Fgp-¯nse a®v s]®v ASnbmfÀ - Kalpettanmsmcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/Mannu-Pennu...Dr. Basheer Poolakkal Cover Design Muhammed Suharabi Layout Noble Offset Press, Kalpetta

kmln-X-y-thZnF³ Fw Fkv Fw Kh¬saâ v tImtfPv IÂ¸ä

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Fgp-¯nsea®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ

skan-\mÀ {]_-Ô-§-fpsS kam-lmcw

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Ezuthile Mannu Pennu AdiyalarCollection of Seminar Essays

Rights Reserved

First EditionMarch 2018

ISBN - 978-93-5288-087-4

EditorP. C. Ashraff

Editorial BoardDr. Rameshan K, Dr. Saji R. Kurup,

Dr. Basheer Poolakkal

Cover DesignMuhammed Suharabi

LayoutNoble Offset Press, Kalpetta

Publishers:Sahithyavedi, N.M.S.M Govt. College

Puzhamudi P.O., VellaramkunnuKalpetta-673121

Printed atVibgyor Print Innovations, Kozhikode

No part of this publication may be reproduced, or transmitted in any formor by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Price ` 150/-

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IÂ¸ä Kh. tImtf-PnÂ 2017 s^{_p-hcn 9, 10 Xob-Xn-I-fnÂ "Fgp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ' F¶ hnj-b- nÂ \S-¶ skan-\mdnÂ Ah-X-cn- n¨ {]_-Ô-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWvCXv. {][m-\-ambpw ]p¯s\gp- nse ]mcn-Øn-XnI Ah-t_m-[hpw s]s®-gp- nsâ am\-§fpw Ah-fpsS AS-bm-f-s -S-ep-IfpwIogmf Pohn-X- nsâ {]Xn- -e-\-§fpw ]mÀizhÂ¡-c-W-§fpwAt\z-jn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. AXn-Po-h-\- n-\m-[m-c-amb Ah-km\]pÂs¡m-Sn-Ifpw Icn-bp-t¼mgpw F{X Ae-k-am-bmWv {]Ir-XnsbAh-K-Wn-¡p-¶-sX¶pw A[n-Im-c-hÀK- nsâ aq¶mw apd-I-tfäv]mÀizhÂ¡-cn-¡-s -«-hÀ F{]-Im-c-amWv apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡v htc--sX¶pw Fgp- nsâ ]pXnb [mc-IÄ Hfnªpw sXfnªpw]d-ªp-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶p-v. ImÂ¨p-h-«nse a®v Hgp-In-t¸m-Ip-¶Xpw Ah-\-h³ \ne-]m-Sp-X-d-IÄ CÃm-sX-bm-hp-¶-Xp-amb Ime-¯nsâ Ccp-«p-Isf Nqn-¡m-Wn-¡p¶ Fgp- nsâ temIw \msf-bpsS shfn- - n-te¡v angn-Xp-d-¡p¶ ]pXp-\m-¼p-IÄ¡v Icp- m-Ip¶pap-v.

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]p -s\-gp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀþ am\kn ................................................. 7

a®pw s]®pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nÂþ tUm. an\n {]kmZv ................................... 17

Bß-kw-LÀj- nsâ DS-ep-cp-¡-§Äþ tUm. sI. cta-i³.................................. 28

a²ym-Ó- nse AkvX-a-b-§Ä þcm-P-e-£van-bpsS cN-\m-temIwþ ]n. kn. Aj-d^v ..................................... 37

ssk_-dn-S-§-fnse kv{Xo þ kzXzw IÀ¯rXzw {]Xn-\n-[m\wþ ^m¯n-aXv \nkm\ .................................. 46

ka-Im-enI ae-bmf h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnse kv{Xoþ-\oXp Fkv. IpamÀ .................................. 55

Bp-_enþHcp kv{Xo]£ hmb-\þ kuay a¯mbn ....................................... 62

kvss{XW ssPho-I-XbpsS s]mcpÄþ ^m. Pn³kv F³. _n. .............................. 70

B[p-\nI Ad_v kmln-Xy- nse s]¬km-¶n-[yw-þ-tUm. _joÀ ]qf-¡Â .............................. 78

Ncn-{X-¯n-en-Ãm- -hcpsS kvamc-Iw-þ-tUm. kPn. BÀ. Ipdp¸v ........................... 8 1

PmXn-¡p-½nbpw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy {]Øm-\-hpwþ KtW-i³ hn. ......................................... 87

a®-dn-hp-IÄþ\njvIm-kn-X-cp-sSbpw ssIt¿-dn-b-h-cp-sSbpwþ tUm. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ F. BÀ. ..................... 99

{]hmkw B[p-\nI Ad_n kmln-Xy- nÂ-þtUm. bqkp^v \Zvhn .............................. 109

NXp¸v \ne-§-fnÂ ap§n- m-gp-¶-hÀþ Xmc Fkv. cmPv .................................... 1 1 8

sskdm¯vþenwK-PmXn{]Xn-\n-[m-\-§fÄ-þ-jm-tcm¬ tdmkv .................................... 1 2 2

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]p¯s\gp¯nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ 7


]p¯s\gp¯nsea®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ

s]®pw a®pw Iogm-fcpw \½psS kmln-Xy- nÂ AXm-

Xnsâ X\Xv {]k-àn-tbmsS Øew ]nSn-¡m³ XpS-§n-bn«vA[nIIme-am-bn-«nÃ F¶n-S¯p \n¶p-Xs¶ F\n¡v XpS-t§-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. s]®v Hc-e-¦m-c-h-kvXp-hn-s\-t¸mse XnI¨pw imco-cnI kar-²n-tbmSpw Nmcp-X-tbmSpw IqSn Bcw`w apXte kmln-Xy- nÂ Dm-bn-cp¶p F¶-dn-bm-sX-bÃ Rm\nXv ]d-bp-¶-Xv.F¶mÂ \½psS kmaq-ly-hy-h-Ø-nXnbnÂ IrXy-ambn IW-¡m-¡-s -tS Hc-h-Ø-bmbn kv{Xosb ImWm\pw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-¯m\pw XpS-§n-bn«v A{X-b-[n-I-sam¶pw \mfp-I-fm-bn-«n-Ã.s]mXpsh \mw Pohn- p-t]m¶ Pohn-X-§-fnÂ hy-Xn-cn-à-ambn \ne-\nÂ¸n-\Àl-X-bpÅ H¶m-bn-«-Ã, adn- v, ]pcp-jsâ A½-sbm,`mcysbm, aIsfm, ktlm-Z-cn-sbm, Imap-Insbm Hs¡-bmb \o«n-s¡-«-ep-I-fmbmWv kaq-l- nÂ kv{Xo \ne-\n-¶Xpw kmln-Xy-¯nÂ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-Xpw. C§s\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶kv{XobÃ bYmÀ° kv{Xosb¶v ]pd-t¯¡v tIÄ¡pw hn[wkv{Xo-Ifpw Ah-cpsS ]£- p-\nÂ¡p¶ aäp-Å-hcpw ]d-bm³XpS-§n-bn«v A[nIw Ime-am-bn-«nÃ F¶mWv Rm³ ]d-bm³ XpS-§p-¶-Xv.

icoc kuµ-cy- n-eq-sSbpw ]pcp-jsâ \o«n-s¡-«-ep-I-fmbpwam{Xw kmln-Xy- nÂ \ne-\n¶ kv{Xo¡v a\-Êpw- X-ebpw Xncn-¨p-\ÂIn-s¡m-mWv ]pXp-c-N-\-IÄ kv{Xosb kmln-Xy- nÂ]p\:{]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ C¯-c-samcp kv{Xo kmln-Xy-¯nepw kaq-l- nepw km[y-am-bXv, kv{Xo¡v A\p-h-Zn-¡-s -«Xpw ]Xps¡ hep-Xm-hm³ XpS-§p-¶-tXm-sSbpw cmjv{Sobkmaqly Imc-W-§-fmÂ AhÀ¡v kw`-hn¨ s]mXp k¼À¡-§Ä, \ntj-[n-¡-s -«n-cp¶ hnZym- ymkw k¼m-Zn-¡m-\pÅ Ah-k-c-§Ä, AXn-eqsS e`n-¡p¶ ]pdw-temI CS-]-g-Iep-IÄ F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. A§s\ e`n¨ temI- nsâ, A{Xbpw Imew

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Fgp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ8


]cn-Nn-X-a-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ ]p¯³ CS-§-fnÂ \n¶v ]pds¯ N{I-hm-f-¯n-te¡v t\m¡nb kv{Xo A¼-c-¶p-\n-¶p. ]e-]e Xncn- -dn-bm-\mhmXncp¶ \nb-{´-W-§ÄsImv X§Ä¡v \jvS-s -Sp-¶-Xv,\jv«-s -«n-cp-¶Xv Hcp henb BIm-i-am-sW¶ Xncn- -dn-hmWvkv{Xosb hÃmsX sNmSn- n- -Xv. tZjyhpw k¦-Shpw, X§Ä Xe-bn-te-äm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¡-s -Sp¶ Pohn-X- nsâ Acp-Nn-Ifpw A]-kz-c-§fpw ]Ibpw hntZz-jhpw Hs¡ H¶mbn A¶p-hscImWm¯ Hcp- Im-gvN-bnÂ Ah-fpsS a\-Ên-te¡v X«n-a-dn-ªp-ho-Wp. AtXm-Sp-tNÀ¶p-h¶ ]nS- nepw ]c¡w ]m¨nepw At\z-j-W-§fpw kv{XobpsS ss[j-WnI Pohn-X- nsâ `mK-am-b-tXmsS, A\p- -hn-t¡-n-h-cp¶ \nb-{´-W-§-fp-tSbpw Cc-«- m-¸p-I-fp-tSbpw cmjv{Sob kmaqly km¼- nI am\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ A¼-c- n-¡p¶ Xncn- -dnhv Hcp s]mÅ-ensâ NqtSmsS Ah-fpsS a\-Ên-te-t¡- n-sb-¶Xv XnI¨pw kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.

IrXy-amb ap³am-Xr-I-I-fn-Ã. ]s£ DÅn-ep-ÅXv ]d-bm-sX-h-¿. DÅn-ep-ÅtXm kmln-Xy- nepw kmaq-ly-X-e- nepw Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s -Sp¶ kv{XobpsS a\-Êp-ambn ]pe-_Ôw t]mep-an-Ã-Xm-\pw. X\n¡v ]d-bm-\p-Å-Xp-]-d-bm³ ]pXnb `mj thn-h-cptam? I\y-I¡v hn]-coXw I\y-I³ F¶p ]d-bmtam? F´m-W-§-s\-sbmcp hm¡n-Ãm-sX-bm-bn-t¸m-b-Xv? F´mWv kv{Xo¡vanÊn-Êv skm & skm Bbn t]mIp-¶-Xv? F´mWv X -bn-Ãm- -h³ F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ bYmÀ°-¯nÂ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶Xv?F´mWv s]®nsâ t]cnÂ kz -h-Im-ianÃm¯Xv-? knwKnÄ aZÀ-F- p-sIm-mWv AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -Sm- Xv? Nmcn{Xw F´p-sImvs]®n-\p-am{Xw {][m-\-am-Ip-¶p? hmb-\bpw hnZym- ym-khpw ]pdw-temI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fnÂ \n¶p-e- n-¡p¶ \nco-£-W-§fpw tNmZy-§ÄsImv _p²nsb Hcp IS-¶ÂIq-Sp-t]mse hf-ªp. _p²n-bnepw a\-Ênepw Dudnb Ie-§n-a-dnª Ie-¡-sh-Åw, R§-f-dn-bp¶hÄ C§-s\-sbm¶pw Nnń-¡p-¶-h-f-ÃsÃm F¶v XnIª\njvI-f-¦-X-tbmsS hniz-kn- p-t]m¶ kaq-l- nsâ apJ v HcpImdn- p- -ensâ aqÀ¨-tbmsS sXdn- p-ho-Wp. s]®v Xpd-¶p-]-d-bm³ ]mSn-sÃ¶v kaqlw hn[n-sb-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶ Hcp-]mSv Imcy-§Ä.It_mÀUnÂ AØn-Iq-S-§Ä IWs¡ kmln-Xy- n-te¡v NnX-dn-ho-Wp. CXm-bn-cp¶p kmln-Xy-¯nÂ C¶s¯ kv{XosbsImp-h¶ ]Ým- -ew. kv{XoIÄ¡p-t\-sc-bpÅ Cc-«- m- p-



Ifpw A\o-Xn-Ifpw {]I-Sn- n-¡-s -Sm-\pÅ thZn-bmbn kmlnXywXe-\oÀ¯n-\n-¶Xv C¡m-e- m-Wv. ]pXp-c-N-\-IÄ Cu Xncn- -dn-hp-I-sfbpw Ah-t_m-[-t¯bpw ]qÀ®-ambn Gsä-Sp- p-sImvkmaq-ly-\n-b-{ -W-§Ä¡pw ]c-¼-cm-KX aqey-t_m-[-§Ä¡pw\oXn \nb-a-§Ä¡pw Ahbv¡v Hcp-]-cn-[n-hsc km[pX \ÂIp¶]pcm-tW-Xn-lm-k-§Ä¡pw t\sc ISp¯ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ DbÀ¯nkv{Xo ]pcpj _Ô-§sf, ssewKn-I-X-sb-¡p-dn- pÅ k¦Â -§sf, KnÂäv -]-Xn¨ Zm¼-Xy-§sf, IpSpw-_- nse AI- -f-§-fnse s]m«n-s -dn-Isf, FÃmw AXv BZy-ambn {]ta-b-§-fm-¡n.]e -c-N-\-Ifpw ]e Zn¡nÂ\n¶pw h¶p-tNÀ¶v XSp-¡m-\m-hm¯Ips¯m-gp-¡m-bn. ]p¯³ kv{Xo k¦Â]w \½psS ]pXp-c-N-\-I-fnÂ ]p\À\nÀ½n-X-am-bn. kZm-Nm-c- \m-S-I-§sf Cu cN-\-IÄ]pÑ- nÂ s]mXnªv \nÀ¯n-s¸m-cn- p. am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS HcpIYbpw Ihn-Xbpw hmbn-¡m- -hcpw "Fsâ IY' Xnc-sª-Sp-¯p-hm-bn- p. C¶pw hmbn-¡p-¶p. kmln-Xym- n-cp-Nn-Isf¡mf-[nIw AXv kv{Xosb-¡p-dn- pÅ kmaqly Nn´-bpsS thcp-Xs¶]nSn- p-Ip-ep-¡n. Ah-cp-sS-Xs¶ XpSÀ c-N-\-Ifpw AhÀ¡p-tijwkv{Xo ]£- p-\n¶v cNn-¡-s¸« \nc-h[n IY-Ifpw Ihn-X-IfpwteJ-\-§fpw Hcp hn¹-h- n\p-Xs¶ kmln-Xy- nÂ hn¯p-]m-In. Hcp shÅ-s¸m¡w t]mse AXv a\-Êp-Isf izmkw ap«n- p.s]®ns\ t\m¡m³ kaqlw AXp-hsc ioen¨ t\m«-§Ä t]mcF¶mWv A¶p-ap-XÂ Fgp-X-s¸« ]e- c-N-\-Ifpw Dds¡ ]d-ª-Xv. FÃm bp²-§fpw hnP-bn- p-sh-¶Ã, adn¨v kv{Xosb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ [mc-W-Isf Xncp- n-¡p-dn-¡Â apJy-[mcm kwhm-Z-§-fpsSapJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn. BÀ¯-hhpw tbm\nbpw ape-Ifpw Fgp- nsekm[m-cW i_vZ-§-fm-bn. ]s£ Ah kv{XobpsS kvss{XW-X-bp-tStbm Zo\-X-bp-tStbm {]Xo-I-§-fm-bÃ {]Xy-£-s -«-Xv. ]Icwkv{XobpsS k©m-c-§sf IÀi-\-ambn \nb-{ń-¡p¶ ssewKn-I-t_m-[- n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ DS-hm-fp-Ifpw ]S-hm-fp-I-fp-am-bn-«mWv.AXm-bn-cp¶p {][m\ hyXym-kw.

Cu Xncp- n-¡p-dn-¡Â kwhm-Z-§Ä C¶s¯ kmln-Xy-¯nse AXn-{]-[m-\-amb Hcp LS-I-ambn \nc- cw AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -«p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. kv{Xo kz´w hyàn-Xz-apÅ Hcphyàn-bmbn kmln-Xy- nÂ ]pXp-c-N-\-I-fn-te¡v AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -«p-Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Ahn-sS-\n¶pw AXv ]ns¶bpw C¶v

10


apt¶m-«p-t]m-bn-«p-v. enhnwKv SpsK-ZÀ, kzhÀ¤-c-Xn, knwKnÄ aZÀ/Unthmgvkv Ch-sbms¡ C¶v sXm«p-Iq-Sm¯ hnj-b-§-f-Ã.kv{XobpsS kzmX{ý {]Jym-]\§fmWh-sbm-s¡bpw. ]pXpFgp- p-I-fnÂ C¶v BtLm-jn-¡-s -Sp¶ BknUv (kw-KoX{io\n-hm-k³) CXnsâ kao-]-Im-e- Zr-jvSm- -am-Wv. Nµ-\-a-c-§Äad-¡m-dm-bn-«n-Ã. at\m-K-X-§Ä A½-am-cpsS mhn-Ime kmln-Xy-¯nsâ {][m\ {]ta-b-am-tb-¡pw. knXm-c-bp-sSbpw jo_-bp-sSbpw IY-IÄ Cu cwK¯v AXn-i-à-am-Wv. Rm\-S-§p¶ HcpXe-ap-dbnse FÃm Fgp- p-Im-cn-Ifpw kzX-{´-bmb ]p¯³kv{Xosb krjvSn-¡m³ {i-an- -h-cm-Wv. C¶pw CXv XpS-cp-IbpwsN¿p-¶p. ]pXp-c-N-\-IÄ, kv{XobpsS Akzm-X-{ý-s¯-¡p-dn¨vkwkm-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¦nepw ià-bmb Hcp kv{Xosb aÀ½- nÂ\nÀ¯p-¶-hÀ Xs¶-bm-Wv. A\p-k-cW am{X-apÅ Hc-e-¦m-c-h-kvXp-hmbn kv{Xosb Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡m³ C¶v bmYm-Øn-XnI Fgp-¯p-ImÀt]mepwþBWpw s]®pwþXp\n-bp-I-bnÃ F¶m-sWsâhnizm-kw. ]p¯³ kv{Xo k¦Â]s¯ ImWm-\pÅ t\m«-§Ä\½psS kmlnXyw ]pXp-c-N-\-I-fn-eqsS kzmb- -am-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AsXmcp h³ IpXn- m-sW¶v Xs¶-bmWv Fsâ[mc-W. \½psS ]p¯³ cN-\-I-fnse s]®v, ]gb Ae-¦m-c-h-kvXp-hmb Hcp \o«n-s¡-«-e-Ã.

a®nsâ IYbpw XnI¨pw CXp-X-s¶-bm-Wv. a®n-sâbpws]®n-sâbpw DS-a-Ø³ ]pcp-j-taÂt¡m-bva-bm-bncp¶Xn-\mÂ,FÃmw ]nSn-s -Sp-¡m³ sh¼p¶ ]pcp-jsâ Nqj-W- n\v hnt[-b-cm-b-h-cmWv AhÀ cp-t]-cpw. cp-t]-scbpw ]pcp-j³ F¶A[n-Imcn AS-bm-f-s -Sp- n-bXv Xs¶ {]oWn- n-¡m\pw X\n¡vX¶njvSw t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-¡m-\p-apÅ kma-{Kn-I-fm-bn-«m-Wv. sh«n-¸n-Sn-¡pI F¶-XmWv AXnsâ ASn-Øm\ kao-]-\w. aWÂtImcn ]pgsb DW-¡n. ImSp-sh«n agsb Xf- p. Ip¶pw aebpw\nc¯n \ocp-d-h-IÄ hän- p. acp-¶-Sn-sImv a®ns\ aeo-a-k-am-¡n. D]-t`m-Km-h-in-jvS-§ÄsImv a®n-\p-taÂ ]p®p-IÄ hnX-¨p. \ap¡v ap¼p-ap-Xte Ct¡m-sk³{SnIv -Bb Hcp Pohn-X-ssienbmWp-m-bn-cp-¶Xv.

Hcp acw sh«n-bmÂ 10 acw shbv¡-Ww. X¨³ -am¸p ]d-ªmWv acw sh«m-\pÅ A\p-hmZw hoSp-m-¡p-t¼mÄ hm§p-I. Hcp ac-sa-¦nepw hbv¡m¯ P·w ]mgvP·w. ]pgsb sXmg-Ww. Irjn-bn-S- nÂ hnf-¡v -sh-bv¡-Ww. Imhv Xo-cp-Xv. XpS§n

Fgp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ



\½psS Npäp-]m-Sp-apÅ {]Ir-Xnsb \an¨pw kvXpXn¨pw sImp-\-S¶ kwkvIm-c- n-te-¡mWv AXy-]-I-S-I-c-amb {]Ir-Xnsb CW-¡n-b-ÃmsX NqjWw sN¿p¶ kao-]-\-hp-ambn a\p-jy³ IS-¶p-sN-¶-Xv. BÀs¡- p-h-¶mepw \ap¡v kuI-cy-{]-Z-am-I-Ww._m¡n-sbms¡ ]ns¶. CXnsâ {]Xym-Lm-X-§Ä "]mhw am\-h-lr-Z-b-§Ä' Adn-ªn-Ã. ]pg hän-b-t¸mÄ `qKÀ`- n-te¡vXpc¶p.

"hc \nf-bpsS aW-enÂshÅw tXSn Ipgn- p-t]m-Ip¶Ip«n-IÄ ImWp¶pAt[m-tem-I-t¯¡v A´À[m\w sNbvXag-bpsS a®nÂ Ipcp-§nb apSn-bng'

F¶v k-¨n-Zm-\-µ³ ]d-bp-¶p. "{]mhp-IÄ s]mcnªpImbv¡pw sshZyp-X-hr£w' F¶mWv _me-N-{µ³Np-Ån-¡mSv CuImes¯, Cu sNbvXn-Isf kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. "{Kma-§-fnÂ \n¶vIfbpw hnfbpw \ndª Ipf-t¡m-gn-I-fpsS ]mS-§Ä FSp-¡-cptX' F¶v Fkv. tPmk^v tIgp-¶Xv \½psS kao-]-Im-e¯v\n¶p-sIm-m-Wv; "Iq«n-en-Ã, s]m -bn-ep-an-Ã, NnÃ-bn-ep-anÃ FsâtImgo, \o FhnsS t]mbn' F¶v ]dªv ]n. F³. tKm]n-Ir-jvW³ [ym\m-ß-I-am-bn Ae-bp-¶Xv .

"AXn-tcÂ Hcp ¹mhpvBebnse I\Â \¡n- p-f¨ agp Cd-b¯pw¹mhv sh«n- -Wn-tb tai hen- n-«n-cp¶vRm³ ¹mhns\ Xs¶ t\m¡n'.

(F-kv. Ite-jv)

"\pÅn-sb-Sp¯ Ccp-Im-ep-Ifpwhd-N-«n-bnÂ \o´m-\n-d-§p-t¼mÄhc-¼n-te¡v sN¶p-hoW XhfXn«-bn-te¡v NmSm-\mªvAc-¡p-Xmsg ]Scpw Fcn-thÂInS-¶p-]p-fªp'

(F-kv. Ite-jv)"aªp-am-a-e-bnÂ \n¶v Cd-§n-h-cp¶ Cd-¡-amWv ka-Im-eo\

ae-bmf Ihn-X-IÄ' F¶mWv Pn. a\p ]pen-bqÀ Hcp teJ-\- nÂbpàn-bpàw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.

12


a\p-jyÀ¡v izmkw ap«p-Ibpw Zmln-¨p-h-e-bp-IbpwDjvWn¨p ]nS-bp-Ibpw hnjw Xn¶v acn-¡p-Ibpw Ak-a-bs¯ag X¶ shÅ-s¸m-¡- nÂ DÅ-sXms¡ Hen- p-t]m-Ip-IbpwsN¿p-¶-Xp-hsc a\p-jy³ Cu th« XpSÀ¶p. C¶pw XpS-cp-¶p-v. {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp-Im-«nb {Iqc-X-bpsS e-§Ä kz´w Pohs\_m[n-¡pw-hsc CXmcpw Imcy-am-¡n-bn-Ã. ]Xp-s¡- ]-Xps¡CXnsâ t\À¡v I®p-Xp-d-¡m³ _m[y-Ø-\mhpw hsc Ah³Hu²Xyt¯msS -\n-K-fn- p. ImSp-sh-«n-bm-se´v ? ]pg Hen-s¨-¦n-se´v ? arK-§Ä \in- m-se´v ? a\p-jy-\v am-{X-am-Ip-a-sÃmAt¸mÄ Cu qan F¶m-W-hÀ AXymÀ¯n-tbmsS hnNm-cn- Xv.knwl-hm-et\m a\p-jyt\m {][m\w ? F¶ tNmZyw ]e-bn-S¯pwA¡m-e¯v Ae-b-Sn- n-cp-¶Xv F\n-t¡mÀ½-bp-v. ]s£ ISÂ,`qansb \¡n-\-¡n- n¶v \nÈ_vZw \½psS ]n¶m-se-Xs¶ h¶p.]cn-{`mń XpS-§n-b-X-hnsS \n¶m-Wv. NqSp-Iq-Sp-¶p. IpSn-¡m³shÅ-an-Ã. a®v hc-fp-¶p. ]pg häp-¶p.

]Icw ho«m³ \n¶ {]Ir-Xn-bmÂ Npä-s¸« a\p-jysâ DÂ¡-S-amb ]cn-{`mń kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw Nn´-bnepw XpSÀ¶v Fgp-¯nepw ]d- n-enepw NnX-dn-s -dn-¡m³ XpS-§n. HmSn-t¸m-Im³ CS-sam-¶p-an-Ã. hnh-c-t¡-Sm-bn-cp¶p BsI-bpÅ Ih-Nw. a\p-jy\vtPmen sImSp-¡m³ \nc- cw sI«n-S-§fpw ]me-§fpw tdmUp-Ifpw ]Wn-Xp. BÀ¡p-thn F¶v Xncn-ªp-\n¶v Bcpw tNmZn-¨n-Ã. ap§n- m-gm³ ? ISÂ \½psS ASp-t¯¡v hcp-¶Xv ]I-tbm-sS-bm-Wn-¶v. ap¡n- m-gv p¶ shÅ- nÂ\n-¶v, DW-¡n-s¸m-cn-¡p¶ shÅ-an-Ãm-bva-bnÂ\n¶v, Xe-bp-d-ªp-XpÅn FÃm-än-s\bpw Ii-¡n-sb-dn-bp¶ sImSp-¦m-änÂ \n¶v. ]mem-b\w sNt¿-n-h-cp¶ \njvTq-c-\mb a\p-jysâ BIp-e-X-Ifpw DXvI-WvT-Ifpwþ\ndª {]Ir-Xn-bpsS Ipfn-cpv XW-enÂ InS¶v ] -bnÂaXn-ad¶v \nem-hns\ t\m¡n ]mSn-b-]m-«p-IÄ¡p-]-IcwþFgp- p-Im-c³ ]mS-W-sa-¶m-bn. Cu Imep-am-äw- BWv Rm³ ap¶n-ep-²-cn¨ Ihn-X-I-f-{X-bpw.

kv{XobpsS kuµ-cy-s¯-¡p-dn -¨p]m-Snb ]pcp-j³,kv{XobpsS ]pXn-b- Omb Iv ]cn-{`-an-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p ]v {]IrXn ca-Wo-bX Ip-a-b-§nb ]pcp-jsâa\-ÊnÂ C¶s¯ cp{Z-bmb {]Ir-Xn-bpsS mh-hpw. kuµ-cy-kz-`m-h-hp-am-bn-cp¶p Fgp- p-ImÀ¡v C¶-se-hsc {]Ir-Xn-sb-¦nÂ-




C-¶Xv acn-¡m³ t]mIp-¶-hsâ Bi-¦-IÄ \nd-ª-Xm-bn. Cut]Sn Ahs\ {Kkn- n«v A[n-I-Im-e-am-bnÃ F¶-Xn-\mÂ \½psSFgp-¯nÂ a®pw, {]Ir-Xnbpw tI{µ-Øm-\-t¯¡v Ibdn\nÂ¡m³ XpS-§n-bn«v Ipd- v Im-eta Bbn-«p-Åq. hcpw Ime-§-fnÂ Ch hf-sc-b-[nIw ià-amb {]ta-b-§-fm-Ipw. acn-¡p-¶Xv{]Ir-Xn-b-Ã, Xm\mWv F¶ Xncn- -dn-hnÂ C¶v hgn-ap«n \nÂ¡p-I-bm-Wv a\p-jy³. AXn-Po-h\w F§s\ ? Fgp- n-eqsS Ah-t_m-[- nsâ {]Xn-tcm[w XoÀ¡m-sX-h-¿. Cu ]cn-{`mń FÃmX«n-ep-Å-h-tcbpw Hcp-t]mse _m[n¨p F¶-XmWv kXy- nÂ\½psS kmwkvIm-cnI \mb-I-·mÀ CXn¶v Ht¶msS Gsä-Sp-¡m³Imc-Ww. AXn-Po-h-\- nsâ Xmbv thcnÂ sXm«-tXmsS ]e mh-§-sfbpw _Ô-§-sfbpw CXv _m[n- p. Fgp- p-ImÀ¡v Nnń-¡m-sXbpw Fgp-Xm-sXbpw hs¿-¶m-bn. Hcp ]nS- n-ensâ mh-t¯m-sS-bmWv C¶v Cu cwKs¯ ]e-]p-Xp-c-N-\-Ifpw \½psS ap¶n-se- p-¶-Xv. kmaq-ly-am-[y-a-§Ä C¯cw Fgp- p-IÄsImvapJ-cn-X-amWv C¶v. ag F¶ {]Xn- m-k-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Kth-jWw\S- m-s\- p-¶-h-sc-¡p-dn- pÅ IhnX kmaq-ly-am-[y-a- nÂIgn-ª-am-k-amWv Rm³ hmbn- -Xv.

ag \nIpXn sImSp-¡msX ag sImÅm³ Ah-Im-i-an-Ãm¯Hcp P\-X-bpsS Ihn-X-bmWv Ign-ªam-ks¯ "AIw' amkn-I-bnÂ h¶ "ag \nIpXn' F¶ Ihn-X. "]Ýn-a-L«w' (kp-K-X-Ip-am-cn) "HmIvkn-P³ tXSn-t]m-Ip-¶-hÀ' (Aw-_n-Im-kp-X³) "F{X a®p-thWw HcmÄ¡v' (C. kt´m-jvIp-amÀ) DZm-l-c-W-§Ä Gsd-bm-Wv. Infn-bpsS If-I-fm-c-hs¯ Ipdn- Ã C¶v Bcpw ]mSp-¶Xv.\½psS hgn-I-fnÂ \ndsb DW-§nb hr£-§fpw hnp-Io-dnba®pw Hcp-XpÅn shÅw In«msX Ns¯m-Sp-§p¶ arK-§-fpsSAØn-]-©-c§-fp-am-Wv. AXn-\mÂ Im¡-bn-Ãm¯ BIm-ihpwN¯p-ho-gp¶ Ipcp-hn-Ifpw {]Xo-£-tbmsS ss]¸n\p ap¶nÂ\nc¶ IpS-§fpw shÅw Npa-¡p¶ hn-Ifpw ¹mÌnIv Xn¶p¶]ip-¡fpw Ae-dp¶ Imäpw Noäp¶ ISepw Hs¡-bm-hp¶p Ah-cpsS hnj-bw. NqjWw sN¿-s¸«v aSp¯v ]Icw ho«m-\n-d-§p¶a®nÂ \n¶v HmSn-t¸m-Im³ CS-an-sÃ¶v ]pXp-c-N-\-I-fnse henbkm¶n-²y-§Ä hnfn- p-Iq-hp-I-bm-Wn-¶v.

Zcn-{Zcpw Zfn-Xcpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-a-S-§p¶ P\-§-fpsSIYbpw asämcp ]cn-t{]-£y- nÂ \n¶v ]d-bp-¶Xv CXp Xs¶-bm-Wv. Ch-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä C¶v ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nsâ ià-

14


amb {]ta-b-§-fn-sem-¶mbn Dcp- n-cn-bp-¶Xv \mw A\p-Im-en-I-§-fnÂ [mcmfw ImWp-¶p-v. Cu {]iv\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v teJ-\-an-Ãm¯ ]{X-am-kn-I-IÄ C¶p hnc-f-am-Wv. F¶mÂ A-cn-Ip-hÂ¡cn-¡-s¸« Ch-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä uXnIw am{X-a-Ã, kmwkvIm-cnIwIqSn-bm-sW-t¶mÀ¡m³ apJy-[mc ad-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p F¶v F\n¡vtXm¶n-bn-«p-v. B Xe- nÂ Ah-cpsS {]iv\-§Ä apJy-[mckmln-Xy- nÂ th{X ImWm-dn-Ã. Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnIPohn-X-s¯-¡p-dn- pÅ hnh-c-§Ä \ap¡v th{X CsÃ-¶p-X-s¶-bmhmw Imc-Ww. apJy-[m-c-bnÂ Pohn-¡p¶ \ap¡v Ch-sc-sbms¡ \s½-t¸m-se-bm-¡m-\mWv XnSp-¡w. F´p-sImv F¶v\mw Nnń-¡m-dn-Ã. Ah-cpsS Bh-iyhpw {]Xo-£bpw AXÃF¶p \mw Xncn- -dn-bm-dp-an-Ã.

BZn-hm-kn-bpsS Bhm-k-hy-hØ ImSp-ambn _Ô-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. ImSv \jvS-s -SÂ Ah\v hoSpw ]cn-Nn-X-amb ]cn-k-c-§fpw \jvS-s -SÂ IqSn-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv ]cn-Øn-Xn-bpsS \miwAh-sc-bmWv Gä-hp-a-[nIw Cc-I-fm-¡p-¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS `£-W-co-Xnbpw Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ Pohn-¡p¶ ImSp-I-fm-Wv. Irjn-bn-teÀs -«n-cn-¡p¶ Ahsâ Irjn-¡v -h-cp¶ \mi-¯nsâ IY-IÄ "s\Ãpw' "Iq-a³ sImÃn'bpw Ft¶ {]Xn-]m-Zn¨p Ign-ªXmWv. F¶mÂ ImcWw F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepwIm«nÂ \n¶p ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp¶ BZn-hmkn F¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv`mjtbm PohnX coXntbm Xosc ]cn-N-b-an-Ãm¯ \Kc {]m -§-fn-emhpw F¶Xv Xncn- -dn-bm-Xn-cp-¶p-Iq-S. \K-c-§-fpsS B{I-aWwIem-in-¡p-¶Xv AhÀ ]cn-N-bn¨ Bhm-k-hy-h-Ø-I-fpsS \mi-¯n-em-hp-¶-Xn-\mÂ \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS B{I-a-W-§-fmWv AhscC -c- nÂ Im«nÂ\n¶p ]pd- Ån \K-c- nsâ ]pdw t]m¡p-I-fn-se- n-¡p-¶-Xv. ]pdw t]m¡nse HmS-I-fnÂ \pc-bp¶ ]pgp-¡-sf-t¸mse Pohn-t¡-n-h-cp¶ Ch-cpsS \jvSw ùXn-I-ambhoSv \jvSw am{X-a-Ã. AXn-tesd kmwkvIm-cn-I-amWv F¶v \ap¡va\-Ên-em-hm- Xv Ah-cp-am-bpÅ CS-]-g-I-ensâ A`mhw sImp-Iq-Sn-bm-hmw. Ah-cpsS \oXnbpw \nb-a-§-fp-aÃ ]pd-¯v.AhÀ¡X-dn-bp-I-bp-an-Ã. Ah-cpsS mjbpw BNm-c-§fpw aqey-t_m-[-§-fp-aÃ ]pd- v.- \-ap-¡-h-sctbm AhÀ¡v \s½tbm Adn-ªp-Iq-Sm. t_m¬UUv te_-dnÂ \n¶p-Xp-S-§p¶ Ch-cpsS Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v \mw \½psS kwkvIm-c-§fpw mjbpw Hs¡ \nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆw ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv.




AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂ kvIqÄ XpS-§-Ww. ]s£ GXp mj-bmWv]Tn-¸n-t¡--sX¶ Nn´ \s½ Ae-«m-dn-Ã. \nÊ-lm-b-Xbpw{]mtbm-KnI {]iv\-§fpw sImp-Iq-Sn-bm-hmw. Xm³t]mcnam m-h-amWv apJy-[mcm P\-§Ä BZn-hm-kn-I-tfmSv ImWn-¡m-dv. Ah-cpsS kwkvImcw Fs -¶-dn-bm-\pÅ {ia-§Ä Xptemw XpÑamtb\mw \-S- m-dpÅq (sI. sP. t__n-bmWv CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Zw).\½psS kZm-Nmc k¦Â¸-aÃ BZn-hm-kn-I-fpsS kZm-Nmck¦Â]w. A«- m-Sn-bnÂ _emÂkw-K- NmÀÖp-ambn Pbn-enÂ InS-¡p¶ ]eÀ¡pw AhÀ sNbvX sXsä- -¶-dn-ªp-Iq-S. \ap¡vX½nÂ Gsd-bmWv AI-ew. hmb-\-¡msc kt´m-jn- n¡m-\pÅA]-cn-NnX ta¨nÂ]p-d-am-Wv \ap-¡-hÀ. Ah-cpsS bp²-§-fpsSAXn-Po-h-\- nsâ coXn-IÄ \ap-¡-dn-bn-Ã. kzmX-{ý k-a-c- nÂ{_n«o-jn-ImÀs¡-Xnsc t]mcmSn \n¶ F{X BZn-hmkn aq -·msc\ap-¡-dn-bmw. \nc-h[n t]cpv F¶-Xn\v C¶v Ncn{Xw km£n-bm-Wv. ]s£ \ap-¡-dn-bn-Ã. Zen-X-cp-sS {]iv\-§Ä Ipsd-¡qSnk¦oÀ®-am-Wv. hni¸pw Zmcn-{Zyhpw sImSn-Ip- n-hm-gp¶ Ah-cpsS sXmgn-en-S-§-fnÂ Ah-cpsS Gähpw henb t]Sn PmXn-bm-Wv. BÀ¡pw Ft¸mgpw Fńsâ t]cnepw XÃn- -X-¡m-hp¶ Iq«-cm-Wv C¶pw \½psS \m«nÂ Zen-XÀ. C\n ]W-¡m-c-\m-bmepwAh\v c£-bn-Ã. PmXn, ac-W- n-te¡pw Zmcn-{Zy¯n-te-¡p-apÅCcp-«-Sª hgn-am-{X-am-W-hÀ¡v. Ipes¯mgn-ep-IÄ \nÝn-X-am-Wv.sXmgnÂ amdm³ {Kmaw k½-Xn-¡nÃ. apIp-µsâ "]pe-b- m«v ' CuZen-Xv A-\p- -hs¯ Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kwt_m-[\ sN¿m³ {ianÏrXn-bm-Wv. PmXn hnth-N\w sImSn-Ip¯n hmgp¶ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse Zen-X-sc-¡p-dn¨v Rm³ CubnsS Fgp-Xnb "Imw_vsf-bpsSHcp Znhkw' ]Ww sImv tX¨p-am-bv¡m³ Ign-bm¯ PmXn-bpsS tcmZ-\-am-Wv.

