P2a
P2b
ngauplg;glhj Foe;ijahapd; ‘Foe;ij’ vdg; gjpaTk.;
rpq;fstH
,yq;ifj; jkpoH
,e;jpaj; jkpoH
,yq;ifr; NrhdfH
gwq;fpaH
kyhaH
,yq;ifr; nrl;b
gujH
VidatH (Fwpg;gplTk;)
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
tpthfk;
njhopy;
fy;tp
,lg;;ngaHT
,lg;;ngaHtpd; gpd; kPs;FbNaw;wk;
mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs;;
FLk;g cWg;gpdupd; Njitfs;
Vidait
Mz;
ngz;
tUlk; khjk;
,l
u;ghb
y;i
y
,l
u;ghL
cz
;L
xU
NghJ
k; K
bah
J
(a) ghHj;jy; (%f;Ff; fz;zhb ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(b) Nfl;ly; (Nfl;ly; fUtpfs; ghtpg;gtHfs; mtw;iwg; ghtpf;Fk;NghJ)
(c) FWe;Jhuj;ij elj;jy; my;yJ 12 gbfis VWjy; my;yJ ,wq;Fjy;
(d) Qhgfj;jpy; itj;jpUj;jy; my;yJ ftdj;ij xUKfg;gLj;jy;
(e) Mil mzpjy; my;yJ Fspj;jy; Nghd;w jdJ md;whl Ntiyfis jhkhf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;sy;.
(f) cly;> cs uPjpahd fhuzq;fshy; Rankhopapy; vz;zq;fisg; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;
gpwe;j tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd;> tUlj;ijkjpg;gpl;L vOjp> khjj;ij ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.gpwe;j tUlk; njupe;J> khjk; njupahtpbd;khjj;ij ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
ngsj;jk;
,e;J
,];yhk;
Nwhkd; fj;Njhypf;fk;
Vida fpwp];jtk;
Vidait
,yq;ifg; gpui[ahapd; ‘77’ ,w;Fk;> njupahjhapd; ‘88’ ,w;Fk; epwe;jPl;Lf. NtW ehl;ltuhapd; ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,yq;ifau; 77 njupahJ 88
Vida ehL (Fwpg;gplTk;)
gpwg;gpd;;NghJ jhapd; toikahd trpg;gplk; mike;jpUe;j khtl;lj;jpd; ngaiuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;. NtW ehl;by; gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
,e;j khtl;lk; 77
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
gpwe;jjpypUe;J vdpd; ‘98’ ,w;F milahskpl;L> P14 ,w;Fr; nry;f. xU tUlj;jpw;Ff; Fiwthapd;> ‘00’ vdf; Fwpf;fTk;. NtW khtl;lj;jpypUe;JÆ ehl;bypUe;J gy jlitfspy; te;jpUg;gpd; ,Wjpahf te;j jpdj;jpypUe;J fhyj;ijf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
gpwe;jjpypUe;J 98 P14 ,w;;Fr; nry;f
tUlq;fs;
khtl;lk;Æ ehL
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; khtl;lj;jpw;F tUtjw;F Kd;G trpj;j khtl;lj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; ngaiuAk; FwpaPl;ilAk; vOjTk;.
ghu;j;jy;> Nfl;ly;> elj;jy;> Qhgfk; itj;jpUj;jy;> jkJ eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy; kw;Wk; njhlHghly; vd;gtw;wpYs;s ,lHghLfisf; Nfl;Lr; rupahd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
ghyH ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
ghlrhiyf; fy;tp
gl;lk;;Æ gl;lg; gpd;gbg;Gf; fy;tp
njhopw;gapw;rpÆ njhopy;El;gf; fy;tp
NtW fy;tp eltbf;iffs;
fw;wypy; <Lgltpy;iy
P17 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
3
xU NghJk; tpthfkhfhjtH;
tpthfkhdtH (gjpag;gl;Ls;sJ)
tpthfkhdtH (rk;gpujhak;)
jhukpoe;jtH
tpthfuj;Jr; nra;jtH
rl;lg;gb gpupe;jtH
gpupe;J tho;gtH (rl;lg;gbay;yhj)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 2 3
SpSSpecimen
kahf trpf;Fk;
jw;NghJ trpf;Fk; feciee
S
enen( )
ghtghtpf;F
(c) F12
trpg;gpliuAk;> FwpaPl;ilAk;
gpwe;jpUg;gpd; me;ehl;bvOjTk;.
