სახელმძღვანელო მედიისთვის...JD6XTHED შესავალი „ar arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis zogadi niSnebi, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

სახელმძღვანელო მედიისთვის

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან დაკავშირებული საკითხების გაშუქება

თბილისი, 2019

avtori: laSa qavTaraZe

redaqtori: nata ZveliSvili

kvlevis konsultanti: mariam ToxaZe

kvlevis kontributorebi: giorgi goguaZe, levan doliZe

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo momzadda saqarTvelos strategiisa da ganviTarebis centris mier, saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qa-rtiasTan partniorobiT, „adgilobrivi sazogadoebis mxardaWeris iniciativis“ proeqtis farglebSi, romelic xorcieldeba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saxelmwifo departamentis, globaluri CarTu-lobis centris (GEC) ZalisxmeviT. proeqti saqarTveloSi xorcield-eba PH International - is saqarTvelos ofisis da saqarTvelos strategiis da ganviTarebis centris (GCSD) partniorobiT.

publikaciis Sinaarsze pasuxismgebelia saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia. saqarTvelos strategiis da ganviTarebis centris wer-ilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe dokumentis arcerTi nawili ar SeiZleba ga-daibeWdos nebismieri, maT Soris, eleqtronuli an meqanikuri formiT. dokumentSi gamoxatuli mosazrebebi ekuTvnis avtors da SesaZloa ar gamoxatavdes saqarTvelos strategiis da ganviTarebis centris pozi-cias.

Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqeba

სარჩევი

შესავალი 6

1. რადიკალიზაცია და ძალადობრივი ექსტრემიზმი 10

1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი 171.2 მედია და რადიკალური მემარჯვენე ჯგუფები 211.3 ქართული კონტექსტი 25

2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და ჯგუფების გაშუქება 32

2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი - ნორმალიზებისსაფრთხე 332.2 რომანტიზებისა და გმირებად წარმოჩენისსაფრთხე 392.3 მოძალადეთა მიმართვები და პანიკის დათესვა მოსახლეობაში 442.4 პირდაპირი ეთერი 482.5 სტერეოტიპები 542.6 ამბების ვიზუალური მხარე 582.7 ტერმინოლოგია 622.8 სოციალური მედია 66

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან და ტერორიზმთან დაკავშირებულ ტერმინთა მოკლე ლექსიკონი 72

გამოყენებული ლიტერატურა 79


შესავალი

„ar arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis zogadi niSnebi,

misTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli demografiuli profili an

tipuri gza misken,“ - aRniSnaven mkvlevrebi endriu hoskinsi da

endriu olaflini mediasa da radikalizaciis miTebze saubri-

sas (2009:109). Tumca, amiT isini Zaladobrivi eqstremizmisa da

radikalizmis arsebobas ki ar gamoricxaven, aramed xazs usvamen

sakiTxis kompleqsurobas da masze saubris sirTules, upirveles

yovlisa, mediis konteqstSi.

mediisa da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis urTierTmimarTebas

xSirad aRweren xolme sityviT „simbiozuri“, riTac xazs usvamen,

rom erTi mxriv, media midrekilia dauzareblad gaaSuqos ide-

ologiurad motivirebuli Zaladobis SemTxvevebi, meore mxriv

ki, moZaladis erT-erTi mTavari mizani SeiZleba iyos mediis yur-

adRebis miqceva sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb informaciis rac SeiZleba

farTod gasavrceleblad (Spencer 2012). am SedarebaSi SesaZloa

iyos simarTlis marcvali, magram amavdroulad, es realobis

gamartivebacaa, radgan mediis upirvelesi movaleoba swored

informaciis gavrcelebaa - iqneba es terorizmis, neonacisturi

jgufebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebis Tu individualuri motiv-

iT Cadenili kriminalis Sesaxeb.

saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis mier gamocemuli

saxelmZRvanelo wesebi terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

gaSuqebisas sworad SeniSnavs, rom „sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba

miiRos informacia terorizmTan da mosalodnel safrTxeebTan

dakavSirebiT, Tumca medias akisria pasuxismgebloba, uneburad

ar gaxdes xelSemwyobi teroristuli Sinaarsis mimarTvebis Tu

mowodebebis tiraJirebisa“. (qartia.ge, 2019)

swored Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis es rekomendacia gas-

devs gamWol xazad winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos, romelic Seec-

saxelmZRvanelo mediisTvis

deba, qarTuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, isaubros mediisa

da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis urTierTmimarTebaze rogorc

Teoriul, ise praqtikul WrilSi. saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia

JurnalistebisaTvis, mediaSi momuSave profesionalebisaTvis,

aqtivistebisTvis, masobrivi komunikaciebis studentebisaT-

vis da sxva dainteresebuli adamianebisaTvis, visTvisac mniS-

vnelovania icodes Tu rogor unda gaaSuqos mediam Zaladobriv

eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi ise, rom xeli Seuwyos

sazogadoebis informirebas da amavdroulad, uneburad ar iqces

Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebis Tu jgufebis

mokavSired.

dasawyisSive unda iTqvas, rom saxelmZRvaneloSi yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli iqneba ara mxolod religiuri niSniT motivire-

bul terorizmze, rogorc Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis gamovline-

baze, aramed radikalur memarjvene jgufebsa da neonacistur

gaerTianebebzec, romelTa aqtiurobac gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevi

saqarTveloSi gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze gaxda. radikali-

zaciis es formebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba bevri niSniT, Tum-

ca, maT Soris msgavsebis danaxvac SesaZlebelia, rac Zaladobrivi

meTodebis gamoyenebaSi gamoixateba.

Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis Tanmdevi procesebi ki gamowvevas

qmnis ara mxolod saxelmwifosTvis, konkretuli sazogadoebrivi

jgufebis Tu mTlianad sazogadoebisTvis, aramed mediisTvi-

sac. terorizmis Tu memarjvene radikaluri jgufebis gaSuqebi-

sas mediam ara mxolod sajaro interesi unda daakmayofilos da

sazogadoebas miawodos gadamowmebuli, zusti da amomwuravi

informacia, aramed man aseve unda sces pativi adamianis fundamen-

tur uflebebs, adamianebis pirad cxovrebas da Tavidan airidos

sazogadoebrivi jgufebis stereotipizaciisa da diskriminaciis

safrTxeebi. garda amisa, Jurnalistebi msgavs sensitiur Temebze

muSaobisas yuradRebiT unda iyvnen, rom TavianTi saqmianobiT

moZaladeebi gmirebad ar warmoaCinon da xeli ar Seuwyon maT

gandidebas.


am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo

sam nawiladaa gayofili. pirvel nawilSi, yuradReba gamaxvile-

buli iqneba cnebebis Teoriul Taviseburebebze, maT Soris iseT

terminebze rogoricaa terorizmi, radikalizacia, eqstremizmi

da a.S. es cnebebi ar aris neitraluri Rirebulebis mqone sityvebi,

maTi gamoyenebisas, rogorc wesi, garkveuli SinaarsiT vtvir-

TavT konkretul movlenebsa Tu individebs. amitomac yovelTvis

mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom aRniSnul terminebi sifrTxiliT

unda gamoviyenoT. garda amisa, saxelmZRvanelos pirveli nawili

yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs mediisa da terorizmis, iseve rogorc

mediisa da neonacisturi jgufebis urTierTmimarTebaze Teo-

riul doneze, mimoixilavs am Temebze arsebul literaturas da

mokled mogawvdiT informacias qarTul konteqstze rogorc

terorizmTan, ise radikalizebuli memarjvene jgufebTan daka-

vSirebiT.

saxelmZRvanelos meore nawils praqtikuli daniSnuleba aqvs

da masSi Semavali TiToeuli qveTavi sami nawilisagan Sedgeba:

Zaladobriv radikalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli Temebis gaSuqebi-

sas, arsebuli saerTaSoriso rekomendaciebis mimoxilva, Temis

gaSuqebis konkretuli magaliTi mediidan da SekiTxvebi msje-

lobisaTvis.

saxelmZRvanelos bolos, mocemulia mokle ganmartebi-

Ti leqsikoni, romelic Tavs uyris im sityvebs, rac SesaZloa,

yvelaze xSirad gamoiyenebodes terorizmTan Tu neonacisturi

jgufebis gaSuqebasTan kavSirSi da romlebsac SesaZloa, Sinaar-

sobrivi bundovaneba axasiaTebdeT. leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli

sityvebi sxvadasxva wyaros eyrdnoba, rac miTiTebuli iqneba

yoveli ganmartebis bolos.

cxadia, es saxelmZRvanelo, Tavisi masStabidan gamomdin-

are, srulad ver dafaravda yvela im problemur sakiTxs, rome-

lic arsebobs Zaladobrivi eqstremizmisa da radikalizaciis

gaSuqebisas. magaliTad, saxelmZRvanelo gverds uvlis iseTi

Temebis dawvrilebiT ganxilvas, rogoricaa Zaladobrivi SemTx-


vevebis msxverplebTan Jurnalistebis komunikacia, mediis muSao-

ba deradikalizaciisTvis, Jurnalistebis winaSe arsebuli ada-

mianuri sirTuleebi da gamowvevebi, romlebTan gamklavebac

uwevT sensitiur Temebze muSaobisas da a.S. miuxedavad amisa,

vimedovnebT, rom es saxelmZRvanelo qarTul realobaSi gaaCens

sawyis codnas Zaladobriv eqstremizmsa da radikalizaciasTan

dakavSirebuli ambebis maRali standartiT gaSuqebisTvis da xels

Seuwyobs profesiuli diskusiebis wamowyebas am TemasTan dakav-

Sirebul konkretul sakiTxebze.


10

1. რადიკალიზაცია და ძალადობრივი ექსტრემიზმი

terminebi, romelTa gamoyenebac xSirad mogviwevs saxelmZ-

RvaneloSi ar aris ubralod aRweriTi, neitraluri termine-

bi. isini didwilad konteqstze arian damokidebuli da rogorc

socialur mecnierebebsa da mecnierebis filosofiaSi uwodeben

xolme, arsebiTad sadavo konceptebia (Gallie, 1955). Sotlandieli

mecnierisa da filosofosis uolter galies mier Camoyalibebu-

li arsebiTad sadavo konceptebi gulisxmobs, rom aseTi sityvebi

ara neitralur, aramed SefasebiT mniSvnelobebs atareben, aRniS-

naven Sinaarsobrivad kompleqsur sakiTxebs da aRniSnuli sakiTx-

ebisTvis garkveuli Sefasebis miniWeba damokidebulia cvalebad

garemoebebze. Sesabamisad, isini interpretaciis sagnebi arian

da ar gaaCniaT erTi, sayovelTaod SeTanxmebuli mniSvneloba.

magaliTad, aseTi cnebebia „demokratia“, „socialuri samarTlia-

noba“, „xelovneba“ da a.S. arsebiTad sadavo konceptebi sxvadasxva

droSi, sxvadasxva sivrcesa da sazogadoebaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobas iZendnen (ibid).

swored amgvar terminebad SeiZleba ganvixiloT is sityvebi,

sityvebi, romliTac aRiwerebian xolme individebi Tu sazoga-

doebrivi jgufebi mediaSi, akademiur Tu sajaro sivrceSi da

romelTa gaSuqebis Sesaxebac iqneba saubari am saxelmZRvanelos

meore nawilSi: radikalizacia da (Zaladobrivi) eqstremizmi.

Tumca, vidre am sakiTxebis mediaSi gaSuqebaze visaubrebdeT, saW-

iroa, am terminebis Teoriul gagebas SeZlebisdagvarad movfinoT

naTeli.

dasawyisSive unda aRiniSnos, rom zemoT xsenebuli es ori

termini erTmaneTis sinonimebi ar aris da Sesabamisad, isini

ar unda gavaigivoT. rogorc barqaia da janeliZe Teoriuli

da empiriuli literaturis moSveliebiT aRniSnaven 2018 wels


11

gamoqveynebul kvlevaSi, „usafrTxoebis mzeris qveS: istoria,

politika da religia pankisis xeobaSi“, eqstremizmis prevenci-

is individualur fsiqologiur-Teologiuri programebisa Tu

iniciativebis erT-erTi problema swored am terminebis (plus

terorizmi) gaigivebaa. garda amisa, xazgasmulia isic, rom ar

arsebobs empiriuli monacemebi, romlebic dazustebiT ityoda,

rom erTi mxriv, eqstremistuli ideologia iwvevs terorizms an

rom radikalizacia aucilebeli winapirobaa terorizmisTvis

(barqaia da janeliZe, 2018). kvlevis avtorebi TavianT msjelobas

terminologiur problemaze Semdegi daTqmiT iwyeben: „xandaxan

isec xdeba xolme, rom sityvebi, romlebsac adamianebis, Tu maTi

cxovrebis wesis aRsawerad viyenebT, ase cxadi da uvnebeli rom

gveCveneba erTi SexedviT, imTaviTve gamoavlenen xolme maTsave

Sinagan winaaRmdegobriobas da sicxadis elfersac kargaven, ra

wamsac umartives, maTsave sazrisTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs

davsvamT“ (ibid, 72). swored ase xdeba, rodesac magaliTad, „radi-

kalizaciaze“ vsaubrobT.

radikalizacia

araerTi avtori aRniSnavs, rom termini radikalizacia bolo

ori aTwleulis manZilze Warbad aris gamoyenebuli rogorc

mediateqstebSi, ise akademiur literaturaSi. Tumca, igi, xSirad,

saerTod ar aris ganmartebuli anda misi definicia bundovania. es

saxelmZRvanelo kritikulad uyurebs termin „radikalizaciis“

gamoyenebas, rodesac misi gaTanabreba xdeba fundamentalizmTan,

indoqtrinaciasTan, eqstremistul an Zaladobriv aqtebTan (Alava et al. 2017). sityva radikalizmis warmomavlobidan da istoriidan

gamomdinare, xazi unda gaesvas sityvis, rogorc pozitiur, ise

negatiur gagebas.

radikalizacia SesaZloa, gagebuli iyos rogorc „visime

ganmtkiceba sakuTar codnaSi, SexedulebebSi, Rirebulebebsa

da rwmenebSi, romelic gansazRvravs mis qmedebebs“. am gagebiT


12

nebismieri revoluciuri samecniero Teoria Tu politikuri

brZola (magaliTad, sufraJistuli moZraoba, marqsizmi, gandis

brZola britanuli kolonializmis winaaRmdeg da a.S.) SesaZloa

radikalurad Sefasdes (ibid). amgvarad, aucilebelia ganvasx-

vavoT rogorc radikalur ideebi da radikalur qmedebebi, ise

radikaluri qmedebebi da radikaluri Zaladobrivi qmedebebi

erTmaneTisagan.

UNCESCO-s mier gamocemuli kvlevis angariSi Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media, radikalizmis ganmartebisas sam sxvadasx-

va avtors eyrdnoba. Khosrokhavar (2014) ufro metad mikro-do-

neze ganmartavs koncepts, ramdenadac igi Zaladobriv radi-

kalizacias xedavs rogorc Zaladobrivi qmedebebisadmi piris

indoqtrinacias emociur da kognitur doneze (Alava et al. 2017).

misi ganmartebis mixedviT, pirovnebis radikalizaciis process

zurgs umagrebs eqstremistuli ideologia, romelic arsebuli

politikuri, socialuri da kulturuli wesrigis Secvlas isaxavs

miznad.

germaneli sociologi vilhelm heitmeieri, romelic ufro

metad memarjvene radikalizms swavlobda, terminis ganmartebi-

sas socialuri dezintegraciis Teorias iyenebs. misi midgomis

mixedviT, radikalizaciis procesi aris pirad gamocdilebebsa

da socialur pirobebze dafuZnebuli socialuri ukmayofilebis

Sedegi. igi wers, rom „praqtikaSi, memarjvene eqstremistuli

orientacia xSirad dafuZnebulia politikuri demokratiis,

individualuri Tavisuflebebis, SesaZleblobebisa da Tanaswo-

robis Seusrulebel pirobebze“ (Heitmeyer, 1989, p. 164-76 in Alava et al. 2017).

kidev erTi avtori Smidi, romelic radikalizacias individu-

alur da koleqtiur doneze ekosistemebis CarCoSi ikvlevs, yur-

adRebas amaxvilebs politikur polarizaciaze (2013). es midgoma

gamoirCeva imiTac, rom aqcents akeTebs xSirad mxedvelobidan

gamorCenil iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa demokratiuli dialogis

rRveva da maTSi moqalaqeTa CarTuloba. igi yuradRebas amax-


13

vilebs imaze Tu rogor xdeba gabatonebuli, koleqtiuri, ide-

ologiuri diskursebis mier „Cveni“ da „sxvebis“ xatebis Seqmna

(magaliTad, „qafirebi“ islamistur radikalizaciaSi, an „Rorebi,

velurebi“ memarjvene radikalizebul jgufebSi).

amgvarad, alava da sxv. (2017) gamoyofen sam ZiriTad dones

radikalizaciis konceptualizaciisas: a) individis SesaZlo

swrafvas ideologiis mniSvnelobisa da fundamentebTan dab-

runebisaken; b) individis, rogorc jgufis wevris mier ideologi-

is Zaladobrivi xerxebiT gamoxatvas; da g) socialuri sivrcis

polarizacias da erTgvari gantevebis vacebis Ziebas koleqtiur

„sxvaSi“, rac maTi fizikuri devniT sruldeba xolme.

kidev erTi avtori, asta maskaliunaite, romelic teroristu-

li radikalizaciis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriuli codnis mimoxil-

vas gvTavazobs, aRniSnavs, rom radikalizacia aris „procesi, rom-

lis meSveobiTac, adamiani SeiTvisebs rwmenaTa sistemas, romelic

amarTlebs Zaladobis gamoyenebas socialuri cvlilebis misaRw-

evad da romelsac Tan axlavs politikuri miznebiT Zaladobrivi

saSualebebis gamarTleba da gamoyeneba“ (2015: 9). maskaliunaite

xazs usvams, rom radikalizacia aris procesi, romelic nebismier

etapze SeiZleba, Sewydes anda romelmac ganviTarebis sxvadasxva

gza hpovos. Zaladobriv qmedebebSi CarTvisas, mniSvnelovani gav-

lena aqvs socialur kavSirebs, xolo ideologia, rogorc aseTi,

ar SeiZleba, miviCnioT apriori gadamwyvet faqtorad piris Zal-

adobriv procesSi CarTvis dros (ibid).

kaliasi, zeigeri da ozTurqi (2018) ki ultra memarjvene

jgufebTan kavSirSi radikalizacias ganmartaven rogorc kog-

nitur da qceviT etapobriv, dinamikur transformacias, romelic

sazogadoebis Zireuli Rirebulebebis sawinaaRmdegod ganawyobs

individsa Tu jgufs da romelic radikaluri saSualebebiT fun-

damenturi cvlilebebis miRwevisaken iswrafvis.

zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, radikalizaciaze saubrisas

aucilebelia, gaimijnos Tavad radikalizacia, Zaladobrivi

radikalizacia (Zaladobis legitimacia) da Zaladobis aqte-


14

bi (Alava et al. 2017). Tumca, es saxelmZRvanelo radikalizaciis

procesze metad yuradRebas Zaladobriv radikalizaciasa da

Zaladobis aqtebis gaSuqebas uTmobs. borumis ganmartebiT, Zal-

adobriv radikalizaciasa da terorizmSi CarTuloba, saukeTe-

so SemTxvevaSi, unda davinaxoT rogorc aqtiuri, dinamikuri

fsiqo-socialuri procesi, romelic minimum sam etaps moicavs:

a) CarTvis process; b) CarTulobas - monawileoba calsaxad ter-

oristul qmedebebSi; da g) gamoTiSvas (rac, SesaZloa, sulac ar

gulisxmobdes deradikalizacias).

eqstremizmi

radikalizaciis gaazrebis istoria axlo kavSirSia Zalado-

brivi eqstremizmis (VE) gagebasTan. radikalizaciis msgavsad,

Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis Sesaxeb literaturis koncentraciac

2004-2005 wlebidan xdeba (barqaia da janeliZe, 2018). aRniSnuli

terminebis xSiri gamoyeneba terorizmTan gamklavebaSi alter-

natiuli gzebis Ziebis gaaqtiurebis paralelurad xdeba, rac

11 seqtembris teraqtis Semdeg „terorizmis winaaRmdeg omis“

gamocxadebis erTgvari logikuri Sedegi iyo. Sesabamisad, Zal-

adobrivi eqstremizmis Sesaxeb arsebuli literatura, radika-

lizaciis msgavsad, ZiriTadad, masTan gamklavebis konteqstSia

dawerili.