Cý-bnÂ Iogm-f-cpsS Imcy-¯nÂ ¢mÊpw ImÌpwk¦oÀ®amw hn[w _Ô-s -«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂ Ch-cpsS {]iv\-§-fpsS k¦oÀ®X th-hn[w \½psS kmln-Xy- nÂ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡-s -«n-«nÃ F¶mWv Fsâ A`n-{]m-bw. Zfn-X-cpsS IY-IÄ Zfn-Xcpw BZn-hm-kn-bpsS IY BZn-hm-knbpw Fgp-X-W-sa¶vCubnsS AXmXv hn`m-K- nÂs¸«-hÀ iTn-¡m³ XpS-§p-¶-XnsâImc-Whpw CXm-Wv. Ah-sc, Ah-cpsS kmwkvIm-cnI k¯sb\ap-¡-dn-bn-sÃ¶v AhÀ hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Nps«-Sp¯ Fen HcphninjvS t`mPy-am-Im-sa¶v \mw k½-Xn-¡n-Ã-tÃm. F¶mÂ ImÀhcn-

Fgp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ16


hÀ¤-¡mÀ¡v AXmWv. Ah-cpsS ]m«p-Ifpw B«-§fpwPohnXNcy-Ifpw \mw A]-cn-jvIr-X-sa¶mWv AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶-Xv. \½psS `mjbpw kwkvIm-chpw AhÀ ]Tn-t¡--sX- p-sIm-s-¶-Xn\v IrXy-amb D¯cw \ap-¡n-Ã. F¶mepw \mw AXp-Xs¶ sN¿pw. ImcWw \½-fmWv ]cn-jvIr-XÀ F¶mWv \½psShnizm-kw. Ahsc Hcp mK- p-\n¶v NqjWw sN¿p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-Øm-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v B«n-tbm-Sn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶\½Ä Xs¶-bmWv Ahsc ]cn-jv¡m-c-sa¶v \mw hniz-kn-¡p¶sNbvXn-bn-te¡v B«n-s -fn- p-\-S- p-¶Xv F¶ hntcm-[- m-khpw\mw ImWm-dn-Ã.

KmÀKn F¶ bph-I-h-bn{Xn s]®mbpw Iogm-f-bmbpw \n¶p-sImv ]d-bp-¶p:

"X¼p-cm-¡-sf,-\n-§-fpsS s]m¶m-S-IÄ\n§-fpsS ]¡Â Xs¶ hbv¡p-I.R§-fpsS apdn-hp-IÄ sI«m³AXp-]-I-cn-t -¡pw'.

shPnesb¶ bph Ihbn{Xn ]d-bp¶p:

"Fsâ ho«nÂ bmsXmcpCe-Iv{SnIv km[-\-§-fp-an-Ã,]s£ Ah-bmsbÃmw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³Fsâ A½-bv¡-dn-bmw.ImcWw AhÀ Fw. Sn. bpsS ho«nseam[-hnsbm am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsSho«nse Pm\-Intbm BWv'.

\½sS kmln-Xy- nÂ Cu aq¶pw, Nqj-W- nsâ aq¶papJ-§sfbmWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ASn- -aÀ -en-s\-Xnsc \S-¯p¶ t]mcm-«-§-fpsS IY-bmWv Ch-scm-s¡bpw Dds¡ ]d-bm³{ian-¡p-¶-Xpw. AXn-\mÂ Ch aq¶pw \½psS C¶s¯ sNdp- -¡m-cpsS sk³kn-_n-en-än-bpsS Ahn- m-Py -L-S-I-am-ImsX h¿.AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ ]pXp kmln-Xy- nse Hcp {][m\ CS-ambnDcp- n-cn-bm-sXbpw h¿.

17


{]]-©- nepw Ncn-{X- nepw Xa-kv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp¶ Hcp kaq-

l- nsâ km¶n²yw Adn-bn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-am-bn-cp¶p sân-\n-k- nsâ DZ-b- n-\p-Im-c-W-am-b-Xv. CtXm-sSm¸w kvss{XW-k-

-Isf ]p\À \nÀh-Nn- p-sImv kmln-Xy-c-N-\bpw ]nd-¶p. ]pcp-jsâ I®n-eq-sSbpw hm¡n-eq-sSbpw _nw_-§-fn-eq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s¸« BZÀi -kvss{XW_nw_-§sf XIÀs -dnªv ]cn-th-j-§-fn-ÃmsX kv{XobpsS bYmÀ°-apJw Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p Cu cN-\-I-fpsS e£yw. ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy- hy-h-Ø-IÄt_m[-]qÀÆw Ah-K-Wn- Xpw ]mÀiz-h-Xv¡-cn- -Xp-amb kXy-§-f-{Xbpw AtX-]Sn AhÀ Ah-X-cn- n- -t¸mÄ I]S kZm-NmchmZn-IÄ AXn-s\-Xnsc AXn-i-à-ambn {]Xn-tj-[n- p. ]{Sn-jy-ta-bÀkv]mIvkv (Patricia Mayor Spacks) ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse Hcp-]mSv`qX-§-tfmSv aÃ-Sn¨pw Hcp-]mSv ap³hn-[n-Isf adn-I-S-¶p-amWv Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-IÄ¡v kz´w Øm\w Dd- n-¡m-\m-b-Xv. Xsâ ico-cs¯Xtâ-Xs¶ A\p- -h-§-fn-eqsS Xncn- -dn-bp¶p F¶v shÀPo-\nbhqÄ^pw (Verginia woolf) Hcp kv{Xo F¶ \ne-bnÂ Xm³ Xt¶¯s¶ Xncn- -dn-bp¶p F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸« Bt{U-bn³ dn¨pw(Adrienne Rich) \ninX hnaÀi-\-§sf Ah-K-Wn-¡p-¶-hcpwX§-fpsS IS-a-IÄ \¶mbn Xncn- -dn-ª-h-cp-am-Wv. kv{Xoc-N-\-Isf s]mXp-hmbn hne-bn-cp- n-s¡mv Fsse³ tjm hmÄ«À(Elaine Showwalter) sân-\n³, sân-\n-Ìv, ôsa-bnÂ F¶oIme-L-«-§-fn-eqsS IS-¶p-h¶ kvss{XW cN-\-IÄ 1960 IfnÂF¯p-¶-tXmsS kzb-Pm-{K-X-bpsS Xe- nÂ F¯n-t -cp-¶-XmbnIs- p-¶p-v. Cu "kzb Pm{KX' F¶ Xncn- -dn-sh- m-bn-cp¶pF¶ At\z-j-W-amWv kvss{XW kmlnXyw hne-bn-cp- p-t¼mÄ\S-t¯--Xv. cq]wsIm Ime- v -\n¶pw AXv hfsc Zqcw

a®pw s]®pwae-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nÂ

tUm. an\n- {]-kmZv

a®pw s]®pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nÂ


18

apt¶m-«p-t]mbn aäv ZÀi-\-§-tfmSv tNÀ v AXv ]cn-hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-hp-Ibpw kv{Xohm-Z- c-N-\-I-fnepw B amäw {]Xn- -en-¡p-IbpwsNbvXp.

Adp-]-Xp-I-fnÂ Hcp {]Øm\w F¶ \ne-bnÂ ]mÝmXycmPy-§-fnÂ kv{XohmZw cq]w sImÅp-t¼mÄ ]mÝmXy D]-cn-hÀ¤-Po-hn-I-fpsS D]-t`m-K-kw-kvIm-cm-[n-jvTn-X-amb Pohn-X- nÂ\n¶pw AXp s]mXpsh apà-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. GXp {]Øm-\hpwAXnsâ {]mcw` Zni-bnÂ t\cn-Sp¶ Bi-b-¡p-g- -§Ä F¶coXn-bn-emWv Cu hyXn-bm-\-§sf kzoI-cn-t¡--Xv. ]mÝmXysân-\nÌv ¢mkn-¡p-I-fnÂ {][m-\-s¸« "s]¬in-JWvUn' (Thefemale Enuch) Fgp-Xnb PÀsabv³ {KoÀ (Germaine Greer) Ah-cpsS "]qÀ® kv{Xo' (The whole women) F¶ {KÙ- nÂCu Iog-S-§-ens\ \nin-X-ambn hnÀin-¡p-¶p-v. ]pcp-jsâsNbvXn-Isf A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]IÀ¯p-¶-Xn\pw ]Icwkz´w ssPho-I-k- sb DÄs¡m-p-sImv A`n-am-\-t¯msS\nhÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p-I-bmWv AhÀ sNt¿--sX¶v sân-\nÌp Nn -IÀ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. AtXmsS tkmjyÂ sân-\n-kw, dmUn-¡Âs -an-\nkw, tkmjy-enÌv sân-\nkw F¶n-§s\ Ahm- c hn`m-K-§-fmbn Xncn-ªp. ]cn-ØnXn {]Øm-\-§-tfmSv tNÀ¶vkv{Xotbbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw Hcp-t]mse NqjW hnt[-b-am-¡p-¶- ]nXrB[n-]-Xy -aqeyZÀi\§Ä¡v FXn-sc-bpÅ {]Xn-tcm[ZÀi-\-amb Ct¡m sân-\nkw (Ecofeminism) F¶ {]Øm-\-ap-m-hp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv.

GXv Ncn{X kwkv¡m-c-§-fp-tSbpw BZy A[ym-b-§Ä ]c-Xp-t¼mÄ amXr-tZ-hXm k¦Â -§-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. Kb, Unao-äÀ,sFknkv F¶n-§s\ F{Xtbm DZm-l-c-W-§Ä. hyh-Øm-]n-X-amb X§-fpsS IS-¶p-h-c-thmsS amXr-tZ-hXm k¦Â]-§Ä Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw kÀÆ-i-à-cmb ]pcpj ssZh-§Ä B[n-]Xyw kvYm]n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS kv{Xo ]pcp-j-\p-thn krjvSn-¡-s -«-hfpw qan a\p-jy\v hn`h kam-l-c-W- n-\pÅ Hcp hkvXp-hp-ambn amdn. C§s\ NqjW hnt[-b-ambnDÀh-c-If{Xbpw CÃm-sX-bmb qan¡v AXnsâ kl-Pm-h-Ø-IÄF§s\ XncnsI \ÂImw F¶mWv Ct¡m sân-\nkw Nnń-¡p-¶-Xv. ]pcp-j-\nÂ \n¶pÅ tamN\w e£y-am-¡n-bn-cp¶ en_-dÂ sân-\n-k- nÂ \n¶pw hyXy-kvX-ambn kq£n-¡m\pw kwc-



£n-¡m\pw Ign-bp¶ kvss{XW k¯-bn-te-¡pÅ Hcp aS-¡-am-Wn-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w AXv amXr tZh-X-I-fp-sStbm kvss{XW-k-¯-bpsS DZm-¯o-I-c-W-¯nsâ {]Xn-jvTtbm AÃ. amXr-Xz-s¯bpw kvss{XW-X-sbbpw BZÀi-h-XvI-cn¨ ]g-b-hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-I-fpsS ]p\:krjvSn-b-Ã. Nqj-W-hn-t[-b-bmb kv{Xo¡v Nqj-W- nsâ kam\ apJ-§sf Xncn- -dn-bm-\mhpw F¶ kl- m-h-¯nÂ AXv Du¶n-\nÂ¡p-¶p.

B[p-\nI sân-\nÌv Nn´-I-cnÂ kv{Xotbbpw {]Ir-Xn-tbbpw _Ôn- n- p-sImv BZyw Nnń- Xv kotam¬ Z_q-Æbpwsjdn HmSv\-dp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¡m sân-\nkw F¶ Bibwapt¶m«v sh¡p-Ibpw AXn-s\mcp ZmÀi-\nI hymJym\w \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXXv {^©p-s^-an-\n-Ìmb {^m³kzm Zbq-t_m¬(Francoise de euboane) BWv. 1974Â {^©p- m-j-bnÂ AhÀ{]kn-²o-I-cn¨ "Ct¡m sân-\n-k- nsâ Imew' (The Time ofecofeminism) F¶ teJ-\- n-em-Wv Cu hm¡v BZy-ambn {]tbm-Kn-¡-s -Sp-¶Xv. Hcp ]pXnb lyqa-\n-k-ambn AXns\ hymJym-\n¨ {^m³kzm ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy- n-\p-]-Icw kv{XobpsS A[n-Im-chpw B[n-]-Xyhpw Øm]n-¡-eÃ A[n-Im-c-s¯bpw AXnsâLS-\-I-sfbpw inYn-e-am-¡p-I-bmWv Cu {]Øm-\- nsâ e£y-sa¶v hmZn- p. a\p-jysc B¬ s]¬ hnth-N-\-an-ÃmsX a\p-jy-cmbn am{Xw ImWp-I-bmWv CXnsâ e£y-sa¶p hmZn¨{^m³kzm Xsâ {]_Ôw C§s\ Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p:""kvss{XW-X-bnÂ A[n-jvTn-X-amb qan FÃm-hÀ¡pw kpc-£n-X-amb HcnSw {]Zm\w sN¿pw''. GI-tZiw CtX-Im-e- p-Xs¶Ata-cn-¡-bnepw Ct¡m-s^-an-\nkw Dcp- n-cn-bp-¶p. 1978 Â {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ tacn Umen-bpsS-- "ssK³ Ct¡m-fPn' (Gyne Ecology)kqk³{Kn- nsâ "kv{Xobpw {]Ir-Xnbpw' (Women and Nature:The Roaring inside her)- I-tcm-fn³ aÀs¨ânsâ "{]Ir-Xn-bpsSacWw' (Death of Nature) F¶nh Ct¡m-s^-an-\n-k- n\v hn]p-e-amb {]Nmcw t\Sn-s¡m-Sp- p. ]mcn-Øn-Xn-I-amb At\Iw Nn -I-fpsS ka-\z-b-amWv Ct¡m- s^-an-\nkw. ]nXrB[n-]-Xy- L-S-\-Isf IqSp-XÂ Xncn- -dn-bm³ Ign-bp-¶-Xn-\mÂ km{¼-Zm-bnI sân-\n-k-t¯-¡mÄ CXn\v ssk²m- nI _ew IqSp-X-ep-v.

Hcp ]pXnb kwkv¡m-c- nsâ \nÀan-Xn-sb-¡p-dn- pÅ Nn´-bmWv Ct¡m- s^-an-\nkw. ]v hntcm-[m- m-k-ambn ]cn-K-Wn- -

19a®pw s]®pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nÂ


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hbpw ]mÀiz-§-fn-te¡v XÅn-am-ä-s -«-h-bp-amb k¦Â -§-fnepwAXn-cp-I-fnepw AXv hyXn-bm\w hcp- p-¶-tXm-sSm¸w ]pXnbNpa-X-e-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v am\-h-Ip-es¯ HmÀ½-s -Sp- p-¶p. Cu]p\À\nÀ½n-X-bnÂ a\p-jy-k-aqlw DS-atbm aäp P´p-Pm-e-§-fnÂ \n¶v Hcp-]Sn apI-fntem AÃ, Poh³ F¶ henb he-bnse Hcp I®n-am-{X-amWv. AXp-sIm-mWv NmÀsse³kvs]À«v\m¡v (Charline Spartnak) Cu Imgv¨- m-Sns\ ]p\-tc-Io-I-c-W-¯nsâ ZÀi\w F¶p hnfn- -Xv. Ct¡m-s^-an-\nkw`qanbpw A-Xnsâ kÀÆ-N-cm-N-c-§-fp-am-bpÅ Hcp Icm-dm-Wv. a®pwshÅhpw kÀÆ-N-cm-N-c-§fpw kakvX Poh-Pm-e-§fpw tNÀ¶-kap-Zmbw (Society) F¶ k¦Â¸s¯ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p¶ Ct¡m-s^-an-\nÌv Ie DZm- -amb Hcp ZÀi\w {]Zm\w sN¿p-¶p._mly-Im-gv¨-IÄ¡pw hm¡p-IÄ¡pw ]n¶n-epÅ Ah-Ø-I-fn-te¡v {i²-Xn-cn-¡m-\mWv CXv \s½ DZvt_m-[n- n-¡p-¶-Xv. kzmX-{ý- nsâ ]pXnb BImiw kz]v\w Ip-h¶ Hcp {]Øm\w]cn-ØnXn ZÀi-\-§-tfmSv tNÀ¶v ]cn-hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-hp-¶-tXmsS h¶ptNcp¶ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä F{]-Im-c-amWv ae-bmfkmln-Xy- nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s -«Xv F¶ At\z-j-W-amWv C\n\S- p-¶-Xv.

enwK-]-c-amb ta[m-hn-Xz- n-\p-Iosg kz´w ico-c-s -¡p-dn-¨pÅ kzbw \nÀ®-bm-h-Imiw t]mepw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« s]®nsâtemI-s¯-¡p-dn¨v `b-te-i-an-ÃmsX Fgp-Xp-I-bmWv XsâIÀ¯hyw F¶ Dd¨ {]Jym-]-\-hp-ambn ae-bmf kmln-Xy- n-te¡v IS-¶p-h¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bmWv kmdm tPmk- v. kv{Xohntam-N\w F¶ ZÀi\w hfÀ¶v {]]© ZÀi-\hpw kmI-ey-ZÀi-\-hp-ambn amdp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶v kmdm-tPm-k- nsâ cN-\-Isf ASn-Øm-\-am¡n Nnń-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]m]- d F¶ kam-l-c- nse Hmtcm Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS DÅnepw, Ombm-]-Sw, Zm¼-Xyw, ]m]- d F¶n-h-bn-sems¡ en_-dÂ sân-\n-k- nsâBlzm-\-§Ä Xs¶-bmWv DÅ-Xv. CtX kam-l-c- nse "apSn-s -¿-ap-d-bp¶p' F¶ IY-bnse A½ ssZh- nÂ \n¶mWv HcpCt¡m sân-\nÌv ZÀi\w Ip-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. Cu IY-bnseefnXmtZhn-bpsS {]Xn-cq-]-ambn tZhn-bpsS Icn-¦Â ape-IÄ Npc-bv¡p-¶-bn-S¯v tZhn-bpsS aI-fp-ambn amdp-¶p. ]mcn-Øn-XnIkv{Xohm-Z- n-eq-¶nb Ie alm-am-Xr-k-¦Â¸s¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-




¡p-Ibpw ]mc-kv]-cy- nÂ Du¶p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]mXm-f- -Sn-IÄ, _en-Zm\w Ch-bnÂ amXrk¦Â]w hnI-kn- p-h-cp-¶p. ]m]-¯-d-bnÂ "s]®p-]q-¡p¶ \mSv ' Hcp kz]v\-ambn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v. s]®v Hcp im]-ambn amdp¶ ka-Ime Ah-Ø-I-tfmSvAXv Ie-¼p-¶p-ap-v. "im]-bm\w' "{]Im-in-\n-bpsS a¡Ä' F¶oIY-IÄ qan¡v t\cn« ZuÀ_-ey-§Ä s]®nsâ hm¡n-eq-sSbpwXncn- -dn-bp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp InWdpw ip²-P-ehpw B{K-ln-¡m-\m-hm¯ hn[w `qan hän-h-c-n-cn-¡p¶p F¶ Adnhpw a\p-jy-cpsS {]hÀ¯n-tZmjw sImv "`qan-tZhn Npcp§n Npcp§n Bg-¯n-te¡v A§Sv hen-bp-Ibm' F¶ kXy-ambn ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p-¶p. F{X Zp_mbv ]W-ap-m-bn«pw Imcy-anÃ F¶ kXyw mcXnA½-bn-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-t¼mÄ k¼- n\pw Zpcbv¡pw qan-bpsS \·-Isf hne-bv¡p-hm-§m-\m-hnÃ F¶pw HmÀ½-s -Sp- p-¶p. {]Im-in\n Xsâ a¡Ä¡v kpc-£n-X-ambn ]nd-¶n-d-§m-s\mcpCS-amWv tXSp-¶-Xv. ]¨- pÃv InfnÀ¡p¶ Hcn- ncn CSw aXn-bm-bn-cp¶p AhÄ¡v. Acp-hn-I-fpsS KoXhpw IpfnÀ¡mäpw tI«p-sImv AhÀ Cu qan-bn-te¡v hcWw F¶mWv {]Im-in\n B{K-ln- -Xv. Ah tXSn \S-¡p-t¼mÄ aäv kv{XoIÄ {]Im-in-\n-tbmSva®nÂ ]pÃv apf-bv¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw IpSn-¡m-s\m-cp-XpÅn shÅ-an-sÃ¶pw s]ä-h-b-sdm-gn-ªp-X-cm³ Xmfpw XI-cbpansÃ¶pw hne-]n-¡p-¶p-v. Chn-tS¡v \ob-hsc sIm-p-h-c-cptX F¶v AhÀHmÀ½s¸Sp- p-¶p. "Nmhp-\new' F¶ IY-bnÂ kz´w D®n-IÄ]S-sh«n N¯-]-S-\n-es¯ tNmc-a-W-¡p¶ a®p-sImv D®n¡vhb-¼-c-bv¡p¶ A½sb ImWmw. D®n A½-bpsS ImÂap-t«mfwhfÀ¶t¸mÄ A½ Ahs\ ]S-\n-e-t¯¡v sImp-h-cp-¶p. ]pÃp-t]mepw apf-bv¡m¯ B \ne v A¸ ac- nsâ Ipcp-\-Sm-\mWvA½ Bh-iy-s -Sp-¶-Xv. A½-bpsS I®ocpw D®nbpsS Nncnbpwhf-am¡n A -acw hfÀ¶p ]q¡p-t¼mÄ {]mWn-Ifpw Infn-Ifpwhcp-sa¶pw A -a-c- nÂ ImbvI-fp-m-hp-t¼mÄ D®n¡v BfpwAÀ°hpw Dm-hp-sa¶pw A½ ]d-bp-¶p. ]S-\n-e-§sf kpµ-c-am-¡m³ A -a-c-§-fm-h-iy-am-sW¶ ktµ-ihpw Cu IY-bn-ep-v. D®n-IÄ C\n A¦w sh«p-t¼mgpw A -acw ]«p-t]m-hp-sa-¦nepw -Xm³ AXn\v Imh-en-cn¡mw F¶p ]d-bp-¶n-S¯v A½alm amXr-k-¦Â - n-te¡v amdp-¶p. "AtimI' "XmbvIpew'F¶o IY-I-fn-se- p-t¼m-gmWv Cu IYm-tem-Is¯ Ct¡m-s^-an-\nÌv ZÀi\w ]qÀ®-am-hp-¶-Xv. CXn-lm-k- nse cp-I-Ym-]m-

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22{X-§-fmb koX-sbbpw iqÀ -W-J-sbbpw ]qÀ®-amb kv{Xoho£-W- nÂ s]mfn-s¨-gp-Xp-I-bmWv Cu IY-I-fnÂ. e¦ Iog-S-¡nb cmasâ ap¶nÂ Ipä-¡m-cn-sb-t¸mse \nÂt¡-n-h¶koXbv¡v, "\ns¶ hos-Sp-¡m-\Ã Xsâ Ipe-¯n-\p-taÂ]Xnª A]-am-\s¯ CÃm-sX-bm-¡m-\mWv Rm³ bp²w Pbn-¨Xv' F¶ hm¡p-IÄ cma-\nÂ \n¶v tIÄ¡p-¶-tXmsS Xsâ]cm-Pbw ]qÀ®-ambn F¶v koX Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. Xsâ Øm\hpw]cm-Pn-Xsâ kv{XoIÄs¡m- -am-sW¶v AhÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p.Npänepw Acn-sª-dn-b-s¸« hr£-§Ä¡pw XIÀ¶ ]qt´m-«-§Ä¡pw ]pI-bp¶ hÅn-¡p-Sn-ep-IÄ¡pw hän- p-I-fª Pem-i-b-§Ä¡pw \Sp-hnÂ XfÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p¶ Atim-I-a-cs¯ Ip\n-ªp-h-W-§n-bn-«mWv hnò-j-Wsâ kv{XoIÄs¡m¸w AhÄ\o§p-¶-Xv. X\n-¡p-thn F¶-Xp-t]mse \in- n-¡-s¸« kI-e-Xn-t\m-Sp-apÅ Hcp am¸p-tNm-Zy-am-Wn-Xv. cma-sâbpw e£va-W-sâbpw GI ]Xv\n-{]X-§Ä XIÀ¡m³ h¶ iqÀ¸p-W-J-bÃkmdm-tPm-k- nsâ IYm-]m{Xw. Bcy-·m-cmÂ- A-]am\n¡-s¸«{ZmhnU cmP-Ip-am-cn-bm-Wv. Xsâ Ipe- nsâ thcp-IÄ Adp- p-I-f-ª-h-tcmSv Ipe- nsâ hSnhpw tImehpw sISp- n-I-f-ª-h-tcmSv {]Xn-Imcw kq£n-¡p¶p iqÀ -W-J. ape-IÄ -A-cn-b-s¸«amdns\ sImbvs¯m-gnª ]mSw t]mse eiq\y-amb Hcn-S-ambnImWp¶ iqÀ -W-Jbv¡v ZWvU-I- n-se- n-bn-cn-¡p¶ amäm-\psS \o-Xn-IÄ Im«p-\o-Xn-bnÂ \n¶v hyXy-kvX-am-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p. sX-I-h-\- nÂ acw ]q¡p-¶Xpw XfnÀ¡p-¶XpwImaw sImm-sW-¶m-bn-cp¶p s]mXp-hmb hnizm-kw. s]®nsâIma- nev sXäpw Ipähpw NmÀ¯n-bmev Iman\n a®n-\m¶v hn\F¶Xpw Im«p-\o-Xn-bpsS hnizm-k-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. a®n-s\bpws]®n-s\bpw _lp-am-\n- n-cp¶ Hcp ss\Xn-I-X-bpsS taemWvBZy-]p-cpj \oXn-IÄ \nbaw \S- m-¡p-¶-Xv. CtX \oXn-bmWvkoX-tbmSv NnX-bnÂ NmSn Nmcn{Xyip²n sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-h-iy-s -Sp-¶-Xpw. AXp-tIÄ¡p-t¼m-gmWv Xsâ kIe thZ-\-Ifpw ad¶viqÀ -WJ s]m«n- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. I\-enÂ NmtS-n-h-¶-hfpw aq¡pwapebpw Acn-b-s -«-hfpw Htc ]pcpj \oXn-bnÂ \n¶v A]-am-\-ta-ä-h-cm-Wv. kvss{XW-X-bpsS Cu kam-\-apJw Ahsc kl- m-h- nÂ F¯n-¡p-¶p.

kmdm tPmk- nsâ IYm-tem-Is¯ Ct¡m- s^-an-\nÌvZÀi\w hfÀ¶v kmI-ey-X-bn-se- p-¶Xv "Bem-l-bpsS s]¬a-




¡-fn-'em-Wv. Hcp ]mcn-Øn-XnI A`-bmÀ°n kaqlw krjvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶Xpw _lp-t`m-Pn-IÄ Ah-cpsS taÂ \S- p¶ B[n-]-Xy-§-fpsS Ncn-{Xhpw AXn-\nsS tIÄ¡p¶ CS-s\-©p-s]m-«p¶\ne-hn-fn-I-fp-amWv Cu t\mhÂ ]IÀ¶p-X-cp-¶-Xv. B\n-sb¶s]¬Ip-«n-bmWv IYm-Jym-Xm-hv. Ah-fpsS kwi-b-§-fn-eq-sSbpwAXn-\p-e- n-¡p¶ D¯-c-§-fn-eq-sSbpw AhÄ tIÄ¡p¶ IY-I-fn-eq-sSbpw \mw IY-tIÄ¡p-¶p. tX¡n³ ImsS¶ sImSpwImSn-\p-ÅnÂ \n¶v XrÈqÀ \Kcw s]mń-h¶ Ime¯v A\mYih-§Ä hen-s¨-dn-bp¶ amen-\y-§Ä \nt£-]n-¡p¶ Hcp Øe-am-bn-cp¶p tIm¡m-©n-d. \K-c- nÂ ]mÀ¡m-\nSw In«m-sX-bn-cp-¶-h-scms¡ tIm¡m-©n-d-bn-se- p-¶p. BZyw tXm«n-IÄ, ]ns¶Cd- n-sh-«p-ImÀ, ao³ I -h-S-¡mÀ, Xc-Ip-ImÀ, ZÃm-f-·mÀ sNdnbsNdnb IÅ-·mÀ, Nmcmbw hnÂ -\-¡mÀ C§s\ \K-cw- ]pdwXÅn-b-h-cpsS s]mXp-hmb It¿-ä- q-an-bmbn AhnSw amdp-¶p.\Kcw ]pdw XÅn-b-h-cpsS Iq«- n-emWv B\n-bpsS IpSpw-_hpwF¯p-¶-Xv. A½m½ kz´w ss[cy- nsâ sXfn-hmbn ]d-bp-¶Xpw A`n-am\w sImv B\n-bpsS incÊv Db-cp-¶-Xp-amb BIpSn-tbäw Hcp-]mSv k¦-S-§-fpsS Hcp hoSp-m-¡p-¶p. \ne-\nÂ]n-\mbn ]cn-Xm-h-Ø-I-tfmSv \nc- cw kacw sN¿p¶ Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ mK-am-hp-¶-h-cmbn B ho«p-Imcpw amdp-¶p. tIm¡-m©ndF¶ {]tZiw hmk-tbm-Ky-am-b-tXmsS Ahn-tS¡v ]pXn-b- Xm-a-k-¡m-sc- p-¶p. AhÀ tIm¡m-©nd F¶ s]mXp-Ø-es¯apdn v aXn-ep-sI«n kzImcy kz¯m-¡p-¶p. Øm]-\-h-Xv¡-cn-¡-s¸« aX- nsâbpw k -bp-sSbpw klm-b-t¯msS F«p-apdn F¶s]mXp-]mÀ¸nS {]tZ-is¯ P\-§sf apgp-h\pw Hgn- n-¡m³ hmdpF¶ apX-em-fn¡v Ign-bp-¶p. IsÃ-dn-bp-t¼mÄ Hcp-Iq«w Im¡-IÄ NnX-dn-t¸mhpw t]mse F«p-ap-dn-¡mÀ NnX-dn-t¸m-hp-¶p. A[n-\n-th-i- nsâ ]p¯³ ap-J-§sfþ\Kcw ssI\o«n {Kma-§sfhngp-§p-¶-sX-§s\sb¶vþ{]Xo-Im-ßI-ambn kmdm-tPm-k^vAh-X-cn- n-¡p¶p. ]pXnb Xma-k-¡m-cpsS aXn-ep-Ifpw AXnsâapI-fnÂ Fgp-¶p-\nÂ¡p¶ Ip¸n- n-Ãp-Ifpw A\p- -h-s -Sp- p¶kzIm-cyX BZy-sam¶pw B\n¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶n-Ã. ]ns¶Ahsf Iqä³ ]«n-I-Sn- n-Sp-t¼mÄ Ah-fpsS Ic- nÂ tI«v Bcpwhcm-sX-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ tIm¡m-©-nd-bnÂ Xm³ Bcp-a-sÃ¶vB\n¡v t_m[y-am-hp-¶p.

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24tIm¡m-©n-d-bnÂ FÃmw s]mXp-hm-bn-cp-¶p. {ItaW AX-

§s\ AÃm-sX-bm-hp-¶p. FÃm InW-dp-I-fnÂ \n¶pw s\¿vs]m§n-h-cp-t¼mgpw Nucn-bpsS InW-änse a[p-c-apÅ shÅwtIm¡m-©n-d-¡m-cpsS s]mXp-hmb kz¯pw Bizm-k-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ AXnsâ Npänepw aXn-ep-h-¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. B tKänÂInW-dp-t\m¡n \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ F´m Fs¶mcp tNmZywAhÄ¡p-t\sc Fgp-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v. B tNmZy- nÂ Hc-Sp- hpwCÃ F¶pw B\n Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p-v. ]gb hnim-e-amb hgn-IÄ¡p-]-Icw CSp§nb Smdn« hgn-I-sfbpw B\n-s¡m-cn-¡epw kvt\ln-¡m-\m-hp-¶n-Ã. ]v kzImcy thZ-\-IÄ h¶v hnj-an-¡p-t¼mÄCjvSw t]mse Ae-ªp-\-S-¡m-\pÅ CS-am-bn-cp¶p tIm½ntakv{Xn-bpsS ]d-¼v. AXn-\p-Npäpw tIm«-t]m-se-bpÅ aXn-ep-bÀ¶tXmsS hen-sbmcp temIw sRmSn-bn-S-sImv Ah-fpsSap¶nÂ \n¶v FSp-¯p-am-ä-s¸-Sp-¶p. sImSn-Ny-§m-Sn-bpsSBZys¯ hf-hnÂ Hcp ]c¶ Ipgn-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. ag s]¿p-t¼mÄ Ie-¡-sh-Å-t¯m-sSm¸w FhnsS \ns¶-¶-dn-bmsX hs¶-¯p¶ s]mSn-ao-\p-IÄ, a´³ Xh-f-IÄ, sNdnb Xh-f-IÄ, Fgp-¯-Ñ³ {]mWn-IÄ C§s\ ]eXpw h¶v \nd-bp-am-bn-cp¶ BIpgn tdmUn\v hoXn Iq«p-¶-tXmsS A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-¶p. Cu sNdp-Po-hn-IÄ Fhn-tS-¡p-t]mbn F¶mcpw At\z-jn-¡m- -t]mseAhn-Sps¯ \nÊm-c-a-\p-jycpw Fhn-tSt¡m t]mtIn hcp¶p.B\n-bpsS kzImcy Zp:J§Ä, AsXmcp hÀ¤- nsâ apgp-h³Zp:J§-fm-sW-¦nepw apt¶m«v IpXn-¡p¶ Hcp temI¯v AXn-s\-hnsS Øm\w? ]ptcm-KXn hnI-k\w F¶v Ae-ap-d-bn-Sp-t¼mÄC¯cw \jvS-§Ä \mw ad-¡p-¶p. Ah-bm-Is« I\¯ ]mcn-Øn-XnI \jvS-§-fp-am-Wv.

kv{Xobpw shÅhpw X½n-epÅ khn-tij _Ô- nsâ IY-bn-eqsS Hcp tZi Ncn-{X-amWv "BXn-' F¶ IrXn-bn-eqsS kmdmtPmk^v ]d-ª-Xv. shÅhpw ao\pw s\Ãp-ambn AKm-[-_-Ô-ap-m-bn-cp¶ Hcp kzÑ-kp-µ-c-amb tZiw F{]-Im-c-amWv hnI-k\w F¶ sXämb k¦Â - nÂ Bp-ap§n CÃm-sX-bm-hp-¶Xv F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p BXn-bpsS {]ta-bw. Ipªn-amXp F¶IYm-]m-{X- n-eqsS a®v, Irjn, shÅw Chbpw P\-Po-hn-XhpwAXp-hgn kam-[m-\hpw Btcm-Kyhpw X½nÂ F§s\ _Ô-s -«n-cn-¡p¶p F¶v hyà-am-hp-¶p. Ipam-c³ F¶ ]p¯³ ]W-




¡m-c³ kz´w _nkn-\Êv km{am-Py-§-fpsS ]cn-t]m-j-W- n-\mbn Cu \mSns\ CÃmbva sN¿p-¶p. ]mS-ti-J-c-§Ä a®n«v\nI¯n shÅw aen-\-am-¡n, Pe-k-¼- ns\ \in- n¨v A§s\\½psS C¶s¯ hm¡p-I-fnse ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ]S-hp-IÄ Nhn-«n-¡-b-dm³ Hcp tZis¯ {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶p. AtXmsS "BXn' BXn-b-Ãm-sX-bm-hp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse \mÂ¸-¯n-\mev \Zn-IfpwAkwJyw tXmSp-Ifpw Imb-ep-Ifpw Ipf-§fpw CÃm-sX-bm-bXpwC§-s\-sbm-s¡- -s¶-bm-Wv. `ànsb hmWn-Py-h-Xv¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw AsXmcp Sqdn-k- nsâ el-cn-bn-te¡v hfcp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. A¯cw Hcp `àn Sqdnkw F§-s\-sbÃmw ae-\o-I-cWwhcp- p-¶p-sh¶pw AsX-§s\ P\-Po-hn-Xs¯ _m[n-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw "BXn' F¶ t\mhÂ \t½mSv ]d-bp-¶p. t\mh-ensâBZyw BXn Fhn-sS-bp-apÅ Hcp-tZ-i-am-hm-sa¶v kmdm tPmk v]d-bp-¶p-v. AtX, CsXmcp ap¶-dn-bn- m-Wv. GXp tZi- n\pwhcm-\n-cn-¡p¶ Nne bYmÀ° Ah-Ø-I-fpsS ap¶-dn-bn- v.

]n. hÕ-e-bpsS "s\Ãv' F¶ t\mhÂ h¶Xv 1972 emWv.hb-\m-«nse BZn-hmkn kaq-l- nsâ Pohn-Xhpw AXnsâ Zpc-´hpw Zpcn-Xhpw ]pdw temIw Adn-ªXv Cu t\mh-en-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A½-bpsS ]nWvU-sam-gp-¡m-\mbn Xncp-s\-Ãn-bnÂF¯p¶ cmL-h³ \mbÀ AhnsS Xs¶ sI«n-bn-S-s -«p-t]m-hp-¶-XmWv s\Ãnsâ IY. IYm-Jym-Xmhv F¶-Xn-t\-¡m-tfsd AbmÄAhn-Sps¯ Pohn-Xs¯ hne-bn-cp- p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bmWv IY ]ptcm-K-an-¡p-¶-Xv. taem-f-sâbpw ASn-bm-sâbpw Pohn-Xs¯ AbmÄhne-bn-cp- p-¶p-v, H¸w a®n-s\bpw. ]-Sn-ªm-d³ ae-IÄ Ib-dn-a-dnªv B\-¡mSpw ]pe-b³ sImÃnbpw IS¶v Cu \m«nÂF n-s -Sp¶ a\p-jy-sc-sbms¡ ASn-a-bm-¡p¶ a®p-X-s¶-bmWvChnsS [\w F¶v cmL-h³ \mbÀ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. kzÀ®w hnf-bn-¡m-hp¶ B a®ns\ sacp-¡m-sa¶p hniz-kn-¡p¶ cmL-h³\mbÀ ASn-bm-·mÀ¡mbn ]pXnb Iqen-I-fpsS ]Xn-hp-IÄ XpS-§n-sh-bv¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS Ae-k-Xsb A§s\ CÃm-sX-bm¡mwF¶v AbmÄ hymtam-ln-¡p-¶p. ]t£ PohnXw AhnsS Hcpkml-k-am-sW¶v cmL-h³ \mbÀ Xncn-¨-dn-bp-¶p-v: ImSvAhÀs¡m¶pw \ÂIm-sX-bm-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶pw ]pgao\p-Isf\ÂIp-¶n-sÃ¶pw AXn-\mÂ AhÀ ]«n-Wn-bn-em-sW¶pw. ASn-bm-f\pw taem-f\pw ZpcnXw GXmv Htc-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

25


26

sXmn, ]mÂsXm-n, tNäp-shfn-b³ C§s\ At\Iw s\Ãn\-§-sf- än s\ÃnÂ ]cm-aÀi-ap-v. amc F¶ ASn-bm-«n-bn-eqsS Hcp-Xpv ]pI-bn-ebvs¡m Hcp Nm¬ hb-dns\m thn am{X-aÃChÀ ]ng-¡-s -Sp-¶-sX¶v AbmÄ a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶p. taem-f-·m-cpsS IS-¶m-{I-a-Whpw AXnsâ Imc-W-ambn AbmÄ¡v a\-Ên-em-hp-¶p.