7
gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,w;Fr; nry;f. wpf;fTk;. Nt
jlitfspy; fhyj;ijf; Fw
cSSSS
13
xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtH
jw;NghJ juk; 1 ,y; gbg;gtH
juk; 1 rpj;jpa
juk; 2 rpj;jp
juk; 3 rpj;jp
juk; 4 rpj;jp
juk; 5 rpj;jp
juk; 6 rpj;jp
juk; 7 rpj;jp
juk; 8 rpj;jp
juk; 9 rpj;jp
juk; 10 rpj;jp
f.ngh.j. (rhÆj)
f.ngh.j. (cÆj)
gl;lk;
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G bg;Nshkh
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;G gl;lk;
fyhepjpg; gl;lk;
Mff; $ba fy;tpj; jifik fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;bUe;j njhopy;fSk;
mtw;wpd; fhyq;fSk; (thuq;fspy;)
P17 P21
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(15 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
mjpAau; njhopy; jifikfle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;l gpujhd njhopy;
my;yJ nra;j Ntiy
NgRk;> thrpf;Fk; kw;Wk; vOJk; jpwd;fs;
capUld; gpwe;j gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; ,Uf;Fk; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j
vz;zpf;if
filrpahf capu; gpwg;G ele;j tUlKk; khjKk;
njhopy; GupAkplj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; nghUshjhu
eltbf;iffspd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;>
tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nritfs;) jd;ik
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
,lj;jpd; my;yJ Nrit epiyaj;jpd; ngau;
fzdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wy;
Njrpa njhopy; jifikfs; (NVQ) rhd;wpjo; ngw;wtuh?
P22
P19
P27
P28
P29
P23a
P23b
P20
P18b
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; ,y;iynadpd; ‘00’ ,w;F
epwe;jPl;Lf. ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; rfy
Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpg;gplTk;.
Mk;
,y;iy
Mk;
,y;iy
P21E 52 thuq;fs; vd;why; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
P21F 52 thuq;fs; vd;why;; P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
,e;j egu; jpdKk; njhopy;÷ nghUshjhu
eltbf;iff;fhfg; Gwg;gl;Lr; nry;tJ ,f;$wpypUe;jh?
njhopypd; jd;ikAk; JiwAk;
fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; <Lgl;Ls;s gpujhd
nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if
P24
P25
P26
Mk;
,y;iy
nghUj;jkpy;iy
khztH
tPl;L Ntiyfs;
njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWk;
Xa;T+jpak; ngWk;
Ntiy nra;a ,ayhjÆ tNahjpgk;
r%f Nrit
ghlrhiy nry;yhj rpWtH
Vida nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;if fs;
ngw;w mjpAau; njhopy; jifikiaj; njspthff;Fwpg;gplTk;.mjpAau; njhopy; jifik ngw;wJ> ,e;ehl;by;Æ ru;tNjrmq;fPfhuk; ngw;w njhopy; jifikfSf;F cupaguPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngw;wjhy; my;yJ 100 kzpj;jpahyq;fs; my;yJ mjw;F $Ljyhd fhy njhopw;gapw;rpnahd;wpid Kbj;jpUe;jjhy; my;yJ RPL kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy; MFk;. njhopy; jifik ngwtpy;iyahapd; ‘998’ ,w;F milahskpl;L P19 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
jifikfs; ,y;iy 998 P19 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
fzdpapy; ve;jnthU NtiyiaAk; Rakhfr; nra;Ak; Mw;wy; cs;sjh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd tpilf;F milahskpLf.