Tumca, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, igi ar SeiZleba gauTanabrdes

radikalizaciis cnebas. sulac araa aucilebeli, rom radikali-

zebuli adamiani Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CaerTos, xolo Zal-

adobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebi SesaZloa, ar iyvnen

ideologiurad radikalizebulebi. rendi borumis sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, „radikalizeba eqstremistuli rwmenebis ganviTarebiT an

SeTavsebiT, romelic amarTlebs Zaladobas, SesaZloa, erT-erTi

gza iyos terorizmSi CasarTavad, magram is namdvilad ar aris

erTaderTi“ (2011: 38).


15

rogorc saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centris

gamocemul politikis dokumentSi vkiTxulobT, radikalizaciis

msgavsad arc Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis erTiani, SeTanxmebuli

gansazRvreba arsebobs akademiur literaturasa Tu oficialur

dokumentebSi (goguaZe 2018). gaeros „Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis

samoqmedo gegmaze“ dayrdnobiT, dokumenti aRniSnavs, rom „Zal-

adobrivi eqstremizmi warmoadgens seriozul safrTxes organi-

zaciis [gaeros - l.q.] principebisa da miznebisaTvis, is aferxebs

msoflioSi mSvidobasa da usafrTxoebas, adamianis uflebebsa

da mdgrad ganviTarebas. aRniSnuli fenomeni ar aris axali, arc

erTi konkretuli regionis, kulturis an sistemis maxasiaTebeli

niSani.“

Partnership for Conflict, Crime and Security Research-is (PaCCS) mier

gamoqveynebul dokumentSi, romelic Zaladobriv eqstremizm-

Tan media da komunikaciuri strategiebiT gamklavebas Seexeba,

aRniSnuli fenomeni mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli e.w. identobaze

dafuZnebul ZaladobasTan (IBV) (Ferguson 2016). amgvari Zaladoba

dokumentSi ganmartebuli rogorc „Zaladoba, adamianis an ada-

mianTa jgufis misamarTiT (damnaSavis mier aRqmuli) maTi iden-

tobis niSniT, erTeuli siZulviliT motivirebuli danaSaulidan

moyolebuli, genocidamde“. Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakav-

SirebiT ki PaCCS aRniSnavs, rom es aris qmedebebis, rwmena-war-

modgenebis, strategiebis erToblioba, romelic mxars uWers an

iyenebs Zaladobas politikuri, ideologiuri an identobis sxva

niSniT.

Sesabamisad, Zaladobrivi eqstremizmi ar SeiZleba, rom

mxolod islamisturi terorizmis prizmaSi davinaxoT.

memarjvene jgufebi

Zaladobriv eqstremizmze saubari bolo ramdenime aTwleu-

lis manZilze sul ufro gaxSirda radikaluri memarjvene jgufe-

bis (far right) konteqstSi. zogierTi mkvlevari termin „memarjvene


16

terorizmsac“ (right-wing terrorism) iyenebs (Koehler, 2015). amgvari

Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis gamovlinebebisadmi mediisa da saer-

TaSoriso yuradReba naklebad aris xolme koncentrirebuli da

isini erTeul SemTxvevebad ganixileba.

2011 wels, germaniaSi, aRmoaCines dajgufeba „nacional-so-

cialisturi andergraundi“, romlis wevrebmac 10-mde adamiani

mokles da 2 afeTqeba ganaxorcieles 14 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tumca

isini SeumCnevelni darCnen mTeli am xnis manZilze. imave wels,

norvegiaSi kunZul utoiaze andres breivikma 77 adamiani mokla.

2012 wels, maikl peijma viskonsinis sikxur taZarSi 6 adamiani mok-

la, 2015 wels ki dilan rufma 9 Savkaniani morwmune mokla Carl-

stonis afrikul meTodistur saepiskoposo eklesiaSi. araerTi

msgavsi SemTxveva dafiqsirda dasavleT, aRmosavleT evropa-

sa Tu ruseTSi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze. miuxedavad amisa,

memarjvene ideologiiT motivirebul Zaladobriv eqstremizms

kvlavac naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba xolme sajaro debatSi mag-

aliTad, islamistur terorizmTan SedarebiT.

Tumca, amgvari eqstremizmisadmi sajaro debatis koncentri-

rebas arTulebs masSi CarTuli jgufebis siWrele da mraval-

ferovneba. rogorc kaliasi, zeigeri da ozTurqi (2018) aRniSnaven

termini „far-right“ sakmaod rTulad mosaxelTebelia, ramdenadac

igi ideologiurad, diskursulad da qcevis mixedviT araerT-

gvarovan jgufebs aerTianebs. is SeiZleba moicavdes rogorc

araZaladobriv, ise naklebad Zaladobriv da gansakuTrebulad

Zaladobriv memarjvene jgufebs. ase rom, termini „radikaluri

memarjvene“ ufro xSirad qolga terminad gamoiyeneba da aer-

Tianebs individebsa Tu jgufebs, romlebic ultranacionalis-

tur, antisaimigracio, antigenderuli, antimultikultural-

istur da antiglobalistur identobis politikas uWeren mxars.

aseTi jgufebi ki SesaZloa, umaRles sakanonmdeblo organoSic

SeiZleba vixiloT, tradiciul, institucionalizebul religieb-

Sic da fexburTis stadionebzec.


17

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos meore nawili radikalizebisa

da eqstremizmis mxolod da mxolod im aspeqtze amaxvilebs yur-

adRebas, romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavs individebsa Tu jgufe-

bze Zaladobis niSnebs. es Zaladobrivi meTodebi ki garkveuli

ideologiuri, politikuri Tu identobis niSniT e.w. „sxvebze“

zegavlenis moxdenas, represirebas da sajaro sivrcidan maT gan-

devnas isaxavs miznad.

es saxelmZRvanelo ver CauRrmavdeba radikaluri memarjvene

jgufebis warmoSobis, gaaqtiurebisa da meinstrimul politikaSi

maTi aRzevebis calkeul SemTxvevebs. iseve, rogorc aq detalu-

rad ver ganvixilavT Zaladobriv radikalizmsa da eqstremizmSi

adamianebis CarTvis motivaciebisa Tu mizezebis Sesaxeb arse-

bul Teoriul literaturas. nacvlad amisa, momdevno qveTavebSi

saxelmZRvanelo aqcents akeTebs mediisa da terorizmis, iseve

rogorc mediisa da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebis urTierT-

mimarTebaze, romlis Semdegac, mokled mimovixilavT saqarTve-

loSi arsebul mdgomareobas da saxelmwifos gacxadebul xedvas

aRniSnul Temaze.

1.1 მედია და ტერორიზმი

zogadad, mediasa da terorizms Soris urTierToba kargad

aris Seswavlili akademiur literaturaSi gasuli ramdenime

aTwleulis manZilze, Tumca, midgoma araerTgvarovania. rogorc

mkvlevrebis nawili aRniSnavs, am ors Soris erTgvari „simbio-

zuri“ urTierTobaa Camoyalibebuli (Spencer, 2012). erTi mxriv,

terorizms sWirdeba media, raTa gaavrcelos informacia. meore

mxriv, medias yovelTvis izidavda tragikuli an saSiSi istoriebi

da aseTi ambebi yovelTvis moxvdebian sainformacio gamoSve-

bebisa Tu vebgverdebis saTaveSi (Archetti; 2013). mkvlevarTa meo-

re nawili ki yuradRebas amaxvilebs mediisa da xelisuflebebis


18

urTierTobebze terorizmis konteqstSi da miiCnevs, rom media

teroristebze ufro metad xelisuflebebTanaa srul harmoni-

aSi, ramdenadac uapelaciod avrcelebs SiSis atmosferosa da

sagangebo mdgomareobis gancdas farTo sazogadoebaSi, rac xSi-

rad mTavrobaTa interesebSi Sedis (Archetti, 2013; Altheide, 2007).

zogierTi ki miiCnevs, rom mTel am procesSi media arc teror-

istuli aqtebis Camdenebis da arc mTavrobebis interesebs ar

atareben, maT sakuTari interesebi da sakmarisi Zalaufleba aqvT

sasurveli alternatiuli realobis Sesaqmnelad (ibid).

amis mizezi, albaT, Tavad terorizmis ganmartebaSi unda veZe-

boT. radikalizaciisa da Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis msgavsad,

verc terorizmis SemTxvevaSi SexvdebiT erTian, sayovelTaod

SeTanxmebul ganmartebas. biernacki Tavis mimoxilvaSi Media and Terrorism ramdenime mniSvnelovan aspeqts gamohyofs terorizmis

ganmartebaze saubrisas (2002). igi iSveliebs rogorc socialuri

mecnierebebis midgomebs, romlis mixedviTac terorizmi social-

urad konstruirebuli terminia, amitom mas rogorc Rirebule-

brivad neitralur terminad ver miviCnevT; aseve arasrulia ofi-

cialuri institucionaluri ganmartebebi, magaliTad, gaeros

generaluri asambleis mixedviT terorizmi es aris: „kriminaluri

aqtebi gamiznuli an gankuTvnilia politikuri miznebiT teror-

is, SiSis dasanergad farTo sazogadoebaSi, adamianTa jgufebSi

an konkretul individebSi... miuxedavad imisa Tu ra politikuri,

filosofiuri, ideologiuri, rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri

Tu sxva niSniT iqneba is gamarTlebuli“(citirebuli Koh 2002:

148).

Tumca, iqve aRniSnulia, rom aseTi ganmarteba gamotovebs

istoriulad yvelaze cnobili tipis teroris, saxelmwifosgan

sanqcirebuli teroris Sinaarss (mag. safrangeTis revoluciis

dros). amitomac, magaliTad, paltci da vinsoni ganasxvaveben

saxelmwifo terorizms, romelic mimarTulia sakuTari xalxis

mimarT, saxelmwifosgan mxardaWeril terorizms, romelic sxva

saxelmwifos xalxebzea mimarTuli da amboxebulTa (insurgent)


19

terorizms, romelic xorcieldeba arasaxelmwifoebrivi subi-

eqtebis mier. is, rac yvela am tipis terorizms axasiaTebs aris

SiSis, teroris rac SeiZleba farTod gavrceleba.

swored SiSisa da teroris faqtori aris gadamwyveti mediisa

da terorizmis urTierTmimarTebebze saubrisas. zemoT naxsen-

eb mkvlevarTa sami midgomidan, saukeTeso aRwerad gamodgeba

didi britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCe-

ris cnobili fraza, rom „media aris Jangbadi terorizmisaTvis“

(Marthoz, 2017). es midgoma sulac ar aris axali. araerTi mecn-

ieri terorizms ganixilavs rogorc komunikacias, rasac unda

uyuron, mousminon an waikiTxon adamianebma saimisod, rom is

Sedeges rogorc aqti (Archetti, 2013). aleqs Smidma, magaliTad,

arasaxelmwifoebrivi terorizmis aRzevebas rotaciuli pre-

sisa da denTis gamogonebasTan akavSirebs, rapoportis (1984)

TqmiT ki, terorizmi masmediis gamogonebamdec arsebobda da is

informaciis gavrcelebis alternatiul saSualebebs, magaliT-

ad, Worebs iyenebda saamisod. amgvarad, mkvlevrebi xazs usvamen,

rom teroristuli aqtebi mediis yuradRebis gareSe dakargaven

terorizmis rogorc sakomunikacio strategiis fundamentur

komponents da isini sajaro yuradRebis gareSe mxolod uSualod

aqtis msxverplebs miswvdebaT (Spencer, 2012).

Tumca, mediis roli terorizmTan mimarTebaSi calmxrivi ar

aris. magaliTad al-qaidas erT-erTi lideri aiman al-zavahiri,

osama bin ladenis sikvdilis Semdeg aRniSnavda, rom imis naxe-

varze meti, rasac aSS terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolas uwodebs,

„media brZolis velze xdeba, amitomac Cven varT CarTulebi media

brZolaSi [muslimTa] gulisa da gonebis mosagebad“ (citirebuli

Archetti, 2013, 3). es citata, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs teroristuli

organizaciebis mxridan mediis mniSvnelobis aRiarebaze. meore

mxriv, igi xazs usvams, rom am brZolaSi, romelic mediis meSveo-

biT mimdinareobs, saxelmwifoebic arian Cabmulebi.

magaliTad, alteidi aRniSnavs, rom masmediam terorizmis

popularizacias Seuwyo xeli SiSsa da gaurkvevel momavalze


20

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis gamaxvilebiT, rac gamowveuli iyo

11 seqtembris Semdeg jorj buSis mier „terorizmis winaaRmdeg

omis“ gamocxadebis politikis zedmetad ukritikod miRebiT

da arasaTanado gaSuqebiT (2007). am yovelives Sedegad, SiSi

yoveldRiurobis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, rac daexmara saxel-

mwifoebs, rom usafrTxoebis dacvis sababiT instituciuri

kontrolis meqanizmebi gaeZlierebinaT, maT Soris rigiTi moqa-

laqeebis kontrolic. garda amisa, mediis mier sayovelTao SiSis

suliskveTebis gaRvivebam da zogjer ukonteqsto Tu zedapi-

rulma gaSuqebam gaaCina stereotipuli damokidebulebebi konk-

retuli aRmsareblobis mqone adamianebis, saxelmwifoebisa Tu

regionis mimarT.

amgvari stereotipebis gaRviveba, romelic xSirad medi-

is meSveobiT xdeba xolme, SeiZleba davinaxoT erT-erT, Tumca

ara erTaderT mizezad, ramac xeli Seuwyo amerikasa da evropis

qveynebSi antiimigraciuli, neonacisturi ideologiis mqone

jgufebis mzis sinaTleze gamosvlas, maT gaZlierebas instituci-

ur politikaSi da iseTi radikaluri jgufebis gamoCenas, romel-

Ta ideologiac religiuri Tu eTnikuri niSniT dasavlur qveyneb-

Si sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufis devnazea dafuZnebuli.

Tuki mediisa da terorizmis urTierTmimarTeba SeiZleba,

erTi mxriv, aRqmuli iyos rogorc „Jangbadi“ terorizmisaTvis;

xolo meore mxriv, mTavrobis usafrTxoebis politikis masS-

tabebis gasazrdelad SiSis da teroris atmosferos gamavrcele-

beli, niSnavs Tu ara es, rom mediam Tavi unda Seikavos teroris-

tuli aqtebisa da zogadad terorizmis gaSuqebisagan?

britanul sazogadoebaze saubrisas, amaze spensers (2012) Sem-

degi pasuxi aqvs: mediis nebismieri tipis cenzura, raTa man aRar

gaaSuqos teroristuli aqtebi, orgvar problemas qmnis - norma-

tiulsa da praqtikuls. avtori aRniSnavs, rom gaSuqebisgan Tavis

SekavebiT normatiul doneze kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba demokra-

tiuli qveynebis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli - mediis Tavi-

sufleba. an rogorc britaneli eqsperti terorizmis sakiTxebSi


21

pol uilkinsoni ityoda, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolisTvis

mediis Tavisuflebis msxverplad SewirviT gamodis, rom teror-

istul jgufebs vaZlevT saSualebas, demokratiul sazogadoebas

waarTvan erT-erTi fundamenturi sawyisi (Wilkinson 2000 citire-

buli Spenser 2012).

rac Seexeba praqtikul problemas, am tipis SezRudvis dawe-

seba sul ufro da ufro kargavs azrs informaciis miRebisa da

gavrcelebis gzebis gamravalferovnebasTan erTad. dResdReo-

biT aRar vcxovrobT im epoqaSi, rodesac mediis kontentis sawar-

moeblad aucilebelia institucionalizebuli sxeulis qona,

gadasaxadebis gadaxda da saxelmwifo sistemaSi daregistrireba.

socialuri mediis Tu cifruli platformebis raodenobis zrda

da gamravalferovneba iZleva imis saSualebas, rom erTi mxriv,

informaciis gavrcelebis gzebis decentralizeba moxdes; meore

mxriv ki informaciis misaRebad mis pirvelwyarosa da mimRebs

mxolod da mxolod teqnikuri mowyobiloba aSorebdeT erT-

maneTs da ara maT Soris mdgari gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi.

1.2 მედია და რადიკალური მემარჯვენე ჯგუფები

memarjvene eqstremizmi da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebi

dResdReobiT mTel msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT ki evropasa da

amerikaSi aRzevebas ganicdian. amerikuli arasamTavrobo orga-

nizacia Anti-Defamation League-is 2019 wels gamoqveynebuli angari-

Sis mixedviT, qveyanaSi marto 2018 wels maT 50-mde adamiani mok-

les, rac wina wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT 35%-iT metia. imave

angariSis mixedviT, gasuli aTwleulis manZilze, aSS-Si 3-jer

meti adamiania mokluli memarjvene eqstremistuli Tavdasxmebis

Sedegad, vidre im teroristuli aqtebis, romlebic jihadistebma

Caidines (ADL, 2019).