"s\Ãv' F¶ t\mhÂ FgpXn 12 hÀj- n-\p-ti-j-amWv"Iqa³ sImÃn' F¶ t\mhÂ hcp-¶-Xv. hb-\mSpw Ahn-Sps¯Pohn-Xhpw Xs¶-bmWv ]Ým- ew F¦nepw 12 hÀjw sImvB \mSv F{X-am{Xw amdn F¶v Ima³sImÃn ]d-bp-¶p. kln-¡m-\m-hm¯ XWp- n-s\- än ]d-bp¶ ]cm-Xn-I-sfm¶pw Cu 12hÀj- n-\p-tijw CsÃ¶p am{X-aÃ XWp-s -hn-sS-t¸mbn F¶tNmZyw ]e-cnÂ \n¶pw Db-cp-¶p-v. ]m]-\m-in-\n-bnÂ ]nWvUwshbv¡m³ hcp-¶-hÀ hfsc IjvS-s¸«v B\sb b-¶p-h-cp¶hgn-sbms¡ Ip«y-Êsâ hn hcp¶ saä-en« hgn-bmbn amdn-¡-gn-ªp. Irjn hfsc Zb-\o-b-amb Hcp ØnXn-bn-em-bn-¡-gn-ªp.]Icw ASn-bm-fÀ acw apdn-¡m³ ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw hn-bnÂ XSnIb-äm\pw ImSn\p Xo shbv¡m\pw ]Tn- p-I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. No\n-¡mbpw Idp- -¡mbpw tX\pw CÃm- -Im-Smbn hbÂ\mSv amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. h\w hIp- nsâ henb \nb-{´-W- n-em-bn-cn-¡p¶pCu ImSp-I-f-{X-bpw. kz´w qan-IÄ A\ym-[o-\-s¸« BZn-hm-kn-bpsS s\m¼-c-§Ä Ip¦³ F¶ ASn-bm-f-\n-eqsS Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. Hcp \Ã ag ImWm-\m-{K-ln-¡p¶ A\- ³ amÌ-dn-eqsSImem-h-Ø-bpsS amäw ImWn¡p-¶p.

s]cp-am-fnsâ A¼-e-s - -än-bpÅ ]cm-aÀiw am{X-sa s\Ãn-ep-Åp. 12 hÀjw Ign-bp-t¼m-tg¡v A¼-ehpw ]qPbpw kPo-h-am-hp-¶p. ]qP¡v «n\v tPmen-¡m-cp-m-hp-¶p. AXn-t\-¡m-tfsd`mc-Xob kwkv¡m-c-s¯- -änbpw mK-hX ]mcm-b-W-s - -änbpwhymIp-e-s -Sp-¶-hcpw imTy-apÅhcp-apm-hp-¶p. AXn-t\-¡m-tfsd ]pÃp-a-e-bnÂ Hcp Ipcn-ip-]-Ån-bp-m-hp-¶p. I\ym-kv{Xo-Ifpw Zm\n-tb-e- \pw _ÄKÀ hoäpw ]mÂs¸m-Snbpw Dm-hp-¶p.A§s\ Nqj-W- nsâ ]pXnb apJ§-fp-m-hp-¶p. ASn-bm-¯n-IÄ ]pdsa \n¶p-h-¶-h-cpsS Nqj-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-hp-¶p. a²y-{]-tZ-i- p-Im-csâ Ip«n-bp-ambn Kply-tcmKw _m[n¨sI¼n-bp-m-hp-¶p. -A-sXmcp kqN-\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xncp-s\-Ãnbnse




Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb A½-am-cpsS kwL-§-fpsS BZy- hyàn F¶\ne-bnÂ sI¼n I-S-¶p-h-cp-¶p. KÔ-I-ime hnäv ]pXnb hn¯p-hm-§m³ t»m¡n-te¡v t]mhp¶ D®n-sb- än Hcp ]cm-aÀiwam{Xta s\Ãn-ep-Åp. Iqa³sIm-Ãn-bnÂ s\Âhn- p-I-fpsS t]cp-I-sfm¶pw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ah-sbm¶pw B Ime-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw Ahn-sS-bn-Ãm-sX-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ]q¦p¶w If- n-te¡v]pXn-b-Xcw I¶p-Im-en-IÄ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. ImSp-sXn taªp-\-S-¡p¶, Cu¨ ISn-sIm-Åp¶ Imen-I-fpsS Imew Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶p. Xsâ hb-ep-IÄ ]¦p-Ir-jn¡v ]Xn- p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶A¸phpw dºÀ shbv¡p-¶-Xn-s\- än NÀ¨ sN¿p¶ IrjvW³\¼o-i\pw kXy-\m-cm-b-W\pw hbÂ\m-Snsâ ]cn-Wmaw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡p-¶p. C¶v apf-I-fnÃm¯ s\ÂIr-jn-bn-Ãm-sX-bmb agtbmXWpt¸m CÃmsX Sqdnkw hnI-kn¨p hnI-kn¨v kIe kz`m-hnI-X-Ifpw ssIhn« a®ns\sb¶-t]mse s]®n-s\bpwNqjWw sNbvX Hcp \mSmbn AXp-am-dn-t¸m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

s]s®-gp¯v F¶ Xmgv¯n-s¡-«-en-\- pdw {]]-©- nÂPohsâ \ne\nÂ¸n-\m-h-iy-amb Hcp ]p\À\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS ZÀi-\-ambn Ct¡m-s^-an-\nkw amdp-¶p. s]®ns\ ac-t¯mSpw ]pg-tbmSpw D]-an-¡p¶ ImÂ -\nI-X-bnÂ \n¶pw CXv hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. hfsc DZm- -am-sbmcp kvss{XW k¦Â¸s¯ krjvSn-¡-ep-aÃ CXv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ t_m[-]qÀÆw CXv kmln-Xy-¯nÂ kr-jvSn-¡m-\m-hnÃ. kv{Xobp-tSbpw `qan-bp-tSbpw k¯kzmwio-I-cn¨ HcmÄs¡ C¯-c-samcp ZÀi-\s¯ kz´w IrXn-I-fpsS ZÀi-\-am¡n kzoI-cn-¡m-\m-hq. B kzmwio-I-c-W-amWvA\p-{I-a-amb hfÀ¨-bmbn ]p\-tc-Io-I-c-W- nsâ ZÀi-\-ambnamdp-¶-Xv.

27


28 Fgp- nse a®v s]®v ASn-bm-fÀ

t£{X- nse kme- -RvPn-I-amsc ImWp-t¼mÄ FÃmw H-

¶nsâ ]IÀ v Xs¶-sb¶mWv tXm¶p-I. F¶mÂ ASp- p-sN¶vkq£va-ambn \nco-£n- mtem cq]- m-h-§Ä XnI¨pw hyXykvXwXs¶-bm-sW¶p ImWmw. Hmtcm kv{Xo cq]hpw sNdnb sNdnbamä-§ÄsIm-mWv A\-\y-am-hp-¶-Xv. inÂ]n-bpsS kq£va-]-SpXzw Hmtcm cq]- nepw hyXn-cn-à-X-bpsS ]pXnb `qJ-WvU-§Ä XoÀ¡p-¶p. t{Kkn-bpsS kv{XoI-Ym-]m-{X-§fpw CXp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Hä-t\m-«- nÂ GI-in-em-ßIw F¶p-tXm-¶p-sa-¦nepwhyXykvX kv{Xo k -I-fpsS kq£va-Nn-{Xo-I-cWw Xs¶-bmWmIYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Htc KW- ntem t{iWn-bntem s]Sp- m-hp¶s]¬I-Ym-]m-{X-§sf ImWm-\m-hp-I-bn-Ã. aqÀ¨-bpÅ hm¡p-IÄsImv sIm¯n-sb-Sp¯ Hmtcm s]¬in-e-bpw- ]-XnhphmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-Isf XIÀs -dn-ªmWv \ne-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv. ]cp-j-tI-{µo-Ir-X-amb KmÀlnI ]cn-k-c-§Ä \nÀ½n-s¨-Sp¯ kv{XoI-fnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp¶p efn-Xmw-_n-Ibpw kc-kz-Xn-b-½bpwam[-hn-¡p-«nbpw kmdm-tPm-k^pw cq]w sImSp¯ s]¬I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä. B¬tImbva hc¨psh¨ s]¬cq]§fpsSt\Àhn]coXambncp¶p Ah. ChÀ krãn¨ s]¬ IYm]m{X§fpsS XpSÀ¨ Xs¶bmWv t{Kknbnepw ImWp¶Xv. F¶mÂAh H¶nsâbpw ]IÀ¸Ã Xm\pw. kq£vaamb s]®\p`h§sf t\cnsâ BJym\w sImpw DebnÂ ]gp¸n¨v cmInaqÀÏq«nb ]Zmhen sImpw ]IÀ¯pt¼mÄ hmb\¡mcn/hmb\¡mc³ F¯nt¨cp¶Xv A\p`h§fpsS ]pXnbh\ØenIfnemWv. IYIfneqsS A\p`h§sf Im¨nIpd¡pt¼mÄ sXfnªphcp¶Xv kaImenI PohnXkm£y§fpsS t\À]IÀ¸v Xs¶bmsW¶p ImWm³ Ignbpw.

Bß-kw-LÀj-¯nsâ DS-ep-cp-¡-§Ä

tUm. sI. cta-i³

Bß-kw-LÀj- nsâ DS-ep-cp-¡-§Ä


29GXhØbnepw GXp tZi¯nepw Zpc´§Ä Gäp-hm-§m³hn[n-¡-s¸« kv{XoIÄ. BW-[n-Im-c- nsâ Xpdn- p-t\m-«-§fpwAh-K-W-\-I-fp-taäv t\À¯p-t]m-hp-t¼mÄ Icp- nsâ XoÖzm-e-bmbv Db-cm³ {ian-¡p¶ s]®nS§sf IY-IÄ Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-¶p-v.

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Ime-L-«hpw XpSÀ¶p-h¶ B[p-\n-I-X-bp-amWv ssewKn-I-Xsb ]pXnb ]cn-t{]-£y- nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn- -Xv.kzX-{´ -ssew-Kn-I-X-bpsS A-[o-iXzw ]pcp-j³ t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pcp-jsâ t`mK-hkvXp/icocw am{X-ambn kv{XoNn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -«p. "Imtcyjp a{ń, IÀt½-jp-Zm-kn, cqt]-jp-e-£van, ibt\-jp-thiy' F¶ coXn-im-kv{X- nsâ ]p¯³`mjyw Xs¶-bmWv B[p-\n-IX Xpd-¶p-h- -Xv. kv{Xoi-cocw ]pcp-j\v B\-µn-¡p-hm-\p-Å-Xm-Wv. Ah-fpsS DS-em-i-IÄt¡m CÑ-IÄt¡m {]k-àn-bn-Ã. C¯cw hÀ¯-am-\-Ime ]cn-k-c- nsâs]mfn-s¨-gp- m-Wv t{K-kn-bpsS IY-I-fnse DSÂ cmjv{Sobwapt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶-Xv. DS-ensâ A´-:kwLÀjw DSÂh-gn-I-fnÂImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kpKp-Wsâ `mcym-]Zw kzoI-cn¨v ]pXnbho«nÂ Imep-Ip-¯nb kpI\y kÀÆ-cmepw `mKy-apÅkv{Xosb¶v hnfn-sIm-p. ]t£- kp-K-W\p tXm¶p-t¼mÄ mKn-¡m-\pÅ D]-I-cWw am{X-am-bn-cp¶p AhÄ. ""F\n¡v \ns¶Bh-iy-ap-Å-t¸mÄ \o ]ns¶bpw Ipfn-t¡-n-h-cpw. AXn-\p-ap¼v]Ãp-tX v sNdp-Nq-SpÅ D¸p-shÅw IhnÄsIm-Åp-Ibpw thWw''.B¬tIm-bva-bpsS ssewKn-I -A-[o-iXzw apgp-h³ Cu hm¡p-I-fnÂ ImWmw. hm¡p-Ifpw Nn -Ifpw \nd-§fpw KÔ-§fpw sIm«n-b-S¨ ho«p-X-S-¦-enÂ kpI\y hoÀ¸p-ap-«-e-\p- -hn- p. Ahsf sXm«-dn-bms\m Hcp Ipªns\ \ÂIms\m kpK-W\p Ign-ªn-Ã. Bb-Xn-\mÂ AhÄ kpI-\y-bmbn Xs¶-Xp-SÀ¶p. cXn tIhew A\p-jvTm\w am{X-am-hp¶ DS-ensâ BtLm-j-§sf hnkva-cn-¡p¶temI- nÂ \n¶pw kpI\y c£-s -Sp-I-bm-Wv. Ccp«phoWsX§n³ tXm¸nÂ sh¨v I\¯ ssI¯--bpsS hÅn-¡p-cp-¡nÂ AhÄ FXnÀ¸p-I-fn-ÃmsX Cgp-In-t¨À¶p; Ah-fpsS ico-c- nÂ Db-cp¶ hnIm-c- nsâ Xnc-am-e-IÄs¡m¯v Abmfpw.kpc-Xm-ý- n-\p-tijw Ah-fpsS Nncnbpw ]ndp-]n-dp-¡epwAbmÄ¡pw a\-Ên-em-hp-¶n-Ã. Iog-S-¡-ensâ a\:Èmkv{X- n\vDÄsIm-Åm³ Ign-bp-¶-XÃ kpI-\y-am-cpsS a\-Êv. s]®v DS-em-



i-Isf \ncm-I-cn¨v ]pcp-jsâ t`mtKm-]-I-c-W-am-hpI F¶ ]Xn-hp-Im-gvN-Isf XIÀs¯-dnªv kv{Xo ssewKnI kzmX{ýw{]Jym-]n-¡p-¶-XmWo IY.

]pcpj ssewKnI sshIr-X- nsâ apJw-aqSn Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶IY-bmWv "H-fn-ªp-t\m-«-¡mcm' F¶ IY . Hfn-ªp-t\m-«-¡mÀFhn-sS-bp-ap-v. s]®p-S-ensâ ImgvN-bnÂ A`n-c-an-¡p-¶-hs\A¾-kz- m-h-apÅ hm¡p-IÄsIm-mWv IYm-\m-bnI t\cn-Sp-¶-Xv. H¶v -s]ätXmsS `À¯m-hn\v thm-Xm-b-hÄ, `À¯mhvthmUvI-bpsS el-cn-bnÂ kzbw ad-¶p-d-§p-t¼mÄ ]pds¯ Xf-¯n-te¡v Dd-§m³h¶ Ah-fpsS DÄIm-gvN-I-fn-te-¡mWv Hfn-ªp-t\m-«-¡m-csâ I®p-IÄ h¶p-ho-gp-¶-Xv. IYm-\m-bnI {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv: "Icnw]mXn-cm-I-fnÂ \o hoSp-ho-Sm- cwHfn-ªp-t\m-¡n-\-S-¶mÂ \nsâ InS-¡- m-tbÂ thsd BWp-§ÄtIdn-¡n-S-¡pw. AtXmsS \nsâ Imcyw IjvS- n-em-Ipw. C\n \oIÃymWw Ign- n-sÃ-¦ntem? At¸mgpw \nsâ Imcyw IjvS- n-em-hpw. Bcm\pw kZy-bp-®p-¶Xv Iv \nsâ hni¸v sI«p-t]m-hpw. ]ns¶ kz´w tai-bnÂ hnf-¼n-¡n-«p-¶Xp Ign-¡m³ ]äm-sX-bm-hpw...' Cu hm¡p-IÄs¡m-Sp-hnÂ H-fn-ªp-t\m-«-¡m-c³`kva-am-bn-¡mWpw, XoÀ¨. DSÂ hgn-I-fn-te-¡pÅ k©mcw Xs¶-bmWv "càhpw amwkhpw' AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p-¶-Xv. IÀ¯m-hn-t\m-SpÅ {]Wbw aq¯v Ipªp-tacn knÌÀ Fbv©Â tacn-bmbn Ahsâ aW-hm-«n-bm-hp-¶p. ]T-\- nÂ anSp-¡n-bm-b-Xn-\mÂtImsfPv A[ym-]n-I-bm-bn- oÀ¶ Gbv©Â tacn-bpsS tImtf-Pnse BZy-Zn\w A¼-c v \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Un¸mÀ«vsaâ v Xe-h-\mbn IXv IÀ¯m-hn-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ahsâ amS-{]m-hn-s\-t¸mse Ipdp-Ip¶ ssI -e-§Ä Npw_n- mWv knÌÀ Gbv©ÂBZy-Zn\w XpS-§n-b-Xv. ]ntä¶v IÀ¯m-hnsâ apdn-bnÂ sN¶vAhsâ Ip¸m-b-¡p-Sp-¡p-IÄ Agn¨v Imcp-Wy- nsâ Xncp-lr-Zbw At\z-jn- p. IÀ¯m-hm-Is« lrZ-b- n-te-¡pÅ hgn ico-c- n-eq-sS-bm-sW¶v Ahsf HmÀan- n- p.

hr²-·m-cpsS enwK-{]-ZÀi-\s¯ Noª -]m-hbv¡m {]ZÀi-\-ambn ]cn-l-kn¨ am[-hn-¡p-«n-bpsS Nn´-I-tfmSv tNÀ¯p-hmbn¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv "knIvÌn ¹kv'. Adp-]Xv Ignª A½m-bn-b- ³ \á-amb Nń-X-Shn -Nq-Sp-]n-Sn- n¨v s]m¶-cn-hm-f-¼n-fn-bnÂIs®-dn-ªp-ff \nÂ¸n-emWv B{I-aWw XpS-§n-b-Xv. adp-\m-«nse



31

s]®p-§Ä ape-¡¨ sh-Sn-ª-t]mse ASn-¡- bpw Dt]-£n- m-bn-cp¶p X´bpsS \nÂ¸v. HSp-hnÂ ]nip-¡sâ aSn-Èoe shfn-s -Sp- p-¶-t]mse Hä-¡p-\n-bÂ. A¼-c-¶p-t]mb AhÄ¡v`À¯m-hns\ KÄ^nÂ \n¶pw hnfn- p-h-cp-t¯-n-h-¶p, ]s£`À¯m-hp-ambn tNÀ¶n-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw Ad- p-fh-m-¡p¶ B ZriywAhsf th«-bm-Sp-I-bm-Wv. DSÂ kwLÀjw \odn-\nÂ¡p¶ IY-bmWv "ip`w'. Xsâ he-Xp-ape FXnsc h¶ Hcp-h-\mÂ sRcn-¡-s -«-Xn-\mÂ B apesb Ad-t¸m-sS-bmWv AhÄ ImWp-¶-Xv.hnhmlw Ignªpw amä-ap-m-bn-Ã. Imcy-§-f-dnª À¯m-hnsâam{ń-I-{]-tbm-K-¯n\pw AXns\ ip²-am-¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã.Ipªp-]n-d-¶-t¸mÄ \ÂIn-bXv CS-Xp-ape am{X-am-Wv. HSp-hnÂIym³kÀ _m[n¨v he-Xp-ape tOZn- p-I-f-ª-t¸m-gmWv AhÄkzX-{´-bm-hp-¶-Xv. A\p-hm-Z-an-ÃmsX ico-c- n-te-¡pÅ IS-¶p-I-b-äs¯ kv{XoIÄ F§ns\ ImWp¶p F¶Xv IYm-Imcnhyà-am-¡p-¶p.

"]Sn-bn-d-§nb ]mÀÆXn'bnÂ kv{XoXz- nsâ `n¶-ap-J-§-fmWv AS-bm-f-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]mÀÆXn Pohn-Xs¯ HcpIpän-bnÂ sI«n-bn-SmsX Pohn-X-e-l-cn-bpsS D·- -Xm-f-§-fn-te¡vk©-cn-¡p-¶-h-fm-Wv. Xsâ ico-cs¯ sXm«-dn-bp¶ DtWy-«-\n-eqsS Bk-àn-bpsS temI-t¯¡v ]mÀÆXn k©-cn-¡p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ _Ôw XIÀ¶-t¸mÄ Xsâ I¯p-IÄ XncnsI hm§n-¡m³IYm-\m-bn-Isb \ntbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Abm-fpsS XojvW-t\m-«- nÂX¶nse s]®p-W-cp-¶Xv AhÄ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p. ]mÀÆXn sI«n-bp-bÀ¯nb hmZ-§Ä A{Xbpw hymP-am-sW¶v AhÄ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶Xv hnhm-l-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. ]mÀÆ-Xn-bm-Is« hopw Hcp Ccp-]-Xp-Im-c-\p-ambn Pohn-X- nsâ BtLm-j-§-fn-te-¡v. kZm-Nm-c-_-ÔnX temI- nse \mbn-I-bmb Ah-fnÂ\n¶v ]mÀÆXn ]Sn-bn-d-§p-¶p.

\S¸phgn-I-fnÂ \n¶v IpX-dn-amdn k©-cn-¡p¶ B¬s]¬_Ô-§Ä, \ncmÀ{Z-amb Zm¼-Xy-tem-Iw, {]Wbw Ibv¡p¶ Pohn-X-¡m-gvN-IÄ XpS-§nbh t{Kkn-bpsS IYm-tem-I- nsâ asäm-cp-X-e-am-Wv. IqÀ¯- hm-¡p-IÄsImv DS-ensâ A´:kwLÀj-§Ä am{X-aÃ tImdn-bn-Sp-¶Xv, Dbn-cnsâ \oäepw IqSn-bm-Wv. BZy-\m-fp-I-fnse kvt\l-Xo-jvWX sI«p-t]mb Zm¼Xyw \£-{X-§-sfÃmw Icn-¡-«-I-fm-hp-¶Xv sXm«-dn-bp-¶p. Akp-Jhpw imco-cnI



t¢ihpw hen-ªp-ap-dp-Ip-t¼mgpw ASp-¡f temI- nÂ\n¶v ]pd-¯p-I-S-¡m³ AhÄ¡m-hp-¶n-Ã. At¸m-gmWv aIÄ n¶-kw-Jy-I-fpsS lcWw ]Tn- n- p-X-cm³ Ah-tfmSv Bh-iy-s -Sp-¶-Xv.`À¯m-hn-t\mSv aIsf klm-bn-¡m³ Bh-iy-s -«-t¸mÄ AbmÄFÃmw ad-¶p-t]m-sb¶ adp-]-Sn-bnÂ HXp-¡p-¶p. FÃmw Ffp- -¯nÂ ad-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ B¬a-\-Êns\ HmÀan- n-¡m³ AhÄHcp Zriyw Xs¶-bmWv Hcp-¡p-¶-Xv. Igp- nÂ Ipcn-¡n«v XesbAwi-ambpw DS-ens\ tOZ-ambpw amän-bmWv Pohn-X-¡W¡v ]Tn-¸n- -Xv. "`n¶-kw-Jy-'sb¶ Cu IY \ncmÀ{Z-amb Zm¼-Xy-tem-I-t¯¡mWv \s½ Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-hp-¶-Xv.

Acp-Ô-Xnbpw A\- \pw {]W-b-hn-hm-l- nÂ H¶n- -h-cm-Wv. A\-]-Xy-XmZp:J¯nsâ XoÖzm-e-bnÂ Dcp-Ip¶ Acp-ÔXnkZm Zp:kz]v\-§-fpsS Zpc- -¡m-gvN-I-fn-eqsSbmWv k©-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Xsâ kz]v\-§sf hymJym-\n-¡m³ ]änb Hcmsf AhÄ\nc- cw At\z-jn- p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. Im«nepw ta«nepw BIm-i¯pw Ahsf B{I-an-¡m³ sIm¼p-tImÀ¡p¶ B\-bnÂ \n¶vc£-{]m-]n-¡m³ AhÄ Dd¡w hsc Dt]-£n-¡p-¶p. "Acp-Ô-Xn-bpsS kz]v\-§Ä' F¶ Cu IY-bnÂ kv{Xolr-Z-b- nsâ a\-Êns\ sXm«-dn-bm³ Ign-bm¯ B¬tem-Is¯ {]Xn-¡q-«n-em-¡p-¶p-v.

"\mS-Iobw' Zm¼-Xy- nsâ hn`n¶ Nn{Xw hc- n-Sp-¶p. {]`m-X- nÂ Dd-¡-ap-W-cm¯ À¯m-hnsâ \nÝ-eX Ahsf Htc-k-abw B\-µ- nepw Zp:J nepw aqSn. Igp- nÂ \n¶v AZriyambHcp- I-pcp¡v Agn-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶Xpw ssIIÄ Nnd-Ip-I-fmbn apf-bv¡p-¶Xpw kz]v\w ImWp-¶-Xn-s\m¸w Imep-IÄ NXp- n-te¡vXmWp-t]m-hp-¶Xpw AhÄ Xncn- -dn-bp-¶p-v. Hmô-knse ]pcp-j-·m-tcmSv tÇjm-e-¦m-c- nÂ kwkm-cn-¡m\pw AaÀ¯n- n-cn-¡m\pw Icp- pä ]pcp-j-·msc Ae-k-ambn t\m¡n Bkz-Zn-¡m\pw Hcp-a-d-bm-bn-cp¶p Xmenbpw Ip¦p-a-hpw. ]t£ C¯cwNn´-I-fpsS temI- nÂ \n¶v Ahsf sR«n- p-sImv AbmÄFgp-t¶Â¡p-¶p. H¸w Nncn-bpsS AI-¼-Sn-bpw. H-Sp-hnÂ Nncn¨vNncn¨v AbmÄ Ipg-ªp-hoWv acn-¡p-¶p. Zm¼-Xy-Nn-Ó-§Äshdpw Im]-Sy- nsâ ad-IÄ am{X-am-hp¶ Zm¼-Xy-¡m-gvN-IÄ.Zm¼-Xy- nsâ Ibv]p-\p-c-bp¶ ]m\-]m-{X-amWv "\£{Xw ]mSp¶t\c¯v' F¶ IY. sIm«mcw t]mepÅ ho«nÂ GIm-In-\n-bm-bn-



33¯oÀ¶ AhÄ Xsâ GIm- -Xsb XIÀs¯-dn-bm³ Ahn-sS-sb- n-b -I-Ås\ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p. Ahsâ amdnÂ apJw-tNÀ vAhÄ tNmZn-¡p-¶-Xv, ""Fsâ `À¯mhpw IÅ-\m-Wv. ]t£AbmÄ tamjvSn-¡p-¶Xv s]®p-§-fpsS Nmcn-{Xy-am-Wv''. B¬tem-Ihpw s]¬tem-Ihpw F{X- hyXykvXw. BWn\v DS-ensâB\µw tXSn Fhn-sSbpw k©-cn-¡mw. F¶mÂ s]®v DS-em-i-Isf Dcn-sª-dnªv \nÂ¡p-I-Xs¶ thW-sa¶ BW-[n-Im-c-temIw ChnsS Xpd-¶n-Sp-¶p-v.

A½sb ]mtS Ah-K-Wn¨ A¸\pw A¸s\ tXmÂ]n-¡m³Pmc-·msc tXSn-t¸mb A½bpw Ahsf GIm- -X-bpsS Bg-§-fn-te¡v XÅn-bn-«n-cp-¶p. apXnÀ¶ s]®m-b-t¸mÄ P\m-e-hgn h¶XojvW-KÔw Ah-fpsS sXm-¡p-gn-bnÂ IS- n-embn cq]-s -«p. \o -hn-c-ep-Isf {]W-bn-¡p¶ AhÄ Xsâ kl-]m-Tn-tbbpwNn{X-Im-c-t\bpw aäpw sXm«-dn-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. ]t£ FÃmBWp-§fpw hnhm-lw, cXn XpS-§nb \S- p-io-e-§sf AXn-ew-Ln-¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. BWp-§-fpsS D]-I-c-W-am-hp-¶-XnÂIhnªv s]®p-§-fpsS Pohn-X- n\v HcÀ°-hp-antÃ F¶-hÄNnń-¡p-¶p. Xsâ kl-{]-hÀ¯-I-\nÂ {]tXy-IX Is- n-sb-¦nepw A-h\pw \S- p-io-e-§-fnÂ Xs¶-bm-sW¶v Xncn- -dn-ª-t¸mÄ Ahs\ Hgn-hm-¡m³ thn CW-tN-cp-¶p. ]t£Ahs\ XIÀ¡m³ Ipcp-¡nb Ipcp-¡nÂ Xm³Xs¶ Ipcp-§n-sb¶p I-t¸mÄ acWw sImv Pohn-X-t¯mSv {]Xn-Imcw sN¿p-¶p. IYm-cw- - nse Kufnbpw ie- hpw X½n-epÅ Ccbpw th«-¡m-c\pw {]hÀ¯-\- n-eqsS hn[n-¡p-ap-¶nÂ hen-s¨-dn-tb-n-h-cp¶ s]¬Po-hnXw Xs¶-bmWv hc- n-Sp-¶-Xv. kz]v\- nÂ hnS-cp¶ \oe- q-¡Ä {`m´³ ]q¡-fmbn cq]m- cw {]m]n-¡p¶ Ah-fpsS temIw k¦oÀ®w Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-fpsS Bß-kw-LÀj-§sf Is- m³ Hcm-Wn\pw Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. "{`m´³]q¡-fn-'eqsS s]¬a-\-Ênsâ Akm-[m-cW `qan-I-X-s¶-bmWvIYm-Imcn A\m-h-cWw sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Bip-]{Xn Npa-cnse Kufn Z¼-Xn-I-fn-eqsS B¬s]¬PohnX ImgvN-I-fpsS s]mcp-f-t\z-jn-¡p¶ IY-bmWv "Kufn-P-·w'.ac-Wm-k-¶-\m-bn-cn-¡p¶ sNdp- -¡m-c-sâbpw Ahsâ mcy-bp-sSbpw ImgvN-I-fn-te¡v t\m«-sa-dn-ªmWv Kufn Z¼-Xn-IÄ\nÂ¡p-¶-Xv. CS-bv¡p-h¶ kµÀiI sNdp- -¡m-c\v, F´m-bmepw



acn-¡p-sa-¶-Xn-\mÂ KÀ -a-e-kn- n-¡-W-sa¶ IrXy- nÂ FXnÀ¸p-v. Xsâ apÖ·w HmÀ½ -h-cm¯ s]¬Ku-fnsb B¬KufnXXz-Úm-\- nsâ hc-«p-Nn- -IÄsImv hoÀ¸p-ap-«n-¡p-¶p. aa-X-bmWv FÃm {]iv\-§Ä¡pw Imc-W-sa¶v _p²³ Is- n-bXv Gsd {]bm-k-s -«m-sW¶v ]d-ª-Xn-t\mSv s]¬Kufn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv, ""CXp-I-s- m-\mtWm B ]mhw cmP-Ip-am-c³ C¡ XymK-sams¡ kln- Xv? IjvSw ASp-¡f Npa-cp-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ Icnbpw ]pIbpw ]nSn- p-In-S-¡p¶ s]®p-§Ä¡vt]mepw Adn-bm-a-tÃm-bn-Xv''. B¬þs]¬ temI sshPm-Xyhpws]®-dn-hp-I-fpsS I\Â¨qSpw ChnsS hmbn-¡mw. sNdp- -¡m-c³acn- -t¸mÄ CW- F- p-sN-¿p-sa-¶-dn-bm-\pÅ DÕp-I-t¯msS ]pd-s¸« s]¬Ku-fnsb B¬Kufn XS-bp-¶p. ]s£ s]¬Kufn-bpsS Xocp-am\w kp\n-Ýn-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ""\n§-fpsS Ipªp-§-fpsS A½-bm-hm³ GXp-s]¬Ku-fn¡pw Ign-bpw. ]t£ CXvRm³Xs¶ Is-t¯ Imcy-am-Wv. Xs¶-bp-aÃ s]®p-§-sf-s¡mv Fs´ms¡ km[n-¡p-sa¶pw F\n-¡-dn-tb--Xp-v-'' þ-F¶p]dªv s]¬Kufn B¬Ku-fn-bpsS Pohn-X- nÂ \n¶vA{]-Xy-£-bm-hp-¶p. s]¬ Pohn-X- nsâ kzmX-{ý-{]-Jym-]\wXs¶-bmWo IY. s]®-dn-hp-I-fpsS I\Â¨q-SnÂ B¬t\m«-§Ä I¯n-sb-cn-bp¶ ImgvN IY {]Jym-]\w sN¿p-¶p-v.

kzX-{´-\mb kv{Xosb ]pcp-j\v b-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-mWvAhsf ]pcp-j³ ]¨bv¡v Xn¶p¶ b£n-bmbn Nn{Xo-I-cn- -Xv.kv{XobpsS ssewKn-I-kzm-X{ýw ]pcp-j\v AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ H¶-Ã. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ ssewKnI kzmX-{ý-ap-Å-hÀb£n-bm-sW¶v ]pcp-j-temIw XoÀ¸p-IÂ¸n-¨p. \oen kzX-{´bmWv. AhÄ Np®m-¼p-Im«n ]e ]pcp-j-·m-scbpw hio-I-cn-¡p-¶p. tZhn-bm-Is« hen-s¨-dnª kvt\l- nsâ Zpc- - nÂ\odn¡-gn-bp-¶p. C§-s\-bpÅ cp-Xcw kv{Xo Pohn-X- n-eq-sS-bpÅ k©m-c-amWv "tZhoa-lmßyw'. hnc-k-X-bpsS XWp¯ hgp-h-gp- pÅ Npcp-fp-IÄ s]mXn-ª-t¸mÄ AhÄ hgntb h¶kvIq«-dp-Im-cs\ ssIhoin \nÀ¯p-¶p. HSp-hnÂ kpc-X- n-\p-tijw tNmc- m-Sp-IÄ Iv sR«nb Ahs\ A¼-cn- n- p-sImvAhÄ ]d-bp-¶p, Xm³ Ipń-bm-sW-¶v. Hmtcm thgvN-bv¡p-ti-jhpw I\y-I-bm-hm-\pÅ a{´w X¶n-ep-s¶v AhÄ Dd- n- p-]-d-bp-¶p. ssewKn-I-X-bpsS cmjv{Sobw Xs¶-bmWv "th\-enÂ



35

hoW Hcp ag- pÅn'sb¶ Cu IYbpw apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶-Xv.]t{Xm-knsâ aIÄ Fen-ip-_-bpsS k¦oÀ®-Po-hn-X-amWv

"]md-"bnÂ ImWp-¶-Xv. A -\p-a-½bpw Xobpw KÔ-Ihpw hÀjn-¡p¶ ho«nÂ \n¶v ¢mÀ¡v tPmen-t\Sn AhÄ c£-s -Sp-¶p.A¸³ \nÀ_-Ô-]qÀÆw aT- nÂ tNÀ¯ tN¨n Zo\m½ AhnsSD¸p-Xq-Wmbn Dd-ªp-t]m-bn-cp-¶p. kl-{]-hÀ¯I arZp-e-bpsShÀ¯-am-\-§-fnÂ Ah-fpsS Poh-\m-Vn-bmb AÑ³ \nd-ªp-h-cp-¶Xv Fen-ip-_sb Akz-Ø-bm-¡n. arZpe hnhmlw Ign- -t¸mÄ AÑsâ Øm\¯v À¯mhv IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p. Akz-Ø-X-bpsS \oäÂ kln-¡m-\m-hmsX tUmIvSsd I AhÄ sR«n-t¸m-hp-¶p. BÀ{Z-X-bpsS Ah-km\ Xcn¸pw hänb lrZbw Hcp]md-bmbn XoÀ¶n-cn-¡p-¶p. B ]md-bnÂ IÀ¯mhv F´mWv ]Wn-bp-sI-sb¶v AhÄ AÛp-X-s -Sp-¶p. ]nXrA[n-Im-c-¯n³Iognse kv{XoPohnXw Nne Pohn-X-§sf \ncmÀ{Z-am-¡p¶ImgvNbpw BWnsâ (]n-Xm-hv/`À¯m-hv) Nnd-InÂ HXp-§m-\pÅs]¬{]-h-W-Xbpw IY apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p-¶p-v. AXn-{Iq-c-ambn]oUn- n-¡-s¸«v Poh-s\m-Sp-¡n-b-hÄ qan-bn-te¡v h¶-t¸mÄ I-Im-gvN-IÄ Xsâ kl-\- nsâ XpSÀ¨-X-s¶-bm-Wv. sI«-Im-gvN-I-fpsS tLmj-bm-{X-X-s¶-bmWv ImWp-hm³ Ign-ª-Xv. "`qan-bnÂCt¸mÄ aªp-Imew' F¶ IY s]¬k-l-\- nsâ XpSÀ¨hyà-am-¡p-¶p. t{Kkn-bpsS IY-I-fpsS ]Xn-hp-co-Xn-bnÂ \n¶vIpX-dn-am-dnb IY-bmWv "`qan-bpsS cl-ky-§Ä'. Im¨n-¡p-dp-¡nbIYm-ssi-en-bnÂ \n¶v amdn At\Iw IY-I-fpsSþkm-d-bpsS IY,kmd-bpsS IpSpw-_- nsâ IY, sska-Wnsâ IY, Ae-Ivkm--dpsS IY, tZhn-I-bpsS IY, jWvUsâ IY, {]W-bn-\n-bpsSIYþIqSmcw XoÀ¯ Cu IY ZpÀ_-e-amb aqin-bn-emWv hmÀ¶p-ho-Wn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.

sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ AkwJyw kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eqsS hyXy-kvX-amÀ¶ s]¬tem-I-amWv t{Kkn-bpsS IY-IÄ Xpd-¶n-Sp-¶-Xv. BW-[n-Im-c-t¯mSpw BW-[n-Imcw \nÀ½n¨ hyh-Ø-tbmSpwIe-ln-¡p¶ an¡ s]¬I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡pw t]cn-Ã. AsÃ-¦nepwt]cn-s\´v {]kàn? Fhn-sSbpw B{I-a-W- n\pw ]cn-lm-k-¯n\pw hnt[-b-am-Ip¶ AhÄ¡v Fń-\mWv t]cv? ]t£ Iog-S-§p-¶-h-fÃ t{Kkn-bpsS IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. Xsâ CSw Is-¯m\pw kzmX-{ý- nsâ temI-t¯¡v k©-cn-¡m\pw DS-en-



sâbpw Dbn-cn-sâ-bpw kwLÀj-§sf Xncn- -dn-bm\pw Ign-bp-¶-h-cm-W-hÀ. X\n¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb {InkvXy³ ]Ým- -e- n-emWvan¡ IY-Ifpw cq]-s -Sp- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-Is« X\n¡v ]cn-Nn-X-amb kmaq-lnI taJ-e-bnÂ IYm-]m-{X-§sf kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼m-gp-m-Ip¶ hg-¡hpw ASp- hpw IY-IÄ¡v \ÂIp-¶p-v. ]Xn-hp-Nm-ep-Isf adn-I-S¶v IY-I-fpsS ]p¯³ hgn-I-fnÂ s]Sp¶t{Kkn-bpsS IY-IÄ AS-¡n-sh¨ AaÀjhpw I®ocpw Bß-tcm-Z-\hpw DS-ensâ B\-µhpw IeÀ¶ s]¬Po-hnX ImgvN-IÄXpd-¶n-Sp-¶-h-bm-Wv.

--a-²ym-Ó- nse AkvX-ab§Ä


37

""\o \S-¶-I-s¶mco hgn-bnÂ, NX-sªmä]qhp-ho-W-Sn-sªm-cm-a-®n-te-Im- - nÂ]mhamw Iptª, \ns¶-tbmÀ¯p-\nÂ¡p-am-sbsâPoh-\nÂ bpK-§Ä X³ hmÀ²Iyw \nd-bp-¶p.''