gps;is gpwg;G ,y;iy 00 mLj;j egUf;Fr; nry;f
capUld; gpwe;jtHfspd; vz;zpf;if
jw;NghJ capUld; vtUk; ,y;iy 00
capUld; cs;stHfspd; vz;zpf;if
tUlk; khjk;
rpq
;fsk;
jkpo;
Mq;fpy
k;
NgRk;
jpwd;
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
vOj
thrpf;f
1. Mk;
2. ,y;iy
P18a
njhopy; thuq;fs;
A. rk;gsk; ngWk; njhopy; GupgtH
B. njhopy; nfhs;NthH
C. Ranjhopy; GupgtH
D. rk;gsk; ngwhJ FLk;gg; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; gq;fspg;gtH
E. njhopy; Gupaj; jahuhapUg;gtHÆ
njhopy; Njbf;nfhz;bUg;gtH
F. nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;bUg;gtH
(mjhtJ khztH> tPl;L Ntiyapy; <LgLgtH>njhopypd;wp tUkhdk; ngWgtHÆ Xa;t+jpak; ngWgtH>njhopy; nra;a KbahjtHÆ KjpatHfs;>rk;gsk; ngwhJ nghJr; Nritfspy;<LgLgtHfs;> ghlrhiy nry;yhj gps;isfs;> NtW nghUshjhukw;w eltbf;iffspy; <LgLNthu; Nghd;NwhH)
ngw;w mjpAau; fy;tpj; jifikia my;yJ rpj;jpnaa;jpa mjpAau; guPl;iriaf; Fwpg;gpLf.xUNghJk; ghlrhiy nry;yhjtuhapd; my;yJ jw;NghJ ghyH ghlrhiyapy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘88’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ 1 Mk; juj;jpy; gbg;gtuhapd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. rpj;jpaile;Js;sJ guPl;irnahd;nwdpd; (njhopy; gapw;rpj; jifikf;fhd guPl;irfs; jtpu;e;j) nghUj;jkhd guPl;irf;F milahskpLf.
xt;nthU nkhopapYk; ‘Ngr’ kw;Wk; tpsf;fj;Jld; vOjTk;> thrpf;fTk; KbAkh vdf; Nfl;Lg; nghUj;jkhd $l;Lf;F epwe;jPl;Lf.
P21 ,y; A ,ypUe;J D tiu rfyJk; ntw;wplk; vdpd;> P26 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.fle;j 12 khjq;fspy; VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <Lgl;bUe;jhy;njhopy; my;yJ nra;j eltbf;ifiaj; njspthf tpgupf;f. mur my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwapy;; Nritapy; <Lgl;l egu; njhlu;gpy; gjtpg; ngau;Æ njhopiyf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
c+k;: new;nra;ifahsH> Njapiyf; nfhOe;J gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vOJtpidQH> fzpj MrpupaH> ,uhZt nyg;updd;w;> kuf;fwp rpy;yiw tpahghup> muprp nkhj;j tpahghup> tPl;L Ntiyahs;> cjtp tpw;gid KfhikahsH Nghd;wit.
gpujhd njhopy;Æ Ntiy nra;Akplj;jpy; eilngWk; nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapd; (tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; kw;Wk; Nrit) jd;ik
c+k;: new;nra;if> Njapiyr; nra;if> Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;fy;> muprp nkhj;j tpw;gid> Gilit rpy;yiw tpw;gid> tPl;L Ntiyfs;> ngz;fspd; Milfs; ijj;jy;.
