フィリピン、ルソン島における放牧ヤギの無機物栄養

誌名誌名島根大学生物資源科学部研究報告 = Bulletin of the Faculty of Life andEnvironmental Science Shimane University

ISSNISSN 13433644

著者著者

藤原, 勉Serra, A.B.Serra, S.D.Orden, E.A.

巻/号巻/号 11号

掲載ページ掲載ページ p. 19-34

発行年月発行年月 2006年9月

農林水産省 農林水産技術会議事務局筑波産学連携支援センターTsukuba Business-Academia Cooperation Support Center, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research CouncilSecretariat

BulL Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11 : 19-34， September 30，2006

Miner吐 Nutritionof Grazing Goats in Luzon Island， Philippines

T. FujiharaぺA.B. S巴n・a1，S. D. Serra¥ and E. A. Orden1

Abstract : A 15 y巴arsstudy was conducted to evaluate the influence of plant species， soil char-

acteristics and seasonal changcs on the mineral status of forag巴sgrazed by goats in Luzon Island，

Philippines. About 200 goats of both sex with average body weight 10-25 Kg and age ranging

between 1 to 5 of nati ve ancl cross brccl werc usecl.恥1incralcontent of common foragc species，

distribution of min巴ralin fibre fraction， rllminal solubilization of mincral elem巴nts，bloocl min-

eral content of grazing goats ancl inflll巴nceof soluble glass mineral bolus (SGB) on bloocl plasma

mineral status werc measurecl. Results showecl that clitfercnt in plant sp巴cies，soil characteristics

ancl seasonal chang巴scontribute highly to the variation in mineral content of forage grazecl by

goats. Majority of these mineral巴lementsare founcl in the nOlトstructuralccll components and

are therefore degraclablc as indicated by their relatively high巴ffectiveruminal solubility (ERS).

Most sp巴cieshacllow phosphorus (p)， copper (CU) and sclenium (Se) while some hacl mag畑

町 sium(Mg) ancl Zinc (Zn) levels lower than the criticallil11it relative to the anil11als' needs‘

Subsequcntly affecting the plasma and s巴rumconcentration of grazing goats. Multipurpos巴tree

species such as L. leucocephala， G. sepiu/Il ancl S. sesban show巴drelatively b巴ttermineral pro

file than other improvecl forage species. Althoughjuclicious concentrate supplementation incr巴asecl

plasma Zn concentration， plasma Cu and bloocl S巴 werestill below critical level. Grazing up-

gradecl goats showecl positivc rcsponse towarcls soluble glass l11ineral bolus (SGB) aclministra-

tion. There was a l11arkecl increase in bloocl Se level of trcatecl cloes ancl their offspring. Like-

wisc， l11ilk sucklecl by kicls bom to SGB supplel11entecl cloes contain higher Se level， inclicative

of active intraωl11al11l11arγtransfl巴1・ofSe. How巴V巴r，this clicl not r巴sultto significant il11provel11ent

in thc birth weight ancl growth rate of kicls. R巴sultssugg巴ststhat asicle frol11 minil11al concen-

trate supplementation ancl巴l巴vateclmin巴ralintak巳 provicleclby intraruminal SGB acll11inistration，

the extensiv巳utilizatIonof 1巳guminoustr巴巴 specl巴scoulcl corr巴ctl11ineral imbalanc巴sclue to their

relatively higher mineral cont巴ntancl ruminal solubility.

Ke

Introduction

Ruminant procluction in tropical Asia d巳penclsto a larg巳

extent on natlv巴 grasslanclancl fibrous crop resiclu巴sthat ar巴

Laboratory of Anil11al Science， Faculty of Life ancl Environ山

口1巴ntalScience， Shimane Univ巴rsity，Matsue-shi 690-8504， JA-

PAN

1 Departl11ent of Animal Science， Central Luzon Stat巴Univer-

sity， Sci巴nceCity of Munoz， Nueva Ec討a，3120， PHILIP-

PINES

g巴n巴rallylow in mineral content. As a result， mineral il11bal悶

ances that oftentil11es r巴sulteclto clinical ancl subclinical signs

of l11in巴ralclefici巴nciesamong grazing animals were reportecl

in various countries. Copp巳r(Cu) ancl zinc (Zn) cl巴ficien-

cies in bloocl plasma of cattle were obs巴rveclin Central Thai-

lancl (Yijchulata et al. 1983). Kumagai et al. (1990) and

Prabowo etα1. (1991) rcportecl Cu cleficiency ancl Cu， Zn ancl

selenium (Se) d巴ficienciesin bloocl plasma of grazing cattle

in Java Inclonesia South Sulawesi. Fujihara et al. (1992b) re-

portecl grazing goats in the Islancl of Luzon， Philippines suf-

fering frol11 various cl巴grcesof Cu ancl Se cleficiencies. After

almost a clecacle， the same result was rcported in a follow up

20 Bull. Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11

stucly concluctecl by Serra et α1. (1996aムc，cI;1997a，b) ; S巳rra

et al. (998) ancl Orclen et al. (1999， 2000a，b).

The nutritional implications of mineral imbalances may b巴

pres巴ntas overt symptoms that ar巴reaclilyiclentifiecl ancl cor

rectecl or， as marginal CI巴fici巴nciesthat are not巴asilyiclentifiecl

but may cause a significant clepression in procluction. Deficierト

C1巴smay be the r巴sultof low conc巴ntrationsof el巴mentsin the

soil ancl plants ancl， are mm巴 likelyto occur in grazing ani-

mals. Correcting mineral imbalances there1'm巴requirea clear

uncl巴rstanclingof the anil11als' r・巴quirel11entfor specific elel11巴nt

ancl th巳possiblesources within a wicl巴arrayof natur叫 vege-

tation， which ar巳 generallylow in bioavailability. 1n orcl巴rto

aclclress this problel11， it is of utmost il111】ortanceto provicl巴an-

swers to three basic questions; how much the feecls or cliets

can offer; how much does the anil11als need; and how to gaug巴

the gap betw巴巴nne巴dsancl provision (Suttle， 2000).

It is l110re than two clecacles now， OUI司 groupwhich is com-

posecl 01' Japanes巴 animalscientists ancl local experts spear-

heaclecl mineral stucli巴s01' goats in the Philippines in colIabo-

ration with oth巴rresearch巴rsfrom the University of Philippin巴S

at Los Banos ancl the Central Luzon State University (CLSU)

Our research encleavor concerning min巴ralnutrition of goats

in the Philippines start巴CIin 1989. The essence was to inv巴ト

tigate l11ineral cont巴ntof localIy available f，巳eclr巴sourcesancl

tn巴CIto relat巳itwith mineral status of grazing goats using bloocl

I11in巴ralconcentrations as the basis of icl巴ntifyingcritical ancl

cleficiency lev巴ls.