þkpK-X-Ip-amcn ("cm-P-e-£van-tbm-Sv')

cmP-e£van hnS ]d-ªn«v A©p-]-Xn-äm-p-IÄ ]n¶n-s«-¦nepw

Ah-cpsS t]cv \½psS kmlnXy kwhm-Z-§-fnÂ Ct¸mgpw kPo-h-ambn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v. Ah-cpsS t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ]p\: {]Im-i\w \S-¡p¶p. ap¼v kam-l-cn-¡msX NnX-dn-¡n-S-¶n-cp¶ sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS kam-lmcw {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Ah-cpsS IrXn-I-sf-¡p-dn- pÅ Kth-jWw kÀÆ-I-em-imeI-fnÂ \S-¡p-¶p. Xsâap - n-\memw hb-ÊnÂ Bßly sNbvX (1965 P\p-hcn 18) {]Xn-`m-im-en-bm-bn-cp¶ B Fgp- p-Imcn temI- n\v _m¡n-sh- XvH¶c t\mhepw Hcp t\mh-seäpw ]{´-tmfw sNdp-I-Y-Ifpwcv KZy-I-hn-X-Ifpw am{Xw. hep- - nsâ Imcy- nÂ sNdp-sX-¦nepw {]Xn- -bpsS s\bv¯n-cn-\mfw ]IÀ¶ A\ym-Zr-i§-fmbcN-\-I-fm-W-h.

CS- -Ån-bpsS Bß-l-Xy-bv¡p-tijw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-cw-K- p-mb sR«n-¡p¶ kw`hw cmP-e-£van-bpsS Bß-l-Xy-bm-bn-cp-¶p. buÆ-\- nsâ aqÀ²-\y- n-emWv cp-t]cpw Poh-s\m-Sp-¡n-b-Xv. CS- -Ånsb At]-£n v \nKqV-X-bpsS ]cn-thjwIqSp-X-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p cm-P-e-£van-bpsS Bßl-Xy-bv¡v. A{]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂt]mepw CS- -Ån-bpsS Bß-lXy kw`-hn-¡m-\pÅ kml-Ncyw \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. CXm-bn-cp-¶nÃ cmP-e-£van-bpsS ØnXn. DbÀ¶ A¡m-Z-anIv _ncp-Zw, hmÕeyw ]I-

]n. kn. Aj-d v

--a-²ym-Ó-¯nse AkvX-ab§Äcm-P-e-£van-bpsS cN\m-temIw



cp¶ amXmhpw _Ôp-¡fpw, hen-sbm-cm-cm-[I hrµw, km¼- nI`{ZX F¶n-h-sbms¡ Ah-cpsS A\p-Iqe PohnX kml-N-cy-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. GsX-¦nepw Xc- n-epÅ ss\cmiyw cmP-e-£-ansb _m[n- n-cp-¶-Xmbn ]pdw-tem-I- n\v Adn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.aps¼m-cn-¡Â Bß-l-Xybv¡v {ian-s¨-¦nepw cmP-e-£van-bpsSASp¯ _Ôp-¡-fpsS sNhn-I-fnÂ am{X-ambn HXp-§n-\n¶p BhmÀ¯. Ah-cpsS a\-ÊnÂ Pohn-X-c-Xnbpw arXyp-hm-k-\bpw -X-½nÂ Hcp Xpd¶ kwL-«\w \S-¶n-cp-¶p. cmP-e-£van-bpsS IrXn-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y\w Cu \nK-a-\- n\v ]n´pW \ÂIpw.

"aIÄ' F¶ \o IY-bmWv cmP-e-£van-bpsS {]Ya cN-\.]¯p-sImÃw am{Xw \op-\n¶ kmln-Xy-Po-hn-X- nÂ t\mh-en-sÌ¶ \ne-¡mWv cmP-e£van IoÀ¯n t\Sn-b-sX-¦nepw aäp-]-e-tcbpw t]mse Ahcpw kmln-Xy- n-te¡v IS-¶p-h-¶Xv IYm-Im-cn-bm-bn-«m-Wv. \o IY-sbt¶m t\mh-se-ät¶m Hs¡ kuI-cyw-t]mse hymJym-\n-¡m-hp¶ cN-\-bmWv "aIÄ'.

Hcp henb IpSpw-_- nsâ `mcw apgp-h³ Npa-en-te-tä-n-h¶ Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS PohnX Zpc- -amWv "aIÄ' F¶IYbv¡v Ah-ew-_w. hc-«p-XXzim-kv{X-§-fpambn Pohn-¡p¶AÑsâ B{K-l¯n\\p-kr-X-ambn CjvS-an-Ãm¯ sXmgnÂ sNt¿-n-h-cp¶ Hcp aI-fpsS [À½ k¦-S-§fpw \mi- nsâ ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn-te¡v Iq¸p-Ip- p¶ IpSpw-_s¯ c£n-¡m-\pÅ bXv\hpwCXn-\p-c-n-\p-an-S-bnÂ ssItamiw hcp¶ kz´w Pohn-X-hp-amWvIY-bnse apJy-[m-c-IÄ. FSp-¡m¯ \mWbw F¶v ]pXp-X-e-ap-d-¡m-cmÂ hnti-jn- n-¡-s -t«-¡m-hp¶ Hcm-ZÀis¯ inc-Êm-h-ln-¡p¶ Hc-Ñ³. Xsâ apXÂ¡q«m-bn«v s]mfnªv ]mfo-ÊmbHcp ]m{X-a-ÃmsX H¶p-anÃ (""I-gnª \qäm-nse Ipsd s]mfn-änIvkpw Ac-¡m-in\v hne-]n-Sn-¡m¯ t]¸dpw'' aI³ ]pÑn-¡p-¶p-v). aq¯-a-Isf ]Tn- n¨v h¡o-em-¡n-bn«pv. AXnsâ Xmsg-bp-apv ]d-¡-ap-äm¯ Ipsd-sb-®w. Ah-fn-emWv {]Xo-£. BIpSpw_w B{i-bn-¡p-¶Xpw Ah-sf-X-s¶. AhÄ¡m-sW-¦nÂA§s\ tIsÊm-¶p-an-Ã. hÃ I½o-j\pw t\m¡n-bmWv AhÄIgn-bp-¶-Xv. AÑ-\m-sW-¦nÂ Xsâ ]{Xw-IqSn AhÄ t\m¡n\S- Ww F¶m-Wm-{K-lw.- C-t¸mÄ klm-b- n\v A\- -c-h-\p-v. imc-Z-þ-A-Xm-W-h-fpsS t]cv, Ah-t\m-sSm¸w tNÀ¶v ]{Xw- \-S- Ww. AhÄ¡m-sW-¦nÂ ]{Xw F¶p-tIÄ¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶



39

Xe-th-Z\ hcpw. AXn\pw A¸p-ds¯ shdp- mWv AhÄ¡vAÑsâ A\- c-h-t\mSv (\n-Kq-V-amb Cu shdp¸v cmP-e-£van-bpsS an¡-hmdpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS IqsS- n-d- m-Wv). ""sImÅm-hp-¶-hÀ FÃmw Hmtcm-cp- -cmbn t]mbn. tijn- Xv cma³Ip«nam{Xw. thsdm-¶n\pw sImÅm- -Xp-sImv Abm-fnhsS IpSn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. acp-a-I-\sÃ? Ah-Im-i-hp-ap-v. Xt¶-¡mÄ aq¯-XmWvF¶n-s«m¶v "tN«m' F¶p hnfn-¡Ww F¶p-IqSn tXm¶n-bn-«n-Ã,Abmsf. hnUvVn-''þ-C-XmWv imc-Zbv¡v Abm-tfm-SpÅ at\m- mhw.

Ah-fpsS a\Êv Du¶n-bXv thsdm-cm-fn-em-Wv. Abm-fm-Is«Ah-fpsS AÑsâ i{Xp-hnsâ aI-\pw. AÑsâ i{XpX shdpwIY-bn-Ãm-bva-bm-sW¶v Ah-fpsS a\Êv \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-¶p-v. AÑ-s\¶ hn{Klw Ah-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ XI-cp-¶Xv imcZ Adn-bp-¶p-v. "A\n-b¯o hnizmkw \in-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc c£-bpv. Bcm-[\m aqÀ¯n Ifn-a-s®-¶-dn-ªmÂ XoÀ¶p! AtXmsS hn{KlwXI-cp-¶-Xn\v aps¼ t£{X- n\v ]pd¯v IS-¡-Ww. ]qPn- n-cp¶CS v A\p-I-¼-bp-ambn \nÂ¡m³ CS-h-c-cp-Xv', A§s\ t£{X-¯n\v ]pd- p-I-S¶ AÑsâ ]gb injysâ hm¡p-IÄ Ah-fpsS a\-ÊnÂ apg-§p-¶p-v. ]s£, AhÄ¡v AÑs\ shdp-¡p-hm³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. AÑsâ acWw Ahsf XfÀ¯n. AXn-\p- -c-hmZn Xm\m-sW¶ t_m[w Ah-fpsS At_m-[-a-\Êv \nc-ćw a{ń-¡p-¶p-m-h-Ww. A\- c-hs\ IeymWw Ign-¡-W-sa¶ AÑsâ A`yÀ°-\-bv¡p-ap-¶nÂ Pohn-X- n-em-Zy-ambnAhÄ AÑsâ hm¡p-IÄ [n¡-cn- p. hr²\pw tcmKn-bp-ambAbm-fpsS lrZ-bs¯ B BLmXw XIÀ¯n-cn-¡mw. AbmÄacn- p. AhÄ Hcp XpÅn I®oÀt]mepw hmÀ¯n-Ã. AhÄ IÃp-t]mse ac-hn- n-cp-¶p. IY-bpsS Ah-km\w tKmh-bn-te¡v kXy-{K-l- n\v t]mb k¶² S-·mÀs¡m¸w Øew hn« imc-Z-sb-¡p-dn- mWv \mw tIÄ¡p-¶-Xv. imc-Z-bpsS Cu Ah-Øsb Fw.BÀ. N{µ-ti-J-c³ hnti-jn- n-¡p-¶Xv Bß-l-Xy-bpsS cq]m- cwF¶m-Wv: "imcZ hmkvX-h- nÂ Bß-lXy sNbvXmÂ hmb-\-¡mÀ AÛp-X-s -Sp-I-bn-Ã. ]s£, ImYnI C¶v \mw Adn-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse Bß-lXy X\n-¡mbn kq£n- p-sh v imc-Zsb tKmh-¡-b- p. Bß-l-Xy-bpsS cq]m- cw Ft¶ AXn-s\- än ]d-ªp-Iq-Sp' ("cm-P-e-£van-bpsS IrXn-IÄ').

Hcp IW-¡nÂ t\m¡n-bmÂ sNdp-I-Y-bpsS KW- nÂ s]Sp-



¯m-hp-¶-XÃ "aIÄ' F¶ IY. amXr- qan BgvN- -Xn- nsâ cp-e-¡-§-fn-embn ]Xn-\-©n-tesd ]pd-§-fnÂ \op-In-S-¡p¶ CuIYbv¡v BsI ]Xn-aq¶v mK-§-fp-v. Fkv. sI. s]mä-¡m-Snsâkv{Xo, ]pÅn-am³ XpS-§nb ]e IY-Ifpw C§s\ \o-h-bm-W-sÃm. Cu amXrI sh¨p-sIm-m-bn-cn¡mw cmP-e£van \oHcp IY-sImv XpS-§n-b-Xv. cmP-e-£van-bpsS BZy-I-Y-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ aI-fnÂ A\p- -h-bm-YmÀ°yw IpSn-bn-cn-¡m³ km²y-X-bp-v. imc-Zbpw mkvI-c-ta-t\m\pw X-½n-epÅ ASp- hpw AXnsâ]mcm-P-bhpw XnI¨pw `mh-\m-kr-jvS-§-fm-sW¶v ]d-ªp-Iq-S.Fd-Wm-Ip-f- pÅ Hc- n- m-j-I-\p-ambn cmP-e-£van¡v ]cn-N-b-¯nÂ Ihnª ASp- -ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp_Ô- n\v AhÀ A`n-e-jn- n-cp-¶p-sh-¶p-apÅ tIÄhn¡v CuIY iàn-]-I-cp-¶p. ho«p-ImÀ X½n-epÅ IpSn- -I-bmWv B_Ôw \S-¡msX t]mIm³ Imc-W-sa¶pw F. _n. cmL-\m-Y³\m-bÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. IY-bnse kw`-hhpw adn- -Ã.

cmP-e-£van-bpsS BIÀj-I-amb ImÂ]\nI ssien-bmWvCu IY-bpsS apXÂ¡q-«v. t{]a- nsâ kv]Ài-\-taä Hcp lrZ-b- nsâ BßmÀ°-amb Nn{Xo-I-c-W-amWv IY-bnÂ A\p- -h-s -Sp-¶-Xv. imc-Z-bpsS a\-ÊnÂ sam«n-Sp¶ t{]ahpw AXp-hn-S-cp-t¼m-gpÅ kuc- y- nÂ kzbw ad¶v asämcp temI-t¯¡v AhÀDbÀ¯-s -Sp-¶Xpw Hcp ImÂ]-\n-Im-\p- q-Xn-bm¡n amäm³ IYm-Ir- n\v Ign-ªn-«p-v. AÑ³ krjvSn-¡p¶ Aev]-c-k- n\pwsskzcw sISp- p¶ Krlm- -co-£- n-\p-ap-]cn, ho«p-ImÀ¡-Úm-X-ambn Ah-fp-tSXp am{X-amb Hcp temI- n-te¡v Nnd-I-Sn-¨p-b-cp¶ A\p- -h-am-bn-cp¶p AXv: "AhnsS amcn-hn-Ãn-\p-\n-d- -In«v A[n-I-ap-v. hn`m-X-k-Ôybv¡pXpSp-t -dpw. ]q\n-em-hn\psh× IqSp-X-ep-v. \£-{X-s¸m-«p-IÄ Nn-¶n- n-X-dnb imc-Zm-Im-i- n\v \oena Cc-«n-bp-v'. Ip-]-cn-N-bn¨ hc temIw \nd--In-t«m-ep¶ -]cn-th-j-an-«-Xmbpw t\m¡p-¶n-S-s¯ms¡ kuµ-cy-

¯nsâ {]`m-h-ebw \nd-bp-¶-Xmbpw tXm¶n-¡p¶ Cu A\p- hwA\nÀh-N-\o-b-amb Hc-\p-`qXn hnti-j-am-bn-cp-¶p. "F¶pwt]mIp¶ hgn¡v F¶pw ImWp¶ acw ]qh-Wn-ªn-cn-¡p¶pF¶-hÄ s]«-¶-dn-ªp. tdmUn-te¡v Xe-\o-«n-\nÂ¡p¶ CÃn-¡q-Snsâ aÀ½c i_vZ- nÂ AhÄ IhnX Ip. GtXm sX§n-en-cn-¡p¶ Im¡- -¼p-cm«nbpsS IqI-enepapv kwKo-Xw'. Ihn-



41

bm-tI-n-bn-cp¶ Ah-fpsS Dd-§n-¡n-S¶ lrZ-b- nsâ DÅ-d-I-fnÂ t{]a- nsâ AZriymw-Kp-en-IÄ ho-W-ao-«p- p-S-§n. Ah-fnÂ ]pXp-Xm-bp-WÀ¶ kwKo-X- nsâ aRvPp-[z-\n-bnÂ ]cm-Xn-I-fp-tSbpw ]cn- -h-§-fp-tSbpw kzc-§Ä AaÀ¶p-t]m-bn.

Hcp IYm-]m-{X- nsâ {]Xn-I-c-W- n-eqsS D]-t_m-[-a-\-Ênse Bß-l-Xym-c-Xn-bpsS ]tcm-£--amb Nn{Xo-I-cWw \S- p¶"aIÄ' F¶ IYsb¯pSÀ¶v {]Xn-cq-]m-ß-I-amb Bß-l-Xy-bpsS asämcp ZrjvSm´w Im«n- -cp-¶p "Hc-²ym-]nI P\n-¡p¶p'F¶ IY-bnÂ. Hcp {]W-bhpw AXv Zpc-´-¯nÂ Iem-in-¡p¶XnÂ \n¶p-f-hm-Ip¶ hn{`m- n-I-fp-amWv {]ta-bw. hni-Zmw-i-§-fnÂ "aIÄ' F¶ IY-bpsS BhÀ¯\w Xs¶-bmWv CXpw.km¼- n-I-amb D¨-\o-N-Xz-amWv "aI-fnÂ' F¶ t]mse Chn-sSbpw {]W-b-km£m-XvIm-c- n\p hne-§p-X-Sn. t{]a- nsâC¡n-fn-bp-WÀ¯nb mkvI-c-ta-t\m-\p-ambn ASp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m³\ymbo-I-cWw Is- p¶ imc-Z-sb-t¸mse, Xsâ ]cn-]m-Sn-bnÂNn{X-i-e- -§-fp-ambn Iq«p-Iq-Sm³ CS-an-Ãm-bn-cp-s¶¶p kzbw hniz-kn- n-¡m³ {ian-¡p¶p Cµn-c. mkvI-c-ta-t\m-\p-ambn H¶p-kw-km-cn-¡m³ CS-bm-Ip-¶-tXmsS t{]a-_-Ô- n-\p-Xp-S¡w Ipdn-¨p-I-gnªp imc-Z. chn-tbmSv BZy-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw Cµn-cbpw Abm-fpsS Bcm-[n-Ibmbn-¡gn-ªp. hnhm-lm- yÀ°\ \nc-kn-¡m³ Ccp-hcpw apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p¶ \ymb-§Ä H¶p-X-s¶.Bdp-Ip-«n-I-fpsS kwc-£-W- p-a-Xe X¶n-em-sW¶v imc-Z. X§ÄGgp-t]-cm-sW¶pw Ah-tcm-SmWv BZy-I-S- m-sS¶pw Cµnc. apS-´³ \ymb-§Ä \nc¯n t{]a- nsâ cà-km-£n-I-fm-Im³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv cp-t]-cpw. kmZr-iy-§Ä CXp-sIm--h-km-\n-¡p-¶n-Ã. imc-Z-sb-t¸mse CjvS-an-Ãm¯ sXmgnÂ sN¿m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-bm-bn- oÀ¶-h-fmWv Cµn-c-bpw. XymKw kln-¡m³ k¶-²-cm-bn-cp-¶n«pw Xnc-kvI-cn-¡-s -Sp-t¼mÄ ap¶-dn-bn pw D]-tZ-ihpw\ÂIn-bmWv cv -Im-ap-I-·mcpw hnS ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Hcp Pohn-XtaPohn-¡p-¶p-Åp-sh¶pw AXp-h-«p-X-«-cp-sX¶pw mkvI-c-ta-t\m³.cv -ssI-sImpw PohnXw hne-s -dn-bp-I-bmWv Cµnc F¶v chn.cv IY-bn-sebpw \mb-I-·mÀ \ncm-i-cmbn \mSp-hn-Sp-I-bmWvsN¿p-¶-Xv.

tamN\w B{K-ln-¡p¶ imc-Z-bp-tS-Xp-t]m-semcp at\m- mhwCµn-c-bn-ep-ap-v. A£-cmÀ°- nÂ Hfn-t¨m-Sp-¶n-Ã-t¶bp-Åq. chn-



bn-Ãm¯ Hcp temI- nÂ \n¶v "t]mI-Ww, Chn-sS-\n¶pw t]mIp-I-bmWv t`Zw'. F¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Ah-fpsS tamN-\-hy-{KXkv]jvS-am-IpI Xs¶ sN¿p-¶p. imc-Z-bpsS Imcy- n-se-¶-t]mse Cµn-c-bn-eq-sSbpw IYm-Im-cn-bpsS DÅnÂ Ahy-à-ambncq]w-sImp XpS-§n-bn-cp¶ Bß-l-Xym-hm© Ah-c-dn-bmsX{]Xn- -en-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶v Icp-Xp-¶Xv XnI¨pw \ymbwXs¶.

Bß-lXym {]h-WX {]Xn- -en- n-¡p-¶-XmWv taÂ]-dªIY-I-sf-¦nÂ ac-W- n-s\-Xnsc Nne-t¸mÄ Xe-bp-bÀ¯p¶ Pohn-Xm- n-em-j-amWv "Ncn{Xw BhÀ¯n- nÃ' F¶ IY-bnÂ \ng-en-¡p-¶-Xv. Bß-l-Xy-bvs¡m-cp-s¼-Sp-¶-hÀ X§sf Bsc-¦nepw{]Xn-k-Ôn-bnÂ\n¶pw c£n-¡p-sa¶v Bin-¡p-sa¶ a\-Èmkv{Xkn²m- s¯ HmÀ½n- n-¡p¶p Cu IY.

"Bß-lXy ocp-Xz- n-sâ e£-W-amWv sImÅ-cp-Xm-bva-bp-tSbpw ocp-Xz- n-sâ-bpw.' "òcpXzw F¶p ]d-ª-XnÂ Rm³ k½-Xn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. HmSp¶ Xoh-n-bpsS ap¼nÂ Xe-sh-bv¡p-¶Xv ocp-Xz-am-W-s{X, ocpXzw' þ F¶p XpS-§p¶ cmP-e-£van-bpsS asämcp{it²-b-amb IY-bmWv "Bß-lXy'. Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsSAýhpw IY-bpsS ioÀj-Ihpw s]mcp- -s -Sp-¶-Xn-\m-emhmwAh-cpsS IY-I-fnÂ IqSp-XÂ NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bXv "Bß-l-Xy'-bm-Wv. Cu IY Fgp-Xn-b-Xnsâ t]cnÂ AhÀ Hcp-]mSv hnaÀi-\-¯n\v Cc-bm-b-Xmbn ]d-ªp-tIÄ¡p-¶p. ImcWw Xsâ Hcpkplr- nsâ Pohn-X-I-Y-bm-Ws{X AhÀ ]IÀ¯n-b-Xv. ]s£,B IYsb A§s\ ImWp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ Fw. BÀ. kn. Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse B IY-bnse \mbnI cmP-e£van Xs¶bmIm-\mWvkm[y-X. IY-bnse \ocP aämscm BsW¶v ]d-ªp-]-c- nbNne Bfp-IÄ Cu IYsb ]nSn¨p cmP-e-£van-bpsS Pohn-Xs¯\oän-s¡m-n-cp-¶p-h-s{X. ip²m-ßm-¡Ä! \ocP cmP-e-£van-bm-Im-\sÃ IqSp-XÂ km²yX? hyXykvX kml-N-cy- nÂ Xs¶sImp-h-¶p-\nÀ¯n Xsâ a\-Êns\ A]-{K-Yn¨pt\m¡p-I-bsÃImYnI sNbvX-Xv.? Nnń- p-t\m-t¡ kwK-Xn-bmWv '' ("cm-P-e-£van-bpsS IrXn-IÄ'). sI. ]n. A¸³ C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶p: "Fgp-¯p-Im-cn-bpsS Ie-§nb a\Êpw ]X-dnb bpànbpw B kw{`m-´--amb t_m[s¯ Iog-S-¡n-bn-cp¶ arXyp-hm-k-\-bpsS ZrVm-{K-l-§fpw Ahsc {Kkn- n-cp¶ hnc-k-Xbpw Ahsc \nc- cw Zwin-



43

¨n-cp¶ hnNmc kÀ -§fpw Cu IY-bnse ad-ªn-cn-¡p¶bmYmÀ°y-§-fm-Wv. AXp-sImv Cu Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS Bß-l-Xysb AXnsâ hnim-e-amb am\-Z-WvU-§-fnÂ \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m³klm-bn-¡p¶ tcJ-bmWv Cu IY' ("ac-W- nsâ lrZy-amb ap¶-dn-bn- p-IÄ'). hn. cmPIrjvWsâ ImgvN- mSpw CXn-t\mSv tNÀ¶p-t]m-hp¶ H¶m-Wv: "cmP-e£van F¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-sb-bpw- A-h-cpsS Bßmwiw hln-¡p¶ \mbn-Iam-scbpw Ipdn- v \-ap-¡pÅ[mc-W-bpsS ASn-Øm-\- nÂ \S- m³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp Dulw,ChnsS BJym\w \nÀÆ-ln-¡p¶ kv{Xo IYm-]m{Xw Xsâ Iq«p-Im-cnsb Hcp \nan- -ambn D]-tbm-Kn- p-sImv kz´w B]Âò-Xn-IÄ ]pds¯Sp¯p-Im«pI-bm-Wv' ("cp ]mgv {ipXn-IÄ¡p\Sp-hnÂ').

cmP-e-£van-bnse {]Xn` A\ym-Zr-i-amb Ign-hp-IÄ {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-¶Xv t\mhÂ cN-\-bn-em-Wv. 1959 Â "Hcp hgnbpw Ipsd\ngep-Ifpw' {]kn-²o-I-cn- -t¸mÄ Xs¶ AXv \½psS kmln-Xy-tem-I v kPo-h-NÀ¨m-hn-j-b-am-bn. PmÖz-ey-am-\-amÀ¶ ]pXnbHcp mj B t\mh-ensâ {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS a\-Ênsâ ASn- «v hsc Bgv¶p-In-S-¡p¶ I\¯ GIm-´-X-bpsS IY-bm-bn-cp¶p "Hcp hgnbpw Ipsd \ng-ep-Ifpw'. Cut\mh-en-s\-¡p-dn¨v tUm. Fw. eoem-hXn Fgp-Xp-¶Xv t\m¡pI:"Hcp hgnbpw Iptd \ng-ep-Ifpw F¶ IrXn-bnse \mbn-I-bmbaWn imc-Z-sb-t¸mse XtâSw h¶-h-f-Ã. Iuam-c- nsâ {]k-cn¸pw Ccp- -an-Ãm-bvabpw AXn- m-hp-I-Xzhpw BZÀi-{]-W-bhpwaäpw \nd-ªp\nÂ¡p¶ Hcp tImtf-PvIp-amcn F¶-XnÂ Ihnªvthsdbpw Nne ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-IÄ Ah-fpsS kz`m-h- n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p. AÑsâ IÀ¡-i-kz- m-hhpw A½-bpsS \nXy-tcm-Kn-Wn-Xzhpw X¶n-te-¡p-Xs¶ AhÄ¡v t\Sn-s¡m-Sp- n-cp-¶p. ]pd-ta¡v Xpfp-¼m-Xn-cn-¡- -¡-h®w DÅnÂ \ndª I®o-cn\v Nncn-sImv AS- n-Sm³ {ian- p-t]m-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p Ah-fpsS {]k-cn-¸v. ]pXnb temI-§-fn-te¡v ]d-¡m-\pÅ A`n-em-j-§fpw B{]mb- n\v tNÀ¶v AXn- m-hp-I-Xzhpw Bcm-[-\m- m-hhpw FÃmwtNÀ¶v Hcp kz]v\ temI- n-te¡v Ahsf sImp-t]m-bn.kml-N-cy-§-tfm-SpÅ Ah-fpsS kacw ]mem-b-\- n-emWv ]cy-h-km-\n- -Xv. Zp:JI-c-amb ]cn-tXm-h-Ø-I-fnÂ \ns¶Ãmw HmSn-sbm-fn-¡p-hm-\pÅ {]h-W-Xbpw Ah-tfm-sSm¸w hfÀ¶p. Xsâ



Iuamc {]mb- nÂ \n¶p-t]mepw HmSn-b-I-em³ t{]cn- n¡p¶Hcp ]pXnb Bthiw Ahsf {Kkn-¨p. ap¶pw ]n¶pwt\m¡msX B Bth-i- nÂ B IWvTw ap§p-Ibpw sNbvXp.ASn-]-X-dn-ho-Wp-t]m-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv GXnsâ apI-fnÂ HmSn-¡-fn-¡m-sa¶v Xm³ tamln- p-thm, B Hmf-§Ä Xs¶ ap¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ h¶-h-bm-sW-¶-dn-bp-¶-Xv. Hgp-In-sbm-gpIn Hcp Ic-]-än. AXvXsâ Iuam-cm-cw`w apXÂ¡pÅ hnlm-c- q-an-bm-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepwAXnsâ DÅd I¯n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. \msf AXpw Hgp-In-t¸m-tb-¡m-sa-¶-dn-ªn«pw Ah-f-Xn-ep-d- p-\n¶p. asämcp Bßm-lp-Xn. IYm-]m-{X-§-sfÃmw Ipcn-in-d-¡p-¶Xv Bß-_en ]oT- n-em-Wv. ImYnIbpw Ipcn-in-d-¡n-b-X-hn-sS- -s¶' ("B-ßm-lp-Xn-IÄ').

cmP-e-£van-bpsS Gähpw anI¨ IrXn CS-bv¡p-sh¨v {]kn-²o-I-cWw \nÀ¯n-sh¨ "D -sh-bnepw Cfw \nemhpw' F¶ t\mh-em-sW¶v F³. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-bÀ Icp-Xp-¶p: "Cu t\mhÂIs¿-gp¯v {]Xn-bn-eqsS hmbn- -t¸mÄ Fsâ lrZ-b- n-ep-f-hm-¡nb {]`mhw Ct¸mgpw F\n¡v HmÀ¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p-v.Hcp]s£, ae-bm-f- nse Gä-hp-a-[nIw hnIm-tcm-Zv_W-§-fmbIrXn-I-fn-sem-¶m-Wn-Xv' ("cm-P-e-£van F¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn'). Cut\mh-ensâ GXm\pw A²ym-b-§Ä amXr- q-an-bnÂ {]kn-²o-I-cn¨ tijw t\mh-en-Ìnsâ Bh-iy-{]-Imcw \nÀ¯n-sh-bv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶o-S-hÀ Bß-l-Xy-bv¡p-ap¼v t\mh-ensâ ssIs¿-gp¯v {]Xn I¯n- p-I-f-bp-I-bp-m-bn. AXnsâ Hcp ]Sp-Ip-dn¸vt]mepw AhÀ _m¡n-sh-bv¡p-I-bp-m-bnÃ!

H¶c t\mh-ep-Isf Ah-cp-tS-Xm-bn«pÅp-sh-¦nepw cmP-e£vanae-bm-f- nse anI¨ t\mh-en-Ìm-sW¶v Fw. BÀ. kn. Fgp-Xp-¶p: "cmP-e£van P·-hm-k\ sImv Hcp t\mh-en-Ìm-Wv. t\mh-ense Cu ImYn-I-bpsS {]Xn` ab¡w hn«p-WÀ¶v DuÀÖz-kz-e-ambn s]cp-am-dp-¶p-Åp. sNdp-I-Y-bpsS temIw F{X k¦p-NnXw! Xsâ a\-Ênsâ AWp-hmb Hcp tImWp-t]mepw AhnsS HXp-§p-I-bn-Ã. Hä-s -«-h-cpsS s\Sp-\n-izm-k-§-fmWv AhÀ¡v ]Yyw."aI-fn'se imcZ, \ng-ep-I-fnse aWn, Cfw-\n-em-hnse hna-e,cmP³, "Rms\¶ `mh-'¯nse Hmt¸mÄ Fń\v "am¸n'se ca-bpw, "Bß-l-Xy'-bnse \oc-Pbpw "]cm-Pn-X'-bnse \nÀ½-ebpw"BhÀ¯n-¡m¯ Ncn-{X-'¯nse DtZym-K-Ø\pw "tZhm-e-b-'¯nse Ahfpw "Ipanf'bnse Rm\pw FÃm-hcpw Hä-bv¡m-Wv.



45

cmP-e-£van-bpsS BZy-t\m-h-en-te¡v Xs¶ Xncn- p-h-¶mÂ tcmKn-Wn-bmb A½, Kuchw \Sn- n-cn-¡p¶ AÑ³, Ip¶n-¼p-ds¯hr²-\mb shfn- - m-Sv, CS-bv¡vam{Xw hÃ-hcpw \S-¡p¶ BIp¶n³]p-ds¯ Hä-b-Sn- m-X, B Ip¶p-t]mepw Hä-bv¡m-Wv...- cm-P-e-£vanbpw Hä-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p. AhÀ Hä-s -«p-\n-¶p. Pohn-X-¯nepw kmln-Xy- n-ep-sam-cp-t]m-se. Pohn-X-]ÀÆw AhÀ FgpXnAh-km-\n- n- Xv AXn-s\m¯ hn[w Xs¶' ("cm-P-e-£van-bpsSIrXn-IÄ').

cmP-e-£van-bpsS IYm-]m-{X-§-f-{Xbpw a²ym-Ó- nÂ AkvX-abw tXSn-t¸m-b-h-cm-Wv. ImYn-Ibpw A§-s\-X-s¶. cmP-e-£van-bpsS Bß-l-Xybv¡v ImcWw tXSp-t¼mÄ Fw. Sn. Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv {]k-à-am-hp-¶-Xv: "Fgp- p-Im-csâ [À½ k¦-S-§-sf- än,kmln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bpsS ]©m- -e-ambn hÀ¯n-¡p¶ am\-kn-Im-kz-Ø-s¯- än, k¦oÀ®-amb thZ-\-I-sf- -än, A\p- m-h-]qÀÆwa\-Ên-em-¡m-hp¶ kaq-l- nsâ Hcp JWvUw AhÀ¡v XWÂhncn- n-Ã. Cfw Imän\v IqSn De-bv¡m³ Ign-bp¶ teme-amb lrZ-b-apÅ Hcp Iem-Im-ct\m Iem-Im-cntbm Ah-km-\s¯A²ymbw kz´w Pohn-X- Ir-Xn-bn-se-gp-Xn-tNÀ¡m³ CS-h-cp- p-¶-XnÂ Ah-cpsS PohnX ]Ým- -e-ambn hÀ¯n¨ kaq-l-¯nsâ kl-Xm-]- iq-\y-Xbv¡v ]¦p-v. 35þmw hb-ÊnÂ P¸m-\nÂ Bß-l-Xy-sNbvX dmj-tam-Wnsâ IÀ- m-hmb AI-Sm-K-hsb HmÀ¡p-I. hyàn-IÄ¡v {]tXy-I-amsbm kaq-l- n\vs]mXp-hmsbm D -c-hm-Zn-Xz-an-sÃ¶v ]d-bmw. Iem-Im-csâ NpäpwhÀ n-¡p¶ kaq-l- nsâ sNdnb JWvU- n\,v ]s£, ssII-gp-Im³ km²y-aÃ' ("G-Im´ ]Yn-I').

klm-bI {KÙ-§Ä

1. cmP-e-£van, cmP-e-£van-bpsS IY-IÄ, Idâ v _pIvkv, 2012.2. cmP-e-£van, Hcp hgnbpw Ipsd \ng-ep-I-fpw,

Idâ v _pIvkv, 1996.3. F³. hn. IrjvW-hm-cn-bÀ (F-Un.), cmP-e£van F¶

Fgp- p-Im-cn, kn. sF. kn. kn. _p¡v lukv, 1993.4. F. _n. cLp-\m-Y³ \mbÀ, cm-P-e-£van-bpsS \ngÂ]m-Sp-IÄ,

]cn[n ]»n-t¡-j³kv, 1997.



"s]mXpaÞew'F¶ kwÚ B[p\nItemI t_m[

hpambn _Ôs¸«mWncn¡p¶Xv. {^m¦v ÀSv Nn Icnse aq¶mwXeapdbpsS {]Xn\n[nbmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶bqÀK³sl_ÀamkmWv s]mXpaÞew F¶ k¦Â \¯nsâD]ÚmXmhv. kzbw]cym]vX hyànIÄ X§ fpsS kzX{ýBibKXnIÄ {]kvXmh\Ifmbn ]pds¸Sp hn¡pIbpw B{]kvXmh\IÄ kaql¯nsâ s]mXp kmaqly-k¼ZvLS\sb\nÀWbn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ CSs¯bmWv sl_Àamkvs]mXpaÞew F¶phnfn¨Xv. \thm°m\m\ć temI¯pam{Xta s]mXpaÞew {]tbmK£aamIpambncp¶pÅq.asämcÀ°¯nÂ \thm°m\ XmXv]cy§Ä apgps¡bpw"s]mXpaÞe' krãn¡pthnbpÅ {]tbmK§fmbncp¶pF¶pw ]dbmw. PmXnþaXþenwKþhÀWþ`mjþtZi hyXymk§ÄA{]kà am¡p¶ s]mXpCSw Øm]n¡pI F¶Xpbqtdm]y³ \thm°m\¯nsâbpw Cý³ \thm°m\¯nsâbpw BćnI bpànbmbncp¶p. {^©v {]_p²X¡vtijapÅ L«s¯ B[p\nIX (Modernity) F¶p tkmtjymfPn ÌpIÄ t]cn«p hnfn¡p¶Xn\p ImcWhpw asäm¶Ã."k¦pNnXamb enwKþPmXnþaXþhÀ¤þhÀWþtZit_m[§fnÂ\n¶pa\pjys\ tamNn¸n¨ v DZm¯amb hnizam\hk¦Â¸¯nte¡v hcnI F¶XmWv B[p\nIXbpsS BXy nIe£yambn amdnbXv "F¶p hn. ]n. cho{µ³ Nqn¡m«p¶Xv{it²bamWv (2017;25).

a\pjys\ kzX{´\m¡nbX v B[p\nIXbmWv.ssZhtI{µoIrXtam aXm\pjvTm\§fpsS kzoIcW Øm\tamBbn a\pjy³ kzbw a\knem¡nbncp¶XnÂ \n¶v

ssk_-dn-S-§-fnse kv{XokzXzw IÀ¯rXzw {]Xn-\n-[m\w

^m¯n-aXv \nkm\

ssk_-dn-S-§-fnse kv{Xo


47

hyXykvXambn \nÀÆmlIXz (Agency) apÅ kzX{ÍÀXrXz(Subjectivity) ambn a\pjys\ ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¨Xv B[p\nIXbmWv. "Rm³ Nnń¡p¶p AXn\mÂ Rm\pv' (I think there-fore I am) F¶ sZ¡mÀ¯nb³ ho£Ww B[p\nI hyànk¦Â]¯nsâ ASnØm\w IqSnbmWv. Nnń¡p¶, AXn\mÂ{]hÀ¯\ tijnbpÅ B[p\nI a\pjy³ F¶ hn¹hIcambIÀXrØm\w B[p\nIXbpsS kw`mh\bmsW¶v ]dbmw.a\pjy³ CubSp¯Ime¯v Ip]nSn¡s¸« H¶mWv F¶v^qt¡m ]dbp¶Xv Cu AÀ°¯nemWv.

F¦nepw B[p\nIXbpsS tI{µZÀi\§fnsem¶mb"hnizam\h³' F¶ k¦Â¸\w {]m´hXvIcn¨ A\p`hØm\§Ä [mcmfapmbncp¶p. B[p\nIXbnse hyàn ]pcpj\pwshfp¯h\pambncp¶ Hcp bqtdm]y\mbncp¶p F¶Xv]n¶oSpbÀ¶p h¶ henb hnaÀi\§fnsem¶mWv. a\pjycminI Gähpw henb hntamN\ Ncn{XL«w Xs¶ asämcÀ°¯nÂ lnwkmßIhpambn. AXv ]uckvXyP\XXnsbtImf\oIcn¡pIbpw Iogmfhpw kv{Xo]£]chpambFÃmtemI§sfbpw AcnIphXvIcn¡pIbpamWv sNbvXXv.B[p\nI s]mXpaÞes¯ kw_Ôn¨pw Cu \nco£WwAtX]Sn {]kàamWv. B[p\nIX \nÀ½n¨ s]mXpaÞewBZÀimßIambncps¶¦nepw AXnÂ "kv{Xo'F¶ IÀXrXz¯n\v CSapmbncp¶nÃ. ]pcpjmJym\§fpsS kv{Xo BhnjvImc§Ä am{Xambncp¶p B[p\nI s]mXpaÞe¯nsekv{Xo. B[p\nIXbpsS Cu {]hÀP\§sf tI{µ¯nte¡vsImph¶p F¶Xn\memWv LS\mhmZm\ćX (Post-struc-turalism ) Bg¯nÂ hntamN\tijnbpÄs¡mÅp¶Xv. B[p\nIXbv¡I¯pXs¶ sân\nkw cq]s¸«XmsW¦nepw aq¶mwXcwK (Third wavefeminism) ¯ntes¡¯pt¼mgmWv kv{Xo]£ cm{ãobw hn[zwkItijn DÄs¡mÅp¶ H¶mbn amdp¶Xv.