22

jer kidev gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis miwuruls, german-

eli politikuri mecnierebis profesori klaus von beime wuxda,

rom radikalur memarjvene politikur jgufebze TiTqmis ar

arsebobda komparativistuli samecniero literatura. daax-

loebiT sami aTwleulis Semdeg ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc erTi

politikuri orientaciis jgufi ar sargeblobs imxela akademi-

uri yuradRebiT, rogoriTac radikaluri memarjvene jgufe-

bi (Ellinas, 2010). Tumca, es yuradReba ufro metad mimarTulia

memarjvene politikuri partiebis misamarTiT, romlebic gasuli

ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze dasavlur qveynebSi sagrZno-

blad gaZlierdnen. maT SeiZines instituciuri sxeuli, CaerTnen

qveynebis aqtiur politikur cxovrebaSi da maTi nawili sakanon-

mdeblo organoebsa da mTavrobebis formirebaSic iRebs monaw-

ileobas. magaliTad, poloneli mkvlevari vladimer sirakovsi,

2018 wlis dasawyisSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi aRniSnavda, rom

mxolod aRmosavleT evropis 15 qveynidan SvidSi populisturi

memarjvene Zalebi mTavrobaSi arian, or qveyanaSi - koaliciur

mTavrobaSi, sam qveyanaSi ki mTavar opoziciur Zalas warmoad-

genen (Sierakowski, 2018).

ra Tqma unda, yvela populisturi politikuri partia memar-

jvene ar aris da yvela populisturi memarjvene partia Tavis

mxriv, SeiZleba ar iyos radikaluri. radikalur memarjvene

jgufebisa Tu moZraobebis programebi, romelTac, rogorc

wesi, axasiaTebT eTnonacionalistur fesvebze dafuZnebuli

ideologiuri platforma, ridgrenis aRweriT, mimarTulia eris

gaZlierebaze misi homogenurobisa gazrdisa da tradiciul Rire-

bulebebTan dabrunebis gziT (Rydgren, 2018).

garda amisa, xSirad, maT qmedebebs populisturi xasiaTi aqvs,

ramdenadac isini mimarTulia arsebuli mmarTveli da privile-

girebuli klasebis (istebliSmentis) winaaRmdeg. amgvarad, am

jgufebis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli eTnonacionalis-

turi qsenofobia da antiistebliSmenturi populizmia (ibid). es

yovelive ki xSirad iTargmneba migranti jgufebis, liberalu-


23

ri Sexedulebebisa Tu genderuli emansipaciis momxre jgufe-

bis winaaRmdeg moqmedebebSi. zog SemTxvevaSi, am moqmedebebs

SesaZloa mkveTrad Zaladobrivi xasiaTic hqondes. garda amisa,

erT-erTi niSani, riTac es jgufebi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodnen,

SesaZloa, iyos zesaxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebebis, magaliTad,

evrokavSiris, natos an multinacionaluri korporaciebis sawi-

naaRmdego ganwyobebi.

kvlavac mediisa da radikaluri memarjvene jgufebis urT-

ierTmimarTebebs rom davubrundeT, mecnierTa nawili yuradRe-

bas amaxvilebs, mediis rolze memarjvene populisturi politi-

kuri partiebis aRzevebaSi. magaliTad, antonis elinasi aRwers

midgomebs, rodesac amerikul medias donald trampis gadaWar-

bebuli doziT gaSuqebaSi sdeben brals, ramac sabolood misi

popularoba gazarda. iseve, rogorc holandiur medias adana-

Sauleben xolme Tavisuflebis partiis lideris xeert vildersis

gavlenian politikur figurad CamoyalibebaSi, frangul medias

- nacionaluri frontis lideris marin le penisadmi, britanul

medias ki akritikeben didi britaneTis damoukideblobis partiis

(Ukip), naijel farajisadmi zedmetad loialur damokidebuleba-

Si (Ellinas, 2018).

Tumca elinasi iqve aRniSnavs, rom samecniero literaturaSi

naklebad aris iseTi kvlevebi, romlebic magaliTad, aRniSnuli

partiebis gaSuqebisas konkretuli kontentis gavlenas Seiswavl-

ida individualurad amomrCevelTa qcevaze. umeteswilad, aseTi

kvlevebi e.w. Agenda setting-isa da Framing-is Teoriebis CarCoSia

Catarebuli. aRniSnuli CarCoebi, ZiriTadad, imaze koncentrir-

debian Tu rogor qmnian radikaluri populisturi politikuri

jgufebi dRis wesrigs mediisTvis, rogor gansazRvraven gasa-

Suqebel Temebs da Semdeg, media rogor, ra kuTxiT aSuqebs maT.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mediis roli e.w. marginaluri

politikuri jgufebis gaSuqebis nawilSi. es jgufebi rogorc

wesi, xasiaTdebian organizaciuli infrastruqturisa da finans-

uri resursebis naklebobiT, raTa sakuTari mosazrebebi miita-


24

non potenciur mxardamWerebamde Tu farTo auditoriebamde.

media mniSvnelovani resursia zogadad politikuri aqtorebi-

sTvis, magram aseTi radikaluri jgufebisTvis, romelTac ar

gaaCniaT sakmarisi resursi reklamisaTvis, media ormagad ufro

mniSvnelovania. amitom rogorc ki gadawyveten, rom miwisqve-

SeTidan amovidnen, isini mediis yuradRebis miqcevas nebismier

fasad cdiloben.

elinasi gamohyofs sam sakiTxs, raSic mediam SeiZleba iTa-

maSos gadamwyveti roli aseTi jgufebis gaZlierebasa Tu dasus-

tebaSi. esenia: aRiareba, biZgis micema da legitimacia (2018). pir-

vel rigSi, mediis gaSuqebam maT SesaZloa Seuqmnas warmodgena,

rom isini mniSvnelovani aqtorebi arian sajaro sivrceSi (Gamson and Wolfsfeld 1993). maT mimarT mediis daTmobilma an gazrdilma

yuradRebam SesaZloa, biZgi misces, rom erTi mxriv, isini ufro

seriozuli formiT Camoyalibdnen da meore mxriv, rigiTma ada-

mianebma aRmoaCinon da SeuerTdnen maT. mesame sakiTxi ki aris

legitimaciis sakiTxi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani

albaT post-faSistur evropaSia, sadac meore msoflio omis Sem-

deg erTgvari tabu arsebobda sajaro politikaSi faSisturi an

neonacisturi jgufebis CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT. am jgufebis

sajaro sivrceSi xSiri gamoCeniTa da normalizebiT ki es tabu

irRveva da Sesabamisad, msgavsi jgufebis arseboba da CarTuloba

politikaSi ukve kanonieri xdeba.

Tumca, sicxadisTvis unda aRiniSnos, rom am jgufebis aRzeve-

bis calsaxad mediaze gadabraleba arasrul suraTs qmnis. imi-

saTvis, rom mediam garkveuli roli Seasrulos aseTi jgufe-

bis gaZliereba/dasustebaSi, zogadi politikuri garemo unda

arsebobdes saimisod, rom msgavsma jgufebma mediis gamoyeneba

SeZlon. elinasis TqmiT, medias, rogorc wesi, ufro meti gavlena

aqvs axali an mcire zomis memarjvene radikalur jgufebze, vidre

Zvel da sajaro sivrceSi ukve fesvgadgmul gaerTianebebze (2018).

garda amisa, aRniSnul gavlenaze saubrisas, mniSvnelovania

ara mxolod gaSuqebis sixSire, aramed gaSuqebis tipic. memarjvene


25

radikaluri jgufebis negatiurma gaSuqebam da maTma asocire-

bam ZaladobasTan SesaZloa, gadamwyveti rolic ki iTamaSos am

jgufebis gaZliereba-dasustebaze da maTi liderebis gavlenia-

nobaze. amis magaliTebi arsebobs germaniasa da did britaneTSi.

magaliTad, 1980-ian wlebSi Republikaner-is saarCevno warumate-

blobas didwilad xeli Seuwyo tabloiduri gamocema Build-is mier

am politikuri jgufis nacizmTan dakavSirebam (Art 2007).

axali teqnologiebi garkveul rols TamaSobs radikaluri da

eqstremistuli memarjvene jgufebis CamoyalibebaSi. dResdReo-

biT, mediasTan maTi kavSiris Seswavlisas yvelaze maT aRzevebaSi

xSirad swored onlain mediisa da socialuri mediis rolzea sau-

bari. cifrulma mediam, erTi mxriv, aseT jgufebs organizebis

ukeTesi, ufro iafi da ioli saSualebebi gauCina. meore mxriv,

maTi arsebobis onlain sivrceSi Tamamad da Riad dafiqsirebiT

am jgufebis normalizaciis procesi gacilebiT ufro daCqarda

farTo sazogadoebaSi. momravlda iseTi mediasaSualebebic, rom-

lebic Riad uWeren mxars msgavsi jgufebis arsebobas an komerci-

uli miznebidan gamomdinare uars ar amboben iseTi masalis gan-

Tavsebaze, romelic identobasTan dakavSirebuli, ideologiuri

Tu politikuri siZulviliT aris gajerebuli, rac garantireb-

ulad bevr mnaxvels miizidavs maT vebsaitebze.

1.3 ქართული კონტექსტი

2019 wlis 23 ianvars saqarTvelos mTavrobam terorizmis

winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnuli strate-

gia daamtkica. dokumenti, romelic moamzada uwyebaTaSorisma

mudmivmoqmedma komisiam saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris

TavmjdomareobiT (saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, 2019),

ZiriTadad, mxolod terorizmisa da eqstremizmisgan momaval

safrTxeebze saubrobs. teqsti xazs usvams, rom marTalia, saqa-


26

rTvelo ar ganekuTvneba teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Tvalsaz-

risiT maRali riskis qveyanas, magram Cr. kavkasiaSi, axlo aRmo-

savleTsa da centralur aziaSi mimdinare procesebma qveyana

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva tipis gamowvevis winaSe daayena.

dokumentis Tanaxmad, bolo wlebSi qveynis sxvadasxva region-

idan teroristul organizaciebs SeuerTdnen saqarTvelos

moqalaqeebi, zogierTi maTgani ki am organizaciebis lideric

ki gaxda.1 iqve naTqvamia, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli zogierTi

jgufi SesaZloa, iziarebdes konkretuli teroristuli organi-

zaciis ideologias, Tumca dokumenti ar akonkretebs Tu romel

jgufzea saubari. aRsaniSnavia, rom strategiis dokumenti uSvebs,

rom terorizmsa da eqstremizmSi CarTuli adamianebi SesaZloa,

ganekuTvnebodnen konkretul eTnikur an religiur jgufebs,

Tumca, saxelmwifo dauSveblad miiCnevs terorizmis an eqstrem-

izmis konkretuli religiur, eTnikur jgufTan an erovnebasTan

dakavSirebas.

terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni terorizms

Semdegnairad ganmartavs:

terorizmi - Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara,

mimarTuli fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebis winaaRmdeg,

Senoba-nagebobebis, satransporto saSualebebis, komunik-

aciebis da sxva materialuri obieqtebis ganadgureba-da-

zianeba an maTi ganadgureba-dazianebis muqara iaraRis, asa-

feTqebeli masalebis, birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri Tu

sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi

nivTierebis gamoyenebiT an adamianis gatacebiTa Tu mZevlad

ayvaniT, raTa xelisufleba anda misi romelime organo an

saerTaSoriso organizacia iZulebuli gaxdes, ganaxorcie-

1. am Temaze vrclad ix. saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis da ganviTarebis centri,

2018, “radikalizaciasa da Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan gamklavebis meqanizmebis

gaumjobeseba saqarTveloSi,” politikis dokumenti.


27

los garkveuli qmedeba an Tavi Seikavos garkveuli qmedebis

ganxorcielebisagan, romelic teroristebis marTlsawi-

naaRmdego interesebSi Sedis.

Tumca zemonaxsenebi kanonisagan gansxvavebiT, strategiis

dokumenti ganmartebas akeTebs eqstremizmTan da radikalizaci-

asTan dakavSirebiTac:

eqstremizmi - ideaTa erToblioba, ideologia, romelic

ar aRiarebs adamianTa Tanasworobis princips, mxars uWers

siZulvils, Seuwynareblobas, Zaladobas, safrTxes uqmnis

qveynis demokratiul wyobas da kanonis uzenaesobas.

radikalizacia - procesi, rodesac piri sakuTari mosazre-

bebis gavrcelebisa da garkveuli ideologiis mxardaWeri-

sas SesaZloa, gascdes kanonis farglebs da CaerTos teror-

istul an/da eqstremistul saqmianobaSi. aRniSnul procesSi

ikveTeba piris mzaoba, misi mier mxardaWerili ideologiis

miznebisTvis daeTanxmos, an/da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mim-

arTos Zaladobriv meTodebs.

rogorc saqarTvelos reformebis asociaciis 2015 wels

gamocemul politikis dokumentSi vkiTxulobT, 2014 wlamde

„islamisturi terorizmis safrTxis winaSe saqarTvelo araso-

des damdgara Tu ar CavTvliT okupirebuli teritoriebidan

momdinare teroristul safrTxeebs“ (goguaZe & kapanaZe, 2015, 3).

gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze ki terorizmis sakiTxi qarTul

realobaSi gansakuTrebulad aqtualuri ramdenjerme gaxda.

maT Soris, 2017 wels beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catarebuli

antiteroristuli operaciis dros, romelic 20 saaTze metxans

gagrZelda da ramdenime adamianis, maT Soris samarTaldamcavis

gardacvalebiT dasrulda. aseve, 2015 da 2018 wlebSi qarTul

media da internetsivrceSi gamoCenili, savaraudod ISIS-is wevre-

bis mier Cawerili video mimarTvebis dros, sadac qarTvelTa mis-


28

amarTiT muqaris Semcveli teqstebi ismoda. goguaZe da kapanaZe

zemonaxseneb politikis dokumentSi saubroben im gamowvevebzec,

rac SesaZloa saqarTvelos Seeqmnas kavkasiis regionSi ISIS-is

aqtiurobis Sedegad, konkretulad ki saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis

rekrutirebis gamo (2015).

garda terorizmisa da terorizmTan dakavSirebuli eqstrem-

izmisa, terorizmis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos

erovnuli strategiaSi naxsenebia „zogierTi sazogadoebrivi

jgufi Tu organizacia“, romelic qadagebs siZulvils, emxro-

ba Zaladobas da Tavisi saqmianobiT eqstremistulia (gv 13).

rogorc strategiis dokumentSia aRniSnuli, saxelmwifo gmobs

da upirispirdeba msgavs ideebs/ideologiebs da igi ar dauSvebs,

rom es ideebi realobaSi ganxorcieldes. sainteresoa, rom mTel

dokumentSi mxolod da mxolod es ori winadadeba gvxvdeba

aRniSnuli „zogierTi sazogadoebrivi jgufisa Tu organizaciis“

Sesaxeb. dokumenti ar akonkretebs Tu ra jgufebzea saubari, ra

ideologiis matareblebi arian isini da ra tipis eqstremistul

saqmianobas axorcieleben isini.

miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifos mier gamocemuli aRniSnu-

li dokumenti cdilobs ar daakonkretos es jgufebi, saqarTve-

los uaxlesi istoriidan gamomdinare maTi identificireba rTu-

li ar unda iyos mimdinare movlenebSi CarTuli adamianebisaTvis.

radikalurad ganwyobili jgufebis istoriis Sesaxeb, romlebic

sxvadasxva formiT cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi ama Tu im jgufis

represirebasa da gandevnas, akademiuri cnobebis moZieba TiTqmis

SeuZlebelia da mxolod da mxolod sxvadasxva arasamTavrobo

organizaciis angariSisa Tu mediaSi gavrcelebuli cnobebis

meSveobiT SeiZleba misi rekonstruireba.2

2. am saxelmZRvaneloSi maqsimalurad SevecdebiT, rom Tavidan aviridoT konk-

retuli jgufebis saxeldeba, vinaidan saxelmZRvanelos miznebidan gamomdinare

konkretuli jgufebisa Tu maTi wevrebis saxelebze metad is ideologiur-poli-

tikuri maxasiaTeblebia mniSvnelovani, romliTac aRiwerebian eqstremistuli da

radikaluri memarjvene jgufebi.


29

radikalizebuli, antidemokratiuli, met-naklebad organize-

buli jgufebis identificireba saqarTvelos uaxloes warsulSi

jer kidev gviani 1990-iani wlebidan SeiZleba, rodesac saqarT-

velos marTlmadideblur eklesiasTan arsebulma erTma jguf-

ma sxvadasxva religiuri gaerTianebis organizebuli devna da

maTTan fizikuri dapirispireba daiwyo. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli

jgufi da misi xelmZRvaneli sasuliero piri marTlmadidebelma

eklesiam gankveTa da maT damoukideblad ganagrZes arseboba.

mogvianebiT, vardebis revoluciiT axali xelisuflebis qveynis

saTaveSi mosvlidan ramdenime welSi, jgufis meTauri sapatim-

roSic aRmoCnda.

90-iani wlebis Sua periodSi Camoyalibebuli marTlmadidebel

eklesiasTan dakavSirebuli morigi jgufi mediis yuradRebis cen-

trSi gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg moeqca, rac isini jer erT-erTi

qarTveli avtoris wignis prezentaciis gasaprotesteblad miv-

idnen, Semdeg ki, helouinis dResaswaulis Tavyrilobis darbevas

Seecadnen. am ambebidan moyolebuli, aRniSnuli jgufi sxvadasxva

sixSiriT eqceoda sajaro interesis sferoSi maTi agresiuli

gamosvlebiTa da konkretul (liberaluri, feministuri, qviar)

jgufebTan dapirispirebisas.

2012 wlidan agresiuli, fundamentalisturi, religiuri

motivebiT gaerTianebuli jgufebis interesis obieqtad iqc-

nen qviar jgufebi saqarTveloSi, ramac piks 2013 wlis 17 maiss

(homofobiasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRes) miaRwia, rodesac

sxvadasxva religiuri pirisa da radikaluri jgufis organizebiT

ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani daupirispirda da fizikurad

gausworda 50-mde lgbt (lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali, transgen-

deri) aqtivistebsa da maT mxardamWerebs.

amis paralelurad, internet-sivrceSi Seiqmna da gamravlda

jgufebi, romlebic Riad neonacistur da faSistur ideologias

avrceleben. aRniSnuli jgufebi gamoirCevian mkveTrad anti-

liberaluri dRis wesrigiT, qsenofobiuri onlain kontentis


30

aqtiuri warmoebiTa da gavrcelebiT da organizebuli onlain

SetevebiT sxvadasxva individebisa (mag. qviar adamianebis) Tu

liberaluri mediasaSualebebis socialuri qselebis gverdeb-

ze. agreTve, Camoyalibda mkveTrad gamoxatuli nacionalistu-

ri da antiimigraciuli ideologiis mqone jgufebi, romlebmac

moawyves sxvadasxva qsenofobiuri msvleloba da ramdenjerme

Seecadnen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi arabi, Turqi da iraneli

biznesmenebis kerZo sakuTrebebze ieriSis mitanas. garda amisa,

dafiqsirda rasobrivi niSniT saqarTveloSi mcxovreb Savkanian

adamianebze fizikuri Seuracxyofis faqtebic, rasac ramdenime

piris dakaveba mohyva.

ukanaskneli SemTxveva, rodesac memarjvene da antiliber-

aluri dRis wesrigis mqone jgufebi sajaro sivrceSi sakuTari

Zalis demonstrirebas Seecadnen, 2018 wlis maisi iyo. policiis

mier ramdenime Ramis klubis darbevis Semdeg quCaSi dawyebul

protests, romelic policiis represiul qmedebebsa da mkacri

narkopolitikis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, nacionalisturi da

Riad faSisturi ideologiis gaerTianebebi daupirispirdnen.

samarTaldamcavebma SeZles demonstrantebsa da kontrdemon-

strantebs Soris dapirispirebis ganmuxtva, Tumca, am jgufebis

sajaro sivrceSi dafiqsirebis TvalsazrisiT, es SemTxveva yve-

la manamde arsebuli Zalis demonstraciisgan gansxvavdeboda

masStabiT. mogvianebiT, am jgufebidan erT-erTis xelmZRvaneli

policiam iaraRis ukanono SeZena-Senaxva-tarebis braldebiT

daakava (Tabula, 2018).

2018 wlis miwuruls ki cnobili gaxda, rom TbilisSi, erT-erT

barTan, mokles 25 wlis vitali safarovi. TviTmxilvelTa mona-

Txrobidan, mediaSi gavrcelda cnoba, rom safarovs mkvleloba-

Si braldebulebi rusul enaze saubris gamo daupirispirdnen.

mogvianebiT gavrcelda cnobebic, rom braldebulebi neonacis-

turi jgufis wevrebi iyvnen. sabolood ki cnobili gaxda, rom

safarovis mkvlelobaSi braldebulebs brali daumZimdaT - saqme

gadakvalificirda rasobrivi, religiuri, erovnuli an eTniku-


31

ri Seuwynareblobis gamo ganzrax mkvlelobis Cadenis muxliT

(Netgazeti, 2018).

zemoT moyvanili mokle mimoxilva Sors aris ambebis sruli

rekonstruqciidan, Tumca, memarjvene radikalizebuli jgufebis

aRzeveba da gaaqtiureba saxezea. Sesabamisad, savaraudoa, rom

qarTvel reportiorebs ufro da ufro xSirad mouwevT maTTan

dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva Temis gaSuqeba. am saxelmZRvanelos

meore nawili ki swored memarjvene radikaluri jgufebis, iseve

rogorc teroristuli da eqstremistuli jgufebis gaSuqebas, am

Temebze muSaobisas wamoWril savaraudo eTikur winaaRmdegobeb-

sa da sirTuleebs Seexeba.