Currently， there is an on going on-farm trials on the effectiveω

ness of soluble-glass同 bolus(SGB) containing l11icro elem巳nts

in improving mineral status of grazing upgraclecl cloes uncl巴r

cliff，巴rentfarming systems

Our concertecl research efforts r巴sult巳CIto th巳 generatlOn

of valuable information that provicl巴CIanswers to the aforem巴ル

tionecl questions， which uncloubteclly will alleviate the impact

of min巴ralCI巴ficiencyon the ov巴rallproclucti vity of th巴 ani-

l11als. We hav巴 alsoiclentifiecl the constraints ancl pot巴ntials

of mineral nutrition of grazing goats in the Philippin巳s. We

have selectecl goats as a point of reference b巴cause01' its rela】

tive importance in the socio-economic well being of the small

-holcler fann

tlOn.

This paper pr巳sentsthe significant finclings of our research

for the past 15 years.

Experi翻釘ltalProcedurεs

Luzon 1slancl is in a sub-tropic， ancl thus， the climate is a

monsoon typ巴， i.e.， th巴I巴 aretwo typical seasons of clry

(Octob巴r-June)ancl rainy Ouly-Septemb巴r).Thus， th巴most

of grasses on pastur巴 inflat areas usually wither on late of the

clry season， if there are no irrigation systems.

1n this stucly， the healthy aclult goats ancl kicls wer巴 sam-

plecl about 10 ml of heparinizecl bloocl through th巴jugularvein.

The 1'orage samples were generally collectecl by a hancl-picking

methocl whenever the animals were bloocl samplecl on the pas-

ture.

After wet cligestion with nitric acicl ancl p巴rchlonicacicl，

Se in whole bloocl， clams milk ancl cliets (1'orage ancl co配 en-

trates) was analyzecl by the fluorometric methocl of Watkin-

son (1979)， ancl other minerals by using 1ncluctiv巴lyCouplecl

plasma Emission Sp巴ctroscopy (rCPU-2000， Shimaclzu Co.

Kyoto， Japan).

Statistical analysis 01' the clata was m似た byt -test ancl/or

ANOV A (Yoshicla， 1975)， ancl all calculations were also macl巴

using a comm巴rciallyavailabl巴 computerprogram (SAS，

1999) .

Results and Discussion

恥1.ineralcontents of common forage species

The efti巴ctof specie cliffer巴nceson min巴raluptake are best

111巴asur巳CIancl observecl when plants are grown in pure culture

ancl uncler uni1'orm soil conclition. Nev巴rth巴less，th巴 clatawe

gatherecl from various experim巴ntalsites coulcl b巴 us巳CIin un凶

clerstancling the mineral cont巴ntsancl their variability among

plant species. Tables 1 ancl 2 show th巴 meanvariation 01'

macro ancl l11icro mineral contents of som巴1'oragespeci巴s

grazecl by goats in w巴tancl clry seasons. The various conc巳n

trations of min巴ralelem巴ntswer巳compar巴【lto the criticallev“

巴lsbasecl on animal neecls (McDowell， 1985). Generally， for-

age grazecl by goats showecl appreciable level 01' Ca ancl Mg

while P seems to be lacking (Tables 1 ancl 2). Mor巴ov巴r，

seasonal av巴rage巴xceeclsth巴 requirecllevels for goats. We

have us巴CIsh巴巴pin comparing 1'eecl min巴ralcontent with the

Mineral nutrition of Philippin巴 goats 21

Table 1 Macromineal contents of some forage species collected in pastul巴areagrazed by goats

clllring clry ancl w巴tseason

Sp巴ciesCa

Critical levell> 3

Grasses:

Axonopus cO/l1pressus

Dry season 6.5

Wel season 4.5

Brachiaria mutica

Dry日eason 4.18

Wet season 3.90

Cynodoll plecωstachyum

Dry season 4.56

Wet season 4.30

Eleusine indicll

Dry season 5.8

Wel S巴ason 3.8

Il1lperata cylindrical 5.50

Pennisetllm pW]Jurewn

Wel season 3.40

Rottboellia exaltata

Wet seasoll 3.0

Mixecl samples 7.10

Legllmes:

Gliricidia sepium 1. 37

Aesc!zyllol1lene indica

Dry season 7.4

Wel seasoll 6.6

Calopogollium IIlU仁川lOides

Dry season 10.3

Wet season 11. 2

Celltrocema pubescells

Wet season 8.9

Desl1lodiwn tortousulIl

Wel season 21

Leucaena leucocephala 1. 51

Sesbania Sesban 10.4

1 As reconunended by McDowell (1985).

animal r巴guirementdlle to the abs巴nceof standard valu巴 for

goats. Selenium content of dominant pasture species， lik巴c.plectosthacyus was only 16.3 J.lg/kg DM and 27.4μg/kg

DM for P. pwpμreum， low by far from 200μg/kg DM com-

monly reguired by gr乱zingruminants.

P

2.5 2 O. 7

1.7 3.4 5. 7

2.8 3.5 5.5

1. 61 2.58 10.86

1. 90 2.40 10.70

2.56 2.63 10.43

2.70 2.50 10.20

2. 1 3.3 8. 7

3.2 3.4 9.2

3.80 2.50 8.3

3.50 1. 80 8. 7

2.2 1.9 8.6

3.0 3. 1

1. 80 4.6 10.30

1.1 3.2 4. 7

2.0 3. 7 5. 7

1.8 3.6 6.3

2.9 3.8 10

1.7 2.0 5.6

1.4 3.0 6.4

2.5 2.2 7.3

C. mucol1oides appeared to have high Mn content along

with 1. aquatica (Tables 1 and 2). The latter species also

had the ability to absorb large guantities of Co， Mo and F巴.

Likewise， S. acuta was found to accumulate large amount of

Zn and oth巴rmicroelements. These r巴sultssupports the find叩

22 Bull. Fac. Lif，巴 Env.Sci. Shiman巴 Univ.，11

Table 2 Micromin巴alcont巴ntsof some forage species collected in pasture area grazed by goats during dry and wet s巴ason

Co Cll Fe Mn Mo Zn Se

Speci巴5g/kg DM ...