B[p\nIX AcnIphXvIcn¨ A\p`h§Ä¡v CSw\ÂIp¶p F¶Xn\mÂ IqSnbmWv ssk_À aoUnb Xpd¶pXcp¶ ]pXnb CS¯n\v {]kàntbdp¶Xv. ssk_À s]mXpaÞew F¶ k¦Â¸\¯mÂ hniZoIcn¡mw Chsb.B[p\nI s]mXpaÞe¯nÂ \n¶phyXykvXambn ssk_Às]mXpaÞew {]XoXn (Virtual reality)]camWv. ùXnIaÃ



F¶Xn\v bmYmÀ°yaÃ F¶À°anÃ. ]gb ùXnIaÞe§sft¸mse {]Xy£ ùXnIambÃ Ah \ne\nÂ¡p¶Xv F¶pam{Xw. B[p\nI s]mXpaÞewkm[yam¡nbXc¯nÂ kaql¯nsâ cm{ãob -k¼ZvLS\mkz`mhs¯ \nÀWmbIamb coXnbnÂ kzm[o\n¡m³ ssk_Às]mXpaÞe§Ä¡v Ignbp¶pv. SpWojybnÂ \n¶mcw`näpÃ¸q hn¹h¯nepw UÂlnbnse \nÀ`b {]Xntj[¯nepwssk_dnSw hln¨]¦v kphnZnXamWtÃm.

ssk_À s]mXpaÞe¯nsâ {]mYanI {]kàn AXvB[p\nI {]hÀP\§fm¡nb IÀXrXz§Ä¡pw CSw\ÂInF¶Xp Xs¶bmWv. kv{XoþZenXvþBZnhmknþLGBT kz¯z{]iv\§fpw ]mcnØnXnI cm{ãobhpw \nÀWmbIambkzm[o\w sNep¯p¶ H¶mWv ssk_À s]mXpaÞew.ChnSps¯ kwhmZ§fpw NÀÏfpamhs« s]mXp cm{ãob hyhlmcs¯ \nb{ń¡p¶ppXm\pw. ]gb a«nÂ ]pcpjm[nImc/khÀ®/a[yhÀ¤]camb `mj cm{ãobhyhlmc§Ä¡vD]bpàam¡m³ Ignbm¯Xc¯nepÅ Pm{KX cq]s¸«pIgnªn«pv. CXv mjbnse {]m[m\ytadnb HcphntOZamWv.BJym\§ (Narratives)fpsS kq£vacm{ãobs¯ Xncn¨dnbm\pXIp¶ ]pXnb CS§Ä Xpd¶p F¶XpXs¶bmWvssk_À s]mXpaÞe¯nsâ cm{ãob {]kàn.

Woman in Cyber SpaceapIfnÂ]dªXpt]mse s]mXpaÞe¯nsâ LS\

bnepmb Cu hntÑZw cm{ãobambn ]pXnb `qanI Xpd¶pX¶Xv kv{Xo]£ cm{ãob¯n\mWv. ssk_dnS¯nse kv{Xo]gb ]pcpjmJym\]camb (Male narrative) kzoImcØm\aÃ,adn¨v, {]hÀ¯\tijn DÄs¡mÅp¶ ]pXnb IÀXrXzamWv.IÀ¯rXz cq]oIcW¯nÂ (Subject formation) Xs¶ssk_dnSw ]pXnb km[yXIÄ Xpd¶p F¶v kmcw.

Body Writingaq¶mw XcwK sân\nÌpIÄ hniZoIcn¡m³ {ian¨

sas¿gp¯v asämcpXc¯nemWv ssk_À CS¯nÂ IS¶phcp¶Xv. `mj F¶Xnep]cn C³Ì{Kmanepw t^kv_p¡nepwA]vtemUv sN¿s¸Sp¶ e£¡W¡n\v skÂ nIfneqsSbmWvsas¿gp¯v ChnsS {]mhÀ¯nIam¡p¶Xv. kwLSnXhpw



49]pcpjm[nImc]chpamb `mjbpsS NnXdÂIqSnbmWnXv.hyàn]cX, BßcXn F¶o km{¼ZmbnI k¦Â¸¶§ÄsImv, hniZoIcn¡m³ Ignbm¯{X k¦oÀ®amWv skÂ^nbpsS cm{ãobw. {]tXyIn¨pw kv{XoIsfSp¡p¶ skÂ^n.e¡m\nb³ I®mSn L«w D]tbmKn¨v skÂ^nbpsS cm{ãobwkq£va hniIe\w \S¯pI km[yamWv. ImÀ«ojy³ CutKmhnsâ XIÀ¨sbbmWv, e¡msâ I®mSnL«w {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶Xv F¶v ]n. ]hn{X³ Nqn¡m«p¶pv (2017:58).B[p\nI temIt_m[¯nsâ ASnØm\w Xs¶bmbn amdnbAlw (Ego)kq£vamÀ°¯nÂ ]pcpjm[nImc]camWv. CuAl¯nsâ XIÀ¨bv¡mWv skÂ^nkm£yw hln¡p¶Xv.skÂ^n asämcp BJym\amWv F¶p]dbmw. kwLSnXamb]pcpj`mjmJym\aÃ, adn¨v ]pcpjt\m«s¯(Male gaze)A{]kàam¡p¶ kv{Xo]£ BJym\w.

Political WritingkwLImewsXmt« AIw/]pdw F¶hn`P\w ImWmw. KmÀ

lnIXsbbpw t{]acwK§sfbpw Ipdn¨pÅ ImhycN\IsfbmWv AIw cN\IfnÂ DÄs¸Sp¯nt¸m¶ncp¶Xv. C¯cwAIwcN\Ifmbncp¶p an¡ B[p\nI kv{Xo]£cN\Ifpw.BZÀihXvIcn¡s¸« KmÀlnIXsbtbm am\pjnIhnImc§sftbm Ipdn¨pÅ cN\Ifmbn Ah HXp§n\n¶p. cm{ãobs¯tbm k¼ZvImcy§sftbm Ipd n¨pÅ Fgpt¯m{]kvXmh\Isfm s]mXpsh ]pcpjtemI¯nsâ hyhlmc§fmbncp¶p. ssk_À s]mXpaÞew sImph¶ LS\m]camb Gähpw henbamä§fnsem¶v AXv, cm{ãob hyhlmc§fnÂ kv{Xo BJym\§Ä¡v {]kànIq«n F¶XpXs¶bmWv.

]gba«nÂ kv{XoIfpsS cm{ãob {]kvXmh\Isf\ntj[n¡m³ Ignbm¯Xc¯nÂ ssk_À s]mXpaÞewAXn\v, hn[zwkIX \ÂInbn«pv. 2016Â tkmjyÂaoUnbbnÂ Gähpw IqSpXÂ NÀ¨ sN¿s¸« cm{ãob kw`h(Political event) amb t£{X¯nse kv{Xo{]thi\ kwhmZ§sf ap³\nÀ¯n ssk_À s]mXpaÞe¯nse kv{XoIfpsScm{ãob CSs]Sens\ hniZoIcn¡pI km[yamWv. 2016 amÀ¨vamk¯nÂ `qamXm {_ntKUv t\Xmhpw h\nXm{]hÀ



¯Ibpamb Xr]vXn tZimbnbpsS t^kv_p¡v t]mÌmWv kv{Xo{]thi\hpambn _Ôs¸« cm{ãob hyhlmc¯n\v \mµnbmbXv.

tIcf \thm°m\¯nsâ BćnIsshcp²y§fnÂGähpw {]ISamb H¶mWv s]mXp CS§fnse kv{Xohne¡v.BZÀihXvIcn¡s¸« Hcp KmÀlnI Øm\ambn kv{XosbamäpIbmWv \thm°m\w sNbvXXv. \thm°m\¯nsâ ]pcpjtI{µoIrXbpàns¡Xncmb hnaÀi\w IqSnbmbncp¶p Xr]vXntZimbn DbÀ¯nb i_cnae kv{Xo{]thi\t¯mSpÅ `n¶kv{Xo sFUnIfpsS {]XnIcWw.DZm:1. Arundathi.B

"1930þamÀ¨v cmwXobXn \mkn¡nse ""Imemdmw'' (cmasâhn{Klw Idp¸mbXn\mÂ!) t£{X¯nte¡v A¿mbnc¯ne[nIwZfnXÀ Hcp {]IS\w \S¯n. cp\qämmbn XpScp¶ hnthN\w Ahkm\n n v t£{X]thi\w \S¯m³. Ahsc \bn¨XvtUm._m_mkmtl_v Awt_ZvIdmbncp¶p. lnµpaX hnizmk§tfmSpÅ Bcm[\sImmbncp¶nÃ, A\oXn FhnsSsbms¡tbm, AhnsS kaXzw Øm]n¡pI F¶ henb e£y¯nsâ`mKambncp¶p AXv. hnizmknbÃm¯ Hcp sân\nÌv kv{XoIfpsS t£{X{]thi\¯n\pthn kwkmcnt¡XnÃ F¶hmZw tIÄ¡pt¼msgms¡ taÂ¸dª {]t£m`w HmÀahcpw.aXw CýbnÂ henb uXnI bmYmÀYyamWv. hnizmkn kaqlwalm`qcn]£amWv. aX¯n\pÅnse ]cnhÀ¯\§ÄAXpsImpXs¶ {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. lnµpaX¯nsâASnØm\ ineIfmWv {_mÒWyhpw kv{Xohncp²Xbpw.HcmNmcw tNmZyw sN¿s¸Spt¼mÄ CfIp¶Xv HcSn¡ÃmWv.

400 hÀjs¯ sXm«pIqSmbva Ahkm\n¸n¨v i\n t£{X¯nÂ kv{XoIÄ {]thin¨p. Xebv¡Sntbä B¬ ]utcmlnXyw]n¨pw t]bpw ]dªpXpS§nbn«pv. AhcpsS {]XnIcW¯nse shdp¸pw ]cn{`mńbpw Af¶mÂ kv{XoIÄ t\SnbsXs´¶v a\Ênemhpw... kv{XoIÄ FÃm A¼e§fpw FÃm]ÅnIfpw FÃm KpcpZzmcIfpw X§fptSXm¡p¶ HcpImeapmhpw. B {]t£m`¯ns\m¸w \nÂt¡Xv ]m{SnbmÀ¡nsbbpw ]utcmlnXys¯bpw FXnÀ¡p¶, enwKkaXz¯nÂ hnizkn¡p¶ FÃma\pjycpsSbpw ISabmWv.



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hnizmkntbm Ahnizmkntbm kwLntbm Bhs«, cWLS\Dd¸v\ÂIp¶ kaXzw GXv XpdbnepapÅ kv{Xobv¡ve`yamthXpv. AXv HcpaX¯nsâbpw HuZmcyaÃ, s]®nsâAhImiamWv'.DZm 2: Manila C. Mohan"BÀ¯hamtWm kv{XobpsS ]cnip²n?(kp{]owtImSXn)BÀ¯hw Aip²nbmsW¶v sXäp²cn¨ncn¡p¶kv{XoIsfbmWv BZyw Xncpt¯Xv. BÀ¯hkab¯vaäpa\pjysc sXmSm¯, BÀ¯hkab¯v Aip²n`b¶v`£Wapm¡m¯, BÀ¯hkab v Bcm[\meb§Ä¡pkao]¯pt]mepw t]mhm¯, BÀ¯hkab¯v "hnip²{KÙ§Ä sXmSm¯', BÀ¯h kabs¯ apSnbnÂt¸mepwAip²nbps¶v [cn¨v apSnNoIm¯, BÀ¯hkab¯vIpÀ_m\ kzoIcn¡m¯, BÀ¯hkab¯v BNmcm\pjvTm\§fnÂ ]s¦Sp¡m¯ kv{XoIfmWv A[nIhpw. i_cnaebnepÄs¸sS {]thi\¯n\pthn hmZn¡p¶ `qcn]£wkv{XoIfpw BÀ¯hkabs¯ {]thi\¯n\pthnbÃhmZn¡p¶Xpw. BÀ¯h kab v kz´w hoSn\pÅnepw kz´wNpäp]mSpIfnepw kv{Xo t\cnSp¶ hnthN\apv. AXnÂkv{Xobpw ]pcpj\pw Hcpt]mse ]¦mfnIfpamWv. A¯cwhnthN\§fnÂ \n¶tÃ BZyw tamNn n¡s¸tSXv ? ]cnip²nF¶ k¦ev]atÃ tNmZyw sN¿s¸tSXv ?...* BÀ¯hamtWm kv{XobpsS ]cnip²n?(kp{]owtImSXn)tlbv...BÀ¯haÃ.]ns¶?]ns¶....thsdtbtXm Hcp "]cnip²n' kv{Xo¡v thWsa¶v kp{]owtImSXn ]dbmsX ]dbp¶ptm? CÃ. AXpshÀtXtXm¶p¶Xm'.

kv{Xo{]thi\ kzmX{ýs¯ \ntj[mßIambn hnebncp¯nb [mcmfw t]mÌpIfpw kv{Xo sFUnIfptSXmbn t^kv_p¡nÂ t]mÌv sN¿s¸SpIbpmbn. KpWtZmj hnNn´\w



F¶Xn\¸pd¯v kmaqlyþcm{ãob LS\sb kw_Ôn¨Bgtadnb kwhmZ¯nÂ Cu t]mÌpIÄ CSs]«p F¶XmWv{]kàw. ]gbXnÂ\n¶p hyXykvXambn AXv hgncm{ãob\nÀWb\tijnbpÅ kv{XoIÀXrXzapÄs¡mÅp¶ ]pXnbssk_À s]mXpaÞew cq]s¸Sp¶Xv \ap¡v ImWmw.

Cultural Writingkmwk-vImcnI Fgp¯v F¶XpsImv s]mXpsh ChnsS

Dt±in¡p¶Xv km{¼ZmbnImÀ°¯nepÅ Iem kmlnXymhnjvImc§sfbmWv. apJy[mcmam[ya§sf At]£n¨v"FUnäÀ' F¶ A[nImc Øm\anÃm¯ ssk_dnSw Iptd¡qSnXpd¶ km[yX kv{XoFgp¯pIÄ¡v \ÂIp¶p. Zo]\njmńs\t¸mse Hscgp¯pImcnsb \nÀ½n¡p¶Xp Xs¶t^kv_p¡mWtÃm. apJy[mcmam[ya§Ä¡v s]s®gp¯ns\\ntj[n¡m³ Ignbm¯ Xc¯nÂ k½À±apbÀ¯m³tkmjyÂ aoUnb¡v Ignbp¶p. HcpZmlcWw XmsgtNÀ¡p¶p._nep kn. \mcmbW³ 2016 P\phcn 18 \v t^kv_p¡nÂt]mÌvsNbvX IhnXbmWv "]pe¸¦v'. ]n¶oSv AtX hÀjwBKÌv 14 tZim`nam\n hmcnI CuIhnX {]kn²oIcn¡pIbpmbn.

]pe¸¦v

shbnepZn¡pw ap³]vaª¡Xncps]m§pw ap³]vshfn¡ncn¡m³ t]mb InSmhmWvPmXn tNmZn¨hÀ Xs¶IpfnÀX®ocp \o tImcnb IbdnÂ¯q¡nac¯nem«nhn«v s]ähÀ IhfmWv ...

]mcw hI ]mTimebnÂPbn¨p ]m¸mkpsI«m³ t]mbtImf\ns¨¡s\mcm§f]¦bnÂt¨À¯pIpcp¡nsXmbnÂ \n¶qXnhn«Hcp P·¯nsâ Nqf¯obnÂ thhpt¼mÄ...



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hbdphoÀs¯mcp t]\ns\\Jw ap«n¨pXpdp¸n¨ t]mseshdpsX \S¶pt]mIpt¼mÄAcn Npa¶v Acn¨p\o§p¶ cpdp¼pIsf

D¸qän¡SnbnÂ sh v CSwheac¡p¶t]mseIpäw IWs¡ Poh³ hn§n\nev¡p¶\½psS icoc§Ä¡papIfnÂAhÀ hmbn¨cmK¯n\vsImesbs¶mscmät¸cv...

Ip sImXn¨phfÀ¯m³Is«Sp¡m¯ s]m«¸qXta...F¶pw \an¡ps¶tSm X¼pcmt\sImÃn¡bs{X ]pw \n\¡pcksatSm...

_ZÂ am[ya§Ä F¶mWv kmaqlyam[ya§ÄHcpL«whsc Adnbs¸«pt]m¶Xv. F¶mÂ D¯cm[p\nIemhWyþcm{ãobþkmwkvImcnI t_m[w kmaqly am[ya§sf_Zse¶v AhKWn¡m³ ]äm¯ Xc¯nÂ ]pXnb ssk_Às]mXpaÞeambn ]p\Àhn\ykn¡p¶p. Cu ssk_À s]mXpaÞeamhs« ]gb B[p\nI s]mXpaÞe¯nÂ \n¶vhyXykvXambn {]m´hXvIcn¡s¸« A\p`h§Ä¡v IÀXrØm\w \ÂIp¶pv. AXnteähpw {it²bamWv kv{Xocm{ãobw.ssk_dnS¯nse kv{Xo ]gb ]pcpjmJym\]cambkzoIcWØm\ambÃ \nÀÆmlIXzapÅ {]hÀ¯\Øm\amWv. {]h¯\tijn DÄs¡mÅp¶p F¶Xn\mÂ Xs¶ssk_À s]mXpaÞe¯nse kv {XokzXzþcm{ãobþkmwkvImcnI Fgp¯v kaql¯nsâ cm{ãobLS\sb\nÀWmbIambn s]mfn¨p]WnbpIbpw Xncn¨pkzm[o\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p F¶pImWmw.

klmbI {KÙ-§Ä

1. tZhnI. sP, Ipekv{Xobpw N´s¸®pw DmbsX§s\,tIcfimkv{X kmlnXy ]cnjXv, 2010.

2. Znt\iv hÀ½, ssk_À ]pgp¡fpw ]q¼mäIfpw,Nn´ ]»tjgvkv, Xncph\´]pcw, 2013.

3. PbIrjvW³. F³ (FUn.), sân\nkw,tIcf`mjmC³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 2011.

4. cho{µ³ ]n ]n, B[p\nIXbpsS ]n¶m¼pdw, SPCS,tIm«bw, 2016.

5. ]hn{X³ ]n., B[p\nIXbpsS Ipäk½Xw,tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 2010.

6. Gender Class and Media, Malti Mehta and SR Sharma,Sarup Publishers, New Delhi, 2013.

7. Women Journalism, Jaya Chakravarty,Sarup publishers, 2002.



h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnse kv{Xo

kmaq-lnI hnI-k-\- nÂ kzm[o\w sNep- p-hm³ Ign-

bp¶ Bib hn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-amWv am[y-a-§Ä. tIh-e-ambhnhc hym]-\-§Ä¡v AXo-X-ambn \nÀ®m-b-I-amb kmaq-lnIIÀ -hy-§fpw am[y-a-§Ä \nÀÆ-ln- p-t]m-cp-¶p-v. kmaq-lnIk´p-en-Xm-h-Øsb \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ at\m- m-h-§Ä, hnizm-k-§Ä,BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§Ä XpS-§nb kmaq-lnIþkmwkvIm-cnIþcm-{ãob hyh-lm-c-§-fnÂ CS-s]-Sp-hm³ am[y-a-§Ä¡v Ign-bp¶pF¶Xv AXnsâ hnim-e-amb Bib hn\n-ab kwhn-[m-\-§-fpsSAS-bm-f-am-Wv. hnh-c-hn-Úm-\ hym]-\w, kmaq-lnI hXvI-c-Ww,hnt\m-Zw, hnZym- ym-kw XpS-§nb \nc-h-[n-bmb [À½-§-fmWv am[y-a-§Ä \nd-th-äp-¶-Xv. temI hyh-Øsb BtKmf {Kma-am¡n amäp-¶-XnÂ {it²b Øm\w hln¨ am[y-a-§Ä ]c-¼-cm-KX kmaq-lnI hyh-Ø-sbbpw AXnse kv{Xo ]pcp-j-·m-scbpw B[p-\nI Nn´m-[m-cbn-te¡v F¯n-¡p-hm³ kvXpXyÀl-amb ]¦p-h-ln- n-«p-s-¦nepw Cý-bnÂ \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xp-amb enwKm-[n-]Xy kz`m-h-§Ä, A[n-Imc XXz-§Ä, ]c-¼-cm-KX hnizm-k-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS ià-amb ZrVo-I-c-W- n\pwkwth-Z-\- n\pw am[y-a-§Ä Imc-W-am-Ip-¶p-v.

]pcp-jm-[n-]Xy kz`mhw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶, ]nXr-Zm-bI kwhn-[m-\¯n-eq-¶nb Cý³ kmaq-lnIhyhØ ]c-¼-cm-KXkvss{XW k¦Â¸-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn-¨mWv hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.kv{Xosb-¶mÂ P·-\mÂ \n£n-]vX-amb KmÀlnI CS-§sf ]cn-]m-en-t¡--h-fm-sW¶pw imco-cn-Ihpw ssPhn-I-hp-amb hyXym-k-§Ä ]pcp-j\p Iosg \nÂt¡--h-fm-sW¶pw enwKm-[n-jvTnXkaqlw hniz-kn- p-t]m-cp-¶p. ]nXr-Zm-bI hyhØ ]e-co-Xn-bn-epÅ A[n-Im-c- am-Xr-I-I-fn-eqsS ad-\o¡n ]pd- p-h-cp¶ kmaq-

ka-Im-enI ae-bmf h\nXm{]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnse kv{Xo

\oXp Fkv. IpamÀ


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lnI kml-N-cy- nÂ kv{Xo kw_-Ôn-bmb hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-IfpwD¯a kv{Xo _nw_-§fpw \nÀ½n-s -Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS kaqlw ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p¶ kvss{XWZÀi-\-§sf DZvt_m-[\ kz`m-h-t¯msSkaq-l- n-te¡v F¯n-¡p-I-bmWv am[y-a-§Ä, hnti-jn¨pwkv{Xo kaqlw e£y-am¡n {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p¶ h\nXm amK-kn-\p-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xv. kv{Xo kaq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn¨v hf-s¨m-Sn- -Xmb Nne Nn{X-§Ä kmaq-lnI t_m[- nÂ tcJ-s -Sp- p-IbpwAXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn Nnń-¡p-hm³ t{]cn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS enwKm-[n-Im-c- nsâ ]cn-k-c-§sf hym]n- n-¡p-hm³C¯cw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶p. s]mXp-þ-KmÀlnI CS-§-fnÂ \nc- -c-amb Nqj-W-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-cm-Ip¶ kv{XoIsfkw_-Ôn¨ hnj-b-§-fnÂ CS-s]-tS--Xpw, kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-þ-km-¼-¯nIþcm-jv{Sob CS-§-fnse kv{Xo {]mXn-\n-[y-t¯bpw ]¦m-fn- -t¯bpw imào-I-cn-t¡-Xpw am[y-a-§-fpsSkmaq-lnI D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-am-sW-¶n-cns¡ kv{XoIÄ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p¶ ASn-Øm\ {]iv\-§sf Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-hm-t\m, kv{Xoimào-I-cW {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ {Inbm-ß-I-ambn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-hmt\m {]Nm-c- nÂ ap¼nÂ \nÂ¡p¶ h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä DÄs -sS-bp-Å-hbv¡v km[n-¡p-¶nÃ F¶Xv ZuÀ`m-Ky-I-c-am-Wv. kv{Xoþ-]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw DÄs -sS-bpÅ hnI-k\ kqNn-I-I-fnÂ ap¶n«p \nÂ¡p¶ tIc-f- nÂ amXr-Xzw, Krl-]-cn-N-c-Ww, ]mN-Iw, Ic-Iu-i-ew, Btcm-Kyw, hnhmlw XpS-§n-b-hsbam{Xw kv{Xo kaq-l-hp-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯n hnj-b-§Ä Na-bv¡p-I-bmWv "h\nX' DÂs -sS-bpÅ tIc-f- nse {]apJ kv{Xo amkn-I-IÄ.

PmXn-þ-a-X-þ-enwK hyh-Øn-Xn-I-fnÂ Ak- p-en-X-amb kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-§-Ä \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ tIc-f-¯nÂ aX-{]-Nm-c-WmÀ°w am[y-a-§Ä {]hÀ¯-\-am-cw- n- Xv 19þmw \qäm-nsâa[y-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. CtX Ime-b-f-hnÂ Xs¶-bmWv ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ B[p-\nI s]mXp-a-WvUew hnI-kn- p-Xp-S-§n-b-Xpw.B[p-\nI hnZym- ymkw kn²n- -hcpw B[p-\nI Bi-b-§-tfmSpwØm]-\-§-tfmSpw ASp¯ k¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-h-cp-ambHcp \h- h-tc-Wy-hÀK-amWv hmb-\-¡m-cpsS s]mXp-k-aq-l- nÂBZyw CSw Is- n-b-Xv. F¶mÂ BZyw apXÂt¡ B[p-\nIenwK -t`Zw Cu ]pXnb CS- nsâ B -cnI LS-\-bnÂ DÄt¨À¶n-




cn-¡p-¶p. kmaq-lnI CSs¯ s]mXp-C-S-ambpw KmÀlnI CS-ambpwhn`-Pn- p-sIm-pÅ coXn At¸mÄXs¶ \ne-hn-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.kv{XoIsf Cu KmÀln-I-X-bpsS tI{µ-Øm-\¯v {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-I-bmWv X§-fpsS [À½-sa¶v 19þmw \qäm-nsâ Ah-km-\- nepw20þmw \qämnsâ Bcw- - n-ep-ambn ]pd- p-h¶ h\nXm amK-kn-\p-IÄ H«p-an-¡-hbpw {]kvXm-hn- p. C -c- nÂ kmÀÆ-{XnI{]th-i\w km[y-am-¡p¶ kmaq-lnI s]mXp-a-WvU-e-§-fnÂ\n¶v kv{XoIÄ¡v KmÀlnI CS-§-Ä IÂ¸n- p-\ÂIp¶ {]h-WX ià-ambn \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ enwK-k-¦Â]-§sf ]p³Xm-§p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1887þÂ Xncp-h-\- -]p-c- p-\n¶pw {]kn-²o-I-cn¨kpKp-W-t_m-[n-\n-bmWv tIc-f- nÂ \n¶n-d-§nb BZys¯kv{Xoam-kn-I. F¶mÂ B[p-\nI hnZym- ymkw e`n¨ ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS ap³ssI-¿n-emWv kv{XoI-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä D¶-bn-¡m³ CS-sam-cp-¡nb Cu amknI ]pd- n-d-§n-b-Xv. hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn-\n, mjm-t]m-jnWn XpS-§nb BZy-Ime amkn-I-I-fnÂ kv{XoI-fpsS hnZym-`ym-kw, kzmX{ýw XpS-§nb hnj-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v \nc-h[nkwhmZ-§Ä DÄsIm-Ån- n-cp-¶p. 1904þÂ ]pd- n-d-§nb "imc-Z'bpw "e£van- m-bn'bpw kv{XoI-fpsS t\Xr-Xz- nÂ ]pd- n-d-§nb {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv. imc-Z-bnse kv{Xo temI- hmÀ¯t]mse-bpÅ ]wàn-IÄ temI-sa-¼mSpw kv{XoIÄ t\cn-Sp¶Nqj-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw hnhn[ cwK-§-fnÂ kv{XoIÄ t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ hnP-bs¯¡pdn¨pw Bth-i-t¯msS kwkm-cn- p. XpSÀ¶p-h¶ kv{XoI-fpsS {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä (a-ln-fm-cXv\w þ1916, mjm-im-c-Zþ1915, Ipkp-awþ1927, h\n-Xm-c-Xv\wþ1921 XpS-§n-bh) kmaq-lnI Ak-a-Xz-§Äs¡-Xn-scbpw ]c-¼-cm-KX kvss{XW hmZ-§Äs¡-Xn-scbpw \nc- cw Ie-ln- p. aln-f, hnZym-hn-t\m-Zn\nXpS-§nb kv{Xo {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fn-eqsS 20þmw \qäm-nsâ Bcw-`- nÂ hnZym-k-¼-¶-cmb kv{XoI-fp-bÀ¯nb tNmZy-§-fmWvtIc-f- nÂ DbÀ¶p-h¶ \thm-°m\ {]Øm-\- nse kv{Xo]¦m-fn- - n\v Ac-s§m-cp-¡n-b-Xv. kv{XobpsS ssPh khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hn[n-IÂ]n-X-am-sW¶pw BÀ -hs¯ _e-lo-\-X-bpsSsXfn-hmbn DbÀ¯n-¡m-«nb ]pcp-j-hm-Z-§sf bpàn-]qÀÆ-ambnt\cn-«- kw-hn-[m-\-§Ä DbÀ¶p-h-¶Xpw Cu Ime-L-«- n-emWv.C¯-c- nÂ A[o-iXz- nsâ ssewKnI hn`m-K-§Ä DbÀ¯n-h¶ KqVm-tem-N-\sb hntO-Zn-¡p-hm³ Hcp hn`m-K- n-\p-I-gn-


57

sª-¦nepw Krl-hm-kn-bmb kv{Xo, AhÀ ]men- p-t]m-tI[À½-§Ä, ]mN-I-im-kv{Xw, ÀXr-in-ip-kw-c-£-Ww, hkv{Xm- -cWhnti-j-§Ä, Krl-]-cn-N-cWw XpS-§nb hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-I-fmWvasämcp hn`mKw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä Ah-X-cn- n- Xv.

1975þHmSpIqSn-bmWv tIc-f- nÂ h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fpsS F®- nepw {]Nm-c- nepw IqSp-XÂ {]m[m\yw e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. e£-¡-W-¡n\v {]Nm-c-apÅ h\n-X, Krl-e£van XpS§naln-fm-c-Xv\w, Ip¦p-aw, I\y-I, kvt\lnX apX-em-b-h-bmWv \ne-hnse {]apJ ae-bmf h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä. 1975þÂ ae-bm-f-a-t\m-ca ]»n-t¡-j³kv {]kn-²o-I-cn¨p XpS-§nb "h\nX'ssZzhm-cn-I-bmWv tIc-f- n-se e£-¡-W-¡n\v -h-cp¶ km£ckv{Xo kaq-l- nÂ Gsd {]Nm-c-apÅ kv{Xo {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww.Cý-bnÂ Gähpw {]Nm-c-apÅ "h\nX' AXnsâ {]Xybimkv{X\nÀ½n-Xn-bnepw {]Xn-\n-[m-\- nepw A[o-iXz ssewKnI hÀK-¯nsâ t_m[- nepw \nXy-Po-hn-X- nepw \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ enwK-hy-h-Øn-Xn-bn-eq-¶nb Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-amWv \S-¯p-¶-sX¶bmYmÀ°yw kv{XoI-fpsS kplr¯pw hgn-Im-«nbpw F¶AXnsâ ap{Zm-hm-Iy-§-tfmSv sshcp-²yX krjvSn-¡p-¶p.

h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnsekv{Xo {]Xn-\n-[m-\hpw hnj-bm-h-X-c-Whpw

kmaq-lnI Pohn-Ifpw khn-ti-j -co-Xn-bn-epÅ _Ô-§Ä¡p-ÅnÂ Pohn-¡p-hm³ hnt[-b-s -Sp-¶-h-cp-amb kv{Xo hn`m-K-§-fpsS t]cn-Ãm¯ {]iv\-§sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ ]e-t¸mgpw"h\nX' DÄs -sS-bpÅ {]apJ {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡v Ign-bp-¶n-Ã. kv{Xosb-¶mÂ D¯a IpSpw-_n\n k¦Â -§Ä¡v A[n-jvTn-X-am-sW¶pw kv{XoXz- nsâ ASn-Øm-\-sa-¶Xv ZrV-amb ÀXr-_-Ô-hp-am-sW¶pw C¯cw {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä Ah-cpsS{]Xyb imkv{X- n-eqsS BhÀ¯n¨v kaÀ°n-¡p-¶p. cmjv{So-bw, s]mXpcw-Kw, kwkvIm-cw, hnhmlw XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fnÂX§-fp-tS-Xmb \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ ssIsIm-Åp-hm³ BÀÖhwt\tS kv{Xo kaq-ls¯ D -a-kv{Xo-I-fm-Ip-hm³ DZvtLm-jn-¡p-Ibpw IpSpw-_-_-Ô-§sf BZÀi-hÂ¡-cn-¡p-IbpwsN¿p¶ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fmWv h\n-Xm-{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä ssIsIm-Åp-¶-Xv. sshIm-cnI ss\kÀKnI {]Ir-X-§Ä¡v tbmPn- -h-fmbnkv{Xosb ]cn-K-Wn-¡p¶ C¯cw amK-kn-\p-IÄ hnhm-l-s¯-




¡p-dn- pw- X-§Ä¡v A\p-tbm-Py-cmb ]pcp-j-·msc F§s\ Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-W-sa-¶psams¡-bpÅ ]cn-io-e-\- ¢m-kp-IÄ teJ-\-§-fnÂ¡qSnbpw o -dp-I-fnÂ¡q-Snbpw \nc- cw \ÂIn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. kvss{XW -Kp-W-§Ä, IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-e-\w, ]mNI]wàn-IÄ, kuµ-cy- a-Õ-c-§Ä, BtcmKy ssewKnI hnj-b-§Ä,hn-hmlw XpS-§n-b-hbv¡v Aan-X-{]m-[m\yw \ÂIn-sIm-pÅhnj-b- \nÀ½nXn kaq-l- n-\p-taÂ Bi-bm-[n-]Xyw sNep- p-Ibpw hmb-\-¡mÀ A¯cw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä¡v {ItaW ASn-a-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

hn]-W\ X{´-§Ä¡v A[n-jvTn-X-amb C¯cw BJym-\-co-Xn-IÄ¡v A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-XmWv h\n-X-bnse ]wIvXn-I-fpsS {Iao-I-c-Ww. Btcm-Ky -{]-iv\-§-fpÄs¸-sS-bpÅ hnj-b-§ÄssIImcyw sN¿p¶ o¨-dp-IÄ ssewKn-I-Xsb Zm¼-Xy- nsâGähpw Bkzm-Z-yI-c-amb LS-I-ambn Nn{XoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw Btcm-Ky- {]-iv\-§Ä¡v ]cn-lm-c-ambn DÂ -¶-§Ä hm§p-hm³ hmb-\-¡msc t{]cn- n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Btcm-Ky-sa-¶mÂ tcmK-an-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø-am-{X-aÃ adn¨v IpSpw-_w, {]hÀ¯n-ta-J-e,kmaqly CS-§-fnse D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§Ä- DÄs -sS-bpÅ Imcy-§Ä Iq«m-bva-tbmsS Gsä-Sp v sNt¿ Ah-Øbpw BsW-¶n-cns¡ Btcm-Ky-]w-àn-IÄ H-«p-an-¡-hbpw a\p-jysâ kzIm-cy-X-I-fnÂ am{Xw ssII-S- p-¶-h-bmbn Npcp-§p-¶p. kzbw hcp-am\w Is¯n Pohn-¡p¶ kv{XoI-fnÂ Bß-\n-b-{´Ww, Krl-\nÀ½mW XmÂ]-cyw, amXr-hm-k\ XpS-§n-b-hsb am{Xw Xnc-bp¶ A`n-apJ ]wàn-I-fnÂ ImWp¶ ASp-¡-f-hmZw, cmjv{So-bhnaÀi-\m-ßI ssk²m- nI ]cn-{i-a-§sf A¸msS \ncm-I-cn-¡p-¶p. Bap-J- nÂ Xs¶ DZvt_m-[\ kz`m-h-co-Xn-IÄ ssIsIm-Åp¶ h\n-X-bpsS FÃm e¡-§-fn-sebpw kvs]jyÂ tÌmdnIfpwDZvt_m-[-\-¯nsâ hI-t`-Z-§-fm-Wv. t]cânw-Kv, shÍnwKvkvs]jyÂ, InUvkv XpS-§nb kvs]jyÂ tÌmdn-IÄ h\n-X-bpsS]Xnhv hn`h kar-²n-X-s¶-bm-Wv hmb-\-¡m-cn-te¡v F¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. apJ- n-{Xw, t^mt«m-Iyq³, mj³, kuµ-cy-cw-Kw, h\n-Xm-Km-edn XpS-§nb ]wàn-I-fnse Nn{X-§fpw Ipdn- p-Ifpw ]c-¼-cm-KX kvss{XW k¦Â -§-sfbpw hnizm-k-§-sfbpw ]n´m-§p-¶-h-bm-Wv. {_n«ojv B[n-]-Xy-t¯msS tIcf kaq-l- nÂtaÂt¡mbva t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ hnIvtSm-dn-b³ kZm-Nm-c-hpw, kuµ-cy-hÂ¡-cW kz`mh coXn-Ifpw h\n-X-b-S-¡-apÅ kv{Xo {]kn-


59

²o-I-c-W-§-fpsS t]Pp-I-fnÂ khn-tij {]m[m-\y-t¯msS DÄs -«n-cn-¡p-¶p. Xms\¶ hyànsb Xocp-am-\n-¡m-\pÅ LS-I-§sfa\-Ên-em-¡p-hm\pw Bßm- n-am\w DbÀ¯p-hm\pw h\nX DZvtLm-jn-¡p¶ Hcp kmt¦-XnI hnZy C§-s\-bm-Wv: "IS-em-knÂ Hcphr¯w hc-bv¡p-I. kaq-l- nepw tPmen-Ø-e¯pw \n§ÄsN¿p¶ tdmfp-ItfsXms¡-bm-sW¶pw Nnń-¡p-I. hr¯s¯A{Xbpw mK-§-fm¡n mKn-¡-Ww. aIÄ, A½, mcy, Hmô-knset_mkv, \À¯In, ho«p-tPm-en-IÄ F´p-am-Imw. Hcp If- nÂHcp tdmÄ am{Xta Fgp-Xm-hq. `mcy-sb¶ tdmÄ F{X-t¯mfw`wKn-bmbn sNbvXp F¶v hne-bn-cp¯n amÀ¡n-Sp-I. A§s\Hmtcm tdmfn\pw amÀ¡n-S-Ww. Hmô-knÂ AÂ]w tami-am-WtÃmF¶p-I-cpXn hnj-an-¡msX mcy-bp-sSbpw A½-bp-sSbpw If- n-te-¡p-t\m-¡q. \n§-sfmcp anSp-¡n-bm-sW¶v At¸mÄ Xn-cn- -dnbpw'. C¯-c- nÂ kv{XobpsS Ign-hn-s\bpw Ign-hn-Ãm-bva-tbbpw a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ ]p¯³ kmt¦-XnI hnZy-IÄ ]Tn- n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ ]wàn-IÄ kv{Xo kzXzs¯ hf-s¨m-Sn-¡p-¶p.

a\p-jysâ am\-knI hyh-lm-c-§sf kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ ]c-ky-§fpw Ah-bpsS Zriy-hÂ¡-cW coXn-Ifpw tIc-f- nsâD]-t`m-K- kz- m-h-s¯bpw kv{XoI-fpsS {Ib -ti-jn-tbbpw e£y-an-«-h-bm-Wv. km¼- nI kzX-{ý-amÀÖn¨ tIc-f- nse kv{XoI-sf-bmWv -Hcp e¡- nse 60% hcp¶ ]c-ky-§fpw A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. \h DZm-c-hÂ¡-cW \b§Ä BtKm-f-am-[yakmwkvImc¯n\v hgn-sbm-cp-¡n-b-t¸mÄ ]c-ky-§Ä D]-t`m-àm-¡sf hen-sbm-c-f-hnÂ kzm[o-\n- p. AXn-\mÂ Xs¶ F´p-hm-§-W-sa¶ Xocp-am-\s¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p-hm³ ]c-ky-§Ä¡v hen-sbm-c-f-hnÂ Ign-bp-¶p-v. ]c-ky-§-fpsS Zriy-hÂ¡-c-Ws¯ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-XmWv h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnse {it²-b-amb t]Pp-IÄ. kv{Xo ZpÀ_-e-bmbpw Krl-Øbmbpw hnt[-b-Xz-apÅ ssewKn-I-_nw-_-§-fm-bp-sams¡ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -Sp-t¼mÄ- A[o-is -S-ensâ A\p-jvTm-\-IÀ½w IqSn am[y-a-§ÄGsä-Sp-¡p-¶p. kv{Xosb-¶mÂ Iogvs -tS--h-fm-sW¶pw ]pcpjt\m«-§Ä¡v ]m{X-am-tI--h-fm-sW¶pw C¯cw Nn{X-§Ä ASn-h-c-bn-Sp-¶p. hnI-k\ hntcm[w apJ-ap-{Z-bm-¡nb AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS {]Nmcw ]e-t¸mgpw h\n-Xm-am-K-kn-\p-I-fnÂIq-Sn-bmWvkm[y-am-Ip-¶-Xv. BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« AÔ-hn-izm-k-§sf Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p¶ bpàn-cm-lnXyw hkvXp-X-




IÄ¡p-ap-I-fnÂ sshIm-cn-I-X-bpsS IS-¶p-I-b-ä-am-Ip-¶p. ka-b-s¯bpw qan-imkv{X sshhn-[y-§-tfbpw ]n¶n-em¡n a\p-jy-i-co-c- nsâ Xs¶ hym]-\-§-fmbn am[y-a-§Ä amdnb Ime-L-«- n-emWv C¯cw Aim-kv{Xob ]wàn-IÄ hmb-\-¡m-cn-te¡vF¯p-¶sX¶Xv {it²-b-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.

enwKm-[n-jvTnX Ak-a-Xz -§Ä¡pw Nqj-W-§Ä¡pwkv{XoIÄ hnt[-b-cm-Ip¶ Ime-L-«- nÂ kv{XoI-fpsS CS-bn-te¡v e-{]-Z-ambn Cd-§n-s -Ãm-\p-X-Ip¶ hn\n-ab amÀK-§-fmWvh\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä. \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ ]nXr-Zm-bI hyh-Øsb hnaÀin-¡p-hm\pw kmaq-lnI km¼- nI cmjv{Sob hyh-lm-c-§-fnÂ bpàn-]qÀÆ-amb kwhm-Z-§-fnÂ GÀs -Sp-hm\pwBZy-Ime amkn-I-I-fn-eqsS tIc-f- nse kv{Xo hÀK- n\v Ign-ªn-«p-v. tIh-e-amb hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-IÄ {]N-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xn-\- pdwkv{XoI-fpsS Nn´-I-sf-sbm, kÀ¤m-ß-I-X-I-sfsbm ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p¶ Xc-¯n-epÅ {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä ImgvN-sh-¡p-hms\mkv{Xo kaqlw t\cn-Sp¶ Ak-a-Xz-§sf XpS¨p \o¡p-hms\mh\n-X-bpÄs -sS-bpÅ ka-Im-enI h\nXm {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä¡vIgn-bp-¶nÃ F¶-XmWv hkvXp-X. Cu A´-co£w kv{Xo Iq«m-bva-I-fpsS _ZÂ {]kn-²o-I-cW km[y-X-IÄ hÀ²n- n-¡p-¶p.kmln-Xy- n-se-¶-t]mse am[y-a-ta-J-e-I-fnepw kv{XoIÄ X§-fp-tS-Xmb CS-§Ä Is-t¯-Xv Ime-L-«- n-sâ-IqSn Bh-iy-am-Wv.

klmbI {KÙ-§Ä

1. N{µnI kn. Fkv., tIc-f- nsâ kv{Xo Ncn-{X-§Ä kv{Xoapt¶-ä-§Ä, amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t¡mSv, 2016.