32

2. მედია, ტერორიზმი და ჯგუფების გაშუქება

britaneTis yofili premier-ministris, margaret tetCeris

mtkiceba, romliTac is medias brals sdebs terorizmTan nebsiT

Tu uneblied mokavSireobaSi, erTgvar mantrad iqca Zaladobriv

eqstremizmTan dakavSirebul jgufebsa da masmediaze saubrisas.

Tumca, tetCeris mosazrebas, rom sajaroobaa (romlis mimwodeb-

ladac media igulisxmeba) „terorizmisTvis Jangbadia“, araerTi

mowinaaRmdege gamouCnda rogorc akademiur, ise Jurnalistur

wreebSi. espaneli komunikaciebis Teoretikosi mikel rodrigo, am

midgomis zedapirulobas imiT usvams xazs, rom marTalia, zogi-

erTi teroristuli aqti sajaroobis ganzraxviT aris Cadenili,

magram teroristTa nawils sulac ar aqvs es ganzraxva, araer-

Ti teroristuli aqti ki, saerTodac saidumlod aris Cadenili

(Biernatzki, 2002). uotergeitisa da pentagonis Canawerebis dros

Washington Post-is redaqtorma, ketrin grahamma ki Tqva, rom „saja-

rooba SesaZloa iyos Jangbadi teroristebisaTvis, magram axali

ambebi aris macocxlebeli sisxli TavisuflebisaTvis“ (Marthoz,

2017).

amdenad, upirveles yovlisa, xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom Zal-

adobrivi jgufebis gaSuqebis Tavidan arideba problemas sulac

ar moagvarebs. SekiTxva, unda gavaSuqoT Tu ara teroristebi

an neonacisturi jgufebi, imTaviTve araswori dilemis winaSe

ayenebs Jurnalists. sinamdvileSi kiTxva, romelsac Jurnalistma

unda upasuxos yoveli momdevno davalebis miRebisas, Semdegia:

rogor unda gavaSuqoT terorizmi an neonacisturi jgufebi?

aseTi SekiTxvis sakuTari TavisTvis dasmis da masze fiqris fufu-

neba aqtiur JurnalistikaSi dasaqmebul adamianebs SesaZloa xSi-

rad ar hqondeT, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT informaciuli nakadebis

mozRvavebas, romlis pirobebSi muSaobac uwevT reportiorebs.


33

am saxelmZRvanelos umTavresi mizanic swored is gaxlavT, rom

Jurnalistebs gaumartivos gadawyvetilebebis miReba, rodesac

morigi teroristuli aqtis an siZulviliT motivirebuli, rasis-

tuli an neonacisturi jgufis qmedebis gaSuqeba mouxdebaT.

Semdgomi qveTavebi, sxvadasxva organizaciisa Tu instituci-

is rekomendaciebsa da eTikur normebze dayrdnobiT Seecdeba,

mogawodoT saTanado informacia Zaladobrivi eqstremizmis

gaSuqebisas yvelaze mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze, maT Soris: konte-

qstis mniSvnelobasa da normalizebis Tu romantizebis safrTx-

eebze, stereotipebze, sensaciuri gaSuqebisgan gamowveul zianze,

pirdapiri CarTvebisas mosalodnel garTulebebze, ambis vizua-

lur mxareze, terminologiur sirTuleebsa da socialuri mediis

pirobebSi msgavsi ambebis gaSuqebisas warmoSobil, SedarebiT

axal gamowvevebze. TiToeuli qveTavis qveS mocemuli iqneba

adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso mediidan terorizmisa da neon-

acisturi jgufebis gaSuqebis SemTxvevaTa aRwera da saTanado

SekiTxvebi, romelTa gaazrebac momavalSi gadawyvetilebis miRe-

baSi dagexmarebaT.

2.1 გაშუქების კუთხე და კონტექსტი - ნორმალიზების საფრთხე

siZulviliT motivirebuli da Zaladobrivi jgufebis, maTi

qmedebebisa Tu maTgan gamowveuli sxvadasxva tipis sazogadoe-

brivi zianis gaSuqebisas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom informaciis momx-

mareblebisaTvis konteqstis miwodebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

aqvs. UNESCO-s egidiT gamocemuli cnobari JurnalistebisaTvis

„terorizmi da media“ sxvadasxva aspeqtTan, maT Soris eTikuri

normebis, kanonis, adamianis uflebebis dacvasa da dabalansebuli

informaciis miwodebasTan erTad, terorizmTan dakavSirebuli


34

sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs ambis

konteqstSi Casmas (Marthoz, 2017).

cnobari ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs terorizmTan dakavSire-

buli axali ambebis e.w. Framing-ze anu ra kuTxiT gaaSuqebs Jur-

nalisti ambavs. sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris, mediis kvlevebSi

masobrivi komunikaciis e.w. Framing-is TeoriiT axsna farTod

aris gavrcelebuli. mkvlevrebi kuTxes anu Frame-s ganmartaven

rogorc „interpretaciul struqturebs, romlebsac Jurnal-

istebi iyeneben, raTa konkretuli SemTxvevebi ufro farTo kon-

teqstSi Casvan“ (Norris, Kern and Just 2003: 10). swored aRniSnuli

kuTxeebis gamoyeneba gansazRvravs gaSuqebuli ambebis mniSvne-

lobas. raze gaamaxvilebs Jurnalisti an redaqtori yuradRebas

ambis gadmocemisas, SesaZloa, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis iyos, Tu

rogor aRiqvams auditoria terorizmis an neonacisturi Zalado-

brivi jgufebis Sesaxeb gadacemul ambebs.

erTi da imave ambis sxvadasxva kuTxiT gaSuqebas SesaZloa sxva-

dasxva Sedegi mohyves da gansxvavebulad aisaxos mosaxleobasa Tu

politikur wreebze. magaliTad, Jurnalistis arCevanma, teror-

istuli aqtis gaSuqebisas gansakuTrebiT gaamaxvilos yuradRe-

ba Zaladobrivi aqtis Camdenis eTnikur, religiur an rasobriv

kuTvnilebaze da swored am kuTxiT eZebos momxdari ambis mize-

zebi, SeiZleba qveyanaSi amave eTnikuri, religiuri an rasobrivi

jgufis sxva warmomadgenlebs Seuqmnas safrTxe. anda, mediis war-

momadgenlebis gadawyvetilebam, yuradReba gaamaxvilon sxva-

dasxva jgufis mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis saWiroebasa da amis

miRwevis sxvadasxva gzaze SesaZloa, Tavidan agvaridos sazoga-

doebis garkveuli segmentis stereotipuli aRqma da Secvalos is

dapirispirebuli garemo, romlis miRwevasac Zaladobrivi aqtis

Camdeni cdilobda.

axali ambis kuTxe, rogorc wesi, ganisazRvreba imiT, gava-

SuqebT Tu ara konkretul subieqtebs, maT ierarqias, maT pozi-

cias; agreTve, vin iqneba Cveni respondenti, ra tipis gamosax-


35

ulebebs, sityvebs an epiTetebs gamoviyenebT muSaobisas (amaze

detalurad 2.6-2.7 qveTavebSi visaubrebT).

Jurnalistebma yuradReba unda dauTmon ambis farTo konte-

qstiT warmoCenas, raTa xeli Seuwyon sazogadoebaSi pozitiuri

warmodgenebis Seqmnas im jgufebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac radikali-

zebuli da Zaladobrivi jgufebi aqceven TavianT samizneebad an

romel jgufebsac isini Tavad miekuTvnebian.

umciresobaTa jgufebis gaSuqebam SesaZloa, negatiuri gav-

lena moaxdinos radikalizaciaze Tuki gamoyenebuli iqneba:

» stereotipuli kuTxeebi - magaliTad, kavSiris gabma vinmes negatiur qcevas, provokaciul qmedebasa da vinmes kul-turul Tu religiur identobas Soris maSin, rodesac am detalebs momxdar ambavTan kavSiri ar aqvs;

» epizoduri kuTxeebi - rodesac ambis Casma ar xdeba ufro farTo konteqstSi.

umciresobaTa jgufebis gaSuqebam SesaZloa, pozitiuri

gavlena moaxdinos radikalizaciaze Tuki gamoyenebuli iqneba

kuTxe, romelic:

» aqcents gaakeTebs ama Tu im risk-faqtorebis ufro zogad maxasiaTeblebze;

» aCvenebs ufro did suraTs. magaliTad, gamoiyenebs statis-tikas, eqspertTa analizs da sxva damatebiT informacias.

swored epizoduri kuTxis gamoyenebam da ufro farTo sura-

Tis Cvenebis Tavidan aridebam SeiZleba migviyvanos Zaladobrivi

qmedebebis normalizebamde - erT-erT umTavres Jurnalistur

Secdomamde terorizmTan dakavSirebuli Tu neonacisturi

jgufebis qmedebebis gaSuqebisas. informaciis miRebis wyaroe-

bis gamravalferovnebam, socialuri mediis sayovelTaoobam da

mkiTxvelTa/mayurebelTa yuradRebis misaqcevad gazrdilma

konkurenciam Secvala axal ambebze muSaobis rutina Tu axali

ambebis struqtura. xSirad, Jurnalistebi ambebs mokled, yovel-

gvari konteqstisa da damatebiTi informaciis gareSe aSuqeben.


36

aman ki Seqmna safrTxe, rom mSralad, fragmentulad gaSuqebuli

movlenebi informaciis momxmarebelTa cnobierebaSi daileqeba

rogorc ubralod morigi Zaladoba, romelic xSiri ganmeorebiT

Cvens cnobierebaSi normalizdeba.

„aseT ambavze weris sirTule gaxlavT is, rom mkiTxvels sru-

li suraTi unda Seeqmnas mxolod am erTi ambis wakiTxvisas, anu

rogorc mkiTxvelma, Tuki bevri araferi vici neonacistebis Ses-

axeb, mxolod am erTi ambidan unda miviRo konteqsti, raTa gavigo

yvelaferi, rac mWirdeba, vicode maT Sesaxeb,“ - aRniSnavs amerike-

li mediamkvlevari, amerikuli presis institutis aRmasrulebel

direqtori da araerTi cnobili saxelmZRvanelos avtori tom

rozenstili gamocema Vox-Tan interviuSi (Turner, 2017).

aqve, SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos Temaze gamoqveynebuli

masalis moculobam. statia SesaZloa, vrceli iyos, magram igi

ar aCvenebdes konteqsts an dawerili iyos iseTi kuTxiT, rom igi

problemis amomwuravad gagebis saSualebas ar iZleodes.

SemTxvevis aRwera

The New Your Times - A Voice of Hate in America’s Heartland25 noemberi, 2017 weli

tom rozenstilis interviu swored maSin gamoqveynda,

rodesac saerTaSorisod aRiarebulma gamocema The New Your Times-ma gamoaqveyna statia saxelwodebiT “amerikis

SuagulSi, nacistebis mxardamWeri mezoblad.“ mogvianebiT

gazeTma miiRo Sesworebis gadawyvetileba da teqsti Semde-

gnairad daasaTaura: „siZulvilis xma amerikis SuagulSi“.

statia ohaios StatSi mcxovrebi rigiTi amerikeli nacis-

tis, toni hovateris yofiT cxovrebas aRwerda. masala aRw-

erda hovaterisa da misi sacolis cxovrebis wess, maT Sexed-

ulebebs, cxovrebaSi miswrafebebsa da samomavlo gegmebs.


37

ramdenime amonaridi statiidan:

[1] „Applebee’s-is restoranSi huber heitsSi, daitonis

gareubanSi rigiTi saRamoa, ramdenime kviriT adre qorwil-

amde. axalgazrda Seyvarebuli wyvili, romelic iqve axlos

niu karlailSi cxovrobs, erTmaneTs mxrebiT exeba. biWs

ubralo moklesaxeloebiani maisuri acvia, gogos jinsis

Jileti, saxeloebis gareSe. uZvlo frTebi SeukveTes. gogos

mSoblebi ukve Sexvdnen saqmros da maTi wyvili moiwones.

qorwili patara iqneba. patarZlis megobrebic daeswrebi-

an ceremonials. „bevri gogo politikiT maincdamainc ar

interesdeba,“- aRniSnavs is...

… amerikelTa umetesoba albaT zizRiT ganimsWvalebo-

da da gaocdeboda hitlerze sasxvaTaSorisod gakeTebuli

misi komentarebiT demokratiis zizRsa da rwmenaze, imaze,

rom umjobesi iqneba Tuki rasebi erTmaneTisgan gaimijnebi-

an. magram misi tatuebi popkulturis uwyinari niSnebia:

erT mxars alublis Rvezelis naWeri amSvenebs teleserial

“Twin Peaks-is“ sapativcemulod. ambobs, rom TeTrkanianTa

nacionalizmis Sesaxeb qadageba satiris meSveobiT urCevnia. serial Seinfeld-is didi fania...“

The New York Times-Si gamoqveynebuli portreti deta-

lurad aRwerda toni hovateris gzas metal bendis wevro-

bidan jer libertarianelobamde, Semdeg ki neonacistob-

amde. statiis wyaroebi iyvnen: toni hovateri, misi sacole,

amerikuli neonacisturi jgufis „tradicionalist muSaTa

partiis“ lideri meTiu heimbaxi, marlin maio - ufrosi mkv-

levari antidefamaciuri ligis eqstremizmis centridan

(statiaSi gamoyenebulia maios mxolod 1 citata). erTad-

erTi adamiani, vinc hovateris Sesaxeb met-naklebad nega-

tiuri komentari gaakeTa, misi metal bendis yofili wevri

iyo, romelic aRniSnavda, rom nanobda hovaterTan nacno-


38

bobas. samagierod, statiaSi saubari iyo im axal megobreb-

ze, romlebic toni hovaterma gaiCina. maT Soris 2017 wels

gamarTul marSze SarlotsvilSi, sadac TeTrkanianTa upi-

ratesobis rwmenis mqone adamianebma masStaburi msvleloba

moawyves da romelsac erT-erTi moqalaqis sikvdili mohyva.

[2] „Sarlotsvilis msvlelobaze daswrebis Semdeg, rom-

lis drosac erT-erTma TeTrkanianma rasistma memarcxene

protestis monawileTa jgufSi manqana Seagdo da erT-erTi

maTgani mokla, batonma hovaterma dawera, rom is amayobda

amxanagebiT, romlebic mas SeuerTdnen iq: „Cven SevqmeniT

istoria. dideba gamarjvebas.“ germanulad „dideba gamar-

jvebas“ ki iTargmneba, rogorc “Sieg heil.”

statias Tan erTvis sami foto: » toni hovateri sakuTari saxlis win; » misi wignebis karadis fragmenti; » hovateri supermarketSi sayidlebze.

statia Semdegnairad sruldeboda:

[3] „pasta gamzadda. qalbatonma hovaterma isaubra,

rogor SeeSinda zafxulSi, rodesac saxlidan Tvals

adevnebda SarlotsvilSi situaciis kontrolidan

gamosvlas. batonma hovaterma aRniSna, rom bednieria,

radgan moZraoba gaizarda.

isaubres TavianT momavalze - ufro did saxlSi gad-

asvlaze, Taflobis Tvesa da bavSvebis yolaze.“

kiTxvebi diskusiisTvis:

» rogor fiqrobT, ratom Secvala gazeTma statiis saTauri mogvianebiT?


39

» Tqveni dakvirvebiT, zemoT citirebul nawyvetebze dayrd-nobiT, ra gaSuqebis romeli kuTxe gamoiyena Jurnalistma toni hovateris Sesaxeb werisas? gamoiyenebdiT Tu ara Tqvenc msgavs kuTxes? kidev ra aqcentiT, rogor SeiZle-boda hovateris portretis dawera?

» zemoT citirebul nawyvetebze dayrdnobiT ramdenad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Jurnalistma neonacisti adamian-is Sesaxeb saTanado informacia Sesabamisi konteqstiT mogvawoda?

» rogor fiqrobT, sakmarisi iyo Tu ara is wyaroebi, rom-lebic Jurnalistma gamoiyena? vis daamatebdiT an gamoak-lebdiT rogorc wyaros?

» ra ganwyobas giqmniT Jurnalistis mier hovaterebis yof-iTi cxovrebis detaluri aRwera statiaSi?

» rogor fiqrobT, ratom iyo problemuri statiis amgvarad momzadeba da ratom gamoiwvia sazogadoebis aseTi masStab-uri kritika?

2.2 რომანტიზებისა და გმირებად წარმოჩენის საფრთხე

teroristuli qmedebebi, romlebic mosaxleobazea mimar-

Tuli, miznad isaxavs ara mxolod SiSis gavrcelebas mosaxleo-

baSi, aramed axali mxardamWerebis mozidvasac. amisaTvis, aseTi

jgufebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen rogorc socialur, ise tradici-

ul medias, raTa gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi e.w. vaJkacurobisa da

gmirobis narativebi (Marthoz, 2017). teroristulma jgufebma,

iseve rogorc neonacisturma da neofaSisturma jgufebma Sesa-

Zloa, sxvadasxva xerxs mimarTon, raTa gamoiwvion Tanagancda da

simpaTia farTo sazogadoebaSi. aRniSnuli miznis miRwevaSi ki maT

media ar unda daexmaros.


40

Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis mier gamocemul “terorizmis

gaSuqebis saxelmZRvaneloSi” calsaxad aris miTiTebuli, rom:

» teroristuli dajgufebis wevrebi ar unda iyvnen warmoCe-nilni gmirebad, ar unda miaweroT iseTi Tvisebebi, rac maT „mamac mebrZolebad“ warmoaCens. amgvarma gaSuqebam Sesa-Zloa, maTi qmedebis mimarT dadebiTi ganwyoba gamoiwvios.