μg/kg

DM

Criticallev巴III 0.1 lO 30 30-40 >6 30 lOO

Grasses:

Axonopus compressus

Dry season 1.6 9.5 481 35.0 lO.2 28.8

Wet season 1.6 10.9 505 40.0 13.9 44.0

Brachiaria lIl11ticα

Dry s巴ason lO.4 66.3

Wet season 1.4 9.0 222 54.0 14.7 82.8

Cynodon p!ectostachyul/l

Dry season 12. 1 40.9

Wet season 1.3 8.8 326 69.0 14.9 77.2

16.5 25.9 16.3

E!ellSille illdica

。ryseason 1.8 7.4 596 41. 8 28.8 38.3

W巴tseason 2. 1 7.7 286 57.7 23.5 70.6

Imperata cylindrica 13.1 28.4 27.4

Pel1llisetulll {Jwpurellm

Wet season 2.0 7.1 404 33.0 14.4 50.4

Rottboel/ia exa!tata

Wet season 2.2 9.7 283 26.2 18. 7 26.8

Mixed samples 14.1 27.9 33.3

Legllmes:

Gliricidia sepium 2.5 6.6 192 43.0 33.0 55.0

2.5 6.6 192 43.0 55.1

Aeschynomene indica

Dry season 2.6 8.8 427 60.4 21. 0 38.0

Wet season 2.6 lO.5 140 75.0 16.9 37.8

Ca!opogonillm lI1l/colloides

Dry season 1.9 11. 5 462 82.3 19.0 53.8

明letseason 2.6 13.1 400 98.2 24. 7 57.0

Centrocema pubescells

Wet season 1.5 11. 2 393 77.0 15.1 40.4

Deslllodiwn tortollSUl/l

W巴tseason 1.8 7.9 347 60.6 23.6 40.4

Leucaena !eucocephala 2.6 8.6 346 57.0 19.0

1.7 7.1 772 36.0 20.6 lO1. 3

Sesbania Sesban 102

11 As recommended by McDowell (1985).

ings of Little et al.， (1989) that Indonesian herbs and weeds what is normally required by livestock (Grace， 1991). There-

contained high amounts of Cu， Zn， Co， Mn， and Fe than com- fore， the presence of some plant species such as 1.αquatica

monly grown gr羽 sesand legumes. Some of this species could and S. acuta which are known accumulator of large quantities

accumulate great amount of elem巴ntseven twic巴 higher・than of elements could provide balance of mineral el巴mentsgener悶

Mineral nutrition of Philippine goats 23

Table 3 Macromineral cont巴日tsof some forage species collected in lahaトladenareas of

Sts. Rita， Concepcio日， Tarlac during dry and wet season， 1996-1997

Species K

Critical Levelll

Grasses:

Pennisetwn pwpllrelllll

Dry season

明'etseason

Cynodol1 plectoslaclzyus

Dry season

Wet season

Elellsine indica

Dry season

Wet season

Cynodol/ dac!.v!on

Dry season

Wet s巴ason

A verage: Dry season

Wet season

SEM

L巴gumes・

Ca[opogollilll1l lIlucHlwides

Dry season

Wet日eason

Centrosema pubescens

Dry season

W巴tseason

Milllosa pudica

。ryseason

Wet season

Leucaena lellcoceplzala

Dry season

Wet season

A verage: Dry season

Wet season

Ca

。.30P

%

.025 0.20 0.20

0.40 0.20 0.16 0.21

0.42 0.22 0.18 0.19

0.45 0.28 0.21 0.48

0.47 0.22 O. 19 0.50

0.40 0.18 0.19 0.27

0.40 0.19 0.17 0.31

0.27 0.16 0.23 0.17

0.28 0.25 0.20 0.20

0.38 0.20 0.20 0.28

0.39 0.24 0.18 0.30

0.02 0.014 0.09 0.038

0.68 。.09 0.18 0.25

0.67 0.14 0.19 0.35

O. 70 0.08 0.19 0.22

0.67 0.17 0.21 0.27

0.91 0.37 0.26 0.28

0.87 0.29 0.28 0.33

1. 27 0.19 0.30 0.38

1. 28 0.18 0.30 0.42

0.89 0.18 0.23 0.28

0.87 0.19 0.24 0.34

0.07 0.02 0.016 0.019

弓υoo

n吋U

11A

E

W

O

D

ρL

M

VJ

LU

Au c

.G H

au o

ρし

】

向

-w

M一

I

詑一郎

ally low in most forage species in pasture areas g1・azedby goats.

In our effort to help and contribute to the r巴habilitationof

lahaトladenar巳asin Central Luzon， we also conducted trials

on the nutritional characteristics and mineral concentrations

of dominant pasture speci巴sin the affect巴dareas after the erup司

tion of Mt. Pinatubo. The highl y varied mineral content of foト

age species grazed by goats in lahar二ladenareas of Sta. Rita，

Concepcion， Tarlac is depicted in Tables 3 and 4. Most of

the samples had low P， Cu and Se cont巴nts，while som巴 spe-

cies had low Mg and Zn. 1ron and Mo were exceedingly high

particularly during dry season. Th巴 lowconcentration of P，

Mg， Zn， Cu， and Se in some forage grazed by goats in lahar

】 ladenarea is indicative of the low quantity and availability

of these mineral elem巴ntsin the soil (Fleming， 1973; Reid

24 Bull. Fac. Life Env. Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11

T畠ble4 Micromineral contents of some forage species coUected in lahar-laden areas of Sts. Rita， COl1cepcion，

Tarlac during dry and wet seaSOI1， 1996-1997

Cu Fe Sp巴cles

Mo Zn Se

............ DM ...

Critical Level" 10 30 >6 30 100

Grasses:

Pennisetlllll pW}Jllrewn

Dry season 8.53 385.00 10.60 16.93 19.47

Wet season 7.40 163.00 17.19 18.90 14.32

Cynodon plectostachYllS

Dry sea日on 7.60 440.00 12.24 32. 70 17.23

Wet season 9.20 368.00 8.53 40.60 15.58

Eleusine indica

Dry s巴ason 7.70 531. 00 12.53 57.46 19.12

Wet season 9.20 484.00 12.81 42.57 21. 24

Cynodon dactylon

Dry season 7.40 160.00 17.19 18.90 14.32

W巴tseason 9.20 129.00 17.92 23.87 14.85

Average: Dry season 7.82 379.00 13.05 31. 51 15.54

W巴tseason 9.38 314.00 12.80 32.42 18. 73

SEM 0.30 40.20 0.95 3.80 0.98

Legumes:

Calopogonilllll lIlucunoides

Dry season 9.55 239.00 15.08 17.53 35. 16

W巴tseason 11. 45 208.00 18.39 25.56 37.56

Centrosema pubescens

。ryseason 9.80 301. 00 6.63 16.28 36.26

Wet season 11. 43 218.00 8.25 18.55 38.76

Mimosa pudica

Dry season 10.42 337.00 26.04 49.45 43.13

Wet s巴ason 11. 39 281. 00 29.77 51. 95 45.03

Leucaena leucocephala

Dry season 8.12 365.00 24.79 42.82 >100

Wet season 8.36 339.00 23.12 47.64 >100

Averag巴. Dry s巴ason 9.47 311. 00* 18.14 31. 53 53.64

Wet season 10.61 262.00 19.88 36.00 55.34

SEM 0.40 16.20 2.40 4.30 7.98

" As [巴commendedby McDowell (1985)

令 Significantlyhigher seasonal average (P< 0.05) .

and Horvath， 1980). Volcanic mat巴rialssuch as ash falls and the mineralじoncentrationsof pasture sp巴cieswas affected by

lahar deposits are inherently infertile with negligible amount the type of soil where they are grown. Supporting the findings

of organic matter and clay contents， which ar巴active巴xchange of Norton and Poppi (1995) that the r巴portedtrace mineral

slt巳sfor nutrients. values of tropical forage are more inclicativ巴 ofthe soil types

