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テレスコープアレイ実験(宇宙線望遠鏡の調整と観測)
東京工業大学
常定 芳基
東京大学宇宙線研究所 共同利用研究発表会 2007年12月14日
2
共同研究者H.Kawaia, S.Yoshidaa, H.Yoshiib, K.Tanakac, F.Cohend, E.Kidod, M.Fukushimad, N.Hayashidad, K.Hiyamad, D.Ikedad, H. Ishizukad, M.Kawaguchid, Y.Kondod M.Ohnishid, H.Ohokad, S.Ozawad, H.Sagawad, N.Sakuraid, T.Shibatad, H.Shimodairad, M.Takedad, A.Taketad, M.Takitad, H.Tokunod, R.Toriid, S.Udod, T.Yamakawad, K.Yamamotod, H.Fujiie, T.Matsudae, S.Suzukie,M.Tanakae, H.Yamaokae, K.Hibinof, K.Dourag, M.Chikawag, T.Nakamurah, M.Teshimai, K.Kadotaj, Y.Uchihorik, Y.Hayashil, S.Kawakamil, T.Fujiil, T.Matsuyamal, M.Minaminol, T.Nonakad, S.Ogiol, A.Ohshimal, T.Okudal, H.Miyauchil, H.Tanaka3, D.R.Bergmanm, G.Hughesm, S.Strattonm, G.B.Thomsonm, K.Endon, N.Inouen, S.Kawanan, Y.Wadan, K.Kasaharao, R.Azuma, T.Fukudap, T.Iguchip, F.Kakimotop, S.Machidap, Y.Muranop, Y.Tamedap, Y.Tsunesadap, J.W.Belzs, S.A.Blakes, O.Brusovas, J.A.J.Matthewsr, R.U.Abbasis, T.Abu-Zayyads, R.Cadys, Z.Caos, P.Huentemeyers, C.C.H.Juis, K.Martenss, J.N.Matthewss, J.D.Smiths, P.Sokolskys, R.W.Springers, J.R.Thomass, S.B.Thomass, L.R.Wienckes, T.Doylet, M.J.Taylort, V.B.Wickwart, T.D.Wilkersont, K.Hashimotou, K.Hondau, T.Ishiiu, K.Ikutau, S.Iwamotou, T.Kanbeu, T. Tomidau, Y.Tsuyuguchiq, Y.Chibav, K.Miyatav, B.G.Cheon1, I.S.Cho0, P.Gorhamy, Y.J.Kwon0, D.Loombar, E.Malekw, M.Mostafas, J.Ormesx, I.H.Park2, J.Raittw, D.Rodriguezs, S.Schnetzerm, L.Scottm, G.Sinnisz, Y.Unno1, J.Yang2
(r) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA(s) University of Utah, 115 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA(t) Utah State University, Logan UT 84322, USA(u) Yamanashi University,4-4-37 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi, 400-8510 Japan(v) Tokyo Univ. of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510 Japan(w) Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-1400, USA(x) University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA(y) University of Hawai’i System, Manoa, Hawai’i, USA(z) Los Alamos National Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA(0) Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea(1) Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea(2) Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea (3)Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
(a) Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 263-8522 Japan(b) Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577 Japan(c) Hiroshima City University, Asa-Minami-Ku, Hiroshima, 731-3194 Japan(d) ICRR, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8582 Japan(e) Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, KEK, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0801 Japan(f) Kanagawa University, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-8686 Japan(g) Kinki University, Higashi-Osaka City, 577-8502 Japan(h) Kochi University, Kochi, 780-8520 Japan(i) Max-Planck-Institute for Physics, 80805 Muenchen, Germany (j) Musashi Institute of Technology, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 158-8557 Japan(k) National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 263-8555 Japan(l) Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585 Japan(m) Rutgers University, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA(n) Saitama University, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570 Japan(o) Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8050 Japan(p) Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550 Japan
東京大学宇宙線研究所 共同利用研究発表会 2007年12月14日
26の研究所/大学(日本、米国、韓国)約120名
最高エネルギー領域宇宙線のエネルギースペクトラム
AUGER in 2007
宇宙線望遠鏡実験(TA)• ターゲット:最高エネルギー領域宇宙線: 1018 – 1020 eV ~ それ以上• 「ハイブリッド」観測:
• 大気蛍光望遠鏡 (FD) Fly’sEye/HiRes タイプ 3ステーション• 地表粒子検出器 (SD) AGASA タイプ 512台
~512 Counters~512 Counters
AGASA x (7AGASA x (7--13)13)
3 Fluorescence Stations3 Fluorescence Stations
AGASA x (5AGASA x (5--12)12)
Aperture
10
100
1000
10000
18 18.5 19 19.5 20 20.5
100
1000
10000
effect
ive a
rea [km
2]
apert
ure
[km
2 s
tr]
log(E[eV])
Mono(3st)Stereo(3st)Hybrid(3st)
AGASA aperture
Grid 1.2km spacing
TATA--SDSD
Scintillator Box
GPS antenna
Solar panel (120 W)
Wireless LANAntenna (2.5 GHz)
Platform
Roof
Surface Detector (SD)
ElectronicsWaveform recorder/GPS/Wireless LAN/Power control/Detector control/Battery(~100 h)
Scintillator Box
Stainless,
230x170x10(cm3)
1.5 mm thick
PMT: 2
(Electrontubes 9124SA)
Total weight ~190 kg
485 485 SDs Deployed (~SDs Deployed (~95%)95%)2525::Private propertyPrivate property2 2 ::Deploy point became a pondDeploy point became a pond
Sample of Air shower event by SD
• Observed on 19.Jul.2007
• Trigger condition : – At least three SDs – more than 3MIPs
22μμss
9 9 particlesparticles4 4 particlesparticles
123 123 particlesparticles
57 57 particlesparticles11 11 particlesparticles
SD Test run
early late
Log(E[eV])=19.1Log(E[eV])=19.1Zenith=36.3[deg]Zenith=36.3[deg]Azimuth=241.2[deg]Azimuth=241.2[deg]
1010μμss
early late
observed on 2007/07/04observed on 2007/07/04
Another example
LDF fitting Core position
Prelim
inary
Prelim
inary
SD Deployment01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
28 28
27 27
26 26
25 25
24 24
23 23
22 22
21 ? 21
20 20
19 NG ? 19
18 NG 18
17 17
16 16
15 15
14 14
13 13
12 12
11 11
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 NG 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
07年2月までに485/512=95%完成済
2008年1月より全SDアレイでのデータ取得開始
TA-FD
Long Ridge
Black Rock Mesa
Middle Drum
TA-FD
3.3 m dia.