» gaSuqebis didi wili ar unda daeTmos teroristuli orga-nizaciis wevrTa liderebs, maTi cxovrebis stils, miznebsa da ganxorcielebul qmedebebs. am WrilSi gaSuqebam Sesa-Zloa, maTdami pozitiuri damokidebuleba gaaCinos.

igive principebi SeiZleba gavrceldes neonacionalistur

Tu sxva tipis Zaladobriv jgufebzec. mediasaSualebebma Tav-

idan unda airidon, rom zemoT xsenebuli jgufebis mier Cadenili

Zaladobrivi qmedebebi, romlebic xSirad konkretuli sazoga-

doebrivi jgufebis Tu maTi individualuri wevrebis siZulvil-

iT aris motivirebuli, ar warmoaCinos rogorc legitimuri da

samarTliani brZola garkveuli Sedegis misaRwevad. nacvlad

amisa, mediam xeli unda Seuwyos mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis

aucileblobis win wamowevas da xazi unda gausvas, rom udanaSau-

lo mosaxleobisken mimarTuli Zaladobrivi meTodebi politi-

kuri Tu sxva tipis miznebis miRwevisaTvis ar aris gamarTlebuli.

garda amisa, Zaladobrivi aqtebis arasaTanadod gaSuqebam

SesaZloa, garkveulwilad, waaxalisos axalgazrdebSi radika-

lizaciis riski, Tuki es aqtebi warmoCenili iqneba amaRelvebel,

gmirul da saintereso Tavgadasavlad.

teroristebi garkveuli movlenis „dadgmisas“ cdiloben,

rom moaxdinon zegavlena sazogadoebaze, risTvisac isini maso-

brivi komunikaciis instrumentebs iyeneben. aRniSnuli komu-

nikaciis miznebs Soris ki SeiZleba iyos: mTavrobis ususurobis

demonstrireba, ufro farTo sazogadoebis simpatiis mopoveba,

polarizaciisa da radikalizaciis xelSewyoba sazogadoebaSi da

rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, maTi qmedebis erT-erTi mTa-


41

vari mizani, SesaZloa, TavianTi Zaladobrivi qmedebebis sagmiro

saqmed warmoCena iyos (Bassiouni, 1981 citirebuli Archetti, 2013).

maTi am miznebis ganxorcielebaSi xelis SeSla Tu ara, dax-

marebis Tavidan arideba mainc unda scadon mediasaSualebebma.

aseT dros, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba zemoxsenebul gaSuqebis

kuTxesa da konteqstis miniWebas, iseve rogorc terminologiur

sizustesa da gamoyenebul sityvebsa Tu vizualizacias, razec

ufro vrclad momdevno qveTavebSic iqneba saubari.

SemTxvevis aRwera

kviris palitra - Tarxan baTiraSvili - jihadisti “wiTuri

generali” pankisidan

23 ivnisi, 2014

gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis mier teroristul

organizaciad aRiarebul erayisa da levantis islamur

saxelmwifos (igive ISIL) adamianebi msoflios TiTqmis yve-

la dasaxlebuli kontinentidan SeuerTdnen. organizaci-

is wevri gaxda saqarTvelos ramdenime aTeuli moqalaqec,

rogorc amis Sesaxeb aris naTqvami terorizmis winaaRmdeg

brZolis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos erovnul strategiaSi. amaT-

gan zogierTma garkveuli samxedro wodeba miiRo da saer-

TaSoriso mediis yuradRebac miipyro. erT-erTi maTgani

iyo Tarxan baTiraSvili, igive abu omar al SiSani. baTir-

aSvilisadmi qarTuli mediis yuradReba sxvadasxva peri-

odulobiT aqtiurdeboda xolme. maT Soris, ramdenjerme

gavrcelda cnobebi misi gardacvalebis Sesaxebac.

2014 wlis 23 ivniss, gazeTma „kviris palitram“ veb-

gverdze gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT „Tarxan baTiraSvili

- jihadisti “wiTuri generali” pankisidan“. statia mokled

mimoixilavs ISIS-Si baTiraSvilis gawevrebis wina istorias,


42

misi cxovrebis peripetiebs saqarTveloSi da gzas saqarT-

velos samxedro SenaerTSi msaxurobidan ISIS-amde. statia

yovelgvari wyaros gareSe yveba am pirovnebis cxovrebis

Sesaxeb da mkiTxvels acnobs mis sabrZolo karieras.

ramdenime amonaridi „kviris palitraSi“ gamoqveynebuli

statiidan:

[1] „man kargad icoda, rom aTasi juris TavzexelaRebul

mojaheds Soris adgilis damkvidrebas mxolod meti sisas-

tikiT da principulobiT SeZlebda. Tavdapirvelad jgufSi

daRestanSi rusebis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli megobrebi, Zir-

iTadad CeCnebi hyavda. baTiraSvilma siriaSi amboxebulTa

liderebis yuradReba maSin miiqcia, roca umokles xanSi

CrdiloeTi siria aiRo. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo

mis mier qalaq alepos samxedro bazebis, maT Soris aviabazis

aReba.“

[2] “erT dRes, roca omar al SiSani deri zoras provinci-

aSi samxedro specoperacias atarebda samTavrobo Zalebis

winaaRmdeg, yofilma Tanamoazre qurTebma isargebles da

qalaq el babSi mojahedTa banakebze ieriSi miitanes. rode-

sac es ambavi baTiraSvilma gaigo, iZulebuli gaxda, SeeCere-

bina sabrZolo moqmedebebi da TanamoZmeebis dasaxmareblad

ukan dabrunebuliyo. misma mebrZolebma 300-kilometri-

ani blickrigis Semdeg qalaqi el babi daibruna. swored

am qalaqis aRebis Semdeg mTel sirias moedo misi naTqvami:

“arasdros mivatoveb Cems Zmebsa da debs, radgan isini CemT-

vis Zvirfasi adamianebi arian”. el babis Semdeg uaxloesi

garemocva fiqrobda, rom sisastikiT cnobili al SiSani

aravis daindobda da daxocili meomrebis gamo Surs iZiebda

(man am dros 500 mojahedi dakarga). Tumca, moulodnelad,

omar al SiSanma mowinaaRmdegeebs mouwoda, - Tu iaraRs

Caabarebdnen da moinaniebdnen, maT sicocxles safrTxe ar


43

daemuqreboda. meTauris aseTi humanuroba cudad aRiqva

zogierTma savele meTaurma, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom

omar SiSanis amgvari sirbile misi qristianobis brali”

iyo...”

[3] “erovnuli komiteti jiutad irwmuneboda, rom

moklul mebrZolTa Soris iyo abu omar al SiSanic. mogvi-

anebiT informacia ar dadasturda…- Zlevamosili “wiTuri

generali” ramdenime videomimarTvaSi gamoCnda, sadac mus-

limanebs erayi-siriis teritoriaze xalifatis Sesaqmnelad

mouwodebda. male misi momCivnebi CeCen da qist mebrZoleb-

Sic gamoCndnen, romlebic Sin dabrunebulebi ukmayofile-

bas gamoTqvamdnen - baTiraSvili mefurad cxovrobs, dadis

ramdenime aTeuli meomrisgan Semdgari dacviT da javSan-

manqanebiT, romlebic iranelma specialistebma auwyves(?!)

da Cvens biWebs sazarbazne xorcad iyenebso.”

kiTxvebi diskusiisTvis

» ra SegrZnebas giCenT statiis saTauri? mxolod da mxolod statiis saTauri rom wagekiTxaT, ifiqrebdiT Tu ara, rom statiaSi saubari erT-erT yvelaze sastiki teroristuli organizaciis wevrze iqneboda?

» ra sityvebs iyenebs Jurnalisti Tarxan baTiraSvilis aRsawerad? ra Tvisebebze mianiSneben es sityvebi?

» moyvanili pirveli citatis wakiTxvis Semdeg, rogor daax-asiaTebdiT baTiraSvils?

» meore abzacis dasawyisi [„erT dRes, roca omar al SiSani deri zoras provinciaSi samxedro specoperacias atareb-da...“] ramdenad hgavs Jurnalistur Txrobas da xom ar gax-senebT Txrobis sxva Janrs? romelia es Janri?


44

» Jurnalistis mier baTiraSvilis qmedebebis aRwera rogor damokidebulebas aCens misi personisadmi?

» ras eyrdnoba Jurnalisti? vin aris informaciis wyaro? ramdenad dazustebulia is detalebi, rasac Jurnalisti avrcelebs?

» ra damokidebulebas giCenT baTiraSvilis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb araerTgzis gavrcelebuli dauzustebeli infor-maciis im formiT mowodeba, rogorc es mesame amonaridSia?

» rogor xats qmnis statia baTiraSvilze am sam amonaridze dayrdnobiT?

» mxolod am masalis wakiTxvis Semdeg ra informacias miiRebda auditoria Tarxan baTiraSvilze? ramdenad Tanx-vedraSia es informacia realobasTan?

» meti sizustis dasacavad rogori unda yofiliyo Txroba da ra sityvebiT unda aRewera baTiraSvili Jurnalists?

2.3 მოძალადეთა მიმართვები და პანიკის დათესვა მოსახლეობაში

1995 wlis 19 seqtembers, amerikelma teroristma saxelad

„Unabomber” a.S.S.-is or umsxviles gazeTs The Washington Post-sa

da The New York Times-s gaugzavna presrelizebi gamoqveynebis

moTxovniT. Tqva, rom am pirobis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, igi aRar

Caidenda Zaladobriv qmedebas. rogor unda moqceuliyo media am

situaciaSi? unda eTqva Tu ara uari informaciis gamoqveynebaze

da gaeriska, rasac SesaZloa, safrTxe mohyoloda adamianebis

sicocxlisaTvis? am Temaze, Jurnalistur wreebSi, wlebis gan-

mavlobaSi mimdinareobda ganxilva (Marthoz, 2017).

sazogadoebaSi panikis daTesvaze saubrisas, erT-erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli Jurnalisturi Secdoma aris moZaladeTa vid-

eo mimarTvebisa Tu mowodebebis uapelaciod, daumontaJeblad


45

pirdapir eTerSi moxvedra an vebgverdebze ganTavseba. ar aqvs

mniSvneloba aseTi mimarTva teroristuli jgufebis mier iqne-

ba Cawerili Tu neonacisturi an rasistuli jgufebis mxridan,

Tuki mimarTva Seicavs muqaras, romelic SesaZloa miemarTebodes

mosaxleobis garkveul nawils, mediis profesionalebi yovelTvis

gvirCeven, rom Tavidan aviridoT msgavsi masalebis pirdapiri,

daumuSavebeli formiT informaciis gamoqveyneba.

es cxadia, ar niSnavs ambis gaSuqebaze saerTod uaris Tqmas.

saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis „terorizmTan daka-

vSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebis“ saxelmZRvanelo principebSi

vkiTxulobT:

» sazogadoebas aqvs ufleba miiRos informacia terorizm-Tan da mosalodnel safrTxeebTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca, medias akisria pasuxismgebloba uneburad ar gaxdes xel-Semwyobi teroristuli Sinaarsis mimarTvebis Tu mowode-bebis tiraJirebisa.

amdenad, aseT dros, saubaria ara informaciis dablokvaze an

mayurebelTa informirebis valdebulebis Tavidan aridebaze,

aramed imaze, rom media ar unda iqces Zaladobrivi jgufebisaT-

vis platformad da maT uneblie mokavSired.

mimarTvebs, iqneba es video Canawerebisa Tu presrelizebis

formiT, SesaZloa, sxvadasxva daniSnuleba hqondes, maT Soris

SiSis gavrceleba, mxardamWerTa rekrutireba Tu garkveuli

ieriSis mitana saxelmwifoebze. aseT videoebsa Tu teqstebs

obieqturad gaaCniaT axali ambis TvalsazrisiT Rirebuleba.

Tumca, eqspertebi mogviwodeben, rom raimes gaSuqebaze sakuTari

TavisaTvis SezRudvis dawesebis nacvlad, umjobesia, rom mediam

aRniSnuli mimarTvebi gaSifros, gamoiyenos mxolod is nawili,

romelic sasargeblo da Rirebulia axali ambisaTvis, amoWras

propagandistuli nawili da am mimarTvaze azri hkiTxos mimarT-

vis samizne auditorias.


46

muqaris Semcveli mesijebis garda, mediis xelSi SesaZloa

aRmoCndes iseTi videoebi, romlebzec asaxulia romelime Zal-

adobrivi jgufis mier konkretul adamian(eb)ze Zaladobis scena.

msgavsi videoebis pirdapir, daumontaJeblad gadacema da veb-

gverdebze ganTavseba, garda panikis daTesvisa, sxva mizeziTac

ar aris mizanSewonili. aseTi masalebis masmediiT gavrcelebam

SeiZleba, mibaZviTi qcevebi waaxalisos da e.w. copy-cat mkvlelo-

bebis seria mohyves mas. magaliTad, axlo aRmosavleTSi 2004 wels,

rodesac teroristebma ramdenime gatacebuls sajarod mokveTes

Tavi, maleve msgavsi faqtebi dafiqsirda axlo aRmosavleTidan

Sors, maT Soris haitisa da erT-erT tailandur sofelSi. haitize

sami policielisaTvis Tavis mokveTas damnaSaveebma „operacia

baRdadi“ uwodes, tailandSi ki budisti CinovnikisTvis Tavis

mokveTa braldebulebma Seafases rogorc revanSi muslim ambox-

ebulTa winaaRmdeg gamoyenebuli Zaladobis gamo (Nacos, 2006).

SemTxvevis aRwera

Palitra News - „sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs...” - “palitra-

niusma” moipova video, sadac ISIS-is qarTuli dajgufeba

saqarTvelos xelisuflebas emuqreba

6 agvisto, 2018

gasuli ramdenime wlis manZilze, qarTul mediaSi ram-

denjerme gavrcelda video mimarTvebi, romlis avtore-

bic ISIS-is wevrebi iyvnen. zogjer videoebSi isini Tavadac

Candnen da mimarTvis teqstebs kiTxulobdnen. qarTuli

mediis nawilma es videoebi pirdapir, TiTqmis yovelgvari

montaJis gareSe miawoda auditorias. magaliTad, erT-erTi

aseTi video 2018 wlis agvistoSi gamoCnda qarTul mediasa-

SualebebSi.


47

gamocema Palitra News-ma aRniSnuli video mimarTva saku-

Tar mayurebels TiTqmis daumontaJeblad SesTavaza, Tu

ar gaviTvaliswinebT mokle Sesavals, romelsac Jurnal-

isti kiTxulobs da romelSic naTqvamia: „isis-is qarTuli

dajgufeba muqaris Semcvlel videos avrcelebs, rome-

lic „palitraniuss“ xelSi Cauvarda. videos Tan axlavs

qarTuli titrebi, sadac dajgufeba saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebas SurisZiebiT emuqreba. “Cveni meomrebi mzad

arian SurisZiebisTvis; sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs,

dagxocavT Tqvenive saxlebSi,”- naTqvamia videomimarT-

vis teqstSi. video savaraudod 2 kviris winaa damzadebuli

. erT-erTi versiT, sus-is mier dakavebuli saqarTvelos

moqalaqe malxaz t, romlis ayvanis Sesaxeb informacia orS-

abaTs gavrcelda, kavSirSia zemoxsenebul dajgufebasTan.“

gamocemam saTaurad videodan amoRebuli citata gamoiyena:

„sul male dagayrevinebT Tavebs“.

Jurnalistis ramdenimewamian Sesavals mosdevs videos

uwyveti Canaweri imave formiT, ra formiTac, savaraudod,

is Semqmnelebma gaavrceles. CanawerSi ikiTxeba teqsti, rom

qarTvelebma uRalates muslimebs da saqarTvelos xeli-

suflebam isini usamarTlod daxoca. warwerebiT irkveva,

rom kadrebSi Cans lafanyuris specoperaciis dros daxo-

cili adamianebi, maTi dakrZalvis procesia da maTze mglo-

viare adamianebi. videoSi gamoyenebul teqstebSi ikiTxeba

muqara, rom male, isini dauxocaven qarTvelebis Zmebs da

Svilebs, zustad ise, rogorc qarTvelebma dauxoces maT

da a.S. videoSi Cans kadrebi beri gabriel salosis quCaze

Catarebuli kontrteroristuli operaciidanac, romlis

drosac ramdenime adamiani gardaicvala. isini saqarTve-

los xelisuflebis mtkicebiT, TbilisSi afeTqebis mowyo-

bas gegmavdnen. videos xangrZlivoba saerTo jamSi 4 wuTze


48

metia da Sesavlis teqstis garda, Jurnalisturi Careva

videoSi ar gvxvdeba.


» rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad sworad da standartebis dacviT aris SerCeuli gamoqveynebuli videos saTauri?

» ra grZnobebs aRZravs es video mayureblebSi? » gamoaqveynebdiT Tu ara Tqvenc am videos amave formiT? » ra alternatiuli formebiT SeiZleboda rom gaevrcele-

bina Jurnalists videos Sesaxeb informacia? » rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlenas moaxdenda sazogadoebaze

videos Sinaarsi?

2.4 პირდაპირი ეთერი

2013 wlis 21 seqtembers, keniis dedaqalaq nairobiSi, oTxma

niRbianma mamakacma cecxli gaxsna Westgate-is savaWro centr-

Si. Tavdasxmis Sedegad, romelze pasuxismgeblobac dajgufeba

al-Sabaabma aiRo, 70-ze meti adamiani daiRupa maT Soris, 60-ze

meti moqalaqe da 5 jariskaci. 200-mde adamiani ki daiWra. 2014

wlis TebervalSi, keniis Tavdacvis Zalebis warmomadgenelma

iulius karangim ganacxada, rom Secdoma iyo, rodesac mediasa-

Sualebis warmomadgenlebs saSualeba misces, pirdapir eTerSi

gaeSuqebinaT antiteroristuli operacia, romelic TiTqmis 48

saaTi gagrZelda. misi TqmiT, mediis muSaobam Tavdamsxmelebs

saSualeba misca, rom Tvalyuri edevnebinaT Tavdacvis Zalebis

mier operaciis dagegmvisaTvis.

pirdapir eTerSi gasvla teroristuli Tavdasxmebis dros

Cveuli movlenaa mediisaTvis. Tumca, mniSvnelovania, rom mediam


49

Tavisi saqmianobiT xeli ar SeuSalos samarTaldamcavebs muSao-

baSi, uneburad ar gaxdes TavdamsxmelTaTvis sasargeblo infor-

maciis gamavrcelebeli. gadawyvetilebis miReba pirdapir eTerSi

ar gasvlaze SesaZloa, motivirebuli iyos erTaderTi mizeziT

Jurnalisturma muSaobam ar Seuqmnas safrTxe vinmes sicocxles.

mediis warmomadgenlebs yovelTvis unda axsovdeT, rom rasac

isini gadascemen, SesaZloa, rom uproblemod aRwevdes Zalado-

briv aqtSi CarTul adamianebamde, iqneba es operaciis mimdinare-

obis Sesaxeb informacia, mimdebare perimetris gamosaxuleba Tu

haeridan droniT an vertmfreniT gadaRebuli kadrebi.

gansakuTrebiT safrTxiloa pirdapir eTerSi gasvla, rode-

sac moZaladeebs mZevlad hyavT ayvanili moqalaqeebi, rodesac

Tavad reportiorebi imyofebian SemTxvevasTan Zalian axlos an

policiis Tu specdaniSnulebis razmis wevrebi antiteroristu-

li operaciis SuagulSi arian. aseT dros, mediis mier Secdomis

daSveba SesaZloa adamianebis sicocxlis fasad dajdes da amis

magaliTebi araerTia saerTaSoriso mediis gamocdilebidan.