Data seem to demonstrate that the obs巴rvedvariability in ancl their cleficienci巴sthan any other factors. Seasonal changes

Min巴ralnutrition of Philippine goats 25

Table 5 Corr巴lationcoefficients among the factors aff，巴cting1'orage quality and mineral concenω

trations 01' selected Philippine forage

Parameters CP NDF

Grasses

Ca 0.63 0.85*

P 0.95*キ 0.94キ*

Mg 0.02 0.40

K 0.20 0.18

ClI 0.51 0.16

Zn 0.46 0.12

Mo 0.32 0.05

Co 0.38 0.35

Mn 0.88* 0.66

Fe 0.06 0.26

Legllmes

Ca 0.47 0.6ゲ

P 0.45 0.38

Mg 0.14 0.38

K 0.18 0.40

ClI 0.81** 0.90ネネ

Zn 0.22 0.03

Mo 0.09 0.32

Co 0.44 0.56

Mn 0.43 0.18

Fe 0.27 0.26

* (p<0.05)

日 (p<O.Ol)

also contribut吋 toth巴 variationin the mineral concentration

of the forage (Table 3; Serra et al.， 1997b; Orclen et al.， 1999).

Sulfur in legumes was significantly higher (p<0.05) cluring

wet season. Markecl cliffer巴nc巴s(p<0.05) w巳r巴alsonotecl

in Fe ancl Cu contents; Fe in legumes was higher・cluringclry

S巴asonwhile Cu in grasses was high巴rcluring wet season. Th巳

clifferenc巴sin thes巴 min巴ralconc巴ntrationscoulcl be attributecl

to seasonal variations

Rainfall， temperatUl巳 anclsunlight巴xertgreat influence on

forage perf・Onnanceby altering leaf to stem ratio， which evelト

tually affects morphology ancl plant chemical components

(Burton ancl 1コales，1994). Furthermore， th巴clecline in some

mineral concentration coulcl probably be clue to the natural CIト

lution proc巳ss，i.e.， clry matt巴 (DM)procll川 ionSL叩 asses

mineral uptake (Fleming， 1973).

lミ巴sultson the monthly variation in min巴ralconcentration

of paragrass ancl star‘grass grazecl by goats at the Small RLト

minant Center， CLSU are presentecl (Table 6乱ncl7). Spe-

Cl巴scliffer巴nc巴sancl seasonal changes affectecl the conc巴ntra-

ADF ADL IVDMD

0.65 -0.84ネ -0.70

一0.98*ホ 一0.85* 0.74

0.03 0.34 0.30

-0.20 0.27 0.35

-0.53 0.12 0.06

0.46 0.05 0.18

0.33 0.39 -0.34

0.35 0.03 -0.11

一0.88* 0.50 -0.35

-0.02 0.36 -0.43

-0.7ゲ 0.67キ 0.46

-0.26 0.17 0.50

0.50 0.30 0.57

-0.48 0.27 0.75*

0.93ホキ 0.83** -0.84キネ

0.17 -0.41 0.04

-0.43 0.23 0.53

-0.57 0.26 0.52

0.04 0.16 -0.04

-0.30 -0.50 0.17

tions of Ca， K， P， Cu， ancl Zn. Only Mg appearecl to be un

affectecl by these factors， its conc巴ntrationwas mm巴 orless

the same year rouncl. Of all th巴climatologicalelements， rain-

fall was closely associatecl to this variability

Caution was macle in interpreting th巴comparisonbetween

computecl mineral conc巳ntrationancl their criticall巴vels.While

values less than the pr巴clicteclrequir巴m巴ntmay inclicate cl巴fi-

ci巴ncylevel， valu巴sabove them clo not necessarily inclicate suf-

ficiency. Not all elem巴ntsar巴 fullyavailable for use by the

microbial population in the rum巴nof for absorption in the in“

おstinesof th巴 animals(Norton， 1994).

Distribution of minerals in fiber fractions

Knowing too w巴IIthat nutrient cligestibility ancl availabil-

ity in forag巴 largelycl巴P巴nclon their affinity to the various fi-

ber fractions， resuIts on the clistribution of mineral巴l巴ments

in the neutral cleterge凶 fiber(NDF) ancl acicl cletergent fib巴I

(ADF) ， acicl clet巴rgentlignin (ADLl fractions of eight for-

age species collectecl fr・0111the pastur巴areaof the exp巴rimen-

26 Bull. Fac. Lif，巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11

Table 6 Effective ruminal solubility of some macromin巴ralsin select巴dPhilippine

forage species (%)

Ca P Mg K Forage

Grasses:

Para 48.4 84.2 83.2 96.7

Star 67.7 85. 7 85.3 98.2

Napiel 50.9 83.4 85.0 98.2

Creeping Legumes:

Calopo 35.8 57.1 71. 9 87.5

Centrocema 32.9 59.8 95. 1 89.9

Tree LeEumes:

Gliricidia 53.6 69.8 92.3 93.2

Leucaena leucocephala 58.1 69.9 78.8 94.9

Sesballia 52.7 70. 7 79.5 97.7

M巴an 50.0 72.6 83.9 94.5

SEM 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.1

LSD' 05) 1.9 O. 7 NS3 0.4

1 Averag巴 passagerate: 1. 9%/h; ranges of disappearance rat巴:0.4 to 1. 2%/h for Ca， O. 1 to

1. 6%/h for P， 0.7 to 2%/h for Mg， and 0.1 to 2%/h for K.

Least signiticant difference.

:1 The F-test was not significant.

Table 7 Effective ruminal solubility of some l11icrol11inerals in select巴dPhilippin巴

forage species (%)

Cu Mn Mo Zn Forag巴

Grass巴5

Para 60.8' 76.91> 80.7" 76.8"

Stm 74.2' 84.0' 91. 7即 80.らぬ

Napiel 70.5" 64.0吋 92.9'" 77.0"

Creeping Legul11es:

Calopo 54.5' 29.9' 75.9' 30.1"

Ce1ltrocema 89.9' 60.3" 66.0' 70.5'

Tree LeEul11es:

Gliricidia 88.0'" 65.9じ 95.1' 81. T

Leucaella leucocephala 44.6' 40.6' 79.7" 71. 6"

Sesballia 86.1" 64.1' 89.3' 82.3'

Mean 71.1 60. 7 83.9 71. 3

SEM 1.5 2.8 1.7 1.4

1 Effective rul11inal solubilization (%) was ca¥culated according to Rooke et al. (1993) : ERS

=a十 (l-a)x kd/(kp + kd)， where a is th巴proportionof l11inerals rapidly solubilized， kd is

the fractional rate of l11ineral disappearance from nylon bags and kp is the rate of pas日ageof

particulate mat巴rial. Average particulate passage rate， 1. 9%/h (SeITa et al.， 1996x) ; av巴ト

ag巴 ofdisappearance rate: 1. 28%/h for Cu， 1. 01 %/h for Mo， and 1. 28%/h for Zn

'.I>d.d， Means within column having different superscripts c¥iffer (p<O. 05).