c+k;: Nffhiy nghJ itj;jparhiy> tPL> Nrid> ABC Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy> XYZ fk;gdp> fpspnehr;rp kfh tpj;jpahyak;> fy;tp mikr;R> Rfhjhu mikr;R
rk;gsk; ngWk; mur CopaH
rk;gsk; ngWk; muR rhu;e;j CopaH
jdpahu; Jiw CopaH
njhopy; nfhs;NthH
Ranjhopy; GupgtH
rk;gsk; ngwhky; FLk;gg; nghUshjhueltbf;iff;Fg; gq;fspg;gtH
gps;isfs; vtUk; capUld; gpwf;fhtpbd; ‘00’ ,w;F milahskpLf. jw;NghJ ,q;F my;yJ Ntwplj;jpy; trpf;Fk; kw;Wk; capUld; gpwe;J ,we;j Mz;> ngz; gps;isfspd; nkhj;j vz;zpf;ifiaf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rupahd tUlj;ijAk;> khjj;ijAk; Fwpg;gplTk;.tUlk; rupahfj; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ij kjpg;gpl;Lg;gjpe;J> khjj;jpw;F ‘88’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;. gpwe;j tUlk;njupe;J khjk; njupahtpbd; tUlj;ijr; rupahff;Fwpg;gpl;L khjj;jpw;F ‘99’ vdf; Fwpg;gplTk;.
2001 etk;gH kw;Wk; mjw;F Kd; gpwe;jtu;fSf;F
(10 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
2006 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;jtHfSf;F
(5 taJ kw;Wk; mjw;F Nkw;gl;NlhH)
5 2
1996 etk;gH my;yJ mjw;F Kd;G gpwe;J (mjhtJ 15
tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l) vg;NghjhtJ tpthfkhd ngz;fSf;F
88
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1
2
1
2
,J gw;wpa jfty;fisg; ngWtjw;F crhj;Jizml;iliag; gad;gLj;jTk;.Fwpg;gpl;l eltbf;ifapy; <Lgltpy;iy vdpd; $l;ilntw;wplkhf tplTk;. rfy fhyq;fspd; $l;Lj;njhif 52thuq;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
P21 ,y; F MdJ ntw;wplk; vdpd; P27 ,w;Fr; nry;f.
nkhj;jk;:
Specimen
<Lgl;l gpujhd njhop
tuh?
P23S
eneeyyTk
ry;yTk;.
SpS
Xa;T+jp
y nr
r%f Nri
ghlr
fyJk; ntw;wplk
VjhtJ Ntiyapy; <j eltbf;ifiaj;
my;yJ jdpahu; Jiwanjhlu;gpy; gjtpg; nga
new;nra;ifahsH>gwpg;gtH> fzf;fpay; vO,uhZt nyg;updd;w;nkhj;j tpahgKfhikahsH
14
Fbj;jd mq;fj;jtH xUtUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
thliff;FÆ Fj;jiff;F
muRf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
thliff;FÆ Fj;jiff;F jdpahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ
thlifaw;wJ
mj;JkPwpf; FbNawpaJ
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
cs;@uhl;rp epWtdq;fspdhy; Nrfupj;jy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; vupj;jy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; tstpw;Fs; Gijj;jy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; $l;Lg;gris jahupf;fg; gad;gLj;Jjy;
FbapUg;ghsuhy; tPjpapy;ÆMw;wpy;ÆmUtpapy;Æflypy;Æfsg;gpy;Æfhl;by; tPRjy;
Vidait(Fwpg;gpLf)
$wpDs;
,f;Fbj;jdj;jpd; ghtidf;F khj;jpuk;
NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld; NrHe;j ghtid
$Wf;F ntspNa
,f;Fbj;jdj;jpd; ghtidf;F khj;jpuk;
NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld;Nru;e;j ghtid
Vidaitkyry$lk; ,y;iynadpDk;NtW Fbj;jdj;Jld; NrHe;j ghtid
nghJ kyry$lk;
kyry$lk; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy
kpd;rhuk; - Njrpa kpd;rf;jp tiyaikg;G
kpd;rhuk; - fpuhkpa ePu; kpd;rf;;jpcj;Njrj; jpl;lk;
kz;nzz;nza;
#upa rf;jp
capupay; thA
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
tpwF
kz;nzz;nza;
vupthA
kpd;rhuk;
kuj;J}s;Æ ckp
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
fpzW
tstpw;Fs; ghJfhg;ghd fpzW
tstpw;F ntspNa ghJfhg;ghd fpzW
ghJfhg;gw;w fpzW
Foha; %ykhd ePH (gpujhd ,izg;G)
tPl;bw;;Fs; ePu;f;; Foha;
tPl;bw;F ntspNa tstpw;Fs; ePu;f; Foha;
tstpw;F ntspNa ePu;f; Foha;
Vida %yq;fs;
fpuhkpa ePu;toq;fy;; cj;Njrj; jpl;lk;;
Foha;f; fpzW
ngsrH
Fsk;ÆMWÆmUtpÆFl;ilÆCw;W Nghd;wd
kio ePH
Nghj;jypy; milf;fg;gl;l ePH
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
trpf;Fk; tPl;Lf;$Wf;F khj;jpuk;
Fbj;jdj; jfty;fs;
M0 ,f;Fbj;jd mq;fj;jtHfs; ahuhtJ jpUk;gp trpf;f tUk; vz;zj;jpy; 6 khjj;jpw;F $ba fhyk; ntspehl;bw;Fr; nrd;Ws;sduh?