1974 wlis 22 noembers, oTxma Tavdamsxmelma British Airways-is

TviTmfrinavi gaitaca. isini iTxovdnen, rom egviptis xelisufle-

bas gaeTavisuflebina terorizmSi braldebuli 13 adamiani, xolo

holandiis xelisuflebas - ori adamiani. egviptis xelisuflebam

ganacxada, rom isini asrulebdnen gamtaceblebis moTxovnas da

apirebdnen terorizmSi braldebulebis gaTavisuflebas da maT-

Tvis gadacemas. am momentSi erT-erTma reportiorma gaavrcela

informacia, rom TviTmfrinavis bortTan araviTari gaTavisu-

flebuli patimrebi ar iyvnen da TviTmfrinavis gamtaceblebs

savaraudod atyuebdnen. gamtaceblebma Seityves amis Sesaxeb da

sapasuxod erT-erTi mgzavri mokles (Cohen-Almagor, 2005).

amitomac, mniSvnelovania, rom Tqveni saqmianobiT:

» ar SeuqmnaT safrTxe adamianebs; » ar SeuSaloT xeli sagangebo da usafrTxoebis operaciebis

mimdinareobas;


50

» ar miawodoT teroristebs sensitiur da mniSvnelovani informacia.

rodesac adamianebis gatacebis Sesaxeb informacia gadaicema

mediiT, ar aris rekomendirebuli, rom gamJRavndes informa-

cia samarTaldamcavebis taqtikis Tu adgilsamyofelis Sesaxeb.

mediam safrTxis Sesaxeb mosaxleobas informacia unda miawodos,

magram aman xeli ar unda SeuSalos policias muSaobaSi. amito-

mac umjobesia, rom ar gauSvan pirdapir eTerSi satelefono Tu

videozarebi gamtaceblebTan da ar aCvenon samarTaldamcavTa

saxeebi an dafaron isini Semdgom gamoSvebebSi (Consell de l’Audio-visual de Catalunya, 2016).

es sakiTxebi kidev ufro mwvaved dgas dResdReobiT, rodesac

socialur qselebsa da sxvadasxva laivstrimingis mowyobilobaze

rigiTi moqalaqeebis did nawils miuwvdeba xeli. mediam damatebi-

Ti Zalisxmeva unda gaswios, rom moqalaqeTa mxridan sensitiuri

informaciis gavrcelebas kidev ufro ar Seuwyos xeli. amito-

mac moqalaqeTa miwodebulma informaciam (user generated content) saTanado filtri unda gaiaros media profesionalebis xelSi

da ise gavrceldes sainformacio arxebiT. socialuri mediis

mier warmoqmnili gamowvevebis Sesaxeb ki vrclad, 2.8 qveTavSi

visaubrebT.

aqve, xazi unda gavusvaT imasac, rom msgavsi krizisuli situ-

aciebis dros, dauzustebeli informaciis gavrceleba SesaZloa,

bevrad ufro damazianebeli aRmoCndes, vidre sxva SemTxvevebSi.

ar aris gamoricxuli aman gamoiwvios auditoriis qcevis myisieri

Secvla, magaliTad, moqalaqeebma datovon teritoria, Tavdac-

visaTvis mimarTon araprofesionalur Carevebs, daTeson panika

sxva sazogadoebebSi da aS.

aseve, mediam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom daRupulTa, daWrilTa

da daSavebulTa raodenoba da vinaoba aucileblad unda iyos

dazustebuli da gaSuqdes gauzviadeblad. vinaobasTan dakav-

SirebiT ki, mniSvnelovania isic, rom mediam krizisuli situaciis


51

Seqmnidan maleve pirdapir eTerSi ar gaamxilos im adamianebis

saxeli da gvarebi, romelTac ziani miadgaT an daiRupnen. Sesa-

Zloa, gardacvlilTa Tu daSavebulTa axloblebma jer ar icod-

nen momxdaris Sesaxeb.

SemTxvevis aRwera

rusTavi 2 - gabriel salosis quCaze srolis da afeTqebebis

xma ismis

2017 wlis 21-22 noemberi

2017 wlis 21 noembers beri gabriel salosis quCaze saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxurma specopera-

cia Caatara, ra drosac samarTaldamcavebsa da SenobaSi

myof adamianebs Soris Setakebis Sedegad gardaicvala erTi

samarTaldamcavi, oTxi ki daiWra. aseve daiRupa SenobaSi

myofi, terorizmSi eWvmitanili 3 piri da daakaves erTi

(Tabula.ge, 2018). specoperaciis dawyebidan maleve, qarTul-

ma mediam faqtis aqtiurad gaSuqeba daiwyo. specoperacia,

romelic 20 saaTis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda, TiTqmis

yvela telekompaniam pirdapir eTerSi gadasca. Jurnal-

istebi acxadebdnen, rom uWirdaT oficialuri pirebisgan

dazustebuli informaciis miReba. kontrteroristuli

operaciis mimdinareobisas ar arsebobda erTi presspikeri,

romelic Jurnalistebs detalur informacias miawvdida.

amasTan ar dafiqsirebula SemTxveva, rodesac Zalovani

uwyebis warmomadgenlebis moTxovna Jurnalistebma ar

daakmayofiles da akrZalul teritoriaze mainc SeiWrnen.

telekompania „rusTavi 2-ma“ mayurebels pirdapiri

CarTva 21 noembersve daiwyo. Jurnalistma mayurebels mis

xelT arsebuli, daudasturebeli informacia da adgil-

ze mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb mokle cnobebi miawoda.


52

operatori TiTqmis mTeli CarTvis manZilze sakmaod axlo

xediT aCvenebda korpusis mimdebare teritoriebze mobi-

lizebul samarTaldamcavebs, Jurnalisti ki periodulad

acxadebda informacias Tu romeli samarTaldamcavi samsax-

uris warmomadgeneli Sedioda SemosazRvrul perimetrze.

CarTvebi eTerSi momdevno dRes dilidanve ganaxlda. Jur-

nalistma, romelic korpusis mimdebare teritoriebidan

awvdida mayurebels informacias, aCvena kadrebi ezodan,

sadac samarTaldamcavebi iyvnen mobilizebulebi, eTerSi

gauSva evakuirebuli mezoblebis komentarebi. kadrebSi

Canda rogor da ra mimarTulebiT gadaadgildebian adgilze

mobilizebuli specdaniSnulebis razmis wevrebi.

momdevno CarTvaSi, eTerSi gavida binaSi mcxovrebi moqa-

laqis satelefono komentari, sadac is policiis arakompe-

tenturobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas da yveboda gancdil

SiSsa da nerviulobaze. telekompanias ar daufaravs mobi-

lizebul samarTaldamcavTa saxeebi. operatori cdilob-

da, rom maqsimalurad mieaxlovebina kadri im sadarbazos-

Tan, sadac savaraudod eWvmitanilebi iyvnen. Jurnalisti

Seecada, saswrafo daxmarebis brigadisagan aeRo komen-

tari, romelic Setakebis perimetrze cdilobda Sesvlas.

Jurnalisti asaxelebda Tu sad da romeli mxridan unda

Sesuliyo saswrafo daxmarebis manqana. sxva televiziebTan

erTad aRniSnuli telekompaniis Jurnalistic pirdapir

eTerSi Seecada ramdenime mezoblisagan komentaris aRe-

bas, romlebic specoperaciis mimdinareobis dros adgils

tovebdnen. televiziis eTeriT gavida mezobeli korpusidan

gadaRebuli „eqskluziuri“ kadrebic, sadac mosCans saxli,

romelSic savaraudo eWvmitanilebi iyvnen gamagrebulebi.

garkveul momentSi, Jurnalisti xeliTac ki swevs poli-

ciels rom saswrafo daxmarebis manqanis gamosvlis kadrebi

gadaiRos operatorma. Jurnalistebi samaSvelo jgufis


53

manqanaSi yofen mikrofons, raTa iq msxdomi TanamSromlebi-

sagan gaarkvion Tu ratom Sedian isini Setakebis adgilze.


» rogor fiqrobT, saWiroa Tu ara im adgilidan pirdapiri translacia, sadac kontrteroristuli operacia SeiZleba mimdinareobdes?

» arsebobs Tu ara sajaro interesi momxdaris mimarT? » unda gaavrcelos Tu ara Jurnalistma daudasturebeli

informacia aseT situaciaSi? » ramdenad gamarTlebulia, Tqveni azriT, samarTaldamcav-

Ta Cveneba pirdapir eTerSi? » unda aCvenos Tu ara televiziam aseT dros specdan-

iSnulebis razmisa da policiis TanamSromelTa ganlageba da gadaadgilebis traeqtoria?

» rogor afasebT zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi Jurnalistis mcdelobebs, mieRo informacia saswrafo da samaSvelo samsaxurebis manqanebSi mjdomi adamianebisgan?

» TvliT Tu ara rom msgavsi operaciebis gaSuqebisas opera-toris mier kadrebis axlo xediT Cveneba dasaSvebia?

» ra detalebi SeiZleba aRweros Jurnalistma pirdapir eTerSi muSaobisas?

» rogor SeiZleba daazustos Jurnalistma komentari maSin, rodesac oficialuri uwyebebi aranair informacias ar avrceleben mimdinare kontrteroristuli operaciis Ses-axeb?

» Tuki Jurnalists uSveben operaciis mimdebare teritori-aze da mas Tavisuflad SeuZlia gaReba da pirdapir eTer-Si gadacema iq mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, mainc unda Seikavos Tavi?

» ra alternatiuli gza arsebobs imisaTvis, rom Tan aCveno mimdinare movlenebi da Tan xeli ar SeuSalo operacias?


54

2.5 სტერეოტიპები

iseT momentebSi, roca teroristuli aqti axali momxdaria

an romelime politikuri Tu ideologiuri niSniT motivirebul-

ma jgufma zogadad mosaxleobis Tu sazogadoebis konkretuli

segmentis dasaSineblad Zaladobrivi danaSauli Caidina, gadam-

wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu rogori formiT da visgan miiReben

adamianebi pirvelad informacias. aseT dros, tele da onlain-

mediaSi momuSave Jurnalistis toni, SerCeuli sityvebi da gamo-

saxulebebi ori ramis gamoa mniSvnelovania: pirveli, igi Tav-

idan agvaridebs mosaxleobaSi arafris momcemi panikis daTesvas,

razec pirdapir eTerebze saubrisas gavamaxvileT yuradReba; da

meore, dagvazRvevs imisagan, rom SeSinebulma mosaxleobam e.w.

gantevebis vacebis Zieba ar daiwyos da Tavad ar gaxdes moZalade

im jgufis mimarT, romelTa warmomadgenlebic, SeiZleba raime

niSniT iyvnen dakavSirebuli Zaladobis CamdenebTan.

amdenad, Jurnalistis mier gavrcelebuli informacia dacli-

li unda iyos dauzustebeli informaciisgan, stereotipuli

midgomebisa da naCqarevi daskvnebisagan. amiT Jurnalisti xels

Seuwyobs mosaxleobaSi dabalansebuli, faqtebze dafuZnebuli

informaciis gavrcelebas da daazRvevs, rom sazogadoebis zogi-

erTi jgufi ar gaxdes stigmatizaciis msxverpli. Jurnalisturi

eTikis qartiis saxelmZRvaneloSi vkiTxulobT:

» uaryofiTi qmedebis dakavSireba masSi monawile pirebis warmomavlobas an religiur mrwamsTan ararelevanturia. amgvari informacia mxolod negatiur stereotipebs aRvivebs da xels uwyobs stigmatizacias. nacvlad amisa, aCveneT mTliani suraTi da xazi gausviT imas, rom reli-giur an eTnikur Rirebulebebs kavSiri ar aqvs terorizm-Tan. warmoaCineT eqspertTa da analitikosTan Sefasebebi, statistika an sxva relevanturi informacia, romelic problemas mTlianobaSi warmoaCens.


55

naCqarevma da arainformirebulma daskvnebma SesaZloa ara-

saWiro stereotipizaciamde migviyvanos. yvela, vinc danaSauls

sCadis, teroristi ar aris. xolo yvela, vinc teroristul aqts

sCadis, SesaZloa dakavSirebuli ar iyos did teroristul orga-

nizaciasTan. amitomac, saWiro ar aris yoveli kriminaluri SemTx-

vevis dros mosaxleobaSi panikis daTesva.

2017 wels, londonSi, vestminsteris sasaxlis mimdebare teri-

toriebze 52 wlis britaneli xalid masudi manqaniT daejaxa tro-

tuarze mosiarule 50-mde adamians, romelTagan 4-s sasikvdilo

dazianebebi miayena. mogvianebiT ki, igi daniT daesxa Tavs iqve

myof erT-erT policiels. masudi danaSaulis adgilzeve garda-

icvala. mediasaSualebebma ambidan maleve daiwyes spekulaciebi,

rom masudis qmedebebi ISIS-Tan iyo dakavSirebuli. sabolood,

policiam veraviTari kvali ver daadgina masudis qmedebebsa da

romelime teroristul organizacias Soris.

mediisa da xelisuflebis qmedebebis kritikisas, britaneli

avtori da Jurnalisti saimon jenkinsi werda: „nu gamoavsebT

gazeTebis gverdebs da tele Tu radio eTerebs iseTi sityvebiT,

rogoricaa SiSi, saSineleba, maniaki, monstri. nu miscemT qalaqis

mers mizezs, rom movardes yviriliT „nu ayvebiT panikas“. ar aris

saWiro mediaSi eqspertTa spekulaciebi imaze, Tu „ra surs ISIS-s“

da „ra rTulia Tavis dacva aseTi Tavdasxmebisas“. nu warmoaCenT

londons saSinelebaTa filmis gadasaReb moednad. nu eZebT gam-

warebulebi Sinnazard osama bin ladens. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqva,

nu moikatunebT Tavs TiTqos „Cveulebrivad iqceviT“ maSin, roca

amis sapirispiros akeTebT.“

saxelmZRvaneloebSi, sadac saubaria terorizmze, radikali-

zaciaze an neonacisturi jgufebidan momdinare safrTxeebze,

rogorc wesi, xazgasmulia, rom mediam yvelaferi unda iRonos

imisaTvis, rom teroristuli aqtebis dakavSireba ar moxdes

religiur, eTnikur Tu kulturul warsulTan (Marthoz 2017, Ter-ratoolkit) .


56

SemTxvevis aRwera

sxvadasxva mediasaSualebis eTerSi Tu vebgverdze xvde-

ba sxvadasxva qveynis moqalaqeTa mier Cadenili danaSau-

lis Sesaxeb axali ambebi. rogorc wesi, msgavsi SemTxvevebis

gaSuqebisas, media kidev ufro aqtiuria Tuki danaSaulSi

aziis, axlo aRmosavleTis an afrikis qveynebis moqalaqeebi

arian gareulebi.

2017 wlis 30 ivniss, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa samin-

istrom gavrcela informacia, rom samarTaldamcveleb-

ma axalcixeSi iranis moqalaqe daakaves. 51 wlis mamakacs

5 arasrulwlovanTan seqsualuri kontaqtis damyarebis

mcdelobis gamo wauyenes brali. 6 ivliss ki, sasamarTlom

dakavebuls 6-wliani patimroba miusaja. qvemoT motanilia

ori vebsaitis mier mamakacis dakavebisa da sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuli informacia.

alt-info - axalcixeSi iraneli mamakaci 5 arasrulwlovani biWis gaupatiurebis mcdelobisTvis daakaves

30 ivnisi, 2017 weli

axalcixeSi iraneli mamakaci arasrulwlovnebTan seq-

sualuri kontaqtis damyarebis mcdelobis gamo daakaves.

braldebuli 51 wlis aris da axalcixeSi erT-erT sawarmoSi

muSaobda. is 5 arasrulwlovan biWTan motyuebiT cdilobda

seqsualuri kavSiris damyarebas, Tavidan cdilobda maT

gacnobas, ndobis mopovebas, Semdeg ki fulis SeTavazebiT

maT seqsualur kavSirze daTanxmebas.

saagento pirveli - iranels mozardebTan garyvnili qmedebis momzadebisTvis 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miesaja

20 ivlisi, 2017 weli


57

axalcixis raionulma sasamarTlom mozardebTan

garyvnili qmedebis momzadebisTvis iranis islamuri res-

publikis moqalaqes 6 wliT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa miusaja.

axalcixis raionulma sasamarTlom gaiziara braldebis

mxaris mier wardgenili mtkicebulebebi da mozardebTan

garyvnili qmedebis momzadebisTvis, iranis islamuri res-

publikis moqalaqe h.q. damnaSaved scno saqarTvelos sisx-

lis samarTlis kodeqsis 18-141-e muxliT (xuTi epizodi).


» ra Seusabamobas xedavT „alt-infos“ mier gavrcelebuli ambis saTaursa da teqsts Soris?

» saTaurisa da teqstis Sedarebisas, rogor fiqrobT, ra safrTxes qmnis savaraudod Cadenili qmedebis mediis mier kidev ufro damZimeba da seqsualuri kontaqtis damyare-bis nacvlad gaupatiurebis mcdelobis Sesaxeb miTiTeba?

» ra Seusabamobas xedavT saagento pirvelis saTaursa da teqsts Soris? (gaiTvaliswineT, rom saagento pirvelis gamoqveynebul ambavSi saTauri saagentos mofiqrebulia, teqsti ki dakopirebulia saqarTvelos prokuraturis presrelizidan).

» rogor fiqrobT, ramdenad mizanSewonilia, rom mediasa-Sualebam kriminaluri aqtebis Cadenis dros yuradReba gaamaxvilos moqalaqis religiaze, eTnikur warmomavloba-sa da rasaze?

» rogor safrTxes qmnis, Tqveni azriT, mediis mier krimi-naluri ambebis dakavSireba danaSaulis Camdenis idento-basTan?

» ra informacias da warmodgenas qmnis sazogadoebaSi, aq moyvanili teqstebi, eTnikuri iranelebis mimarT?


58

» ra alternatiuli teqstiT, gziT iyo SesaZlebeli am SemTxvevis gaSuqeba?

2.6 ამბების ვიზუალური მხარე

2013 wlis agvistos nomerSi, Jurnalma Rolling Stone ydaze bos-

tonis maraTonis afeTqebaSi braldebuli joxar carnaevis foto

dabeWda. fotoze carnaevi umanko mzeriT, xveuli TmebiTa da

ubralo maisuriT rigiT amerikel mozards hgavda. Jurnalis gad-

awyvetilebas ydaze gamoetana aseTi suraTi, didi gamoxmaureba

mohyva rogorc mediawreebSi, aseve Jurnalis mkiTxvelisgan. Roll-ing Stone-is socialuri mediis angariSebze mkiTxvelebma erTgvari

ieriSi miitanes da Jurnali ramdenime adamianis mkvlelobaSi

damnaSavis gakeTilSobilebis mcdelobaSi dasdes brali. kri-

tikosebma Jurnals terorizmis glamurulad warmoCenaSi daadan-

aSaules da aRniSnavdnen, rom carnaevi am fotoSi rok-varskvlavs

hgavda (New Yorker, 2013).

dResdReobiT, rodesac mediaproduqtis warmoebaSi ufro

da ufro didi yuradReba eqceva audio-vizualuri informaciis

gamoqveynebas, xolo teqstebi mcirdeba, kidev ufro mniSvnelo-

vani xdeba ras gamoaqveynebs media da ra formiT. gansakuTrebiT,

Tuki saqme exeba ara ubralod sasurvelad warmoCenas, aramed

Sokis momgvreli suraTebisa da video Canawerebis gamoqveynebas,

sadac grafikulad aris warmoCenili Zaladobrivi, eqstremistu-

li jgufebis mier msxverplTa sikvdiliT dasja, Tavis mokveTa,

TviTmkvleli eqstremistebis mier Tavis afeTqeba da a.S.

es sakiTxi, umeteswilad, profesiuli eTikis sferoSi eqceva

xolme, Tumca magaliTad, safrangeTSi, teroristuli aqtis msx-

verplTa gamosaxulebebis gamoqveynebis gamo media SesaZloa 15

000 evroT dajarimdes. sxva qveynebis SemTxvevaSi ki, aRniSnuli


59

eTikuri dilemebi ZiriTadad saredaqcio politikebis doneze

wydeba (Marthoz, 2017).