Mineral nutrition 01' Philippine goats 27

tal 1'arm oj、CLSU are pres巴ntedin Table 5. There w品目 amarked

species clifferences (p< 0.01') in the different fiber compo-

nents of P. 1/1正lxilI1lI11l， C. plectostlwcyus， C. IIIllcOIlOules， C

puhescence， G. Sepilll1l， L. lellcoceplwla乱nd五ses!JW1. Thi日

hacl greatly influenじeclthe wid巴 vm・iability01' mineral cJistr卜

bution to the different fiber fractions‘The NDF t‘raction con

tainecl the following proportions of the total min巳raloriginally

present (%); Ca， 0.7; P， 14.3ヲ Mg，1. 9; K， 3.7匂 Cu，16.4;

Zn‘2.9; Mo， 9.3ラ Co，16.2; Mn， 5.6， and 81. 3 for F巳. On

the other hand the ADドfractionshad the following mineral

concentrations; Ca， 0.2; P， 4.4; Mg， 0.7; K‘1. 8; Cu， 32.3;

Zn， 1. 1; Mo， 8.9; Co， 4.7; Mn， 5.4‘and 36.8 fOl、 Fe.

Factors affecting forage quality sllch as crucle protein， fれl一

b加巴rfi白、raじd凶ticぬon

ity (句iVDMD)w巴伐r芯己 1'0伐凶予孔刈削u山III吋c1tωob巴c引¥tぬhe口r司 pOSltlV巴elyor n巳ga川叩lt川ti竹vely

附 【Oαα悦閃)(に)ci正c二:iオu山 clw川ithvれ山川/任勺引t乱川訂川nげ川110

1996yヲ 1997aω). About 75% of minerals in grass巴sand 45%

。fminerals in legumes wcre positivelyじorrelated(p<0.05)

to the CP and 1VDMD. Conv巴rs巴Iy，55， 80 and 75% 01' th巴

forage minel・alswere negatively corr巴lateclto the NDF‘ADF

an【CIADL frac

of th巴 mll1巳n'乱11巴lem巴nU詰え I 巴sicl巴 in the non-structれ削LIIμra正a一11cell com叩

ponents of the forag巴 materials. Results sllggests that major-

ity 01' these minerals are available c1ue to their non-affinity to

ligno-c巴lIulosecompon巳ntswhich are known to be slowly cleω

graclabie or possibly und巳graclablein the rumen.

Ruminal solubHization of I11ineral el邑m記nts

1n assessing mineral requir巴mentsof animals， both the qllan-

tity of elem巴ntsancl their bioavailability were consiclerecl. The

former can be cleterminecl chemically while the latter is more

cli1'ficult to assess. One techniqu巴 togauge availability is the

nylon bags inCllbatecl in the rum巴nof surgically moclifiecl ru-

minants (in SItU). This tω巴配吋chniq午中1I巴n附 E削

Ofl 巳le巴as巴of r口111¥11巴白ra叫l巴el巴αm巴ntおsin the r印um巴n wh 巴白r守右巴 mosはtof th 巴

organic mattcr is dig巴sted

The ln situ trials that we concluctecl involvecl eight forage

species that are commonly fecl to goats (Serra et al.， 1996x).

The vallles w巴 arepresentIng hereto are the effective rllminal

solubilization (ERS) wh巳reinwe consiclerecl particulate pas-

sage rate ancl disapp巴ar・anceat c1iffer・巴nthom・interval of the

various elements (Tables 6 ancl 7). We obtainecl an average

particlIlate passage rate of 1. 9%/h目 Effectiveruminal solu

bility of macro elements showed that K was th巴 mostsoluble

followecl by Mg， P ancl Ca. For micro minerals， Mo was the

most solubleラ follow巴dby Zn， Cu ancl Mn. Although there

was a 111mω1I眺I

01' min巴白r即1叫a川1elたem記巴ntお5乱Cαr句'ossspecies， th巴ERS values w巴I巴founcl

to be relatively high

As pointed out巴arlier，majority of the elements w巴乱nalyzed

and subject巴clto in situ degraclation wel巴 notattachecl to either

the NDF and ADF fractions of the forag巴.Their c10se affinity

to the non-structural compon巳ntscoulcl h乱veresultecl to their

higb ruminal solllbility. Even Cu， whicb was found to be

32.5% attachecl to the lingo-cellulose components of the clif-

ferent forage

(11.， 1997a). Result sugg巴ststhat other factors， such as ru悶

men environment (Durancl ancl Kawashima， 1980) formation

01' compl巴X己目 betwecnel巴me凶 andorganic ligands (Grac巳，

1991) coulcl limit mineral solubility in the rumen rather than

their c10se association to fibcr fractions， which are eith巴rslowly

or totally insoluble. Howevel守 notall complexes are insoluble

b巴caus巴sometrace elem巴ntscombin巴withamino acicls， which

provicl巴 fasterabsorption in the gut‘though it might r巴sultto

comp巴titionin the site of absorption betw巴enthe el巴mentsand

the carri巴r(Butler ancl 10n巴s，1973). Apparently， those min

巴ralfractions that are insoluble in the rumen， esp巴ciallythose

in C. mucolloides ancl L. leucocephala will solubilizc in th巴

lower gut due to its lower pH (Keith ancl B巳11，1981). It is

also interesting to not巳 thatERS of mineral elements in grasses

and tree legumes is higher than cr巴epinglegumcs， lik巴C.1Il11-

cOlloides ancl C. pllbescellce.

Blood mineral content of grazing goats

To ass巳ssthe mineral status of the clifferent c1asses of goats

grazing under・different pastur・巴 conditions， wc used the whole

bloocl conc巳ntrationfor S巴 anclplasma lev巴ls1'01' other巴le

ments. This cliagnostic component of CI巴tenniningacJequacy

orcl巴ficiencyis the most important. Due to the clifficulty of

cletermining how much the feecl can offer ancl th巴animalneecls，

the animal' s r巴spons巴 wasusecl as a reliablc arbitrator on the

occun・enceof mineral imbalanc巴岨 The bioch巴micalsupport for

diagnosis has reliecl upon inclices of storage ancl transport rather

than function， in which the latter being the last to show abnor-

mality cluril1g clefici巴ncy(Suttle， 2000). Although we r巴alizecl

the 11巴巴CIfor f1exibility in interpreting the results coming from

bloocl mineral contents， w巴hav巴reli巴CImainly on this parame-

ter in assessing animals' respons巴 towarclsdietary min巴1・al

28 Bull. Fac. Lif，巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11

Table 8 Macromineral concentration of grazing goats as influenced by season and concentrat巴 fe吋mg

Without

R巴gion Season Calcium

(90)5

Los Banos Rainy 9l. 2十2.3'

(82.8-103.7)3

(62.5)'

Dry 94.8士1.7

(78.5-127.8)

(19.1)

Munoz Rainy 75.6土0.9

(69.3-83.4)

(100)

Dry 93.8士3.4

(71. 6-126. 7)

(50.0)

Baguio Rainy

Dry

I The goats w巴I巴 supplementedwith some concentrates.