Mk;
,y;iy Fbj;jdj; jfty;fs; H1 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;.
M1. ngau; M2 . ghy;
1. Mz;
2. ngz;
M3. filrpg;
gpwe;jjpdj;jpy;
taJ (tUlq;fspy;)
M4 . trpf;Fk; ehl;bd; ngaUk; FwpaPLk; (ehl;bd; ngaiu vOjp mjd; FwpaPl;ilf;
Fwpg;gplTk;)
M5 . ntspehL nrd;wjw;fhd fhuzk;
1. njhopy; 2. fy;tp 3. Vidait
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fbj;jdj;jpy; toikahf trpg;Nghupd; vz;zpf;if
H1
FbePH ngWk; gpujhd khHf;fk;
rikaYf;fhd gpujhd vupnghUs;
ntspr;r%l;Lk; gpujhd khu;f;fk;
kyry$lj;jpd; jd;ik
jpz;kf; fopTfis mfw;Wk; gpujhd khHf;fk;
H2
H3
H4
H6
H7
ePuilg;G kw;Wk; FopAld;Æ fopTj; njhl;bAld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ
ePuilg;G kw;Wk; Foha; %ykhd fopePNuhilAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ
ePubj;J Cw;Wjy; (ePuilg;gy;yhj)
Neubf; Fop
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
tPl;L cupikH8
kyry$l trjpfs;H5
• epue;jukhf trpg;gjw;fy;yhJ 6 khjq;fSf;Ff; $ba fhyk; ntspehLfSf;Fr; nrd;Ws;s egu;fspd; jfty;fis ,q;F gjpaTk;.• 6 khjq;fSf;Ff; Fiwthf ntspehLfspy; trpf;Fk; mq;fj;jtHfspd; jfty;fs; Vw;fdNt tpgukhfg; gjpag;gl;Ls;sjhy; ,q;F gjpag;gl Ntz;bajp;y;iy• vg;NghJk; Fbj;jdj;jpd; filrp egiug; gjpe;j gbtj;jpy; kl;Lk; ,j;jfty;fisg; gjpaTk;.
• rfy Fbj;jdq;fSf;Fk; Fbj;jdj; jfty;fisg; gjpf.• vg;nghOJk; Fbj;jdj;jpy; ,Wjpahf cs;s egH gjpag;gl;l gbtj;jpy; khj;jpuk; Fbj;jdq;fspd; jfty;fisg; gjpf.