UNESCO-s mier gamocemuli JurnalistTa saxelmZRvanelo

ramdenime gamocemis politikas mimoixilavs am mxriv. magaliT-

ad, axali ambebis saagento Agence France-Presse uars ambobs gamoa-

qveynos moZaladeTa mier adamianebisTvis Tavis mokveTis video-

ebi. saagento iyenebs mxolod da mxolod calkeul scenebs vide-

odan, romelic ar laxavs gardacvlilTa Rirsebas da msxverplTa

identificirebis SemTxvevaSi, isini cdiloben, rom am adamianebis

sicocxleSi gadaRebuli fotoebi gamoiyenon (Marthoz, 2017).

britanulma gamocema The Guardian-ma ki 2016 wels ISIS-is mier

adamianTa daxocvis amsaxveli videoebis gamoqveynebis Sesaxeb

ramdenime ZiriTadi rekomendacia gamoaqveyna (Smith, 2016):

» ar gamoiyenoT video an fotosuraTi, romelic borotmoq-medebs mimzidvelad warmoaCens - magaliTad, rodesac isini pozireben mZevlebTan erTad an iaraRiT xelSi. gamoiyeneT audiomasala ekonomiurad;

» gamoiyeneT mxolod da mxolod axlodan moWrili foto-kadri mZevalTa videodan da ganaTavseT is vebstatiis qve-da nawilSi, raTa ar gamoCndes statiis dasawyisSive;

» idealur SemTxvevaSi, mZevlis an msxverplis mTavari gamo-saxuleba unda iyos foto, romelic sxva dros da sxva kon-teqstSia gadaRebuli.

terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas, ambebis

vizualur gaformebaze yuradRebas amaxvilebs saqarTvelos Jur-

nalisturi eTikis saxelmZRvaneloc. saxelmZRvanelo saubrobs

vizualuri xerxebiT terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis

normalizebis safrTxeebsa da politikur Tu eTikur qvete-

qstebze, romlebic Tan axlavs msgavsi vizualuri masalis gamo-

qveynebas. saxelmZRvanelo xazs usvams Jurnalistis pasuxismge-

blobazec, rom man:


60

» ar moaxdinos teroristuli mowodebebis da miznebis tira-Jireba;

» ar daarRvios piradi cxovrebis xelSeuxebloba, adami-anebisTvis damatebiTi tkivilis miyeneba, gansakuTrebiT msxverplebisa da maTi axloblebisTvis.

SemTxvevis aRwera

rusTavi 2 - eqskluzivi: Cataevis cxedris fotomasala da

kadrebi, sadac kidev erTi teroristis likvidaciaa asaxuli

27 dekemberi, 2017 weli

zemoT aRwerili, beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catare-

buli antiteroristuli operaciidan daaxloebiT 1 Tvis

Tavze, telekompania “rusTavi 2-ma” gaavrcela informacia,

saidanac arxis mayurebeli igebda:

„axmed Cataevi likvidirebulia. “kurierma” eqskluziu-

ri foto moipova, sadac likvidirebuli Cataevia asaxuli.

aseve fotoze Cans misi fexis protezic. garda aRniSnu-

li fotomasalisa, „kurierma“ eqskluziuri videomasalac

moipova, sadac beri gabriel salosis quCaze Catarebuli

specoperaciisas terorizmSi erT-erTi braldebulis

likvidaciaa asaxuli.“

am dRemde, qarTul mediaSi ar gavrcelebula dadas-

turebuli informacia imis Sesaxeb, rom specoperaciis

dros likvidirebuli piri axmed Cataevi iyo. Sesabamis-

ad, arxis gavrcelebuli informacias namdvilad hqonda

Rirebuleba, am ambis mimarT arsebobda sajaro interesi da

televizias absoluturad yvela mizezi hqonda eqskluzi-

uri ambis gasavrceleblad.

gadacemis wamyvanma fotos ekranze Cvenebamde aRniSna:

„es Zalian mZime kadria, Tumca, misi grafikulad damuSave-


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bis SemTxvevaSi arsi mTlianad daikargeboda, amitom Zalian

gTxovT, rom bavSvebi moaridoT ekrans.“

ekranisaTvis bavSvebis moridebis Txovna gaimeora

CarTvaze mdgarma Jurnalistmac, rasac mosdevda ukve gar-

dacvlili axmed Cataevis afeTqebuli sxeulis narCenebis

daufaravi Cveneba. fotoze, romelic mayurebels „rusTavi

2-ma“ anaxa, faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia raimes garCeva, garda

Segrovebuli sisxlsa da talaxSi azelili sxeulis ramden-

ime nawilisa, maT Soris, Tavis qalis narCenebisa, romelic

kisris qvemoT mowyvetilia sxeulisagan. aseve Canda fexis

protezis dasisxlianebuli narCenebi.

kadrebis Cvenebis paralelurad, Jurnalistma isev

gaimeora, rom arxma sxeulis nawilebis foto ar daamuSava

grafikulad, radgan misi aRqma veRar moxerxdeboda.

amis Semdeg, telekompaniam gauSva ukve siuJeti, rome-

lic iwyeba terorizmSi erT-erTi braldebulis sacx-

ovrebeli korpusidan gamosvliT. igi SeiaraRebuli iyo

da isroda samarTaldamcavebis mimarTulebiT. kadrebSi

Canda Tu rogor xvdeba mas tyvia da ecema javSanteqnikis

win. ramdenime wamSi ki igi savaraudod sakuTarive gaxsnili

xelyumbariT feTqdeba. axmed Cataevis sxeulis nawilebis

msgavsad, kadrebi arc aq yofila grafikulad damuSavebuli.


» ra emociebs gamoiwvevda TqvenSi, rogorc informaciis momxmarebelSi msgavsi kadrebis teleeTeriT xilva?

» rogor fiqrobT, hqonda Tu ara arsebiTi Rirebuleba axmed Cataevis danawevrebul, sisxlsa da mtverSi amosvril sxeulis nawilebis xilvas? ra damatebiTi Rirebuli informacia miiRo amiT mayurebelma?


62

» rogor fiqrobT, ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos aseTi kadrebis xilvam daRupulTa axloblebze? mis Tanamoaz-reebze?

» rogor fiqrobT, msgavsi kadrebis grafikuli damuSavebis gareSe gamoqveyneba rogor imoqmedebs im adamianTa radi-kalizacia/deradikalizaciaze, romlebic potenciurad SeiZleba uTanagrZnobdnen operaciis dros daRupulebs?

» rogor fiqrobT, mayurebelTa im nawils, romlebic poten-ciurad uTanagrZnoben operaciis dros daRupulebs, ra warmodgena SeiZleba Seuqmnas gardacvlilze im kadre-bis xilvam, sadac Cans Tu rogor ibrZvis erTi adamiani specrazmelTa mTeli jgufis winaaRmdeg, Semdeg ki sasik-vdilod daWrisas Tavs ifeTqebs?

» ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vizualurad mZime kadris gaSveba eTerSi anda vebsaitze gamoqveyneba?

» rogor SeiZleba moyve am mZime vizualuri masalis gareSe zemoT aRwerili ambavi?

2.7 ტერმინოლოგია

sityvebi „teroristi“, „terorizmi“, „teroristuli Tav-

dasxma“ ar aris Sefasebebisagan daclili terminebi. TiTqmis

yvela mniSvnelovani Jurnalisturi saxelmZRvanelo Tu wamy-

vani mediaorganizaciis stilis saxelmZRvanelo xazs usvams, rom

aseTi emociebis aRmZvreli, SefasebiTi terminebis gamoyeneba ar

aris Jurnalistis saqme. terorizmTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi

arasdros aris erTganzomilebiani, amitomac Jurnalisti Sesa-

Zloa, advilad Secdes msgavsi SefasebiTi sityvebis gamoyenebisas.

magaliTad, 1970-80-ian wlebSi, urugvaiSi arsebobda tupa-

marosebis erovnuli gamaTavisuflebeli moZraoba, romelic

partizanul brZolaSi iyo CarTuli. qveynis xelmZRvanelobam is

teroristul dajgufebad gamoacxada, maSin, rodesac Tavad jgu-


63

fis wevrebi diqtatoruli reJimisagan qveynis ganTavisuflebi-

saTvis mebrZolebad aRiqvamdnen Tavs. UNESCO-s saxelmZRvanelo

JurnalistebisaTvis aseT SemTxvevebs dilemurad miiCnevs da

svams kiTxvas: rogor unda movixsenioT politikuri jgufebi,

romlebic diqtaturis an okupaciis pirobebSi teroristul

aqtebs mimarTaven, ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis wevrebad Tu

teroristeebad (Marthoz, 2017)?

sainformacio saagento Reuters-i iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa

„teroristi“, „eqstremisti“, „amboxebuli“, „partizani“ da a.S.

emociur (emotive) sityvebs uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom „zogierT

sityvas emociuri rezonansi axlavs Tan an Zalze sakamaToa, an

bundovania, amdenad maTi gamoyeneba unda moxdes gansakuTrebuli

neitralurobiTa da sizustiT.“ igive SeniSvnas vxvdebiT BBC-is

saredaqcio gaidlainSi, sadac naTqvamia, rom sityva „teroris-

ti“ informaciis momxmareblebisaTvis, ambis gagebisas, SeiZleba

barieri ufro iyos, vidre damxmare (BBC, 2019).

saintereso SeniSvnaa evrosabWos saparlamento asambleis,

kulturis, mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis komitetis 2005 wels

gamocemul dokumentSi „media da terorizmi“, sadac naTqvamia,

rom sityva „terorizmis“ arasaTanado gamoyenebam e.w. „normal-

uri“ kriminaluri qmedebis dros SesaZloa, gamoiwvios negatiuri

gagebiT gmirad warmoCenisa da yuradRebis mipyrobis safrTxeebi

maT mimarT, vinc cdilobs, rom antigmirad yofniT isargeblos

(Jařab 2005). es maSin, rodesac bevri e.w. teroristuli qmedebebi

„Cveulebriv“ kriminalur qcevazea dafuZnebuli da ara politi-

kur an ideologiur qmedebaze. Sesabamisad, isini SesaZloa, ufro

aRmatebuli Zalis mqoneebad warmoCindnen sazogadoebis TvalSi

da warmatebiT moaxerxon mosaxleobis daSineba.

Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia CamoTvlis konkretul sityvebs,

romlebic umjobesia mediis warmomadgenelma gamoiyenos muSao-

bisas „teroristuli aqtis“ nacvlad. esenia:


64

» „afeTqeba“; » „dabombva“; » „srola“; » „cecxlis gaxsna“; » „SeiaraRebuli piri“; » „gamtacebeli“; » „Tavdamsxmeli“ da sxva.

iqve, Jurnalisturi eTikis qartia aRniSnavs, rom marTalia

Jurnalistebi unda moeridon TavianT saavtoro teqstebSi sityva

„teroristis“ gamoyenebas, magram amavdroulad, „Jurnalisteb-

ma ar unda Secvalon sityva “teroristi” sxva sityviT, roca is

naxsenebia respondentis citataSi. unda Candes, rom am termins

wyaro iyenebs.“

#WordsMatter ase qvia kampanias, romelic 2018 wels did brita-

neTSi teroristuli Tavdasxmebis dros gadarCenilma adamianeb-

ma daiwyes (Davies 2019). am kampaniiT isini medias mouwodebdnen,

rom ar gamoiyenebinaT iseTi terminebi, romlebic Zaladobriv

eqstremizmSi CarTul adamianebs gmirebad warmoaCens an raime

formiT maTi qmedebebis legitimizebas axdens. magaliTad, xSirad

SexvdebiT mtkicebas, rom mediam ar unda gamoiyenos iseTi ter-

minebi, rogoricaa „jihadi“ „mojahedi“, „xalifati“ “ISIS” da a.S.

am miTiTebis erT-erTi mTavari argumenti aris is, rom swored am

saxeliT moixsenieben xolme Zaladobriv eqstremizmSi CarTuli

adamianebi sakuTar Tavsa da saqmianobas.

aqve, mediis warmomadgenlebma unda gaiTvaliswinon, rom

Zaladobrivi jgufebi SesaZloa, iyenebdnen iseT terminolo-

gias, romelic maT warmoaCens rogorc TavisuflebisaTvis

mebrZolebs, wamebulebs an Cagrulebis, xolo sxva jgufebs,

romelTan winaaRmdegobasac afuZneben isini sakuTar idento-

bas, warmoaCendnen rogorc safrTxeebs sazogadoebisTvis. isini

SesaZloa, Seecadon konkretuli adamianebis marginalizebasa

da stigmatizebas konkretuli niSniT (mag, migrantebi, qalebi,

lesboseli, gei, biseqsuali da transseqsuali adamianebi, femin-


65

istebi, muslimebi, qristianebi da a.S.). mediis warmomadgenlebma

yovelTvis unda miuTiTon, rom esa Tu is mosazreba calsaxad aris

gamijnuli maTi saredaqcio politikisgan da amavdroulad, unda

Seecadon, rom ar gamoiyenon moZaladeTa leqsikoni.

SemTxvevis aRwera

Daily Mail - From smiling Kent schoolboy to murdering jihadi24 marti, 2017

qveTavSi 2.5, sadac stereotipizaciidan momdinare

safrTxeze iyo saubari, vaxseneT 2017 wels did britaneT-

Si vestminsteris Tavdasxmis saxeliT cnobili SemTxveva,

rodesac 52 wlis xalid masudma ramdenime adamiani mokla

jer manqanis dajaxebiT, Semdeg ki danis gamoyenebiT. qvemoT

motanilia amonaridebi britanuli gamocema Daily Mail-is

statiidan:

[1] „Kent-is skolis momRimari moswavlidan mkvlel

jihadistamde: policia aqveynebs teroristis fotos,

skolis megobari ki yveba, rom popularuli fexburTeli

„msubuqi rasizmis“ gamo itanjeboda rogorc erTaderTi

Savkaniani studenti.“

[2] „es gaxlavT vestminsteris ISIS-iT STagonebuli

jihadistis xalid masudis zrdasrulobis pirveli foto,

romelic skotland iardma gaavrcela, radganac cdiloben,

Seagrovon informacia iyo Tu ara is britaneTSi moqmedi

ufro farTo teroristuli qselis wevri.“

[3] birmingemSi misi mezoblebi darwmunebulebi arian,

rom is marto ar moqmedebda, aRweren rogorc „ucnaur


66

tips“ da moixsenieben rogorc „vampirs“, vinaidan mxolod

da mxolod RamiT gamodioda saxlidan SavebSi Cacmuli.

mimdinare Tvis dasawyisSi detalurma, 1000-gverdianma

kvlevam birmingemi msoflio teroris dedaqalaqad daas-

axela. 1998-2015 wlebSi momxdar 269 SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

adamianebs brali wauyenes islamur terorizmSi an rodesac

adamianebma Tavi aifeTqes, 49 adamiani uest midlendidan

iyo.


» moyvanil informaciaze dayrdnobiT, daaxasiaTeT xalid masudi? rogori portreti Seqmna statiam?

» zemoT citirebul amonaridebSi romelia sityvebi, rom-lebic sadavod migaCniaT Jurnalistur teqstebSi gamo-sayeneblad?

» rogor fiqrobT, ra emociur datvirTvas atareben sityve-bi: vampiri, ucnauri tipaJi, jihadisti, teroris dedaqa-laqi.

» ra sityvebiT SeiZleboda maTi Canacvleba? » rogor fiqrobT unda moixsenios Tu ara mediam teror-

izmSi CarTuli adamianebi im saxelebiT, epiTetebiT, rom-liTac isini sakuTar Tavebs moixsenieben an axloblebi uwodeben?

2.8 სოციალური მედია

socialuri mediis popularobis zrdasTan erTad 2000-iani

wlebidan moyolebuli, iseve rogorc sxva problemuri sakiTx-


67

ebis, Zaladobrivi radikalizebuli jgufebis gaSuqebasTan daka-

vSirebiTac Jurnalistebi axali gamowvevebis winaSe dadgnen.

Facebook-is, Twitter-is, Youtube-isa da sxva platformebis ufro

da ufro aqtiurad gamoyeneba, erTi mxriv, xels uwyobs Jurnal-

ists, meore mxriv ki exmareba radikalizebul jgufebs sxvadasxva

aspeqtSi. imisaTvis, rom reportiorebma efeqtianad gamoiyenon

socialuri media TavianT saqmianobaSi da uneburad radikali-

zebuli jgufebis ideaTa ufro farTod gavrcelebas ar Seuwyon

xeli, mniSvnelovania imaze dakvirveba, Tu raSi iyeneben es jgufe-

bi socialur qselebs.

rogorc terorizmTan, ise memarjvene radikalizaciasTan

dakavSirebulma jgufebma socialur medias SesaZloa mimarTon:

» TviTorganizebisa da axali wevrebis gadabirebisaTvis (rekrutireba);

» sakuTari saqmianobis popularizaciisa da SiSis elementis rac SeiZleba farTod gavrcelebisaTvis;

» sakuTari imijis Sesaxeb sasurveli narativis Sesaqmnelad, arsebobis normalizebisaTvis;

» onlain ieriSis misatanad, media organizaciebis vebsait-ebsa da socialuri mediis angariSebze;

» maTTan opoziciaSi myof jgufebze ieriSis misatanad; » informaciis mosagroveblad da a.S.;

am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, mediasaSualebebs damatebiTi

Zalisxmevis gaReba marTebT, raTa ar gaxdnen msgavsi jgufebi-

saTvis erTgvari platforma, manipulaciis msxverplebi da maTi

ideologiuri propagandis gamavrceleblebi. amisaTvis SesaZloa,

medias dasWirdes resursebis mobilizeba, magaliTad, sakuTar

onlain angariSebze aseTi jgufebis aqtiurobis monitoringisa

da aRkveTisaTvis. Cvens realobaSi araerTxel yofila SemTxveva,

rodesac, magaliTad, neonacisturi jgufebis wevrebi organi-

zebulad cdiloben sakuTari narativis Seqmnas da Facebook-is

momxmarebelTa Sexedulebebze zegavlenis moxdenas ama Tu im


68

mediasaSualebis socialuri mediis angariSebze aqtiurobiT.

erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli aseTi praqtikaa sxvadasxva

movlenidan mediasaSualebebis Facebook-is pirdapiri CarTvebisas

komentarebis velSi maTi aqtiuroba.

kolumbiis Jurnalistikis skolis cifruli Jurnalistikis

Tow Center-is gamoqveynebul mimoxilvaSi Carli beketi aRniS-

navs, rom socialuri mediis gamoCenam gaafarTova terorizmis

masStabebi da gavlena, vinaidan gaizarda dezinformaciis

gavrcelebis saSualebebi da SesaZlebeli gaxda gavrcelebul

informaciaze auditoriisgan komentaris miReba (2016). “Jurnal-

istebi, romlebic iyeneben socialur medias rogorc platfor-

mas an wyaros, yovelTvis ver axerxeben saukeTeso saredaqcio

standartis dacvas. socialurma mediam Secvala Tavad teror-

izmTan dakavSirebuli axali ambebis buneba magaliTad, vizua-

luri masalebis, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobisa Tu Live-video-

ebis damatebis TvalsazrisiT. magram amavdroulad, is SeiZleba

iyos macduri, ambebis damaxinjebis an yuradRebis arasaTanado

aqcentebze gamaxvilebis mizezi. Jurnalistebi adaptirdebian am

axal konteqstTan, Tumca jer kidev dgas praqtikuli da politi-

kasTan dakavSirebuli gamowvevebi gadamowmebisa da Sefasebebis

gakeTebis TvalsazrisiT, - aRniSnavs beketi (2016: 7).