Mean::lこS.E.of number of goals l1secl

" The figur巴sin par巴nthesisare range of vall1es.

Magnesium

(15)

27.1トl.1

(23.2-32.8)

(0)

28.4士1.0

(21. 2-43. 6)

(0)

23.9土O.7

(19.3-29.1)

(0)

24.8士0.6

(22.0-26.7)

(0)

I Percentage of bloocl sampl巴sless than the lower limit in plasma level.

i The lower limit sl1ggestecl by NRC (1984).

Ii The nl1mber of goals l1secl with sl1pplem巴ntin M口白oz.

availability.τhe validity of using blood concent1'ation to study

specific nut1'ient s巴巴msdep巴nd巴nton the physiological factors

affecting serum lev巴1，it cOllld be llsed as yardstick in assess

ing nlltritional state of a pa1'ticular animal (Herdt， 1995).

In the first stlldy condllcted， on thre巴diff，巴rentexperimen-

tal sites (CLSU， UPLB and Bagllio)， we fOllncl Ollt that mor巴

than 50% of th巴 animalshad low bloocl Ca， ClI， Zn， ancl Se

l巴velsin spite of the apparently sllffici巴ntamollnt in forag巴they

grazecl (Tables 8 and 9). Moreove1'， even with conc巴ntrat巴

supplem巴ntationplasma Ca and Cu wer巴 b巴lowthe critical

level of 90 mg/L and O. 6 mg!L， r巴spectively. COllV巴rsely，

plasma Zn and blood Se improved with concentrate supple-

m巴ntation (Tabl巴s8 ancl 9). The plasma Mg ancl P we1'巴 sat

isfactory， with the lowe1' limit of the normal level in goats.

With

Phosphorus Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus

(40) (90) (15) (40)

71. 5+4. 7

(53.0-89.9)

(0)

81. 3土2.3

(57.6-107.0)

(0)

87.1土0.8(13)' 101.2土2.7 25.6土0.8 84士4.6

(65.9-109.8) (80.7-120.5) (20.2-28.8) (59.5-106.7)

(0) (8) (0) (0)

8l. 8土2.6(1l) 93.9士2.5 26.5士1.2 78.6土4.0

(72.0-92.1) (77.8-126.8) (20.4-33.7) (57.0-109.3)

(0) (27) (0) (0)

90.8土4.4 23. 7土2.9 82.7土2.4

(76.3-113.2) 21. 2-33.1) (73.2-93.2)

(44) (0) (0)

92. 9:::l::2. 6 27.2土1.3 85.0士4.6

(79.5-109.3) (21. 2-36. 9) (53.4 -112.9)

(29) (0) (0)

Th巴 lowplasma Cu content even with its acl巴quacyin th巴for-

age ancl conc巴ntratefeeding suggests that the unstable charac

teristics of Cll ancl its inte1'action with known antagonist Iike

Mo might have exist巴c1.From this initial finding， we hav巴come

IIp with th巴 conclusion/recommendationthat an approp1'iat巴

mm巴ralsllpplementation strategy should be adopted to aclclr巴SS

this problem

明Thilethis problem occllr1'ed in more 1'avorable pasture a1'-

巴asin clif1'，巳r巴ntparts 01' Lllzon Island， the poor soil condition

in lahar-laclen areas of C巴ntralLllzon contributecl furthe1' to the

low blood mineral concentration of the animals (Table 10).

Plasma Ca， Cll， Zn ancl bloocl Se level among goats grazing

in laha1'-laclen areas w巴r巴 alsolow. This could be att1'ibuted

to the insuffici巴ntsllpply of thes巴 min巴1'alelements in the for-

Mineral nutrition of Philippine goats 29

Table 9 Micromineral conc巴ntralionof grazing goats as int1uenced by season and concentrate feeding

Without

R巴gion Season SeleniuIl1 Copper

(20)' (0.6)

Los Banos Rainy 14.3土5.31" 1.10土0.15

(5-21)ど (0.41 1. 70)

(87. (25)

Dry 29.3士14.6" 1. 30土0.05

(3-66) (0.77-1. 52)

(34.1) (0)

主I[u白oz Rainy 13.3土2.8ど 1. 12士0.08

(9-19) (062 1. 59)

(100 (0)

Dry 27.3士12.8'" 1. 12土0.07

(7-56) (0.63-1. 80)

(56.6) (0)

Baguio Rainy

Dry

'M巴an土S.E.of number of goats used.

， The figures in parenthesis are range of values. :J PeIじ巴ntag巴ofblood日amplesless than the lower limil in plasma 1巴vel

之 Thegoats were supplemented some concentrat巴S

With

Zinc Selenium Copper

(0.6) (20)5 (0.6) ZincO.6)

1. 88::1::0. 27

(0.89-31. 6)

(0)

1. 02土0.09

(0.49--1. 95)

(0)

1. 02土0.0513(13)， 54.1士38.3" 1. 00土0.09 1. 03士0.04

(0.66-1. 47) (12)ち (9-144) 0.41 1. 70) 0.64-1. 22)

(0) (16.6) (15) (0)

1. 38土0.48(1l) 68.3土16.3' 1.16土0.04 1. 69土0.09

(0.42-4.46)口 (43-103) (0.97-1.44) (1.29-2.32)

(13) (0) (0) (0)

41. 3土29.1 1. 25士0.05 1. 72::f::0. 06

(7-91) (0.97-1.43) (1.49-2.01)

(33.1) (0) (0)

53.3士26.1 0.65こと0.06 1. 23士0.15

(7-110) (0.28-1. 09) (0.65-2.08)

(12.6) (47) (0)

5 The lower limit suggesled by N良C (Se，Cu) (1984) at日正IMcDowell (Zu) (1985).

G The I1umber of日amplesfor Se analysis

The numb巴rof goats used with supplement in Munoz.

".b.cd.，， :Significantly different (p<O，01)

age (Tabl巴s2and3). But，the巴xtremelyhigh amount of

Mo and Fe in the forag巴 couldhave also contributed to this

eff，巴ct. Particular attention should be given on the lev巴1of Se

as dry season average was very close to the lower limit and

significant numb巴r01' animals was below the critical level. 1n

addition， the amount of S in the soil might further aggravate

th巴 condition. The low plasma Ca observed in almost 40%

01' the animals could have been due to low availability of Ca

(Ward and Harbers， 1982) in th巴foragealthough supply was

su1'ficient.