2. tZhnI sP., BWc-ip-\m-«nse Im-gvN-IÄ, hna¬ C³{]nâ v,Xpcp-h-\- -]pcw, 2006.

3. tZhn-I. sP., Ipe-kv{Xobpw N´-s¸®pw Dm-b-sX-§-s\,kn. Un. Fkv. Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, 2010.

4. cho-{µ³ F³. sI., s]s®-gp-Xp¶ Pohn-Xw,amXr- qan _p¡vkv, tImgn-t¡mSv, 2016.

5. k¨n-Xm-\-µ³ (F-Un.), tIc-f- nse kv{Xo hntam-N\cmjv{Sobw þNcn-{X-]-c-amb Hc-t\z-j-Ww, t_m[n hna³kvsse{_-dn, tImgn-t¡mSv.


61

kv{XoI-fpsS cwK-{]-thiw \mS-I-c-N-\sb IqSp-XÂ

kmaqly bmYmÀ°y-hp-ambn _Ô-s -Sp¯mw F¶ Bi-b- nÂ\n¶mWv Bp-_-en-bpsS ]nd-hn. kmln-Xy- nse {]W-b-\m-bnI-amÀ kuµ-cy-ioe KpW-§fpw, kvt\lw, BÀÖ-hw,emfnXyw F¶o khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw ]e-t¸mgpw BhÀ¯\ kz`m-h-apÅ shdpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn amdp-t¼m-gmWv kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v ià-amb am\w \ÂIn "Bp-_en' F¶ \mSIwtUm. hb-em- hmkp-tZ-h³ ]nÅ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. _me-hn-hm-lw, ssh[-hyw, kXn-bm-N-c-Ww, ASn-a- w, Abn- w, A_-eXzwXpS§n ]gb {]iv\-k-¦oÀ®m-h-Ø-IÄ ]n¶n-s«-¦nepw kv{XoAh-fpsS k¦p-Nn-X-Xz- nÂ \n¶pw Nm]-ey-§-fnÂ \n¶pw kzbwhntam-N\w {]m]n-t¡--Xnsâ Bh-iy-I-X-bmWv {]Xo-Im-ß-I-ambn \mS-I- nÂ Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

aÖbpw amwk-hp-apÅ a\p-jy-kz-Xz- nsâ iàn-tI-{µhpwamXr-Xz- nsâ aqÀ¯o- m-hhpw Xm\m-sW¶ Xncn- -dnhv IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v kwhn-[m-b-I³ \ÂIp-¶p-v. kv{XoXz-t¯mSv s]mXp-hm-bpÅ \nµm- mhw IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-eqsS Xncp- n-¡p-dn-bv¡m-\pÅ {iahpw \mS-I- nÂ ImWmw. B[p-\nI kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ kv{Xo¡v bmsXmcp ASn-a- -hp-an-Ã. Cu Xncn- -dn-hn-te-bv¡mWv Bp-_en hncÂNq-p-¶-Xv. kv{XobpsS temIwIpSpw_w am{X-a-sÃ¶pw hyàn-]-chpw sXmgnÂ]-chpw kmaq-ly-]-c-hp-amb ]¦m-fn¯w AhÄ¡p-s¶pw Dd- p-h-cp- m-\mWvIYm-]m{X cq]o-I-c-W- n-eqsS tUm. hb-em-hm-kp-tZ-h³ ]nÅ{ian-¡p-¶-Xv.

{]Xn-I-cn-¡p¶ IYm-]m-{X-§Äalm- m-c-Xs¯ A[n-I-cn¨v [mcmfw Iem-cq-]-§Ä Dm-bn-

«p-s-¦nepw IYm-]m-{X-§sf hyXy-kvX-amsbmcp ho£-W- n-



kuay a¯mbn

Bp-_en Hcp kv{Xo]£ hmb\


eqsS hnNn- \w sN¿p-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir- v. alm- m-c-X- nses]¬I-Ym-]m-{X-§Ä¡v ]pXnb AÀ°hpw Bghpw IÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. ta[, kmd, Acp-ÔXn, kvt\l, APnX XpS-§nb kmaq-ly-þ-cm-jv{So-b-þ-km-ln-Xy-ta-J-e-J-fnÂ X§-fp-tS-Xmb hyàn-ap{Z ]Xn-¸n- -h-cmWv Bp-_-en-bnse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä. alm- m-cX IY-bnse KmÔm-cn, Ipń, kp -{Z, {Zu]-Zn, lnUpw_n F¶n-h-cmbnChÀ ]cn-Wmaw {]m]n-¡p-t¼mÄ Bp-_en Hc-\p-jvTm-\-am-Ip¶p.

alm- m-cX IYm-]m-{X-§-fnÂ Du¶n C¶s¯ temI-t¯mSv[À½-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw A[À½-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hnfn- p-]-d-bm-\mWvFgp- p-Im-cn-I-sfbpw kmaq-lnI {]hÀ¯-I-tcbpw kwhn-[m-b-I³ Iq«p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu IY-bpsS Npcp-fp-IÄ \nh-cp-t¼mÄ\So \S-·mÀ {][m-\-ambpw \Sn-amÀ mcX-I-Ym-]m-{X-§-fpsS NabwAWn-bp-¶Xv -{i-t²-b-am-Wv. kwhn-[m-b-Isâ A`n-{]m-b- nÂIpcp-t£{X bp²-cwKw C¶pw kPo-h-ambn XpS-cp-¶p. ChnsS\n§-fp-sS, \½psS A½-s]-§·mÀ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn BSn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶p F¶p-am-{Xw.

B[p-\n-I kv{Xo Ipńbpw KmÔm-cnbpw {Zu]Znbpw kp`-{Zbpw lnUpw-_n-bp-sam-s¡-bmbn amdp-t¼mÄ AhÀ¡n-S-bnÂhcp¶ kmay-X-IÄ {Inbm-ß-I-am-Ip-¶p. alm- m-c-X- nse IYm-]m-{X-§Ä¡v AXy´w \ho-\-am-sbmcp ]p\Àhm-b\ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bmWv \mS-I-Ir- v. Ipcp-t£-{X-§Ä ]p¯³ am\-§-fnÂ]p\: {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s -S-Ww. ]g-bXv BhÀ¯n-¡p-I-bÃ adn¨vHmÀ½-s -Sp- p-I-bm-Wn-Xn-s\. Ipcp-t£{X bp²- nsâ bmYmÀ°y-§Ä¡- pdw {]Xym-i-bpsS, {]Xo-£-bpsS IncWw hoim³]pXnb a\p-jysâ Nn´sb D±o-]n- n-¡p-I-bmWv Bp-_-en.

Fgp- p-Im-cnbpw BIvSn-hn-Ìp-amb Acp-Ô-Xnsb Iuc-h-]-Sbv¡pt\sc bp²- n-\n-d§n {]Xn-Imcw sN¿m³ B{K-ln-¡p¶ kp`-{Z-bm¡n amäp-I-bmWv Bp-_-en-bnÂ. XqenI ]S-hm-fm-¡p¶ Fgp- p-Im-cn-bpsS Icp¯pw `mh-hp-saÃmw Acp-ÔXn apJ- -Wn-bp-t¼mÄ AÀPp\sâ mcym-]-Z-hn-bmWv kwhn-[m-b-I³ AhÀ¡v IÂ¸n- p-\ÂIp-¶-Xv. BZn-hm-kn, Zfn-Xv,IÀjI {]iv\-§-fnÂ \oXn-tXSn Ae-bp¶ ta[sb [À½- nsâXmt¡mÂ Xnc-bp¶ KmÔm-cn-bmbn hb-em- hm-kp-tZ-h³ ]nÅamän-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p. iàhpw hyà-hp-amb \ne-]m-Sp-I-fnÂ Dd- p-


63

\nÂ¡p¶ KmÔmcn \mS-I- n-ep-S-\ofw A[À½s¯ \nin-X-ambnhnaÀin-¡p-¶p-v. kmln-Xy- nse hnhn[ Xe-§-fnÂ Xsâ -CSw Is- nb kmd, Bp-_-en-bnse {it²-b- I-Ym-]m-{X-ambIpń-bmbn thj-an-Sp-¶p. Xsâ Xocp-am-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw hyXn-N-en-¡msX kml-N-cy-§-fnÂ DNn-X-amb CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ Ipń- \-S-¯p-¶Xv ImWmw. A[n-Im-cw, Pbw, A`n-am\w Ch tIhewkz]v\w am{X-am-sW¶v Xncn- -dn-bp¶ Ipńsb kmd AXn-Kw- o-c-am-¡p-I-bmWv Bp-_-en-bnÂ. {]Xn-Im-cmán Bfn-¡- p¶{Zu]-Zn-bmbn kvt\l cwK-s¯- p-¶p. Xsâ Agn-ªp-eª\o-apSn sI«n-h-bv¡m³ AhÄ X¿m-dm-Ip-¶-tX-bn-Ã. Bp-_-en¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-¶-Xp-t]mepw {Zu]-Zn-bpsS Cu \ne-]m-Sm-Wv.Bp-_en F¶ \mSIw Xocp-¶-Xp-hsc Cu apSn-b-gn- m«w thdn-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶p-v. Ipcp-t£{X `qan-bnse h\y kuµ-cy-amWvlnUpw-_n. kmaq-ly-þ-cm-jv{Sob cwK-§-fnÂ CSw Is- n-b,{]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä krjvSn¨ APn-X-sb-bmWv lnUpw-_n-bmbnkwhn-[m-b-I³ £Wn-¡p-¶-Xv. oasâ mcy ImS¯w hn«v a\p-jyXzw DÄs¡mv cwK-th-Zn-bnÂ BSn- n-anÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXXv{]tZ-i-§-fnse kmaq-lnI Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ \mS-I-§-fnÂ CSw ]nSn-¡pI ]Xn-hm-Wv. F¶mÂ Cu Npäp-]m-Sp-Isf Xpd-¶p-Im-«m³ alm-Im-hy-§sf D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv Npcp¡w NneÀ am{X-am-Wv. Bp-_-en-bnÂ asäm-cn-S¯pw ImWm-s¯mcp hmb\ km[y-am-Ip-¶XpwAhnsS \n¶m-Wv.

{]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-I-fmb A½-amÀIem-]- nÂ a¡Ä \jvS-s¸« A½-am-cpsS Zp:JamWv Bp-

_-en. ]p{X-hn-tbm-K¯n\v {]Xn-Imcw sN¿-W-sa-¶mWv Ch-cpsSB{K-lw. lnµp-þ-apkvenw el-f-bnÂ a¡Ä \jvS-s¸« A½, sI«n-b-h³ t\m¡n-\nÂs¡ i{Xp-¡-fmÂ A]-am-\n-X-bm-b-hÄ, GI]p{Xsâ ac-W- n\v Imc-Whpw km£nbpw BtI-n-h¶ A½,C§s\ ka-Im-eo\ {]iv\-§sf A[n-I-cn- mWv Bp-_en cq]wsImn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. kaq-l- nsâ \m\m-Xp-d-I-fnÂ \n¶pw ]oV-\-§Ä, ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-c-W-§Ä, A\m-YXzw XpS§n \nc-h[n t¢i-§Ä A\p`-hn-¡p¶ kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§-fn-te¡pw Ah-fnÂA´Àeo-\-ambn InS-¡p¶ A½am\-k-§-fn-te¡pw Xpf- p-I-b-dp¶ "At½...' F¶ Hä-hn-fn-bnÂ \n¶mWv \mS-I- nsâ Bcw-`w. Bßm-hn³ Bg-§-fnÂ A½-sb¶ t_m[- n-te-¡pÅ DÄhn-




fn-bm-bn-cp¶p AXv. Cu \ne-hn-fn-tbm-SpÅ {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. KmÔmcn A¼-c-t¸msS i_vZw-tI« Øm\w e£y-am¡nHmSp-¶p. Ipń AXn-\À°w {Kln-¡m³ sh¼ÂsIm-Åp-¶p.{Zu]Zn hnX-dn-bn« apSn- X-temSn {`m´-amb Nncn-tbmsS \S-¶-I-ep-¶p. lnUpw_n Akz-Ø-bmbn HmSn-a-d-bp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ kp`-{Z,AhÄ BËm-Z-t¯msS B i_vZ-t¯mSv {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p. A½a\-Êp-I-fnÂ At½... F¶ \ne-hnfn DbÀ¯p¶ tNmZy-§fpwkm[y-X-I-fp-amWv kwhn-[m-b-I³ ChnsS hc- n-Sp-¶-Xv.

sImÃ-s -Sp-¶-hÀ¡mbn BIp-e-s -Sm³ Ah-cpsS Dbn-cns\DÅnÂ hln¨v AXns\ t]män-sb-Sp-¡m³ Poh³ Dgn-ªp-shämXm-¡Ä Xs¶ thW-sa¶v s{]m^. Fw. tXmakv amXyp Bp-_-en-bpsS apJ-{]-km-Z- nÂ ]d-ªp-h-bv¡p-¶p-v. R§ÄPohsâ I£n-¡m-cmWv F¶v ]d-bm³ A½-amÀ¡mWv A[n-Im-cw. AhÀ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ AXv kmÀ°-I-am-Ip-¶p. cmjv{Sob sIme-]m-X-I-§Ä, Izt«-j-\p-IÄ, ]I -t]m-¡Â, kz¯p-XÀ¡w XpS§nIpSnÂ apXÂ sI«mcw hsc \ofp¶ A[À½-§-fnÂ A½-amÀ¡p-m-Ip¶ thZ-\-bmWv Cu \mS-I- nÂ NÀ¨-bm-Ip-¶-Xv. "Ipcp-t£{Xw DÅnÂ t]dn-s¡m-mWv Hmtcm A½-amcpw Pohn-¡p-¶Xv'F¶p-]-d-bp-¶-XnÂ AXn-i-tbmàn H«pw Xs¶-bn-Ã. Bp-_-en-bpsS A½-amÀ¡v BcpsS aI\pw X§-fpsS a¡-fm-Wv. Ipń]d-bpw- t]m-se, acn- p-I-gn-ªmÂ FÃm-hcpw \½psS a¡Ä; i{Xp-hn-tâ-Xp-t]m-epw. A`n-a-\yp -Ip-am-csâ arXn-bnÂ hnXp-¼p¶KmÔmcn Xsâ A©p-a-¡fpw \qsäm-¶p- a-¡fpw H-tc-t]m-se-bm-sW¶v hmZn-¡p-¶p. Ipcp-t£{X `qan-bnÂ s]men-bp¶ HmtcmPoh\pw Xsâ a¡-fp-tS-Xm-sW¶v ]pe-¼p¶ Ipń. \mS-I- nseGähpw lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bmb mKw Xs¶ IÀ®sâ ]X-\- nÂs\©p-s]m-«n-I-c-bp¶ Ipń-tZ-hn-bpsS cwK-am-Wv. aIs\ ]c-ky-ambn Ht¶m-a-\n-¡m³ t]mepw Ign-bmsX t]mb \nÊ-lbmb A½-bmWv Ipń. HSp-hnÂ kqcy-tZ-h-t\mSpw IÀ®-t\mSpw am¸n-c-¡p¶Ipń-bn-eqsS A½þaI³ _Ô- nsâ Xo{hX shfn-s -Sp- p-¶p. Hc-½bv¡pw Xsâ Hma\ ]p{Xs\ kt´m-j-t¯msS bp²-¡-f- n-te¡v ]d-ªp-hn-Sm-\m-hn-Ã. ]t£, Ipcp-t£{X bp²-¡-f- nÂ AOs\ klm-bn-¡m³ lnUpw_n LtSm-XvI-Ns\ bm{X-bm-¡p-¶p-v. HSp-hnÂ aIs\ ImWmsX Xnc-sª- p¶ lnUpw-_n, Ahsâ ac-W-hmÀ¯ Adn-bp-¶-tXmsS {]Xn-Im-c-Zm-ln-bmb


65

A½-bm-Ip-¶p. bp²- q-an-bnÂ aIsâ PU- n-\mbn Xnc-bp¶lnUpw-_n¡v In«p-¶Xv Zptcym-[-\sâ aI-s\. AXm-bXv i{Xp-hnsâ aI-s\. F¶mÂ kz´w aI-\mbn kzoI-cn¨v AhÄ BarX-tZ-ls¯ Xmtem-en-¡p-¶p. amXr-Xz- nsâ \oäÂ Xpd-¶p-Im-«p¶ kµÀ`-§Ä C\n-bp-apv Cu \mS-I- nÂ. AXn-\m-emWvBp-_en, qan-bnÂ sImÃ-s -Sp-¶-hÀ¡v A½-am-cpsS ape- m-ep-sImv _en, I®o-cp-sImv XÀ¸Ww F¶v \mS-I-Ir¯v ]d-ªp-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv.

i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯p¶ A_e-IÄA[n-Im-c- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ kq£n- p-ImÀ Bp-_-en-bpsS

asäm-cp -ap-J-am-Wv. ChnsS Hcp-h-i¯v A[n-Im-cn-Isf kvXpXn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ¡mbn i_vZn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-hÀ adp-h-i¯vZpcn-X-§fpw Zp:J§fpw t]dp¶ P\-§-fpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmbnamdp-¶p. bp²- nÂ Bcp-P-bn- mepw F¶pw tXmÂ¡m³ hn[n-¡-s -«-hÀ Cu qan-bnÂ Dm-bn-cn-¡pw. GXv bp²-am-bmepw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s -SmsX t]mIp-¶Xv Ah-cpsS Zp:J§fpw hnIm-c-§-fp-am-Wv. alm- m-cX IY [À½- n-eq-¶nb hnP-b-I-Y-bm-bmWv P\-a-\-Êp-I-fnÂ Øm\w ]nSn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ Ah-K-W-\-bp-sSbpw A[À½- n-sâbpw adp-]p-d-ap-s¶v Bp-_en ]d-ªp-h-bv¡p-¶p. C¶s¯ temIm-h-Ø-bmb DXvI-WvTbpw BIp-e-X-I-fp-saÃmw CXnÂ DÄs -Sp-¶p. Hcp N{I-hÀ¯nbpw alm-cm-Pmhpw bp²w-I-gnªv A\m-Y-cm-Ip-¶n-Ã. A-\m-Y-cm-Ip-¶Xv A_-e-I-fm-Wv. H¶p-an-Ãm- -h-cmWv thc-äp-t]m-Ip-¶Xv F¶mWv \mS-I-Ir¯v Nqn-¡m-«p-¶-Xv.

alm- m-cX IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Xs¶ ChnsS ]mÀiz-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-¶-h-cpsS {]Xo-I-am-Ip-¶p. ChÀ¡v Iq«mbn Hcp-]äw {Kmao-W-cpw. ac-W-s -«-hÀ¡mbn hne-]n-¡p-¶-hÀ {Kmao-Wsâ tNX-\-bä ico-c-hp-ambn Ipcp-t£-{X-cw-K- nÂ F¯p-¶Xv bp²-s¡-Sp-Xn-bpsS òI-cX hyà-am-¡m-\m-Wv. ih- n-\-cn-InÂ A½bpw`mcybpw s]§fpw a¡-fp-saÃmw hne-]n-¡p-¶p-v. Cu hnem-]-§Ä temI-t¯m-SpÅ tNmZyw sN¿-em-Wv. BW-hm-bp-[-§sf]gn-¡-em-Wv. hnj-hm-X-I-§sf i]n-¡-em-Wv. a\p-jy-a-\-Êp-I-fnÂim -cq]w Dm-¡n-sb-Sp-¡m-\pÅ {ia- nsâ Bcw- -am-Wv. "C¶vbp²w Bbp-[-§Äs¡m-p-am-{X-a-Ã, Øm\-ap-d- n-¡m³ Xmt¡mÂapdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶-hÀ ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p¶ ]oV-\-§Ä, a\p-jy³




a\p-jys\ NqjWw sN¿p¶ co-Xn-IÄ, H¶p-an-Ãm- -h-\p-t\sc{]-Jym-]n-¡p¶ bp²-§Ä', CXv {KmaoW kv{XoI-fnÂ HcmÄ ]d-bp¶ Ub-tem-Km-Wv. CXv \mS-I- nsâ \mgn-I-¡-Ãmbn amdp-¶Xv]pcpj ta[m-hn-Xz-t¯m-SpÅ tNmZyw sN¿Â BIp-t¼m-gm-Wv.`À¯mhpw B§-fbpw tam\pw BÚm-]n-¡p-¶p. CXn-s\Ãmwadp-tNm-Zy-§-fn-ÃmsX au\-ambn inc-ÊnÂ hln-¡p-¶Xv kv{XoI-fm-Wv. i_vZ-an-Ãm- -hÀ, tNmZy-§-fn-Ãm- -hÀ ho«nepw \m«nepwsIm«m-c- nepw A\p-k-cn¨v hmgpt¶mÀ, hgnam-dp-t¶mÀ, CXn-s\-Xnsc hn¹hw krjvSn-¡pI F¶ e£yw Xs¶-bmWv \mS-I-Ir-¯n-\p-Å-Xv. AXn-\mWv kmd-sb-t¸m-se, Acp-Ô-Xn-sb-t¸m-se,kvt\l-sb-t¸mse ià-cmb {]Xn-I-cW kwL- nse AwK-§sf At±lw Iq«p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xv. temIw Hcp thZn-bpw FÃm-a-\p-jycpw AXnse \So-\-S-·m-cp-amWv F¶v tjIvkn-]n-bÀ ]d-bpw-t]m-se.

"{Zu]-Znsb A]-am-\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄRm³ sR«n-s¯-dn- p, hmhn-«p-I-cªp t]mbn. Hcp kv{Xo¡p-am-{Xta B thZ\ ]¦n-Sm-\mIq' F¶v KmÔmcn hne-]n- p. kv{Xo¡vam\w hep-XmWv AXv XIÀ¶mÂ AhÄ Pohn- n«v F´p-Im-cyw.Bß-l-Xy-tb-¡mÄ {]Xn-Imc-amWv £{Xnb kv{Xo¡v hntcm-Nn-X-sa¶v {Zu]-Znbpw Bt{Im-in- p. C§s\ Bp-_en A_-e-I-fpsS i_v-Z-ambn {]Xn-[z-\n-¡p-¶p. \½Ä A½-amÀ, `mcy-amÀ,ktlm-Z-cn-amÀ hnNm-cn- mÂ A[n-Im-c- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ Is-¯m-\m-Ip-sa¶pw knwlm-k-\- nÂ [À½s¯ IpSn-bn-cp- pI\½psS Ah-Im-i-am-sW¶pw KmÔm-cn-bn-eqsS hopw hopwHmÀan- n-¡p-¶p.

Xmt¡mÂ kq£n-- p-ImÀ[À½- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ tXSn-bpÅ bm{X-bmWv Bp-_-en.

NXn, h©-\, aÕc_p²n, hmin Ch-sbÃmw hngp-§n-b-t¸mÄ\ap¡v \jvS-s -«-XmWv Cu Xmt¡mÂ. [À½- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ,AXv Xncªv Is- m-\mWv KmÔmcn Ipcp-t£-{X- nÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xv. aäv IYm-]m-{X-§-tfmSv KmÔmcn DZvt_m-[n- n-¡p-¶Xpwasäm-¶-Ã. A½-am-cn-te¡pw Ah-cpsS apdn-hp-W-§m¯ lrZ-b-§-fn-te¡pw F¯n-t\m-¡m³ km[n-¡p-t¼mÄ \mw [À½- n-\mbnt]mcm-Sp-I-Xs¶ sN¿p-sa¶v \mS-I-Ir¯pw Ah-Im-i-s -Sp-¶p.AXp-sIm-mWv bp²- nÂ arXn-b-Sª bphm-hnsâ PU-hp-


67

ambn Ipcp-t£-{X- n-se- nb {KmaoW kv{Xo¡p-ap-¶nÂ kptbm-[-\nÂ \n¶pw hos-Sp¯ [À½-¯nsâ Xmt¡m-ep-ambnKmÔmcn F¯p-¶-Xv. cmjv{So-bw, aXw, IpSpw-_w, sXmgnÂ F¶p-th Pohn-X- nsâ FÃm-Xp-d-I-fnepw kv{Xo Ah-K-Wn-¡-s -Sm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Cu Xmt¡mÂ DbÀ¯n- n-Sn-t¡--Xp-v. BtKm-fo-I-cWw Nhn-«n-sa-Xn¨ kv{XoXzs¯ D]-t`mK kwkvIm-c- nse Nc-¡p-I-fm¡n amän s]¬ CS-§sf CÃm-Xm-¡-cpXv F¶mWvXmt¡mÂ tXSn-bpÅ bm{X-bpsS kmcw.

Xsâ IÀ½-§-fnÂ A[À½- nsâ cpNn-bp-s¶v Xncn- -dnª kptbm-[\ alm-cm-Pmhv Xmt¡mÂ KmÔm-cnsb GÂ¸n-¡p-¶p. CXv kv{XoXz- nsâ hnP-b-am-sW¶ kqN-\-bmWv \ÂIp-¶-Xv. B Xmt¡mÂ ssIam-äw, [À½- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ G´m-\pÅ KmÔmcn DÄs -Sp¶ ]pXp-k-aq-l-t¯m-SpÅ Blzm-\-am-Wv. {Zu]-Zn-bpsS Agn-ªp-eª apSn KmÔm-cnbpw Ipńbpwkp`-{Zbpw lnUpw-_nbpw tNÀ¶v HXp-¡n-h-bv¡p-t¼mÄ Ipcp-t£{X bp²w Ah-km-\n-¡p-I-bm-bn. B IÀ½- n\v {Kmao-Wcpwkm£n-I-fm-Ip-¶p.

KmÔmcn Xsâ aqSnb I®nse sI«v Agn¨v amäp¶ cwKwBp-_-en¡v \nc-h[n AÀ°-X-e-§Ä \ÂIp-¶p-v. km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS i_vZ-am-Im³ I¬sI«v Dt]-£n-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS.DbÀ¯n- n-Sn¨ [À½- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ Xmtg-¡n-Sp-¶Xpw Ah-K-Wn-¡-s -«-hÀ¡v kzmb-¯-am-¡m-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm-m-WtÃmkp`{Z Xsâ aIs\ AWn-bn-¡m³ Hcp-¡n-sh¨ IncoSw {Kma-hm-kn-IÄ¡v \ÂIp-¶Xpw Ah-cnÂ Hcm-fmbn amdp-¶-Xpw. [À½-¯nsâ AP-¿X Øm]n-¡-s -S-Ww. AXn\v kzXzs¯ Xncn- -dnªv ASn-a- - nsâ \pIw Ducn-sb-dn-tb--Xp-v. AXn-\m-emWv [À½- nsâ Xmt¡mÂ Xnc-ªXpw ]ns¶ Is- n-bXpw.

Bp-_en Hcp IÀ½w am{X-a-Ã, Ipcp-t£{X IY-bpsSasämcp BJym-\-am-W-Xv. IY-bv¡-Xo-X-ambn Nnń-¡m-\pw, AhsbDÄsIm-Åm\pw {]mhÀ¯n-I-am-¡m\pw \nc- c t{]cW \ÂIp¶H¶m-Wn-Xv. kw`m-j-W-§Ä¡v Xo{hX IqSp-X-em-Wv. BgtadnbDÄ¡m-gvN-bpv Bp-_-en-bnse kw`m-j-W-§Ä¡v. AXn-\m-emWv tI{µ-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \mS-I-c-N-\-¡pÅ AhmÀUvtUm. hb-em-hm-kp-tZ-h³ ]nÅsb tXSn F¯n-b-Xv. cmPm-hn\pw



{]Pbv¡pw Hmtcm {]m[m\yw IÂ¸n-¡p¶ k¦Â -amWv Bp-_-en-bnÂ cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. kaq-l- nse hnhn[ Xpd-I-fnÂs -«-hÀ IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbn amä-s -«-t¸mÄ ]hn-{X-amb Bp-_enGhÀ¡pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn. AXn-\m-emhmw imń-kq-N-I-ambthWp-Km\w AI-e-§-fnÂ \n¶pw tIÄs¡ \mS-I- n\v Xnc-Èo-e-ho-gp-¶-Xv.

klmbI {KÙ-§Ä

1. tUm. hb-em-hm-kp-tZ-h³ ]nÅ, Bp-_-en,tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan.

2. sI. {ioIp-amÀ, Hm¨nd thep-¡p«n (Poh-N-cn{Xw),tIcf kwKo-X-\m-SI A¡m-Z-an, XrÈqÀ, 2006.

3. Pn. i¦-c- n-Å, ae-bmf \mSI kmln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Z-anþ2010.

4. kPnX aT- nÂ, ae-bmf \mSI kv{Xo Ncn-{Xw,amXr- qan _pIvkv, tImgn-t¡mSv, 2010.

5. F³. Pb-Ir-jvW³ (F-Un), sân-\n-kw,tIcf mj C³Ìn-äyq«v, Xncp-h-\- -]pcw, 2010.

6. hn. Sn. «-Xn-cn- m-Sv, ASp-¡-f-bnÂ \n¶v Ac-§-t¯-¡v,Un. kn. _pIvkv, 1999.

7. kn. Fkv. N{µn-I, tIc-f- nse kv{Xo apt¶-ä-§-fpsSNcn-{Xw, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan.



69

Hcp hmb-\-bv¡- pdw ImWm³ km[y-X-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp \mcoIY-sb¶ ap³hn-[n-tbm-sS-bmWv "kI-e-Xn\pw s]mcpÄ'1 hmb-\-bnÂ IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv, kwKoX {io\n-hm-ksâ "A]-c-Imń'2 sb¶t\mh-en-\p-tijw h¶ Cu IY Hcp ]t£ t\mh-ensâ {Ia- w-K-§sf Xncn- -dnªv Xncp- -s -Sp¶p F¶ \ne-bn-se hmb\Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶pÅq. A£-c-§Ä Xocp-¶n-S¯v]pXnb ]T\ Nn´-Isf tijn- n-¡p¶ Cu IYsb aq¶v Xc-¯nÂ ]Tn-¡m³ Ign-bpw. A£-c-§Ä hm¡p-I-tfbpw hm¡p-I-fnÂ \n¶v Bi-b-§-tfbpw kwth-Z\w sN¿p¶ Fgp¯v Hcp-häv IqsS tNÀs¯-gp-Xp-¶-Xnsâ3 A\p- hw IY-bpsS temI- n\vkwKoX {io\n-hm-k-\n-eqsS e`n-¡p-¶p.

1. D¯-cm-[p-\nI ]cn-tOZwASp- -dn-bp-¶-h-bnse ASª CS-h-gn-IÄ Xpd-¡p¶ temI-

{Iaw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-Ip-¶p. "kI-e-Xn\pws]mcpÄ' F¶ Xe-hm-N-I- nÂ ]cn-Nn-X-am-sbmcp Km\-i-IewHmÀ½-Xp-d-¡p-t¼mgpw Nne CS-h-gn-I-fpsS km¶n²yw \ap¡v Adn-bmsX Adn-bp¶ AhØ CXn-eqsS krjvSn-¡-s -Sp-¶p. CuIYbpw kwKoX-bpsS Fgp-¯p-h-gn-I-fpsS {`m´³ kao-]-\-¯nsâ4 kv]Ài\w DÄsIm-n-«p-v.

A. \mco hntam-N-\- nse ]pcp-j-Nn- -IÄsân-\nkw temI¯v hcp- nb AYhm hcp- p¶ amä-

§Ä ]pXn-sbmcp tImWnÂ \n¶v ImWm³ Cu IY {ian- n-«p-v. CXnÂ ae-bm-fn-bpsS khn-ti-j-amb s]s®-gp¯pIme-¯nsâ amäs¯ \ap¡v thÀXn-cn-¡m\pw Ign-bpw5. tUmIvSÀ{InÌn Xsâ tcmKn-bpsS kpc-£-bv¡mbn Ah-fpsS apjnª,\ndw a§n, lp¡p-IÄ s]m«n- q-§n, Ae-¡n-b-e¡n \op-h-

kvss{XW ssPho-IXbpsSs]mcpÄ

^m. Pn³kv F³. _n.



enª Hcp sIm¨p {_m Agn- p-am-än-b-XnÂ \n¶mWv IY Bcw- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

kIe ASn-h-kv{X-§fpw ASna hkv{X-§-fmbn cq]-amäw hcp-¯p¶ Cu D¯-cm-[p-\nI temI¯v ]g-b "ape¡¨ Dt]-£n-¡p¶ kacw'6 hcn-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ \n¶v DbÀ¶p-\nÂ¡p¶p. hntam-N-\- n\v B-cw`w Ipdn-¡p-¶-Xnsâ Nn{Xhpw AXns\ AÈo-e-X-bn-te¡v hgn-Xn-cn¨p F¶ Btcm-]-Whpw tNÀ¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄIYbv¡v Nne hyXykvX am\-§-fmWv Dm-hp-¶-Xv. Hcp ]pcp-j³ ]c-k-lm-b-t¯msS Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bpsS ASn-hkv{Xw \o¡wsNbvXmÂ AXv ssewKnI tNmZ-\-sIm-mWv F¶v Dd- n-¡m³{ian-¡p¶ temI \ne-hm-cs¯ hnaÀi-\m-ßIambn Nnń-¡p-hm³ IYm-Ir¯v \½sf t{]cn- n-¡p-¶p. Hcp-hÄ¡v Ah-fn-¶p-hsc A\p- -hn¨ XS-hd Fń-\m-sW¶v a\-Ên-em-¡m³ Ign-bmsXhcn-Ibpw Poh-\p-hsc lm\n-bmtb-¡m-hp¶ ]mc-X-{ýs¯ Dt]-£n-¡m-\pÅ am\-knI ]IzX Dm-Im-Xn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ kzmX-{ý-¯n-\m-bpÅ GXp klm-bhpw kwi-b-t¯msS am{Xta ImWp-IbpÅq. ChnsS Bß-lXym{]h-W-X-bpsS XS-h-d-bn-epÅ Iuam-c-¡mcn s]¬Ip-«n¡v Poh³ \ne-\nÀ¯m-\pÅ hgn-bm-bn-«mWvhkv{Xm-t£-]s¯ DbÀ¯n-¡m-«n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ ]n¶msehcp¶ A]-lm-k-§fpw AXnÂ \n¶pÅ c£-s -Sepw tUmIvSÀ{InÌn F¶ hÀ¯-am\ kaq-l- nse "\·'-7bpsS klm-bn-Isfshfn-s -Sp- p-¶p-v.

kv{Xo F¶pw hn]-Wn-bpsS {i²m-tI-{µ-am-Wv. "aoUnbthÄUv' CXn\v Hc-]-hm-Zhpw hcp- p-¶n-Ã. AÂ]w "tkmjyÂaoUnb t{]m¬ skmssk-änsb' klm-bn-¡p¶p F¶Xv ad-¡m\pw ]mSn-Ã. am[ya temI- n\v NqS³ hmÀ¯-bmbn "at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bnse \á Iuam-c-¡mcn' amdm³ XpS-§p¶ kqN-\-IÄ C¶s¯ kaqlw Hmtcm-¶n-t\bpw F{X emL-h-t¯m-sSbpw hyXy-kvX-hp-ambn ImWp¶p F¶-Xnsâ AS-bm-f-am-Wv.Bip-]{Xn clkyw tNmÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp- -h-sc-¡p-dn- pÅ tUmIvS-dpsS Nn -IÄ C¶s¯ Hfn-¡m-a-dm-tem-I- n-sâbpw ssk_Àt]mcm-fn-I-fp-tSbpw Nn{X-amWv a\-ÊnÂ DWÀ¯p-¶-Xv.

tcmKn-bpsS kpc-£n-X-Xz- n\v {i²-sIm-Sp-¡p¶ tUmIvSdpw\gvkp-amcpw IYbpsS Hgp-¡n-\n-S-bnÂ AÂ]w {]Xn-\m-b-I- kzXzwkzoI-cn-¡p-¶p-v. {]Xn-\m-b-IXzw Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw amdp-¶Xv kaq-l- nsâ \nµm-I-c-amb A\p- -h-§-fn-te-¡m-Ip-t¼mÄ IY-bnÂ

kvss{XW ssPho-IXbpsS s]mcpÄ


71

]ucp-j- nsâ Nn m-am-ä-§Ä sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p. a\p-jysâ amdn-h-cp¶ uXn-Ihpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb kml-N-cy-§Ä Ah-cpsSssewKnI tNmZ-\-I-fpsS cq]o-I-c-Ws¯ kzo[o-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\mÂXs¶ kv{XoXz- nsâ amä- n\p Xpey-ambn ]pcp-j-Xzhpw amä-§Ä¡v hnt[-b-amb Bi-bhpw {]tbm-K-hp-am-sW¶v tUmIvSÀ{InÌnbpw Iuam-c-¡m-cn-bpsS \áXm temIs¯ shfn-s¨-s¯-¯n-¡m-\mbn h¶ tPÀW-enÌv s\Pn\pw \s½ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶p."tIc-f- nÂ Pohn-X-§sf ]e-h-gn¡v Ak-ly-am-¡m³ Cd-§n-¯n-cn- n-cn-¡p¶ Iq«-cmWv tPÀWen-Ìp-IÄ' F¶ hcn-I-fn-eqsSIYm-Ir v ASn-h-c-bn-Sp¶p

B. P\-kw-kvIm-chpw P\-Iob kwkvIm-chpw{]mà\ P\-]-Y-§-fnÂ \n¶p tKmfm- c P\-]-Y-§-fn-te¡v

amdn-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw a\p-jyÀ X§-fpsS Nne khn-ti-j-X-IÄ¡v ImX-emb amä-§Ä H¶pw Xs¶ hcp- p-¶n-Ã. Ah-bnÂNneXv Cu IY-bnepw IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v.

a. Çoe Nn -IÄ]e-Xcw hnt[-b-Xz-§-fpsS k¦e-\-amWv ]e-t¸mgpw Çoe

Nn -I-fnÂ ImWm-dp-f-f-Xv. an¡-hbpw sshtZ-inI km¶n-²y-§-fmbn h¶v \nd-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. \á-X-bp-sS- temIw A¯-c-¯nÂ H¶m-Wv. hnh-kv{X-cmbn \S¶ P\X hkv{X-tem-I-t¯¡vIS-¶Xv Çoem-Çoe ]Iz-X-bn-eÃ, adn¨v ico-tcm-jvam-hnsâ k´p-e-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s -«m-Wv. IY-bnÂ at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bnseIuam-c-¡m-cnsb kntÌgvkv _e-ambn ]nSn v DSp- p-I-f-gn- -t¸mÄ"F®-tX v Ipfn- n-¡m³ ssI¡p-ªns\ dºÀ joänÂ InS- n-b-t]mse B Ipªpw ssIImÂ IpS-ªp-I-c-ªp'. ChnsSIuam-c-¡m-cn-bpsS icoc hÀ®-\-bÃ adn¨v {]mKvcq] Nn´-I-fn-te¡v Xncn¨phn«v ss\ÊÀ¤n-I-amb Hma-\Xzw \á-Xbv¡v\ÂIp¶p.