Zaladobriv eqstremizmTan dakavSirebuli jgufebis

mier socialuri qselebis gamoyenebis praqtikidan da mediis

gamowvevebidan gamomdinare, ramdenime problemuri sakiTxi unda

gamoiyos, romelsac Jurnalistebma yuradReba unda miaqcion:

» mediasaSualebebi mzad unda iyvnen, rom Zaladobriv eqs-tremizmSi CarTuli jgufebi Seecdebian onlain arxebis gamoyenebas, raTa maT Sesaxeb sasurveli narativi gaCndes mediaSi;

» aseTma jgufebma SesaZloa, ieriSic miitanon socialur qselebSi mediis angariSebze, rasTan gasamklavebladac gamocemebs strategia unda hqondeT SemuSavebuli;


69

» Jurnalistebma unda gaiTvaliswinon socialuri mediiT dezinformaciis gavrcelebis simartive, amitom infor-maciis gadamowmebis aucilebloba kidev ufro aqtualuri unda iyos;

» mediam xeli unda SeuSalos Zaladobriv jgufebs, rom ar gamoiyenon maTi platformebi, maT Soris komentarebis seqcia sakuTari ideologiis gasavrceleblad;

» iseve rogorc teleeTerSi, Facebook Live-is, Youtube Lives-tream-is an sxva msgavsi platformebis gamoyenebisas, media frTxilad unda iyos, rom ar iqces siZulviliT motivire-buli jgufebis tribunad. Sesabamisad, pirdapiri mauwye-blobisas man unda ganumartos mayurebels/msmenels Tu ras adevnebs is Tval-yurs, ra xdeba moqmedebis adgilas da ra unda icodes man mimdinare movlenebze warmodgenis Sesaqmnelad.

rogorc Carli beketi damatebiT aRniSnavs, gamWvirvalobas

gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs rodesac saubaria Jurnalistikasa

da socialur mediaze. socialuri media SeiZleba iyos Rirebuli

da mniSvnelovani wyaro, magram misi gadamowmeba da konteqstSi

Casma yovelTvis unda moxdes.

SemTxvevis aRwera

2017 wels, saqarTveloSi ramdenime gaerTianeba gamoCn-

da sajaro sivrceSi, romlebsac nacionalisturi da anti-

saemigracio miswrafebebi gacxadebuli aqvT. 14 ivliss, am

gaerTianebaTa nawilma, TbilisSi, aRmaSeneblis gamzirze

msvleloba moawyo saxelwodebiT „qarTuli marSi“. mogvi-

anebiT swored msvlelobis saxeli daerqva jgufs, romelic

organizebas uwevda mas.

qarTuli marSis msvleloba araerTma mediasaSualebam

pirdapir eTerSi gadasca, erT-erTi iyo radio Tavisufle-


70

ba, romelmac Youtube-isa da Facebook-is angariSebze pirdapi-

ri CarTva gauSva. erT-erTi aseTi CarTvis Canaweri dRemde

devs arxis Youtube arxze. daaxloebiT 1 saaTi da 15 wuTis

sigrZis video detalurad asaxavs marSis msvlelobas misi

dawyebidan kulminaciamde (marSis wevrebis sityviT gamosv-

la). sxvadasxva periodulobiT kadrebSi xvdeba marSis orga-

nizatorTa qsenofobiuri da diskriminaciuli mowodebebi,

interviuebi, gamonaTqvamebi, egzaltirebuli adamianebis

antisaemigracio moTxovnebi da a.S. Jurnalisti TiTqmis

ar ereva mTeli Canaweris manZilze, ar akeTebs komentars

da mayurebels sTavazobs daumuSavebel masalas imisa, Tu

ra xdeboda im dRes aRmaSeneblis gamzirze.

aqve, magaliTisTvis moviyvanT ramdenime momxmareblis

komentars, romelic radio Tavisuflebis Youtoube arxze

kvlavac iZebneba:

„nuTu ver xedavT, rom arabebma da iranelebma da kidev

sxvebma gadaametes. aRmaSenebeli marTla waibilwa da sxva-

ganac cudi ambebia. eseni ro uvnebeli mizniT Camosuli

ucxoelebis gaZevebas iTxovdnen, me ar davuWerdi mxars.

sakuTaris dacva araa Sovinizmi. SevecadoT sxva kuTxiT

SevxedoT.“

„meamayeba rom qarTveli var roca eseT raRacas vxe-

dav aba ra pirvelad prioriteti qarTveli unda iyos Cvens

qveyanaSi da Semdeg ucxoeli rogorc yvelaa ganviTarebul

qveyanaSia Zirs liberalizmii da Ralatii„

„am aqciis winaaRmdegi marto pidarastebia da TaTre-

bi......“


71


» rogor fiqrobT, ra informacias miiRebda aq moyvanili pirdapiri translirebis mayurebeli? Seeqmneboda Tu ara mas sruli suraTi Tu ra xdeboda im dRes aRmaSeneblis gamzirze?

» ramdenad swori iyo mediasaSualebis gadawyvetileba, rom Jurnalists mxolod da mxolod translireba moexdina msvlelobis da araviTari komentari ar daerTo misTvis? ra dakarga amiT mayurebelma da ra miiRo?

» Tqveni azriT, gaxda Tu ara am konkretul SemTxvevaSi medi-asaSualeba nacionalisturi Sexedulebebis mqone jgufe-bis ideologiis ubralo gamtari?

» rogor SeeZlo amisagan Tavis dazRveva? » rogor TvliT, aseTi SemTxvevebis dros, mediam unda moax-

dinos Tu ara komentarebis velis SezRudva momxmare-blebisTvis?

» uwyobs Tu ara, aseTi SemTxvevebis pirdapiri CarTvebiT translirebisas, momxmarebelTa komentarebi sazogadoe-baSi jansaRi diskusiis dawyebas?


72

ძალადობრივ ექსტრემიზმთან და ტერორიზმთან დაკავშირებულ ტერმინთა მოკლე ლექსიკონი3

1. Far-Right Extremism (memarjvene eqstremizmi)- konservatiuli

ideologiis forma, romelic rogorc wesi, mxars uWers neona-

cizms, rasizmsa da qsenofobias [5].

2. daeSi - igive ISIS - islamuri saxelmwifo (IS), erayisa da levantis

islamuri saxelwifo (ISIL), erayisa da siriis islamuri saxelm-

wifo (ISIS) - salafituri jihadisturi SeiaraRebuli dajgufeba

da yofili araRiarebuli proto-saxelmwifo, romelic misdevs

sunituri islamis salafitur, fundamentalistur doqtrinas.

saerTaSoriso yuradReba miipyro 2014 wlidan, rodesac dasavleT

erayis ramdenime mniSvnelovani qalaqidan adgilobrivi samTav-

robo Zalebi gandevna da daikava mniSvnelovani geografiuli

adgilebi, maT Soris qalaqi mosuli da moawyo sinjaris masobrivi

wmenda. sityva „daeSi“ ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba jgufis legit-

imurobis kiTxvis niSnis qveS dasayeneblad, sityvis negatiuri

konotaciidan gamomdinare [4].

3. eqstremizmi - ideaTa erToblioba, ideologia, romelic ar aRi-

arebs adamianTa Tanasworobis princips, mxars uWers siZulvils,

Seuwynareblobas, Zaladobas, safrTxes uqmnis qveynis demokra-

tiul wyobas da kanonis uzenaesobas [6].

4. TeTrkanianTa upiratesobis rwmena - (white supremacism) rasis-

tuli ideologia, romelic miiCnevs, rom kavkasiuri rasa aris

araTeTrkanian adamianebze aRmatebuli biologiurad, bune-

brivi gonebrivi SesaZleblobebiTa Tu Tandayolili uflebebis

niSniT. am ideologiis zogierTi mimdevris rwmeniT „TeTr rasaSi“

3. TiToeuli ganmartebis bolos miTiTebulia leqsikonis TandarTuli wyaroebis

nomeri.


73

mxolod evropis kelturi, germanikuli da nordikuli xalxe-

bi Sedis, zogierTi ki masSi aerTianebs yvela kavkasiuri rasis

adamians, maT Soris aRmosavleT evropisa da xmelTaSua zRvis

regionebis macxovreblebs [1].

5. kiberterorizmi - kanoniT daculi kompiuteruli informaciis

marTlsawinaaRmdego daufleba, misi gamoyeneba an gamoyenebis

muqara, rac qmnis mZime Sedegis saSiSroebas, Cadenili mosaxleo-

bis daSinebis an/da xelisuflebis organoze zemoqmedebis mizniT

[10]

6. kontr-radikalizacia - politikebi da programebi, iseTi

pirobebis Sesaqmnelad, romlebic calkeul individebs daex-

marebaT, raTa ar moxdes maTi CarTva terorizmSi. igi gamoiyene-

ba farTo mniSvnelobiT da aRniSnavs socialuri, politikuri,

sakanonmdeblo, saganmanaTleblo da ekonomikur programaTa

pakets, romelic specialurad aris Seqmnili, raTa xeli aaRebinos

(savaraudod ukve radikalizebul) individebs gadawyvetilebaze,

rom CaerTon terorizmSi [7].

7. kontrterorizmi - es aris politikaSi gadawyvetilebebis

mimRebi pirebis, samarTaldamcavebis, samTavrobo oficialuri

pirebis, biznesisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis erTiani

mcdeloba winaaRmdegoba gauwion da aRmofxvran terorizmi [4].

8. kontrteroristuli operacia - specialur RonisZiebaTa kom-

pleqsi, romelic mimarTulia teroristuli xasiaTis danaSau-

lebrivi qmedebis Tavidan acilebisa da aRkveTisaken, adamianTa

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisaken, teroristebis gauvneblobi-

saken da teroristuli aqtis an/da teroristuli mizniT ganxor-

cielebuli sxva danaSaulis mosalodneli Sedegebis minimumamde

Semcirebisaken.

9. mojahedi - muslimi adamiani, romelic SeiaraRebul jihadSi

CaerTveba. es termini gamoyenebuli aqvs sxvadasxva muslimur

politikur da paramilitarul dajgufebasac sakuTar dasaxele-

baSi [1/7]


74

10. nacizmi - germaniis nacional-socialisturi muSaTa parti-

is ideologia, politika da praqtika germaniaSi 1919-45 wlebSi;

SesaZloa SegxvdeT rogorc hitlerizmis an nacional-social-

izmis saxeliT. zogjer gamoiyeneba rogorc meore msoflio omis

Semdgomi periodis faSisturi jgufebis aRmniSvneli sityva (ix.

neonacizmi). misi, rogorc politikuri proeqtis mizani mesame

germanuli raixis Seqmna iyo, romlis drosac ideologias milion-

obiT momxre gamouCnda da romelsac ramdenime milioni adamianis

sicocxle emsxverpla. [2]

11. nacionalizmi - es termini ori ZiriTadi mniSvnelobiT gamoi-

yeneba - rogorc ideologia da rogorc grZnoba. pirveli mniSvn-

elobiT igi emyareba naciis, eris cnebas da garkveul politikur

da kulturul miznebs isaxavs. maT Soris umTavresia erovnuli

TviTgamorkvevis idea. meore mniSvnelobiT nacionalizmi aris

grZnoba, romlis mixedviTac, eri da eri-saxelmwifo aris uma-

Rlesi Rirebuleba da am Rirebulebebisadmi loialoba upirate-

sia yvela sxva loialobasTan SedarebiT. e.i. erovnuli interesebi

maRla unda idges pirad, naTesaur, tomobriv, klasobriv reli-

giur Tu zogadsakacobrio interesebze. [3]

12. neonacizmi - politikuri moZraoba, romelic mxars uWers

germaniis mesame raixis ideologiis reabilitacias, aRdgenasa da

romantiazacias. rogorc wesi, neonacistebi mxars uWeren konsti-

tuciuri demokratiuli wes-wyobilebis gadagdebas rasistuli,

totalitaruli saxelmwifos sasargeblod da amis misaRwevad

politikuri Zaladobisa da terorizmis formebs gamarTleb-

ulad miiCneven. nacistebis doqtrina, romelsac, Tavis mxriv,

neonacistebis ideologia efuZneba, or mTavar Sexedulebaze

dgas: indo-evropuli („ariuli“) rasis upiratesobasa da ebraeli

xalxis, rogorc ariuli rasis warmomadgenelTa mTavari mtris

aRqmas. [1]

13. neofaSizmi - politikuri moZraoba, romelic eTnikurad da

rasobrivad homogenuri sazogadoebis Seqmnisaken miiswrafvis,


75

avtoritari mmarTvelisaTvis miniWebuli Zalauflebis meSveo-

biT [4].

14. radikalizacia - procesi, rodesac piri sakuTari mosazre-

bebis gavrcelebisa da garkveuli ideologiis mxardaWerisas

SesaZloa gascdes kanonis farglebs da CaerTos teroristul

an/da eqstremistul saqmianobaSi. aRniSnul procesSi ikveTeba

piris mzaoba, misi mier mxardaWerili ideologiis miznebisTvis

daeTanxmos an/da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mimarTos Zaladobriv

meTodebs [6].

15. terorizmi - Zaladoba an Zaladobis gamoyenebis muqara, mimar-

Tuli fizikuri an iuridiuli pirebis winaaRmdeg, Senoba-nage-

bobebis, satransporto saSualebebis, komunikaciebis da sxva

materialuri obieqtebis ganadgureba-dazianeba an maTi ganad-

gureba-dazianebis muqara iaraRis, asafeTqebeli masalebis,

birTvuli, qimiuri, biologiuri Tu sxva, adamianis sicocxlisa

da janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi nivTierebis gamoyenebiT an ada-

mianis gatacebiTa Tu mZevlad ayvaniT, raTa xelisufleba anda

misi romelime organo an saerTaSoriso organizacia iZulebu-

li gaxdes, ganaxorcielos garkveuli qmedeba an Tavi Seikavos

garkveuli qmedebis ganxorcielebisagan, romelic teroristebis

marTlsawinaaRmdego interesebSi Sedis. am Temaze meti infor-

maciisTvis ixileT saxelmZRvanelos 1-li Tavi [9].

16. teroristi - piri, romelic monawileobs teroristul saqmi-

anobaSi [9].

17. teroristuli aqti - afeTqeba, cecxlis wakideba, adamianze

Tavdasxma, iaraRis gamoyeneba an sxva qmedeba, romelic qmnis ada-

mianis sicocxlis mospobis, mniSvnelovani qonebrivi zianis an

sxva mZime Sedegis ganxorcielebis saSiSroebas, Cadenili teror-

istuli mizniT, an teroristuli aqtis Cadenis muqara. [9]

18. teroristuli mizani − mosaxleobis daSineba an xelisuflebis

organos, ucxo qveynis xelisuflebis organos an saerTaSoriso

organizaciis iZuleba, Seasrulos an ar Seasrulos esa Tu is

moqmedeba, an qveynis/ucxo qveynis/saerTaSoriso organizaci-


76

is fundamenturi politikuri, konstituciuri, ekonomikuri an

socialuri struqturebis destabilizacia an ganadgureba.

19. teroristuli organizacia - organizacia (miuxedavad misi

formisa), Seqmnili teroristuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

mizniT. organizacia SeiZleba cnobil iqnes teroristul orga-

nizaciad, Tu is aris drois gansazRvrul periodSi arsebuli

orze meti piris organizebuli gaerTianeba. organizebul gaer-

Tianebad CaiTvleba gaerTianeba, romelic ar aris SemTxveviT

Seqmnili danaSaulis dauyovnebliv Casadenad da romelSic ar

aris aucilebeli, formalurad iyos ganawilebuli rolebi gaer-

Tianebis wevrTa Soris, wevrobas hqondes uwyveti xasiaTi an Cam-

oyalibebuli iyos ganviTarebuli struqtura [9].

20. ultranacionalizmi - nacionalizmTan SedarebiT ufro mis-

tikuri da araracionaluri safuZveli aqvs. mas radikaluri qse-

nofobia ahyavs ideologiis rangSi da miiCnevs, rom ucxoelebi

srulyofili adamianebi ar arian. am ideologiiT moqalaqeoba

gaTanabrebulia eTnikurobasTan da igi individs umorCilebs

eris upiratesobis rwmenas. ultranacionalizmi aris arsebiTad

rasistuli ideologia, rac SeiZleba sxvadasxva mocemulobaSi

gamoixatos warsulis konkretuli periodis miTologizaciiT,

fizikuri anTropologiis, genetikis da evgenikis vulgaru-

li formebis intensiuri gamoyenebiT sakuTari Sexedulebebis

racionalizaciisaTvis. [2]

21. faSizmi - termini warmoiSva romis imperiaSi magistratebis

mier xalxis erTianobis simbolod gamoyenebuli totebis konisa-

gan („fascio“), romelSic Cadebuli iyo najaxi (mmarTvelobis sim-

bolo). faSizmi memarjvene radikali nacionalistebis ideolo-

giaa, romelic miiswrafvis totalitarizmisaken. dasavlur poli-

tikur literaturaSi faSizmi SeiZleba gagebuli iyos ukiduresi

nacionalizmis samxedro formad, romelic saxelmwifos sagareo

politikuri miznebis misaRwevad yovelmxriv axalisebda omis

gaCaRebas. pirveli faSisturi moZraoba, romelic xelisuflebis

saTaveSi movida evropaSi (1922), iyo italiis faSisturi organi-


77

zacia musolinis meTaurobiT. misi monaTesave moZraobebi iyo:

germaniis nacional-socialistebi, espaneli falangistebi, moZ-

raoba „aqsion franzesi“ safrangeTSi. faSisturi ideologiisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebelia sakuTari eris gandideba da misi yvela sxva

erisagan gamorCeulobis, misi kulturis unikalurobis mtkiceba

[3].

22. SariaTi - islamuri samarTlis kodeqsi. rjulis kanoni, romel-

sac „islamur qveynebSi“ saxelmwifo samarTlis statusi aqvs.

23. jihadi - termini islamSi, romelic sxvadasxva variaciiT

iTargmneba rogorc „tanjva,“ „swrafva“ an „wminda omi“. Zalado-

brivi islamuri jgufebi mas Targmnian rogorc „wminda oms“ da

iyeneben aramuslim xalxebTan Zaladobriv konfliqtSi CarTvis

gamamarTleblad. zogierTi muslimisaTvis termini Seuracxmy-

ofel konotacias atarebs [5/7]. minimum sami sxvadasxva jgufi

iyenebda am termins wminda omis mniSvnelobiT - hezbola, egvip-

turi islamuri jihadi da palestinis islamuri jihadi [1].

24. jihadizmi - rwmena, rom jihadis gamoyeneba aris saWiro

islamis miznebis misaRwevad. muslimuri saZmo, al-qaidasa da

saiid quTbis damfuZneblebs sjeraT, rom jihadi aramuslimebis

winaaRmdeg unda iyos yoveli muslimi individis individualuri

movaleoba [5].


78

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5) Anon. 2019. “Glossary.” Counter Extremism Project. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 https://www.counterextremism.com/glossary

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strategia, nanaxia 17 marti, 2019,

http://gov.ge/files/524_69782_874672_rotated_53.pdf?fbclid=IwAR25TZYW_udVPdXlN7tZ2FmHq3CElzugyILRxnYlTqZQ68sCq1tEqMGGPXg

7) Anon. 2019. “Radicalisation Glossary.” R2PRIS Radicalisation Prevention in Prisons. nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 http://www.r2pris.org/glossary.html.

8) kiknaZe, zurab. 2008. religiebi saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi: saqa-

rTvelos saxalxo damcveli.

9) “saqarTvelos kanoni terorizmTan brZolis Sesaxeb.” ssip ”saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macne”. 2007 nanaxia 17 marti, 2019 https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/21796?publication=11#part_3.

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