Use of solubl令 glassωmIn釘 al-bolus(8GB)

Knowing fully w巴IIthat the dominant pasture species

browsed by goats in some parts of Luzon were low which ad-

versely a1'feじtedthe blood mineral profile of the animals. An

introduction of SGB (COSECURE， Pilkington Release Sys-

tems， De巾 igh，North Wales， UK) containing Co， Se， Cu， P，

Na and Mg was done where plasma mineral content of graz-

ing goats did not improve ev巴nwith conc巴ntrat巴 supplemen-

tation. Similar with other studies (Buckley ef al.， 1986; Hi-

doroglou et al.， 1987; Zervas， 1988; and Matsui et al.， 1992)，

the巴ffects01' SGB in the blood mineral level of grazing goats

wer巴 immediate.

One month after SGB administration， th巴rewas a remark

able increase (p< 0.01) in blood Se of tr巴ateclgoats (Table

11). The three-1'old increase in bloocl Se level， which was

maintain巴duntil th巴 endof the trial suggests that th巴 release

of S巴 fromthe bolus was fairly constant. On the other hand，

there was no marked improvement in th巴 plasmaCu content

one month after SGB supplem巴ntation.It was only in the sec-

oncl month when significant increase (p<0.05) in the con-

centration of Cu in the blood plasma occurred. After one year，

30 Bull. Fac. Lif，巴 Env.Sci. Shimane Univ.， 11

Table 10 Blood mineral concentration of goats grazing in lahar・-ladenareas of Sta. Rita， Conceptcion， Tarlac， Philippines， dry

and wet season， 1996-1997

Ca P Cu Zn Se

古--砕』 ー目白司由守F 守腎守 ー 幽 日」【 守骨四 百明『古 田

Critical lev巴l"

Mineral concentration"

Dry Season

Range

Wet Season

Rang巴

Percent of animals below

Critical Concentrate (n=30)

Dry Season

Wet Season

90

94.58ごと2.61

72.3-119.30

100.03土3.34

78.0-130.5

33.3

46. 7

liAs recommended by McDowell (1985).

21Mean士SEM.

40

65.14:::1::3.38

41. 30-90. 86

63.59土3.37

42.13-96.15

。O

15

30.05土1.11

21. 89-28. 52

29.40士1.09

23.90-39.20

O

O

0.6

1.01土0.61

0.42-1. 58

1. 18土0.96

0.55-1. 29

30.0

10.0

0.6

100土0.61

0.34-1. 86

1.15土0.98

0.48-1.92

23.3

3.3

20

21. 66土1.21

12.50-46.66

24.16:::1::1.66

17.50-53.33

40.0

26. 7

Table 11 Monthly plasma Cu and bloocl Se concentration 01' Philippine goats treatecl ancl untreatecl with intrarlll11inal

soluble glass bollls

Cu (μmol/Ll

Untreatecl Treat巴d

1992

Oct 11. 85 12.3

Nov 13.2 12.4

Dec 17.7 20.2

1993

Jan 16.2 21.1

ドeb 16 21. 3

Mal 16曹 8 22.5

Apl 20.1 25.6

May 23.2 27.8

Jun巴 22. 1 25.9

July 22.2 5. 7

AlIg 20.4 24.5

Sept 21. 4 24. 7

Oct 21. 5 26.6

Mean 19.23 23.11

ns not significant (p >0.05)

p<0.05 ]，* p<O.01

m巴anplasma level was 23. 11μm01l1， significantly higher than

those in the control group (Table 11).

Subsequently， th巴 administration01' SGB did not result to

signi1'icant (P >0.05) differ巴ncesin plasma Ca， Mg， Na and

Fe conc巴ntrationbetween the control and treated groups. The

insigni1'icant巴1'1'ectof SGB-Se on plasma Mg supports th巴conω

clusion 01' Batra and Hidiroglou (1993) that intraruminal ad-

ministration 01' 30 g Se pellets did not influence plasma lev巴i

L巴velof Se (μmol/Ll Level of

significance Untreat巴d Tr巴atecl significanじE

ns 0.27 0.28 n日

ns 0.25 0.8 点三

ns 0.28 0.82 **

0.29 0.85 公斗

* 0.29 0.87 本*

0.31 0.92 ネエc

認" 0.3 0.87 ** 中* 0.26 0.83 * 持 0.3 0.86 木*

3さ 0.31 0.92 " ど之 0.29 O. 79 bi'

寸 0.28 0.87 台さ T

0.29 0.97 下*

唱以 0.28 0.88 *:t

01' Mg in clairy cattle. Molybdenum was affectecl more by sup-

plem巴ntationthan plasma P， K ancl Zn. Plasma Mo concen-

tration was red山巴CIsignificantly (p< 0.01) by min巳ralsup-

plem巴ntation;counter町actingthe possibl巴 contributionof high

Mo of th巴 availablepasture species.

The changes in monthly body weight of clo巴streatecl and

untreatecl with SGB are shown in Table 12. Liv巴 weightof

goats was not a1'fectecl by the treatm巴nt. Although there was

Min巴ralnutrition of Philippine goats 31

Table 12 Correlation coefficient in Se content of whole blood and milk of goats

Parameters

Blood Se of kid日

Milk Se of does

料 p<O.Ol

Blood Se of do巴5

0.93帥

Milk Se of does

0.87**

0.88料

Table 13 Bi出 weight.gain i凶nweight and aven乱19巴dωa泊til匂yg伊a川l

by mat巴rnaltr巴註tm巴ntof soiL日Ibl巴glassbolus-S巴adlη11l11ls1巴r巴dinlrarumim乱11口ly

Paramelers Untreated Treat巴d level

Birlh weight 1. 89::l:::0. 31 1. 94士0.25 ns

Gain in weight 13. 96::l::: 1. 08 14.22士0.83 ns

Gain 0.116土0.009 0.119ごと0.007 ns

ns not significant

1、able14 Selenium co附 nl(μg/L土SO)of goat's milk乱ndwhol日 bloodof do巴sand their kids.

as influenced by Se Soluble Glass Bolus administer‘巴dintraruminally

Parameters

。oes'blood

Ooes' milk

Kids' blood

Untreated

38.65土2.87

3. 42::l:::0. 63

7.42土2.34

signi1'icant improvement in the blood concentration 01' some

mineral elements， SGB did not a1'1'ect body weight. The same

r巴sultwas observed with th巴 birthweight and growth rate 01'

kids born to SGB-supplemented c10es (Orclen et α人 2000a)

As巴xpectecl，blood Se conc巴山'ation01' kids (Table 13) were

lower because it is very unusual for neonates to have higher

serum Se levels than those in their c1ams (Herdt， 1995). Th巳

high serum Se levels of kids inclicate that the el巴vatedsupply

of Se in the does 1'rom th巴treatedgroup was able to cross the

placental 附 I巾 raneand be油 sorbeclby the fet山 (Perryet

α人 1977).