FOV: 3o – 18o x 18o
17.7o – 33o x 18o
Mirrors
1021mm
89
3m
m
PMT: HAMAMATSU R9508
Filter: BG3
Bleeder circuit with
pre-amplifier
camera60 mm Hex.,256 PMTs
LIDAR & cloud monitor
LongRidge
Mirror
30cmf
Laser
5mJ, 355nm
100 m
IR camera(AVIO TVS-600S) FOV: 25.8o x 19.5o
no. of pixels : 320 x 236sensitivity :8-14mm
Extinction coefficientVertical Aerosol Optical Depth (VAOD)
TA-LINAC
Electron beamEnergy: 40±1% MeVIntensity: 109 e- (0.16nC)Pulse width: 1μsec (300m) Frequency: 1 Hz = 1pps
Now being assembled at KEK
100m away: 40MeV×109~1016eV
10km away: ~1020eV
Fluorescence yield 10%
Atmospheric 10%
Photon to ADC 10%
20% 14%Energy resolution
年内にビームテストを行う
TA-LINAC
FD観測
March
April
May
June
July
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
2ステーション(24台)設置完了(エレキは一部未設置)
テスト観測(複数台での動作確認)
DAQの改良
テスト観測@ BRM,LR (DAQ check)
観測@ BRM,LR 9 nights (34 hours)
Observation @ BRM,LR 5 nights (15 hours)
Observation @ BRM,LR 8 nights (27 hours)
Observation @ BRM,LR 11 nights
3.6Hz @ BRM1.4Hz @ LR
DAQ改良
全望遠鏡の準備完了
完全な形で観測開始 @ BRM,LR
テスト観測@BRM in Mar.
Camera00 Camera02 Camera04 Camera06
Camera01 Camera03
ステーション全システムの動作を確認
The First FD The First FD ““FineFine”” EventEvent
Camera08
Camera09
June 20, 08:18:21(UTC), trigger ID 0000169
Air shower development?
飛行機イベント
ゴミイベント
シャワーイベント
Time (52.1us)
Time (52.1us)
波形、タイミングでのセレクションが可能
ミューオンによるトリガー
Trigger / day @ BRM Nov/05~14 UTC
Airplane: ~ 60%Muon ~ 30%Shower? ~ 10%
11/07: Not analyzed 11/10&12: No observations 11/14: bad weather (cloudy)
trigger rate @ LR Nov/09 UTC5:004:003:002:001:000:0023:0022:0021:0020:00
Local time
LR CAMERA05
Stereo event Nov/05 UTC
ENERGY log E =19.0 eV
BRM CAMERA00
0.045
0.06
0.02 0.03
0
0 512
Vol
t
nano seconds
0
0
0
stereo event waveform LR CAMERA 05
PMT 99
PMT da
PMT b9
PMT fa
0.01
0.016
0.012 0.014
0
0 512
Vol
t
nano seconds
0
0
0
PMT be PMT bc
PMT ba
PMT b8stereo event waveform BRM CAMERA 00
Stereo Reconstruction
θ [deg]
φ [deg]
Xmax [g/cm2]
Ln Nmax Log E0
70.6 76.5 541 22.9 19.0
# Date (UTC) Run TriggerID
1 07/Nov/05 05:23:00
BRM: 110513LR: 110514
BRM: 3923LR: 7445
PreliminaryPreliminary
Stereo Reconstruction
θ [deg]
φ [deg]
Xmax [g/cm2]
Ln Nmax Log E0
41.9 ‐8.7 794 23.1 19.1
# Date (UTC) Run TriggerID
07/Nov/11 05:26:09
BRM: 111115LR: 111113
BRM: 4193LR: 8188
PreliminaryPreliminary
Stereo Reconstruction
θ [deg]
φ [deg]
Xmax [g/cm2]
Ln Nmax Log E0
45.8 ‐35.4 639 22.9 19.0
# Date (UTC) Run TriggerID
1 07/Nov/09 04:01:48
BRM: 110905LR: 110906
BRM: 513LR: 13977
PreliminaryPreliminary
まとめ
• SD: 年内にも完成• FD: 3ステーション完成
• 2007年11月より定常観測に入った→ 2008年1月より TA full configuration
による観測開始!• キャリブレーション進行中
• SD: 粒子測定、タイミング測定• FD: LIDAR, LINAC, Central Laser, …
• データ解析スタート
テレスコープアレイ実験�(宇宙線望遠鏡の調整と観測)共同研究者宇宙線望遠鏡実験(TA)ApertureTA-SD Sample of Air shower event by SDSD DeploymentThe First FD “Fine” EventStereo Reconstruction Stereo ReconstructionStereo Reconstructionまとめ