P\-§Ä¡v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Nne kwkvIm-c-§-fp-v. ChnsSIYm-Ir¯v DbÀ¯p-¶Xpw A§s\ Hcp kwkvIm-c-amWv.AXmWv P\-kw-kvIm-c-ambn hf-cp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ _lp-P-\- n\vXmXv]-cyhpw s]mSp-¶-s\-bpÅ hym]-\hpw km[y-am-¡p¶H¶mWv P\-Io-bw. Ahbv¡v kmam\y acym-Z-bpsS Xe-aÃ adn¨vkzm[o-\-X-bpsS Xe-amWv IqSp-XÂ. B Ah-Øsb tNmZywsNbvXp-sImv tUmIvSÀ {InÌn s\Pn\pt\sc Hcp kwibwsXmSp- p-hn-Sp-¶p, "tIc-f- nsâ \ne-hmcw Ipdª sk£zÂ



ssk¡n-s\-¡p-dn¨v s\Pnsâ A`n-{]m-b-sa´m?' CXv P\-Io-b-am-bn-cn-¡p¶ s]ÀshÀ«Uv sk£zm-enän (A-]Iz ssewKnI t_m[w)sb¡pdn¨v hmb-\-¡m-csâ Nn´-IÄ¡qSn DW-cm³ {]tNm-Zn- n-¡p-¶p. Znh-k-§-tfmfw hnh-kv{X-bmbn tcmKnsb skÃn-e-S-¡p-¶Xv NnIn-Õ-bpsS mKw am{X-am-sW¶v Nm\Â {]hÀ -I\v a\-Ên-em-¡m³, Ahsâ Çoe-Nn- -Isf {Ia-s -Sp- m³ Cu tNmZyw]cym-]vX-am-hp-¶p. {]mbhpw \á-Xbpw enwKhpw Poh-t\-¡mÄhep-XÃ F¶ ZmÀi-\nI Nn´-IqSn DÄs -Sp- p-I-hgn Çoe Nn -IÄ kq£va-X-tbmsS IYm-X- p-hnÂ tNÀ¯p-sh-bv¡p-hm³IYm-Ir- n\v km[n-¡p-¶p. Çoe- nse hmÀ¯m-aq-eys¯ Xncn-

-dn-bp¶ tUmIvSdpw Nm\Â {]hÀ -I\pw sXdn-]-dbpw s]¬Nn-´-I-fnÂ apgp-Ip¶ At\z-jW I½o-jsâ ssk_À Fgp- n-Shpw B[p-\n-Im-\- c temIhpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw IS¶vhÀ¯-am\ bmYmÀ°y-§-fnÂ Iq«n-ap-«p-¶p.

b. "kZm-Nmc' hne-bn-cp- -ep-IÄ"kXv ' BNm-c-§Ä amdn "kXv' Nmc-ambn amdp¶ BNm-c-§-

fmWv ]e-t¸mgpw At\z-jW I½o-j-\p-Ifpw am[y-a-tem-IhpwkrjvSn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v hyà-am-¡m³ IYm-tem-I- n\v Ign-bp-¶p-v. CÃm-¡Y sa\-bm-\pÅ I-gn-hp-ambn At\z-jW I½o-j³"]XnX Ip]nX [o-c-tZhn' AUz. CµpP F¶ ]cm-aÀiw {i²-bm-IÀjn-¡p-¶p. F¶mÂ AhÀ skÃnÂ InS¶ Ip«n-bpsSap¼nÂ \nÂ¡p-t¼mÄ I®p-\n-dªp F¶ Bi knÌ-dpsSshfn-s -Sp- epw hmin-XoÀ¡m-s\¶t]mse Fgp- p-Im-cn-IÄsXdnbpw ssewKn-I-Xbpw ]d-¯n-hn-Sp¶ Ime¯v skÃnseXWp¯ ico-c-sam-gn¨v temIw apgp-h\pw apgp¯ sXdn-bmbnCµp-P-bpsS ap¼nÂ amdn-h-cp¶p F¶ Xncn- -dnhpw tNÀ¡p-t¼mÄk v Nn -bnse sshcp[yw \ap¡v t_m[y-am-Ip-¶p. FÃm \nd-§-fp-ap-]-tbm-Kn¨v IY hÀ®m-àm-¡m³ B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpwap³Ime IY-Isf a\-ÊnÂ HmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mgpwB Ipªns\ klm-bn-¡p¶ tUmIvSsd HmÀ¯v Nn´-I-fnÂam{Xw apgp-Ip¶ s\Pn³ asämcp kZm-Nmc AS-bmfw tcJ-s -Sp-¯p-¶p.

X§-fpÄs -Sp¶ kaq-l- nse Hcw-Ks¯ Abm-f-dn-bmsXHän-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ Bip-]{Xn kl-{]-hÀ -I-cnse kZm-Nmcw bqZm-knsâ kZm-Nm-cs¯ HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶p. Imcy-§Ä a\-Ên-em-¡msXAt\z-jW I½o-js\ Ab-¡p¶ F.Un.F½pw At\z-jW



73

dnt¸mÀ«v hgn Pohn-X-amÀ¤w Is- m-\m-{K-ln¡p¶ Nm\Â{]hÀ¯-Icpw At\z-jW I½o-j-\p-saÃmw Xpd-¶n-Sp-¶Xv kZm-Nm-c- nsâ hyXykvX DuSp-h-gn-I-fm-Wv. ISn-ªm-Wn-Ãm¯ I\-ep-I-fp-tSbpw km[y-X-I-fp-tSbpw hgn-IÄ.

2. at\m-hn-tÇ-jW ]cn-hÀ¯\wGsd IY-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ "kI-e-Xn\pw s]mcpÄ' at\m-hn-tÇ-

jW ]cn-hÀ¯\ amÀ¤- nÂ ià-amb apt¶äw \S- n-b-h-bnÂ H¶m-sW¶v hyà-am-Wv. t\mh-en-s\-¶-t]m-se-Xs¶ kwKoXIY-bnepw am\-kn-Im-]-{K-Y\w IrXy-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p-v.Cu mK¯v Nne {]tXyI {]tbm-K-§-fpsS hyXy-kvX-X-e-§sf]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Ch-bnÂ Hmtcm¶pw Hmtcm-cp- -cpsSbpwBg-ta-dnb sshcp-²y-§-sfbpw hnIm-c-§-sfbpw kvt\lw, Bt]-£n-IX F¶n-h-bpsS inYn-eo-I-c-Whpw k¦-e-\-§fpw IS-¶p-hcp-¶p.

A. hni¸vFÃm hni¸pw A -aÀln-¡p-¶nÃ F¶ acp`q ]nXm-¡-·m-

cpsS HmÀ½-s -Sp- Â Chn-sSbpw IrXy-amWv. {][m\ IYm-]m-{X-§-fpsS hni- p-IÄ hyXykvX Xe- n-emWv Ah-X-cn- n-¡-s -Sp-¶-Xv.

a. tUmIvSÀ {InÌnAcn-th-Ip-¶Xpw Im¯v ASp- n³ Nph-«n-en-cp¶ Ip«n-¡m-e-

¯p-\n¶pw e£-§Ä i¼fw hm§p¶ Iq«p-Im-cpsS Pohn- n\vXpey-\n-e-¡p-th-nbpw, Acn-¡m-in\p hI-bn-Ãm- -hÀ¡pÅKh¬saâ v tPmenbpw Zmcn-{Zy-ap-J-§-fnÂ \n¶pw c£-s -Sm-\pÅkzImcy ]cn-io-e-\hpw A[n-Im-c- n-\p-ÅnÂ h¶v tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-h-t\mSv ià-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ B{K-lhpw ico-c- nsâXWp pw hnd-bepw amäm-\pÅ hkv{X- n-\m-bpÅ hni- pw, tcmKn-Isf asä- n-\p-a- pdw Poh-t\msS ImWm-\pÅ hni¸pw Hs¡Ipgªv tNÀ¶v tUmIvSÀ {In-Ìn-bmbn amdp-¶p.

b. AUz. CµpPkpµcn, bphXn, h¡oÂ t]mcm- -Xn\v Fgp- p-Im-cnbpw

[ocbpw Ip]n-Xbpw ]Xn-X-bp-amb tZhn-bmbn B hni¸v amä-s -Sp-¶p. sXdn-bpsS hymJym-\- n-\mbn B{K-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ temIwapgp-h\pw apgp¯ sXdn-bmbn amdn hcp-¶Xv Xncn- -dn-ªp-sImvt]Pv ta¡-dnÂ Hcp hcn-t]mepw FgpXn hni- -S-¡m³ ]äm-Xmb



cmw mh- nsâ AUz. CµpP. skÃnÂ XWp- p-d-ªp-In-S-¡p¶ Iuam-c-¡mcnsb¡p-dn- pÅ Nn´-I-fpsS hni- n\v Cµp-Pbpw hgn-s -«p-t]m-Ip-¶p.

c. s\Pn³am[ya {]hÀ -Isâ hni- p-ambn at\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se-

¯p¶ s\Pn\v Bh-iy- nÂ IqSp-XÂ \yqkv s{XUp-IÄ e`n-¡p-¶p-v. B £-W-saÃmw \nd-§Ä tNÀ v hni- -S-¡m³ ]mI-¯nÂ Nm\-ep-IÄ¡v \ÂIm³ ]äp-¶n-Ã. tUmIvS-dpsS XXzNn -Ifpw Iuam-c-¡m-cn-bpsS Ccp-«nÂ Xnf-§p¶ I®p-Ifpw AhsfNpän \nÂ¡p¶ IY-Ifpw tNÀ¶v hni- -S-¡m³ ]äm¯ t\mhv\ÂIp-¶p.

d. Iuam-c-¡mcn "Znhy, kuay A§-s\-sbt´m'hb-dp-\n-d-bp-t¼m-sgms¡ Xms\mcp anSp-¡n-bm-sW¶pw Bß-

l-Xy-sb-¡p-dn v Nnń-¡n-sÃ¶pw kzbw ]d-bp¶ Ip«n. IqsS-bp-m-bn-cp-¶Xv A½-bmtWm F¶-dn-bn-Ã. F¶mÂ AhÀ Ch-sf-s¡mv k¼m-Zn-¡m³ {ian- n-cp-s¶¶pw F§-s\tbm ChÄat\m-tcm-Km-ip-]-{Xn-bnse skÃn-em-sW¶pw ]d-ªp-X-cp¶ IYm-Ir- nsâ hm¡p-I-fnÂ Ah-f-\p- -hn-¡p¶ hyXykvX hni- p-Ifpw hngp- p-Ifpw sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p.

B. XWp vhni- nsâ at\m-X-e- n\p Iq«p-tNÀ¶mWv XWp¸pw hcp-

¶-Xv. kpJ-ambn am\¯v ]d-¶p-\-S-¡p¶ ]£n-I-fpsS \\p¯Xqh-ensâ XWp- nÂ \n¶pw ]pd-tIm«v k©-cn-¡p¶ Nn -I-fmWvIY-bnÂ Db-cp-¶-Xv. tcma-¡p- mbw \jvS-am-¡nb KnÂKm--ta-jv an-¯p-I-fpsS Is- -emhmw C¶s¯ hkv{Xw. hkv{X-§-fpsScmjv{Sobw, F¶pw A[n-Im-c- n-sâbpw ImamÀ¯n-bp-tSbpw NqSp-]än Db-cp-¶p F¶Xv Chn-sSbpw ImWmw. XWp- p-d-bp¶ skÃnÂAbª DSp¸pw Hcp ]pX¸pw sImv Iuam-c-¡mcn \ndªhbdpw a\Êpw tNÀ¯v kpJ-ambn Dd-§p-¶p. XWp¸v \ÂIp-¶Xv Dd-§p-hm-\pÅ Dt -P-\-am-sW-¶Xv hyàw. F¶mÂ XWp-¸n¨ apdn-¡p-ÅnÂ arZp-sa- -bnÂ I¼nfn ]pX- n«pw XWp- p-am-dmsX `mcy-bpsS NqSp-]-äm³ {ian-¡p¶ tUmIvS-dpsS HmÀ½,skÃnsâ XWp- ns\ HmÀ v Dd¡w \jvS-am-¡p-¶p. apgp¯ sXdn-bpsS XWp- mWv AUz. Cµp-P-bpsS Dd-¡s¯ adn- p-I-fªvtemIw apgp-h\pw hnIS kZm-Nm-c- nsâ ]n¶m-se-bm-sW¶v



75

HmÀ½n- n-¡p-¶Xv. Xsâ t_mkns\ Xr]vXns¸Sp¯m-\m-h-iy-ambs{XUp-IÄ s\Pnsâ a\-Ên-ep-v. \nd-§Ä tNÀ¯v ]eÀ¡pwIpfn-tc-Im³ Ign-bp¶ IY¡v Ah-k-c-ap-m-Ip-t¼mgpw ]IÂI ImgvN \ÂInb ac-hn¨ XWp¸v s\Pnsâ Dd-¡-s¯bpwadn- p-I-f-bp-¶p. AØn Xpf-¡p¶ XWp- mWv Dd-¡s¯ adn- p-I-f-bm-dp-Å-Xv. ChnsS bmYmÀ°y-§-fpsS XWp¸v {]Xn-I-c-W-§-fn-ÃmsX ac-hn-¡p¶; Dd-§p¶ kaq-ls¯ DWÀ¯pw F¶ IYm-Ir- nsâ {]Xo-£sb am\nt¨ ]äq.

3. `mjm-]-{K-Y\wkwKo-X-bpsS cN\m temIw ae-bm-f- n\v ]cn-Nn-X-amb mjm

ssien-tb-¡mÄ HcÂ¸w BwK-teb Ah-X-cW coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-¡p-¶-Xv. F¦nÂ CXnsâ {]tXy-I-X-bmb cv LS-I-§sfamän-sh-¡m³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã.

A. hncp² Zzµ-§-fpsS km¶n²ywasämcp D¯-cm-[p-\nI Fgp- p-Im-cn-I-fnepw ImWm¯ Hcp

khn-ti-jX Xs¶-bmWv "kI-e-Xn\pw s]mcp-fn'Â ImW-s -Sp¶Cu hncp² Zzµ-§-fpsS km¶n²yw.

a. Bip-]-{Xn-bpsS kuI-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn v ]d-bp-¶n-S¯v Nfnbpw\mähpw Cf-¡n-hnSm-\mbn ]¶n-I-sfbpw sImn-d-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v ]d-bp-¶p-v. tcmKo-]-cn-N-c-Wm-e-b-¯nÂhfÀ¯p-¶Xv ]¶n-¡q-«-§-sf-bmtWm?

b. Xs¶ ImWp-t¼mÄ kZm Cfn- p-sImv Nmb-sb-Sp-¡m³XnSp¡w Iq«-¶-hÀ. CUn-b-ävkvþ \b-h-©-I-sc-¡p-dn-¡p-hm³CXp [mc-f-a-tÃ.

c. [ocbpw Ip]n-Xbpw ]Xn-X-bp-amb tZhn-bm-Wv Cµp-Pþ At\z-jW I½o-js\ ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- p¶ {]tbmKw

d. AXoh Kpcp-Xc BZ-cwþ Bh-iy- nÂ Ihnª {i²bpw`b- m-tSmsS t\cn-Sp¶p F¶ Nn´bpw tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.

e. Ahsâ hn\-b- n-epv Al-¦mcw: am[ya {]hÀ¯-I-\mbs\Pns\ ]cn-N-b-s -Sp- p¶ hm¡p-IÄ.

f. ]e-h-gn¡p ]mbm³ hn[n-¡-s¸« ]e-Xcw cY-§-fmWv ico-c-§Ä. Ipdp-¡p-hn-Zy-I-fpsS ImamÀ¯nsb Hä hmIy- nÂ Ipdp-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p.



B. efnX ae-bm-fhpw XÛ-h-§fpwHgp-¡pÅ ssien-bn-eqsS kwKoX tNÀ¯v hbv¡p¶

H¶mWv BwK-teb `mjm-]-Z-§-fp-sSbpw {]tbm-K-§-fp-sSbpw[mcm-fn- w. a\:-imkv{X Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bnÂ Ch- bm-sXmcp {]iv\-§fpw krjvSn-¡msX kzX-{ -ambn AÀ°-IÂ -\-Ifpw Bkzm-Z\ temI-§fpw krjvSn-¡m³ hmb-\-¡m-cs\ klm-bn-¡p-¶p.

sImfp- p-IÄ s]m«p¶ ASn-h-kv{X- nÂ \n¶pw Dd¡wsISp- p-¶Xpw kzØ-amb Dd¡w \ÂIp-¶-Xp-amb XWp- nsâ`mh-§-fn-te¡v Hcp ssPhoI ]Ùmhv krjvSn-¡m³ kwKo-Xbv¡vIgn-bp-¶p. ]pcp-jm-Jym-\-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ C{Xbpw {IssaIywDm-Ip-am-bn-cpt¶m F¶v Hcp kwibw Dv. kv{XoXz- nsâamä- n-s\m¸w ]pcp-jXz Nn´-bnepw AÂ]w kvss{XW-X-bpsS`mh-§-fmb Zbbpw A\p-I-¼mÀ{Z-amb Icp-Xepw Ds¶ Xncn-¨-dnhv Cu IY-bpsS kvss{XW ssPho-I-X-bpsS Xncn- -dn-hp-X-s¶-bm-Wv.

ASn-¡p-dn- p-IÄ

1. kI-e-Xn\pw s]mcpÄ, kwKoX {io\n-hm-k³,`mjm-t]m-jn-Wn, HIvtSm-_À 2016, t]Pv 28þ32.

2. am\-knI hn{`mń {][m\ BJym-\-ambn h¶IYm-Ir- nsâ BZy t\mhÂ.

3. Cu hm¡v kwKo-X-bpsS cN-\-I-fnÂ FSp¯v Im«m-hp¶H¶m-WvþkzmZv tNÀ¯ Hcp häv.

4. {`mńÂ sXmSm¯ Fgp- p-ImÀ Xptemw Npcp-¡w.A]-c-Im- n-bnepw Cu am\-knI hn{`mń IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v.

5. 1980 Ifn-emWv ae-bmf kmln-Xy-temIwsân-\n-k- nsâ ]pXnb ]mX-I-fnÂ hcp-¶-Xv.

6. bqtdm-]y³ cmPy-§-fnÂ DS-se-Sp-"t\m t{_kn-bÀ dh-eyq-j³'

7. ss{IkvXh hnizm-k- nÂ ssZh ]p{X-\mb tbip-hns\Ahsâ injy-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp¶ bqZmkv Npw_-\- n-eqsSi{Xp-¡Ä¡v Im«n-s¡m-Sp- p.



77

Ad_v mj-sbt¸mse Xs¶ Ad_v kmln-Xyhpw BtKm-f-X-e- nÂ Xs¶ {]N-cn-¡p-Ibpw NÀ¨- sN-¿-s -Sp-Ibpw CXp-ambn _Ô-s -«pÅ Kth-jW ]T-\-§Ä temI-sa-¼m-Spw CSw]nSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v. Ad_v kmln-Xy- nsâ hfÀ -bnÂaäp mjm kmln-Xy-w {]tXy-In¨v bqtdm-]y³ kmln-Xy-w henbkzm[o-\w sNep¯nbn-«p-v. Ad_v kmln-Xy- nse s{Sâp-IÄHmtcm Ime-L-«- nepw ]cn-tim-[n- mÂ Cu bmYmÀ°yw \ap¡vt_m[y-s -Spw. Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w kmln-Xy- nsâ KXn-bnÂam{X-a-Ã, NÀ¨ sN¿-s -Sp¶ hnj-b-§-fnÂt]mepw Dm-bn-«p-vF¶Xv Kth-jW ]T-\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw \ap¡v t_m[y-am-Ipw.CsXÃmw B[p-\nI Ad_v kmln-Xy- nsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-sW-¦nÂ AXn-\p-ap-¼pÅ L«§-fnse kmln-Xy- nÂ henbhnXy-k-§-fp-m-bn-cp¶p F¶Xpw \ap¡v a\-Ên-em-Ipw. DZm-l-c-W- n\v C¶v \mw Ad_v kmln-Xy- nÂ ImWp¶ kv{Xokm¶n-²yhpw kv{Xo ]£ Fgp- p-Ifpw ap³ Ime-L-«-§-fnseAd_v kmln-Xy- nÂ Ipd-hm-bn-cp-¶p. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ]e-Im-c-W-§fpw AXn-\p-]n-¶n-ep-m-hpw. CkvemanI Ime-L-«- n-\p-ap¼pw tijhpw hnc-en-se-®m-hp¶, {]ikvX Ihbn{XnJ³kmsb t]mepÅ Nne kv{Xo km¶n-²y-§Ä Dm-bn-cp¶pF¶-sXm-gn- mÂ IqSp-Xsem¶pw Ad_v kmln-Xy¯nÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ ]pcp-j-·m-cm-bn-«pÅ H«-t\Iw kmln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepw FÃm Ime-L-«-§-fnepw Dm-bn-«p-v. F¶mÂ ]pXnb Ime-L-«- nÂ Ad_v mj AXnsâ D¯pw-K-X-bnÂ F- p-¶-tXmsS temI- nÂ Ad_v HutZym-KnI mj-bm-bn-«pÅ Atd-_y³ cmPy-§-fnepw AÃm¯ Ad_v kwkm-cn-¡p¶ temI-cm-Py-§-fn-sems¡ Xs¶bpw Ad_v kmlnXyw hf-cp-Ibpw hyà-ambpw kv{Xo km¶n²yw ]pcp-j-·m-tcm-sSm¸w

tUm. _joÀ ]qf-¡Â

B[p-\nI Ad_v kmln-Xy-¯nses]¬ km¶n²yw



Xs¶ \nÂ¡p-¶-Xm-bn«v \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw.]v kv{Xo hÀW-\bpw hnem] Imhy-§fpw {]IoÀ¯-\-

§fpw Bt£-]-§fpw XpS-§nb ]cn-anX hnj-b-§-fmWv Ad_vkmln-Xy- nÂ Dm-bn-cp-¶Xv F¦nÂ C¶v, Ad_v cmPy-§-fnÂXs¶bpw kzmX-{ýw, kv{Xo kzmX-{ýw, hn¹hw XpS-§nbImenI {]k-à-am-bn-«pÅ hnj-b-§Ä Ad_v kmln-Xy- n\vhnj-b-am-bn-«p-Å-Xmbn \ap¡v ImWm³ km[n-¡pw. CuPn-]vXv,kndn-b, e_vt\m³ XpS-§nb cmPy-§-fnÂ \n¶v Ccp-]Xmw \qäm-nsâ BZy-Im-e-L-«-§-fnÂ- A-ta-cn¡ t]mepÅ ]mÝm-Xy-cm-Py-§-fn-te¡v Ad-_n-IÄ ]«n-Wnbpw Zmcn-{Zyhpw aqewsXmgnÂtXSn ]mem-b\w sNbvXXpw Ah-cnÂ \n¶pw]nÂ¡me v dm_n-Xz- pÂ Je-an¿, AÂ Dkv_-XpÂ D³Zp-ep-kn¿ XpS-§nb kmlnXy {]Øm-\-§fpw A_q-amfn, -ssa-¡Â\Cuan XpS-§nb temI {]ikvX kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ Ad_vkmln-Xy- nÂ Dm-bXpw GX-cmÄ¡pw Adn-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.]pXnb ]e hnj-b-§fpw A¶v Ad_v kmln-Xy- n-te¡v IS¶vhcp-Ibpw kmln-Xy- n\v henb DWÀÆpw hfÀ¨bpw Dm-b-Xmbpw kmln-Xy-]-T-\-§-fnÂ \n¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem-hpw.

F¶mÂ ]me-kvXo³ t]mepÅ hnj-b-§Ä Dmb A¶p-ap-XÂ Ad_v kmlnXy¯nÂ AXn-\p-ap¼v In-«n-Ãm¯ ]pXnbhnj-b-§fpw Nn -Ifpw DS-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw At\Iw Fgp- p-ImÀP\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXnÂ alvaqZv ZÀhojns\ t]mepÅIhn-IÄs¡m¸w ^ZvhmþXq-Jms\ t]mepÅ kv{Xo km¶n-²y-§fpw kz´w \mSnsâ kzmX-{ý- n\pw kam-[m\ ]qÀ®-ambA -co£w cmPy¯v Dm-¡p-¶-Xn\pthn, P\-§sf DÂ_p-²-cm-¡p¶Xn-\p-thn ]pXnb Nn -IÄ kmln-Xy- nÂ sImp-h-cp-Ibpw ]pcp-j-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-tcm-sSm¸w Xs¶ kv{XoIfpwIhn-X-I-fn-eq-sSbpw IY-I-fn-eq-sSbpw t\mh-ep-I-fn-eq-sSbpwhyàn-ap{Z ]Xn- n-¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

-dn-lm_v I³-B³1954 Â e_v\m-\nÂ P\n-¡p-Ibpw IpSpw-_-k-taXw ]e-kvXo-

\n-te¡v IpSn-tbdpIbpw 1982 apXÂ ]e-kvXo-\nse Kmk-bnÂØnc-Xm-a-k-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]nXmhpw ktlm-Z-c-§fpwa¡fpw DÄs¸sS 1976 Â \S¶ hyXykvX Iem-]-§-fnÂ IpSpw-_- nse 54 AwK-§Ä \jvS-s¸« dnlm_v I³-B³ ]n¶oSv Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h³ ]me-kvXo³ hntam-N-\- n\v thn sNe-h-gn-

B[p-\nI Ad_v kmln-Xy- nses]¬ km¶n²yw


79

¡p-Ibpw AXn-\p-thn Ihn-X-IÄ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp.ktlm-Z-c-§fpw a¡fpw \jvS-s¸« Imc-W- mÂ "]me-kvXo-\nseJ³km' F¶ Øm\-t -cn-emWv Adn-b-s -Sp-¶-Xv.

^Zvhm XqJm³1917þÂ ]e-kvXo-\nse \m_nÂkv ]«-W- nÂ P\n v PohnXw

apgp-h³ kv{XoXz-¯n\pw kv{Xo kzmX-{ý-¯n\pw kvt\l-¯n\pw AtXm-sSm¸w hn¹-h- n\pw thn sNe-h-gn¨ ]e-kvXo-\nsâ A\-izc Ih-bn-{Xn-bmWv Zvhm- Xq-Jm³. ]e-kvXo³ hntam-N\w Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-e-£y-am¡n kmln-Xy- nÂ Xtâ-Xmb CSwkrjvSn¨p F¶-Xp-sIm-p-Xs¶ ]me-kvXo-\nse Km\-K-ÔÀÆ³alvaqZv ZÀhojv Zvhmsb hnti-jn- n- -Xv, ]me-kvXo³ Ihn-X-I-fpsS amXmhv F¶mWv. H«-t\Iw Ihn-X-Ifpw Fgp- p-IfpwAd_v temI- n\pw Ad_v kmln-Xy- n\pw kw`m-h\ sNbvXAhÀ 2003þÂ ]c-temIw ]pÂIn.

Akva-Xq_m1905þÂ ]me-kvXo-\nse Hcp Ihn IpSpw-_- nÂ P\n¨

Akvam kv{Xo kzmX-{ý- n\pw kzcmPy kvt\l- n\pw cmPy-¯nsâ kzmX-{ý- n\pw thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw t]mcm-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ihn-X, \mS-Iw, IY XpS-§nb taJ-e-I-fn-seÃmwhyànap{Z ]Xn- n¨ Akva Pohn-X- nsâ knwl- m-Khpw Pohn-¨Xv e_vt\m-\n-em-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw Xsâ Nn´-IÄ sImpwCS-s]-S-ep-IÄ sImpw ]me-kvXo³ Fgp- p-Im-cnÂ ap³]- n-bnÂ Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p Akva-bpsS Øm\w. 1983 Â Bbn-cp¶pAh-cpsS hntbm-Kw.

Ch-scÃmw ]me-kvXo³ hnj-b-§-fnepw kzmX-{ý- n\pwthn \ne-sIm-p. aäp Ad_v cmPy-§-fnÂ hninjym apÃ¸qhn¹hw \S-¡p¶ Ad_v cmPy§fnÂ ]¨-bmb a\p-jy-cpsSPohnXw AS-bm-f-s -Sp- p¶ H«-t\Iw Ihn-Ifpw Ihn-bn-{Xn-Ifpwkmln-Xy-Im-c-·mcpw Ad_v kmln-Xy- nsâ Al-¦m-c-§-fm-bn-«p-v. ]s£ Ah-sc-sbÃmw Hcp {]_-Ô- ntem Hcp ]T-\- ntem]cn-an-X-s -Sp¯n AS-bm-f-s -Sp- pI F¶Xv Akw- mhy-ambImcy-am-Wv.



R§-fpsS Ingt¡ ho«p-Im-cpsS IpSnInS- p-Im-cn-bmbn

sNdnb Iqc-bnÂ Xma-kn- n-cp¶ Hcp Id¼ns¸e-bnbpw a¡-fp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. \m«nse HmW-¡m-e- nsâ Zriy-§-fnÂ thjw sI«n-\o-§p¶ amth-en-bpsS apt¶ I¿pw sI«n-\-S¶v amthen ht¶tX...-tX... F¶p ]m«pw-]mSn \o§p¶ Id-¼n-s -e-bnsb FÃm HmW-¡m-e¯pw HmÀa-h-cpw. hmXp-¡se I- nÂ \n¶pw tXm«n-te-bv¡pÅ Igp-hm-bv¡Â ag-¡m-e¯p ]pg-ao³ ]nSn¨pw sImbv p-Im-e¯v ssht¡m-ep-W-¡n-bp-sams¡ Id-¼n-s -e-bn-sbbpwa¡fpw R§-fpsS Ip«n-¡m-es¯ HmÀ½-IÄ¡p- Iq-«m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-v. Atim-I³ Ncp-hn-ensâ "Id- ³' t\mhÂ hmbn- -t¸mÄRmt\-ähpw IqSp-XÂ XhW HmÀ¯Xpw Id-¼n-s -e-bn-sbbpwa¡-sf-bp-am-Wv. Hcp kaq-l- nsâ ]cn-hÀ¯\ Ime- nsâ NneHmÀaIsf, AXpw Hcn-S¯pw tcJ-s -Sp- m-sX-t]mb Nne i_vZ-§sf DWÀ¯p¶ Hcp cN-\-bmWo t\mhÂ.

kmam\y P\-§-fpsS kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw PohnX coXn-I-sfbpw Xo£-W-amb \oco-£W ]mShw sImp I-dnªvbmYmÀ°y-§-fpw Ncn-{Xhpw Cg-tNÀ¯v Bkzm-ZI ka£wtNmZy-Nn-Ó-§-fmIpw h®w Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ Fgp- p-co-Xn-bmWvD¯-cm-[p-\nI cN-\-I-fp-tS-Xv. bmsXmcp hne-¡p-I-tfbpw hI-h-bv¡m¯ ImÀ¡-iyhpw kmam\ycN\m k{¼-Zm-b-§-tfm-Sp-apÅ\ntj-[hpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. Bkzm-Z-\-¯ns\m kpJm-\p- -h-§Äs¡m D -cm-[p-\nI hmb-\-bnÂ A{X-taÂ Øm\-anÃ. adn v Bhn-jvI-cn-¡-s -Sp¶ Pohn-X-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xpd-¶p-]-d- n-ep-IÄ DWÀ¯p-s¶mcp \oä-em-Wn- cwFgp¯p-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X. "t]mÌv tamtU¬' kmlnXyw Hcp{]tXyI kmwkvIm-cnI hn`m-K- n-\p-th-n-b-Ã, adn¨v AXnÂ

tUm. kPn BÀ. Ipdp¸v

Ncn-{X-¯n-en-Ãm-¯-h-cpsSkvamcIw

Ncn-{X- n-en-Ãm- -h-cpsS kvamcIw


81

\n¶pw ]pd- m-¡-s -«-hÀ¡p-th-n-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶v {]kn² \ncq-]-I³ {io. sI. ]n. A¸³ \oco-£n-¡p-¶p-v. Ncn-{X- nÂ tcJ-s -Sp- m-sX-t]mb \nc-h[n Xnc-kvIrX Pohn-X-§-fn-sem-¶ns\Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p¶ Cu t\mhÂ D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS ]e khn-ti-j-X-I-tfbpw HmÀan- n-¡p-¶p-v. tIc-fob kaq-l- nsâhfÀ¨m- N-cn-{X- n-se-¼mSpw ImWm-a-d-b- n-cn-¡m³ hn[n-¡-s¸«Xnc-kvIrX kaq-ls¯ Is-Sp-¡m-\pÅ ka-Im-enI cN\mt_m[-amWv "Id- ³' F¶ Cu t\mh-ensâ IYm-kr-jvSn-¡p-]n-¶n-ep-Å-Xv. Hcp Ime¯v Ah-X-c-W-§Ä¡p hnj-b-ta-bm-Ip-I-bn-sÃ-¶p-I-cp-Xnb Pohn-X-§sf B[p-\n-I-Xbpw D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-Xbpw kzoI-cn- n-«p-v. Id- ³ F¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-c-\mb ]mÀ«n{]hÀ -Isâ IY C -c- n-sem-¶m-Wv.

tIc-f- \-thm-°m-\¯nsâ {]mcw- -L«w Ign-sªmcp \o-Imew AXns\ hfÀ -bn-te¡p \bn-¡p-Ibpw amdnb Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-§-tfmSv kaq-ls¯ s]mcp- -s -Sp- m³ AÚm-X-am-sbmcp kvt\l-te-]\w \S- p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp kwhn-[m-\-ap-m-bn-cp¶p, amÀIvknÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz- nÂ. ]mÀ«n-bpsSka-c-k-¶m-l-§Ä¡v kam- -c-ambn kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb Hcp \nc-ć CS-s]-SÂ \S- m³ ]mÀ«n¡p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. \m«n-ep-S-\ofw]mÀ«n-bpsS t\Xr-Xz- nÂ [mcmfw hmb-\-im-e-Ifpw AhsbNpän- än \nc-h[n Iem-{]-hÀ¯-\-§fpw \S- -s -«p. B IemkmwkvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ `qcn- m-Khpw \mSnsâ hfÀ¨-sbbpw \m«p-Im-cpsS DbÀ -sbbpw km¼- nIþkmaq-lnI ka-Xz-s¯bpw e£y-an-«pÅ t_m[-]qÀÆ-amb t{]mÕm-l-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ASn- -aÀ¯-s -«-hsâ thZ-\-Ifpw AaÀj-§fpw Hä-b-Sn¡p s]m«n-s -dn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡m\pw A[n-Imcw \jvS-s -Sp-¶-hsâ\ncm-i-I-fpsS Xo¨q-f-Isf XWp- n-¡m\pw C¯cw Iem-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ klm-bn- p. ]ptcm-K-a-\-Imw-£n-I-fmb \nc-h[n km[m-c-W-¡mÀ IY-bmbpw IYm-]m-{X-§-fmbpw ]m«p-Im-cmbpw B«-¡m-cmbpw Ac-§p-IÄ krjvSn¨v \mSnsâ amä- n\p \ndhpw \nd-§fpw \ÂIn-s¡m-n-cp-¶p. A¯cw Iem{]I-S-\-§-fnÂ GähpwP\-Io-b-amb H¶m-bn-cp¶p \mS-I-§Ä. Ah-\-\p- -hn¨ PohnXZpcn-X-§sf I¬ap-¶nÂ IYbmbn BSn-¡--t¸mÄ tXm¶n-bn-cp¶ Hcp C¼w asämcp Iem-cq-]-t¯mSpw ae-bm-fn-bmb \m«n³]p-d- p-Im-c-\v tXm¶n-bn-«n-sÃmcp Ime- pw. A¯cw P\-Iob Iem-



cq-]-amb \mS-I- n-eq-sS-bmWv t\mh-enÌv Id- ³ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ Ah-X-cn- -¡p-¶-Xv. Fgp- p-Im-c³ kzbw IY-]-d-bp¶coXn-bnÂ Fgp-Xnb Cu t\mh-enÂ ImYn-I\p kw`-hn- n-«pÅHmÀ½-¡p-dhv {it²-b-am-Wv. kÀ¡mÀ tPmen-In-«n-b-Xn-\p-tijws]mXp-{]-hÀ¯\w hnSp-Ibpw ap¶nepw ]n¶n-ep-apÅ òam-Im-c§fmb Ae-am-c-I-fnepw tai- pd¯pambn Ip¶p-Iq-Snb ^b-ep-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ Bßmhv \jvS-s -Sp-Ibpw sNbvX klr-Z-b-\mbImYn-I\v Un{]-j-\v -a-cp¶v hm§p¶ L«- n-emWv Id- -s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ HmÀa-IÄ t\mh-embn ]p\ÀP-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. BZÀi\njvThpw tkh-\- ]q-c-I-hp-am-bn-cp¶ ]qÀÆ-{i-a- nÂ\n¶pwXnI¨pw km[m-c -W-¡m-c\pw a[y-hÀ¤ BZÀi-¯nsâAkvIyXIÄ ssIhn«v, ]«-W- nse 9þmw \ne-bnse vfmänÂad-hn-bn-te¡pw Un{]-j-\n-te¡pw Hfn-¡m³ XpS-§p¶ Ip«n- k-Jm-sh¶ t\mh-ense IYm-]m-{X-amWv kXy- nÂ \s½ qX-Im-e- n-te¡v Iq«n-s¡m-p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. Ip«n kJm-hnsâ adhn kaq-l- nsâ ad-hn-bm-Wv. Un{]-j³ kXy- nÂ \n¶p-apÅ Hfn-t¨mSepw.