1n spi託t巴ofth巴clearinclications of mat巴malS巴transf，巴rfr‘Iひom

th児巴 moth巴ras th巴bloocl S巴ofth巴tr巴at匂巴dkids was signif白icantly

h悩igh巴白r(句p<O.01υ)，t出h巴 imp似rov氾閣巴剖m巴白ntin S 巴 Sはta従tu出s0ぱft白h巴 dam

c1id not influ 巴nc 巴th 巴birt山hweight and g♂rowtlぬhp巴白rfor口rmanc巴of

tぬh巴白lr0ωf、1s

(ADG) a剖tfour months of age was not significantly higher・111

the treated group. These finclings are contrary with th巴巴arlier

findings of Spears et al. (1986) who observecl a slight increas巴

in the acljust巴CIweaning weights of calv巴sbom to cows with

marginal Se c1e1'icie即 yafter rec巴ivingSe + Vita. E injection.

The reported variation in growth r巴sponsetowarcls Se supple-

mentation among ruminants coulcl b巴 attributedto VaI・iations

in Se bioavailability c1ue to c1ifferenc巴sin environment ancl ge-

Treated Significance level

78.32土5.48 p<O.Ol

6.87土1.65 p<O.Ol

35.47士4.12 P<O.Ol

netic factors ancl various c1ietary vitamin E intakes

The two“folcl increas巴 inthe Se content of milk also con-

tributecl to th巴higherbloocl S巴ofthe kicls in as much that the

Se status of ruminants is closely associated to dietary Se sup-

ply (White and Somers， 1977). Th巴significantlyhigher milk

S巴inSGB treated group， suggests that there 1S a steady trans-

fer 01' Se from the c10巴s'blood to milk， and the highly signifi-

cant correlation betwe巴nSe levels in blood and milk of does

reflects the positive巴ffectof SGB supplementation (Table

14) (Serra et al.， 1996a; Ord巴net al.， 2000b). Moreover，

th巴 significantlyhigher (p< 0.01) milk Se of SGB treatecl

does indicate possible intramammary transfer¥

Condusion

The lower mineral contents of forage affected th巴 mineral

status 01' goats grazing in different pastur巴 ar巴asof Lllzon 1s悶

lancl. Althollgh average blood mineral concentrations were

above the critical limit， some of the animals exhibited low

plasma Cu and Zn， and blood Se du巴 toinsu1'1'icient sllpply

of these mineral elem巴ntsin the forage. Th巴巴xtremelyhigh

amount of Mo and Fe in the forage could have also contrib-

uted to this effect. Particular att巴ntionshould be given on the

s巴runト Selevel as mean vallles wer巴 veryclose to the low巴1・

32 Bull. Fac. Life 忘れv.Sci. Shiman巴Univ.，11

limit and significant number of animals was below the criti-

call巴V巴1. Even the conc巴ntratesuppl巴m巴ntationfailed to cor-

rect 111m巴ralin balanc巴assome anil11als exhibited low mineral

l巴velin the blood. Low plasma Ca was observed in乱bout

50 % of th巴 experimentalanimals.

The us巴 ofSGB was effective in incr巴asingplasma mineral

content， particularly in the case of Se. Lik巴wise，th巴incI・巴as巳

in Cu intake minimized the possible adv巴rseeffects of exces-

sive forage Mo conc巴ntration.

The higher blood Se among kids and milk-S巴 producedby

treated does proved furth巴rthat maternal and intra-mammary

transf，巴rincr・巴as巴dwhen supply is elevated. However， this im-

provement in blood mineral content of the dam dicl not sub

sequently increased birth weight ancl growth rate of th巴iroff-

spnng.

Other factors， such as rumen pH ancl the presenc巴sof phy-

tates could have infJuenced the low plasma Ca 1巴vel.The high

forage concentr従 ionand ERS of som巴巴lementsinclicatecl that

they are not attached to undegraclecl fib巴rcomponents ancl are

therefore available in the rumen.

Results inclicate that th巴mineralderiv巴dby the animals from

the pasture hav巴c1irecteffects in their mineral status. H巴nce，

th巴l巴gum巴swith better mineral profile， like Leucaena， Gliri-

cidia & Sesbania ancl other fonn of supplement coulcl provicle

most of the minera1. Although SGB aclministration incr巴asecl

blood Se， it failecl to give positive effect on bocly weight and

growth rates of kicls born from tr巴ateclc10巴s. Further studi巴s

on Cu ancl Se availability to grazing animals shoulcl be und巴r-

taken to c1etermine their interaction with the excessive forage

Mo and Fe

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ブイリピン、ルソン島における放牧ヤギの無機物栄養

j事)京 i?ll. Alexancler B. S巴rra. Sarome D. Serra . Eclgar A目 Orclen

嬰約:本研究では、フィリピン、ルソン島において放牧されているヤギの無機物栄養に対して、採食草種、それらの生

育する土壌の特故および季節的な変化の影響を 15 年間に亘って調査した。調査対象としたヤギは、平均体重1O~25kg 、

1~5 歳令の固有穂および、交雑椋の tltjt.t，H: 合わせーて約 200 頭であった。各種牧草の無機物含量、それら草種の械維分画仁1111号

機物の分布、牧草中無機物の第一胃内分解性、放牧ヤギの胸中~!!(:1~物濃度および血禁中無機物含量に対ーする可i容性1!!f;機

物ガラス製剤 (SGB)投与の影響について査定した。その結果、草植による差異、更に土壌の特徴や季節的な変動はヤギ

が採食する放牧草の無機物含量の変動に大きく影響している事が示された。また、無機物の大部分は植物の細胞質内に

存在しており、それらの比較的高い第一胃内分解性によって示される様に、可溶性である事が明らかになった。今回の

調査地域での大部分の草種において燐、銅およびセレン含量は低く、幾つかの草種ではマグネシウムと亜鉛は放牧家吉

の要求量の下限値を下回っていた。その結果そこでの放牧ヤギでのそれらの全血・血禁中濃度への影響も明らかに見ら

れた。 L.leucocephαla， G. sepiulI1やS.sesb仰のようなマメ科飼料木(茎葉)は餌としての無機物合最の様相は他の改良牧

草よりも相対的に優れていた。確実な方法としての濃厚飼料の補助(添加)によって血禁中亜鉛の濃度は増加するが、

銅やセレンの血中濃度は依然として眼界値を下回っていた。放牧されていた交雑ヤギでは、 SGB投与に対する効果的な

反応が見られた。また、妊娠中の母ヤギへの SGB投与では血中セレンの明らかな上昇、更に生まれた子ヤギの血中セレ

ン濃度の改善が見られた。同様に分娩後授乳中においても、 SBG投与母親の乳中セレン濃度は高く、セレンの乳腺組織

への効果的な動きが観察された。しかしながら、母ヤギへの SGB処理による、子ヤギの生時体重や成長速度に対する著

しい効果は見られなかった。以上の結果から、極僅かな量の濃厚飼料添加や SGB投与による無機物摂取量の増加とは別

に、マメ科飼料木茎葉を広く利用して行くことによって、それらの比較的高い無機物含量と第一肖内での高い溶解性に

よって、無機物栄養の改善が可能である事が示唆された.