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
1
2
tPl;Ltrjpfs; gw;wpa jfty;fs;
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
6
7
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
H7 ,w;Fr; nry;yTk;
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
Sp07
8
09
1
11SSSSSpecimen
wpDs
,f;Fbj;
NtW
Wf;F
wpg;gpLf)
H
kyry$l t
gl;l gbtj;jpy; khn
ec2mememmm
Sp
en
15
tPl;Lf;$wpd; jfty;fs;;
epHkhzpf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l gpujhd nghUl;fs;U3
$wpYs;s Fbj;jdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
$wpy; toikahf trpf;Fk; egHfspd; vz;zpf;if
U1
U2
$wpd; tif $wpd; ghtid miwfs;
epHkhzpj;j tUlk;
Vida jfty;fs;
U4
H9
U8
U6 U7
U5
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004 - 2000
1999 - 1995
1994 - 1990
1989 - 1980
1979 ck; mjw;F Kd;Gk;
• tPl;Lf;$nwhd;wpw;fhf xUKiw khj;jpuk; $wpd; jfty;fisg; gjpaTk;.• tPl;Lf; $nwhd;wpy; xU Fbj;jdk; kl;Lk; ,Ue;jhy; mjpy; filrp egiu gjpAk; gbtj;jpYk;> Fbj;jdq;fs; xd;Wf;F mjpfkhf ,Ug;gpd; filrpf; Fbj;jdj;jpd; filrp egiug; gjpAk; gbtj;jpYk; $wpd; jfty;fs; gjpag;gl Ntz;Lk;.
A. Rtu;fs;
nrq;fy;
rPnke;Jf;fy;Æ fUq;fy;
fg+f;fy;
mKf;fpa kzw;fy;
fspkz;
fpLFÆ gidNahiy
gyifÆ jfuk;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
B. jiu
rPnke;J
nuwhNrhÆjiuNahLÆfpwidl;
fspkz;
kuk;
kzy;
nfhq;fpwPl;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
C. $iu
XL
m];ng];u];
nfhq;fpwPl;
mYkpdpaj; jfL
jfuk;
fpLFÆ gidNahiyÆ itf;Nfhy;
Vidait (Fwpg;gplTk;)
jdp tPL - xw;iwj; jsk;
jdp tPL - ,uz;L jsq;fs;
jdp tPL - ,uz;bw;F Nkw;gl;l jsq;fs;;
Jiz tPL (mndf;];)
njhlHkhb tPL
Mlk;gu khbtPL
,iz tPL
tupir tPLÆ yak;
FbirÆ Nrup tPLfs;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
g+Hj;jp nra;ahJ FbNawp trpf;Fk; $whapd; Kjd;Kjypy; FbNawpa tUlj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.
trpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
trpg;gjw;Fk; tu;j;jfj;jpw;Fk;
jdpaiw tPL
xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l miwfs;
mLj;j $Wf;Fr; nry;yTk;
$wpy; fhzg;gLk; njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g cgfuzq;fs;
miwfspd; vz;zpf;if
xt;nthU cgfuz vz;zpf;iff;Fk; cupathW epwe;jPl;Lf.
,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLk; xt;nthU miw tiffspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;wthW epwe;jPl;Lf.
cgfuzq;fspd; vz;zpf;if
miwfspd;; vz;zpf;if
cgfuzq;fs;
1. thndhyp
2. njhiyf;fhl;rp
3. epiyahd njhiyNgrp
4. ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrp
5. Nkirf; fzdp (Desktop)
6. kbf; fzdp (Laptop)
7. njhiyefy; ,ae;jpuk;
miwfspd; tif
1. gLf;ifaiwfs;
2. trpf;Fk;Æ rhg;ghl;L miwfs;
3. rikayiwfs;Æghd;wPfs;
4. mYtyf miwfs;
5. trpg;gjw;fhd NtW miwfs;
tPl;bypUe;J ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh?H10
Mk;
,y;iy
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
1
2
1
2
mYtyfk;
mwptfk; (edry)
njhiyj;njhlHG epiyaq;fs;
Vidait (Fwpg;gpLf)
tPl;bw;F ntspNaahd ,lnkhd;wpypUe;J
,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAkh?
tPl;bw;F ntspNaahd ,lnkhd;wpypUe;J ,izaj;jsj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; vq;fpUe;J?
H11a
H11b
Mk;
,y;iy
cupa vy;yh ,lq;fisAk; epwe;jPl;Lf
$wpd; jftYf;Fr; nry;f
1
2
1
2
3
4
Specimen
Seci
d ghtid
$i
trpg;gjw;F khj;jpuk;
trpg;gjw;Fk; tu
miwfsp
2
3
4
5 eememememm03
04
05 SSSSpSSS