Id- ³ \mS-I- nse IYm-]m-{X-am-bn-cpt¶m AtXm bYmÀ°-¯nÂ \½psS AbÂ]-¡¯v Pohn- -bm-fmtWm F¶ kw{`-a-IÂ]-\-bn-emWv IY apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶pÅ HmÀ½-I-fnÂ Id- ³ Xsâ IpSn-In-S- p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶ Sn¸n-¡Â kn. ]n.Fw. {]hÀ¯-I-\mbn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. Ip«n kJm-hnsâ ap¯-Ñ-s\m¸w {]Pm-a-WvU-e- nepw AÑ-sâsbm¸w I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bnepw {]hÀ¯n- n-«p-v. Id- ³ cm-fp-tSbpw kl-bm-{Xn-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-km-\-Imew kap-Zm-b-þk-amP {]hÀ¯-I-\mbnsXmgnepw sXmgn-en-S-§fpw kwc-£n-¡m³ thn kacw sNbvXId- ³ ]mÀ«n sdUv hf-n-bÀ Iym]väsâ thj- n-emWv acn- p-In-S-¡p-¶-Xv. acn- p-In-S-¡p-t¼mÄ Nph¶ jÀ«pw Im¡n ]mâpw[cn-¡pI Abm-fpsS B{K-l-am-bn-cp-¶p.

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hnsâ ]mX-bn-eqsS kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W- n\v {ian-¡p¶ Cugh {]am-Wn-bpsS Xd-hm-SmWv Ip«n-k-Jm-hn-sâ-Xv. sImf-¼nÂ \n¶pw Xncn- p-h¶v ]Sn-ªm-d-¡c hdo-Xnsâ ssIbnÂ \n¶pw ]m«-_m¡n XoÀ¯v `qan hos-Sp¯sIm¨p-Ir-jvW- -m-cmWv Ip«n-k-Jm-hnsâ ap - ³. sImf-¼n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns\ kzoI-cn-¡m³ t]mb



83

Bthiw kap-Zm-b- nsâ ]ptcm-K-Xn-I-fnÂ At±lw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶p-v. A¶v ]pe-bÀ¡v jm¸nÂ Ccp¶v IÅp-Ip-Sn-¡m³A\p-hm-Z-an-Ãm¯ Ime¯v Id- s\ Xsâ IqsS s_©n-en-cp¯nap¯- ³ IÅp IpSn- n-¡p-¶p-v. AtX Id- ³ ]n¶oSv `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-Im-e¯v sN½m\n tImÄ -Shnepm-bn-cp¶ ]pfn-bw-Xp-cp- nse 10 skâ v hf-s¨-Sp¯v IpSn-In-S- -h-Imiw Øm]n¨vsImSn-Ip- nb hnhcw \oe-I-WvT-\m-im-cn-bnÂ \n¶p-tI« ap¯-¸³ \ni-_vZ-\mbn Ccp-¶p-t]m-hp-Ibpw H¶pw anmsX AI-¯p-t]mbn InS-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv t\mh-ense Hcp sshIm-cnI Zriy-am-Wv. A¶v \µo-eymb ImWn¨ Id- s\ iIm-cn-¡m³AÑ-½-bv¡p-am-{X-amWv i_vZ-ap-bÀ¶-Xv. H¶p-an-Ãm-bva-bnÂ \n¶pwXs¶bpw AÑ³ I-¦m-fn-tbbpw IpSpw-_-t¯bpw `qan-X¶pIpSn-bn-cp- nb P·n- -d-hm-Snsâ thZ\bv¡p ap¶nÂ Id- \pIc-fp-d- p-\ÂIn-bXv Xm³ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kwL-S-\-bpsS A`n-am-\-am-Wv.

Id- -sâbpw Ip«n-k-Jm-hn-sâbpw PohnX ]cn-k-c-§Ä NÀ¨sN¿p¶ t\mhÂ BIm-c- nÂ sNdp-sX-¦nepw sXmSm¯ taJ-e-IÄ Ipd-hm-Wv. sIm¨p-Ir-jvW- -m-cpsS sImf¼v hmk kqN-\-IÄ, \m«p-Im-cpsS {]hmkw ap-XÂ Ah-km-\-L-«- nse a®p-hnÂ -\-bpsS Zriy-§-f-S¡w kaq-l- nsâ amä-§sf CXv {]Xn-^-en- n-¡p-¶p. \mev -I-hp§pw Hcp sX§pw \mev sI«v saSªHmebpw sImv Ip¯n-a-d¨ I-¦m-fn-bpsS IpSn-In-S- p-Iqc, Bß-lXy sNbvX-sX¶p i¦n-¡-s¸« Id- ³ acn- p-In-S-¡p-t¼mÄtlmtfm-{_n-Ivkp-sImv ]WnXv taÂ¡qc tIm¬{Ioäv sNbvX\ne-bn-te¡v Cg-sª- n-bn-«p-v. P·n- -d-hm-Snsâ qan apgp-h³hnäv vfmäp-I-fn-te¡v ]ncnªv kzXz Zp:Ja-\p- -hn-¡p¶ klr-Z-bXzw t\mh-ensâ asämcp thZ-\-bm-Wv.

{io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-hns\ ssZh-ambn Icp-Xp¶ `mcy-bmWvIp«n- k-Jm-hnsâ injvS-Po-hn-X- nÂ Nne-t¸m-sg-¦nepw KpfnIIgn-¡msX Dd-§m-\pÅ ]qP-IÄ \S- p-¶-Xv. BZÀi- nsâAkvIyX ssI-hn« kJm-hn\v tIm¬{Sm-IväÀam-cpsS ssIa-S-¡p-I-fnepw Kpcp-tZh Kmb-{Xnbpw Kpcp-kvXp-Xn-Ifpw Iq«m-bn- o-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. am\-h -tk-h-bpsS shfn-¨-¯nÂ \n¶pwBÄssZ-h- ]q-P-bpsS Ccp-«n-te¡v \S-¶n-d§n Xsâ kzXz\jvS-th-Z-\-Isf Un{]-j-\pÅ acp-¶p-I-fmÂ AS-¡m³ ]mSp-s]-Sp¶



a[y-hÀ¤¡m-c-\mb BJ-ym-Xmhv \mtam-tcm-cp- -cnepw Npän \S-¡p-¶Xv hmb-\-¡mÀ¡v A\p- -h-s -Spw.

kaql Ncn-{Xs¯ t\mh-en-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ Bh-iy-amb kqN-\-Isf t\mh-enÌv ssIhn-Sp-¶n-Ã. a§m-«-¼-e- nse ]qchpw \¼q-Xn-cn- amÀ¡w-Iq-Snb am¸n-f-hoSpw I--¦m-fn- p-e-bsâ ssZh- -dbpw \m«n³ ]pd-§-fnse kmwkvIm-cnI kZ-Êp-I-fpw IS-½-\n-«-bpsS Im«m-f\pw Ipd- n-bp-sams¡t\mh-enÂ IS-¶p-h-cp-¶p-v. ssh¡w kXy-{K-l-t¯bpw \mb-·mcpw Cug-hcpw kwL-ap-m¡n hnP-bn-¨-Xn-s\bpw H¸w"s]te\pw ]td\pw kwtLmw' kap-Zm-bap-m-¡m³ XpS-§n-b-Xn-s\bpw t\mh-enÂ ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-v. Fw. Pn. tdmU-cp-Inse]g-b -a-«n-epÅ ]mÀ«n-bm- okpw AXnÂ cm-gvN- Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ Hcn-¡Âam{Xw _m\dpw ]pX- p-d-§p¶ tImem{´ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xhpw ]mÀ«n Ncn-{X- nse bYmÀ° Zriy-§-fm-Wv. £Ww In«n-bmÂ Hcm-gvN-¡p-ÅXv H-¶n- p-I-gn¨v ]ns¶ F{X \mÄ thW-sa-¦nepw ]«nWn InS-¡p-Ibpw FhnsS ka-c-ap-m-bmepw t]mbnt]meo-knsâ ASn taSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp¶ F{X tImem-{´-am-cmWv Ncn{Xw ad-¶p-t]mb kJm-¡Ä.

]mÀ«n-bnÂ \n¶v Id- s\ ]pd- m-¡p¶ -Hcp Zriyw IqSnt\mh-en-ep-ÅXv Ipsd-¡qSn AÀ°-h- m-Wv. Ct½m-dÂ {Sm^n-¡m-bn«v SuWnÂ Ipd- p-Imew HmSn-bn-cp¶ tImf\n cmKnWn F¶thiysb Id- ³ IqsS Xma-kn- n- -Xn-\m-Wv, cmKnWn Idp- sâIo¸m-sW¶v ]mÀ«n¡v ]cm-Xn-In-«n-b-Xv. AhÄ Xsâ [À½-k-¦-Sam-sW-¶mWv Id- ³ AXn\v kam-[m\w ]d-bp-¶-Xv. ]gb yqU-enÌv ssienbnÂ IÀ½-_Ôw F¶p ]d-bp¶ Hcp _ÔwtXm¶nb cmKn-Wnsb mcy-tbm-sSm¸w Xma-kn- n-¡p¶ Id- sâa\p-jzXzw \s½ thZ-\n- -¡pw. Id- ³ ]mÀ«n-¡p-sIm-Sp¯ hni-Zo-I-cWw {it²-b-am-Wv: "Fsâ ho«nev sNet¸m cp s]®p-m-hpw. Nnet¸m aq¶v. C\n¡p cp s]®nsâ Bhiyw hcpw,a-\p-jym-h-Ø-b-tÃ. Zmkv Iym]vä-enep ]d-ªn-«ptm amÀIvkvHcmÄ¡v Hcp s]t® ]mSp-Åq-sh-¶v'. Id- sâ `mcy IukeycmKn-Wn-bpsS aSn-bnÂ Xe-sh- p-In-S-¶mWv acn-¡p-¶-Xpw.

Ip«n- k-Jm-hnsâ Pohn-Xhpw Id- sâ Pohn-Xhpw kam- -c-ambn tImÀ¯n-W-¡nb t\mhÂ kaq-lw, \thm-°m-\w, hn¹-hw, ac-Ww, taml- wKw XpS§n FÃm tI{µ_nµp-¡-fn-eq-sSbpw



85

\s½ \S- p-¶p. HSp¡w ac-Whpw P\-\-hp-an-ÃmsX A\m-Zn-bmba\p-jysâ Pohn-X-Im-es¯ CXnÂ NÀ¨-sN-¿p-¶p. Id- ³ HcpBZna a\p-jy-\m-Wv. AtX-k-abw B[p-\n-I-\p-am-Wv. \nÀh-Nn-¡m³ Ign-bp¶ Hcp icocw am{X-aÃ a\p-jy³. icocw F¶-Xn-\- pdw AXn\pam\-kn-I-amb AkvXn-Xz-ap-v. Poh³, a\-Êv,icocw F¶n-h-bv¡- pdw Ah-sb-sbÃmw ssNX-\y-h- m-¡p¶Bßm-hmWv bYmÀ°- a-\p-jy³ F¶pw ]d-b-s -Sp-¶p. Bßm-hm-Is« A\m-Zn-bm-Wv. A\m-Zn-bmb Id- sâ Bßm-hns\ NÀ¨-sN-¿p¶ t\mhÂ bYmÀ° a\p-jy-\n-eqsS ssNX-\y-h- m-¡-s¸« kaq-ls¯ A\m-h-cWw sN¿-¶p.

klmbI {KÙ-§Ä

1. Atim-I³ Ncp-hnÂ, Id- ³, Un. kn. kn. _pIvkv, 2016.

2. sI. ]n. A¸³, D¯-cm-[p-\n-IX hÀ¯-am-\hpwhwim-h-en-bpw, Un. kn. kn. _pIvkv, 1997.

3. kn. _n. kp[m-I-c³, D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-X, Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2000.

4. tUm. ]n. sI. t]m¡À, B[p-\n-tIm- -c-X-bpsStIc-fob ]cn-k-cw, se väv _pIvkv, 1996.



kmaq-ln-I-ambpw PmXo-b-ambpw ]n¶m¡w \nev¡p¶ hn`m-

K-§sf Iogm-f³ F¶ ]Zw {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p-¶p. Iogm-f-P-\X cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xn\p ]n¶nse km¼- n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjv{So-b-hp-amb LS-I-§Ä \nÀ²m-cWw sN¿-s -tS--Xp-v. GXp kaq-l- nepw D]-Po-h-\- n\v ImÀjn-Is¯m-gnsemBNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸« sXmgntem aäp ASn-Øm\sXmgn-ep-Itfm \ne-\n-ev]n-\mbn sN¿p-Ibpw XpÑ-amb thX\wsImpam{Xw D]-Po-h\w \S- p-Ibpw kmaq-ln-I-ambn ]n¶m¡t{iWn-bnÂ s]Sp-Ibpw cmjv{So-bmh-K-W\ t\cnSp-Ibpw sNbvXhn`m-K-amWv Iogm-fÀ. Cu ASn-Øm\ -hn- mKw kwL-Sn-X-cp-a-Ã.Iogm-f³ F¶ hm¡nÂ Xs¶ Hcp taÂ-þ-Iogv _Ôw \ne-hn-ep-s-¶Xv kphn-Zn-X-am-W-tÃm. Iogvs¸«v \n-ev¡p-¶-h-³ F¶pw XsâBh-iy-§Ä¡pw Ah-Im-i-§Ä¡pw Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡pw taml-§Ä¡p-a- pdw X§sf cn-¡p-¶-h-cpsS CwKnXw t\m¡n\S-¡p¶-h³ F¶pw hymJym-\-§Ä Dv. km¼- n-I-ambpw cmjv{So-b-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw \ncm-[mc-amb hÀ¤w. cmjv{So-b-ambpwkmaq-ln-I-ambpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambpw asämcp hÀ¤- nsâ A[o-iXzw kzoI-cn¨ Ah-\nÂ X§sf Iogm-fcm-¡n- oÀ¯ hÀ¤-t¯msSm hn`m-K-t¯mtSm c-W-Iq-S-t¯mtSm DÅ AaÀjw AW-bmsX InS- p-m-Ipw. Cu sshcp-²ys¯ kaRvPk-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p¶ Imhy-amWv "IpSn-sbm-gn-¡Â'. X§-fpsS \nÊ-lm-bm-h-Ø-bnÂ \n¶pw APvR-X-bnÂ \n¶pw tamN-\w e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ AhÀ A\o-Xn-I-tfmSv {]Xntj[n-¡p-Ibpw X§-fp-tS-Xmbcmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-Im-[n-\n-th-i- n\v {ian-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.{_mÒ-WÀs¡-Xnsc ià-ambn {]Xn-tj-[n- p-sh-¶-Xnsâ t]cn-em-WsÃm iq{Z cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ¡v X§-fpsS cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-lnI]Z-hn-IÄ ssItamiw h¶-Xv.

KtW-i³.hn

PmXn-¡p-½nbpw]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\hpw

PmXn-¡p-½nbpw ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\hpw


87

"F{¼m³am-cpsS Gdm³aq-fn-I-fm'bnam-dnb Iogm-fÀ¡v hnZym-`ym-khpw kwkvIm-chpw hfsc ]cn-an-Xtam \ntj-²ytam Bbn-cp-¶p. Cu Iogm-f- P-\X kwL-Sn-¡p¶Xpw, Adnhv hfÀ¨-bpsS`mK-amWv F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶Xpw kwL-Sn-X- _-lp-P-\-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS hfÀ -tbm-sS-bm-Wv. AXnsâ apt¶-ä- nÂ \nÀ®m-b-I-]-¦mWv P\-Io-b- \-thm-°m\w hln- n-«p-Å-Xv. P\m-[n-]Xyw,aX-\n-c-t]-£-X, bpàn-hm-Zw, tkmjy-enkw, am\-hn-IX apX-embLS-I-§-sf ap³\nÀ¯n-bpÅ Bi-b-§Ä¡v hfÀ¨-bp-m-bn-sb-¶Xp am{X-a-Ã, AXnsâ {]mtbm-Kn-I-Xew F{]-Im-c-am-sW¶vt_m²y-s -Sp- n-s¡m-Sp-¡m\pw A¿-¦m-fn, \mcm-b-W-Kpcp apX-emb P\-Iob \thm-°m\{]hÀ¯-I-À¡p km[n- p. F¶n-cp-¶m-epw, AXns\ kwL-S-\m- cq-]- n-te¡v hfÀ¯n-bXv IÀjI{]Øm-\hpw Ccp -] -Xp -I -fnÂ Bcw -`n¨v ap¸-Xp-I -fnÂiànbmÀÖn¨ sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-I-fp-am-Wv. tIc-f- nÂtZio-b-{]-Øm-\hpw Iogm-fsc sFIy-s -Sp- m³ DX-In. CukµÀ`¯nÂ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw kmln-Xy- n\pw kmlnXy kwL-S-\bv¡pw Iogm-fsc t_m[-h-XvI-cn-¡m³ thdn« Nne {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä \S- m³ km[n-¡pw. Ahcn-te¡v Cd§n-s¨-Ãp-I-sb-¶-XmWv {]Yaw.

Iogmf\v Hcp kmln-Xyhpw kmln-Xy- c-N-\m-co-Xnbpw kw`m-h-\- sN-bvXXmWv Poh-Xv-þ-]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy kwL-S-\-IÄ\nÀh-ln¨ ]c-a -{]-[m\ ZuXyw. kmln-Xy-tem-I¯p\n¶pw,hnti-jn¨v AXnsâ Bkzm-Z-\- tem-I- p-\n¶pt]mepw Iogm-f³]Sn-bn-d-§n- \n-evt¡ kml-Ncyw khÀ®- km-lnXy taem-f-·mÀ cq]-s -Sp- n-bn-cp-¶p. Xmc-X-tay\ A[p-\m-X-\- km-lnXycq]-amb t\mh-emWv hfsc thK- nÂ -Iogm-fsc kz´w aWvU-e-¯nÂ Bhn-jvI-cn- -Xv. ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nÂ Xs¶ {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸« "LmX-I- h[w'(1878) aXw -am-dm³ C-Ñn¨ ]pe-b-cpsS bmX-\-IÄ bYm-À°-ambn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n. PmXob_Ô\¯nÂ \n¶pw tamN\w Imw£n¨v hyàn-kzm-X--{ýhpw]cn-K-W-\bpw tamln¨v aXwamdn-b-hÀ A\p- -hn-t¡-n-h¶Zp:ØnXnbpsS t\ÀNn{Xw \evIp-¶-Xn\mÂ {]kvXpX t\mhÂHcp kmaq-ln-I- tcJbmWv. sNdp-I-Y-bn-em-I-s«, Poh-Xv-þ-]p-tcm-K-a-\- km-ln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Ime-L-«- nÂ am{X-amWv Iogm-f-cpsS {]iv\§tfmSv ]qÀ®-amb A\p- mhw Dm-Ip-¶-Xv. AXn-



\mÂ kaq-l- nÂ Iogm-f-cpsS \thm-°m-t\m-Ãmkw BZy-ambnGäphm§nb kmln-Xy-cq]w t\mh-em-sW¶p ]d-bmw. Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnkvXr-X-amb B BJym-\-cq-]- nsâ hnim-e-ambIm³hmkv ]s¯m-¼Xmw \qäm-nÂ am{X-amWv Iogmf Pohn-X-K-Ôn-bm-bn- oÀ¶-Xv. XpSÀ¶v, Iogm-f -Po-hn-Xm-hn-jvI-c-W- n\vPoh-Xv-þ-]p-tcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXy{]Øm\ Imewhsc AXn\v Im¯n-cn-t¡-nh-¶p.

kwkvIr-X- mjm {]nb-Xbpw \ntbm-þIvfm-ÊnIv Imhy-c-N\mk-t¦-X-§-fpw ae-bm-f- I-hn-X-bnse ]ptcm-K-a-\-]-cXsbbpw Iogm-f {]mXn-\n-[ys¯bpw Gsd-¡mew AI-än\nÀ¯nb LS-I-§-fm-Wv. F¶mÂ P\-Io-b- \-thm-°m-\- nsâ Bi-b-§Ä \thm-°m-\- \m-b-I-cpsS Imhy-§-fn-eqsS shfn¨w Ip. aqeqÀ Fkv]ß-\m` ]Wn-¡-sc-t¸mse(1869-þ1930) Ihn-Xbnse PmXo-b-ta-[m-hn-Xzs¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¡m\pw kmln-Xy- nÂ Iogm-f\pw CS-ap-s¶v Øm]n-¡m\pw ss[cyw Im«n-bXv A]qÀhw NneÀ am{Xam-Wv. Ah-cn-sem-cm-fm-bn-cp-¶p, ]WvUnäv sI. ]n .Idp- ³ (1885-þ1938).kmln-Xy- nse htc-WyXbpw kmln-Xy -{]- p-X-bpsS ASn- -aÀ¯epw \qX\ kmln-Xy -ta-J-e-I-fmb t\mhÂ, sNdp-IY F¶n-hsb-¡mfpw _m[n- Xv Ihn-Xsb-bm-Wv. AXv tImhn-e-I-§-fp-sSbpw X¼p-cm¡·m-cp-sSbpw htc-Wy-cp-sSbpw ssIhn-f-bm-«- tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu kml-N-cy- n-emWv tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW-¸n-Å (tIkcn, 1889-þ1960) ae-bmf- nse BVy-½-\y- km-ln-Xy-Im-c--·msc hnaÀin-¡p¶-Xpw AXnsâ P\-Io-b- apJs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v Fgp-Xp¶Xpw cmjv{So-tbm-·pJ -km-lnXy kwL-S-\-bmbPoh-Õm-lnXy kwLs¯ ]n´p-W-bv¡p-¶-Xpw. hkvXp-X-IÄkq£va-ambn A]-{K-Yn- mÂ kmln-Xy-s¯ P\-Io-b-am-¡p-IbpwAXnÂ Iogm-f -{]-XnjvT \S- pIbpw sNbvX kmln-Xy- kwL-S-\bmbn taÂ]-dª Poh-Xvþ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy kwL-S-\-Isf (t]-cnÂ am{X-amWv Ch cmbn \nev¡p-¶-Xv) kmln-Xy -N-cn-{X- nÂ AS-bm-f-s -Sp- m³ Ign-bpw.

]e-bn-S¯pw ]cm-aÀin-¡-s -«n-«p-ÅXp t]mse kmaq-ln-Ihpwcmjv{So-b-hp-amb Hcm-hiyw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\mWv Poh-Xv-þ-]p-tcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy kwL-S-\-IÄ cq]w sIm-Xv. AXv tIc-f- nÂam{Xw HXp-§p¶ Hcp hnj-b-a-Ãmbncp-¶p. ^mkn-ks¯ sNdp-¡phm³ Fgp- p-Imcpw Iem-Im-c-·mcpw I®n- tN-cpI F¶



89

ktµ-iw temI-sa-¼mSpw cq]w sIm ]ptcm-K-a-\- km-lnXykwL-S-\IÄ DbÀ¯n-. hnj-b- nsâ kmÀÆ-P-\o-\X AhsbtemI -_-Ô-ap-ÅXpw AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-hp-am¡n-¯oÀ¯p.amIvknw tKmÀ¡n (1868-þ1936), sl{ân _mÀ_q-sÊ (1873-þ1935),sdmsa-bn³ sdm-fmv (1866-þ1944) apX-emb {]K-Û- km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cm-bn-cp¶p ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy kwL-S-\-bpsS temI t\Xr-X-e- nÂ {]hÀ¯n¨-Xv. ^mkn-Ìv -cm-Py-§-fpsS bp²- p-d- mSvtemI -P-\-X-bnÂ Dm-¡nb {]Xn-tj-[hpw Akzm-Øy-hpw \ncm-i-bp-w `bhpw bp²- hncp-² -ap-t¶-ä-ap-m-¡n. sXmgn-emfnIÄ,IÀjIÀ, Iem-Imc·mÀ, kmln-Xy-Imc·mÀ F¶n§-s\-bpÅcmjv-{So-b-þ-km-aq-lnI hn`m-K-§-fpsS {ZpX-K-Xn-bn-epÅ tbmPn- n-\v AXv Imc-W-ambn. Cu GtIm-]\ nsâ -{]Xn- -e-\hpw, mkn-k-t¯m-SpÅ {]Xn-tj-[- n-sâbpw A{I-a-t¯m-Sp-ff {]Xn-tcm-[- n-sâbpw I®n-tN-c-epamWv kmÀÆ tZ-iob ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy {]Øm-\w(1935).

kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw km{am-Py-Xz -Xm-ev]-cy-§Äs¡-Xnsc (^mkn-k- n-s\-Xn-sc-sb-¶-Xn-t\-¡mfpw) tZi kzmX-{ yw, Nqj-W- nÂ\n¶pw tamN\w F¶o e£y-§Ä ap³\nÀ¯n- tImf-\n-hm-gvN-bv¡pw- sIm-Snb Nqj-W- n-\p-sa-Xnsc AXn-i-à-amb \ne-]mSvkzoI-cn v tZio-b-X-e- nÂ hnhn[ cmPy-§-fnÂ ]ptcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy kwL-S-\-IÄ cq]w sImp. F¶mÂ {]mtZ-inI Xe- nÂ,{]mtZ-in-I- X-e- n-epÅ P\-i-{Xp-¡sf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn- p-sIm-mWv AXnsâ LS-I-§Ä cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXpw apt¶-dn-bXpsa¶pImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tIc-f- nÂ PmXn-þ-P-·n-þ-\m-Sp-hm-gn- - n-s\-Xn-cmb {]mtZ-inI ImgvN- m-Spw, tZi- hn-tam-N-\- n-\p-th-n-bpÅhnim-e-amb ImgvN- mSpw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXykwL-S-\- kzo-I-cn- p-sh¶v ImWmw. km[m-c-W-¡m-cs\ Adn-hn-eqsS ka-c -k-Ö-\m-¡p-I-sb-¶ D -c-hm-Zn¯w Gsä-Sp-¡m³ AXn¶p km[n¨p.

Iogm-fsâ kzc- n\v {]m[m-\y-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ AXn\v D -Ømbn \nÀ½n-¡p-I-sb¶ Ncn-{X-]c-amb ZuXy-amWv ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy kwL-S\ tIc-f- nÂ \nÀhln- -Xv.hnt[-b-s -S-ensâ X¯z -im-kv{X-§sf \ntj-[n- v, \thm-°m-\-Nn- -bnÂ \n¶pw DuÀÖw kzoI-cn-¡p-Ibpw ss]Xr-I-s¯hn¹h-h-XvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXpsImv ka-c -k-Ö-amb ]mX-bn-eqsS AXns\ ap-t¶m«p sImpt]m-Im-\pÅ IÀ½ -tcJI-



fmWv tIk-cnbpw Poh-Õm-ln-Xy-kwL {]hÀ¯-I\pw A¶vtkmjy-enÌv tIm¬{KÊv t\Xmhp-ambncp¶ C. Fw. i¦-c³\¼q-Xn-cn- m-Spw (C Fw FÊv) cp hi-§-fn-en-cp¶v X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xv. tNmdpw hni¸pw kmln-Xy -hn-aÀi-\- nse {][m\ AP--I-fmbn cq]-s -«Xv Cu kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS Ime -L-«-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p-.

kÀhm-ß\m Poh-Õm-ln-Xy-kw-Ls¯ ]n p-W¨ kmln-Xym-Nm-cy--cnÂ A{K-K-Wy-\m-bn-cp¶p tIk-cn. Poh-Õm-ln-Xy- nsâkwLm-S-I-scms¡ sNdp- -¡mÀ. AXnsâ cq]o-I-cWthf-bnÂC Fw FÊn\ v(1909-þ1998) Ccp-]- n-sb«p hb-Êp-am-{Xw. Poh-Õm-lnXy kwLm-S-I-\-sÃ-¦nepw amÀ¤- ZÀinXzw Npa- -s -Sp¶tIk-cn¡v (1889-þ1960)- \m-ev]- n-sb«v hbÊv. ]t£, ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy- nsâ AeIpw ]nSnbpw amd-W-sa¶ ]£-¡m-cmbn-cp-¶p,cp t]cpw. Zpjn¨ kmln-Xy kao-]\w sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶"kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j¯v'(1927) F¶ BVy -km-ln-Xy- kwL-S\ XI-cp¶Xn-eqsS ae-bmf kmln-Xy- nÂ kzmX-{ý- nsâ hmbp IS-¡p-sa¶v tIkcn hniz-kn- p. tIkcn,"amXr- qan BgvN- -Xn- n'Â "Poh-Õm-ln-Xy- nsâ hnjbw' F¶teJ\w {]kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn¶v (1937 Pqsse 26) HcmgvN aps¼C Fw FÊnsâ "Poh-Õm-ln-Xy-kw-Lhpw kuµ-cy -t_m-[hpw'(1937 Pqsse 19) F¶ teJ\w {]kn-²o-IrX-am-bn. "]ptcm-K-a-\- km-ln-Xy-kw-L- nsâ am\n-s^tÌm' F¶v C Fw FÊnsâteJ\w {]IoÀ¯n-¡-s -«n-«p-v.

kmln-Xy- nÂ hn¹-hm-ß-IX ssIh-cn-t¡--Xn-s\-¸äntIkcn 1935-þ\p apt¼ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. tIc-f- nse mjm- n-am-\n-IÄ ka-kvX- tI-cf kmlnXy ]cn-j- nÂ DZm-ko-\-cm-sW¶vAt±lw hyà-am-¡n. tIhew A©v -h-b-Êp-am{Xw {]mb-apÅ"]cn-j v inip' inip-a-c-W-§Ä¡v A¶v Ip{]-kn-²-amb tIc-f- nÂ ac-W-a-S-bm³ t]mIp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ ]nXm-¡Ä¡m-bn-cn¡pwAXnsâ D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w F¶v tIkcn {]kvXm-hn- p. kmlnXy]cn-j¯v t\Xm-¡-fpsS Dt±-iyip-²n-¡p-dhpw kwL-S-\bv¡v{]hÀ¯-\- kzm-X{ýw \evIm-\pÅ aSn-bp-amWv CXnsâ ASn-Øm-\-tl-Xp-¡Ä F¶v At±lw hnaÀin¨p. 1931þP\p-hcn 14s\gp-Xnb apJ- {]-kw-K- n-emWv taev]-dª Imcy-§Ä tIkcn]cm-aÀin¨-Xv. 1934þsabv 16 \v tIk-cn-bn-se-gp-Xnb apJ-{]-kw-Kw



91

\ne-¼qÀ kt½-f-\s¯ hne-bn-cp- n. \ne¼qÀ cmPm-hnsâ BXn-Yy-a-cym-Zbpw ]ń-t`m-P-\hpw Hs¡ Kwòcw Xs¶. F¶mepwAXnepw ZpÊq-N-\-bp-s¶v tIkcn hyà-am-¡n. {]`p-¡-·m-scbpw apX-em-fn-Isfbpw Ah-cpsS Øm\-§-fnÂ \n¶pw adn-¨n«v sXmgn-em-fn-Isf B Øm\-§-fnÂ Øm]n-¡p-hm³ klm-bn-t¡--h-cmb kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ¡v \ne-¼qÀ cmPm-hnsâ DZm-c-t`mPyw IS- m-SmWv Dm-¡n- oÀ¡p-¶-sX¶v Xpd-s¶-gp-Xn.C¯cw IS-a -a-d-¶pÅ IS- m-Sp-IÄs¡Xn-cmWv tIk-cn. ISaASn-Øm-\- hÀ¤-t¯m-Sp-X-s¶. Øm]n-X-amb htc-Wy-hÀ¤-Xmev]-cy-§-tfmSpw kmln-Xy- nse {]`p-Xz- a-t\m- m-h-t¯mSpws]mcp- -s -Sm³ km[n-¡m¯ Hcp hn]vf-h-Imcn FÃm-bvt¸mgpwtIk-cn-¡p-Ån-ep-s¶p ImWmw. cmjv{So-b-þ-km-aq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI amäs¯ icnbmwh®w DÄs¡m-Åm³ At±-l¯n\pkm[n¨ncp¶p. ]t£, At±-ls¯ icnbmbn a\-Ên-em-¡p-¶-Xnepw hne-bn-cp- p-¶-Xnepw ]p-tcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy kwL-S-\-bpsSIme-L-«- nÂ Xs¶ ]cm-Pbw t\cn-«p.

1939þÂ Iayq-WnÌv kwL-S\ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn cq]w sImÅp-Ibpw \ntcm-[n-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. C¡m-e-b-f-hnÂ Poh-Õm-ln-Xy- kw-L-S-\-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw cl-ky- kz- m-h-ap-Å-Xm-bn. Cu Ah-k-c- n-emWv Gähpw IqSp-Xembn ap{Zm-hm-Iy- I-hn-X-Ifpw ]S- m-«p-Ifpw sNdp-\m-S-I-§fpw Hm«³XpÅ-ep-IfpwP\- km-am-\y- n-\n-S-bnÂ Bi-b- {]-N-c-W- nsâ mK-ambn {]N-cn- -Xpw, km[m-c-W¡m-c³ Fgp-Xnbpw sNmÃnbpw A`n-\-bn¨pwhmbn¨pw kmlnXy taJ-e-bnÂ hym]r-X-\m-Im³ XpS-§n-b-Xpw.AXn-eqsS kmln-Xy- nsâ Ip¯I Fgp-Xn- -g¡w h¶ ]c-¼-cm-KX/htcWy kmln-Xy-Im-c -·mÀ¡m-sW¶ [mcWs]mfnªp.

"Poh-Õm-ln-Xyhpw kuµ-cy- t_m-[hpw'(1937)F¶ teJ-\-¯nÂ kmln-Xy- nÂ h¶psImn-cp¶ amäs¯ hfsc IrXy-ambn \nÀ²m-cWw sNbvX-tijw kuµ-cy- t_m-[-s¯bpw {]Xn-_-²-X-sbbpw kw_-Ôn¨ \qX\ [mc-W-Isf C. Fw. FÊv.Poh-Õm-ln-Xy-a-WvU-e- nÂ {]Xn-jvTn- p. kmln-Xy- nse mh-cq-]-§sf kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ Cu DZm-chpw auen-I-hp-amb ho£-Ws¯ AtXcq]- nÂ apt¶m«v sImpt]mIm³ Ign-bmsXhnj-an-¡p¶ C. Fw. FÊn-s\-bmWv 1944þ\p tijw, ]ptcm-K-a-\-



km-lnXy kwL-S-\-bpsS cq]o-I-c-W- n\p tijw, IrXy-ambn¸d-ªmÂ 1946 apXÂ ImWm³ km[n-¡p-I. ]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXykwL-S-\-bpsS ]nXr-Xzs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ DXvIWvT Iayq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bnÂ Dm-hp-Ibpw AXv Fw. ]n. t]mfnsâ `mj-bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ Hcp I{Xn-I- q-«m-bn- ]cn-W-an-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.Iayq-WnÌv \ncq-]-IÀ Nne -km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·msc \nin-X -\n-cq-]-W-¯n\p hnt[-b-am-¡n. (N§-¼p-g, ap-tÈ-cn, tIi-h-tZ-hv, tIkcnF¶n-§s\). ]t£, Cu kµÀ`hpw ae-bm-f- km-ln-Xy- n\v D]-Im-c-{]-Z-am-bn. kmlnXy \ncq-]-W- nepff taem-f- a-t\m- m-h-hpwA«n-adnªp. ]ptcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy {]Øm-\- nsâ BhnÀ`m-h- n\p ]n¶nÂ tKmÀ¡n-bpsS Bi-b-§-fm-Wp-Å-sX¶v Fw.F³. hnP-b³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS Bi-b-§-fÃ AXnÂ AS-§n-bn-«p-Å-Xv. F¶mÂ tKmÀ¡n-bpsS Bi-b-§-fnepw Iayq-WnÌv Bi-b-§-fnepw Hcp t]mse \nln-X-am-bn-«pÅ LSIw, temIw ASn-Øm-\-hÀ¤- n\p thn-bm-I-W-sa-¶-Xm-Wv. ASn-Øm-\-P-\-Xsb t_m[-h-XvI-cn-¡m\pw IÀt½m-·p-J-X-bp-sSbpw Xncn- -dn-hnsâbpw ]mX-bnÂ Ahsc sImp-sN-s¶- n-¡m\pw e£y-an-«p-sIm-p-Å-XmWv AXnsâ ]²-Xn-IÄ.AXn-\mÂ ASn-Øm-\- P-\-X-bvs¡m¸w \nev¡m-\pw, Ahs\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿m\pw Dt±-in¨psImpÅ ]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXykwL-S-\bv¡p ]n¶nÂ P\w AWn-\n-c-¶Xv kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.

Cu kµÀ`- nÂ, 1944 apXÂ, _lp- q-cn-]-£w kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mcpw mK- m-¡mb ]ptcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy kwL-S-\bv¡p Znim-t_m[w Df-hm-¡m-\pÅ bXv\-amWv kwL-S-\-bnse Iayq-WnÌvkmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ \S- n-b-Xv. ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy kwL-S-\-bn-te¡v ]e- hn- m-K-§-fnÂ \n¶p-apÅ kmln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cpsS XÅn-¡-bäw Iayq-Wn-Ìv -km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·msc A¦-em-¸n-em-¡n.hyàhpw e£y-t_m-[ap-Å-Xp-amb Hcp am\n-s^tÌm \nÀ½n-t¡-Xv A\n-hm-cy-X-bmbn AhÀ¡-\p- -h-s -Sp-Ibpw AXp-{]-Imcw1946þÂ "]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXyw ]ptcm-K-an-¡m³' F¶ eLp-teJ\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns\ ap³\nÀ¯n-bpw, C. Fw. Fk.vFgp-Xnb "tIcfw ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS amXr- qan' F¶ hnaÀi-\-s¯bpw, XI-gn-bpsS "tXm«n-bp-sS aI³' F¶ t\mh-en\v Ah-Xm-cnI Fgp-Xnb tPmk^v ap-tÈ-cn-bpsS cq]- {ZXm {]tbm-Ks¯bpw ap³\nÀ¯n kwL-S-\-bnse hn m-Ko-b- \o-¡-§Ä cq£-



93

am-hp-Ibpw kwL-S\ XI-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¶Xv Ncn-{Xw.F¦nepw Npcp-§nb Im-e- n-\p-ÅnÂ Iogm-fcpsS Bibpw Bth-i-hp-am-Im³ {]kvXpX kmlnXy kwL-S-\bv¡p km[n-¨p.kmlnXyw P\-§-fn-te-¡n-d-§p-Ibpw {]N-c-tWm-t±-iy- n-epÅIhn-X-Ifpw Hm«³Xp-Å-ep-Ifpw Ip½n-I-fn- m-«p-Ifpw A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-te¡v ASn-Øm-\ -P-\-Xsb XÅn-hn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.AXm-b-Xv, Iogm-fsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I- Po-hnXw ]pjvI-e-am-¡m³]ptcm-K-a-\- km-lnXy kwL-S\ Hcp Ime-L-«- nÂ hln¨ ]¦v\nkvXp-e-am-sW-¶À°w.

Poh-Õm-ln-Xy- Im-e-L-«- nÂ dnb-en-k- n-sâbpw tkmjy-enÌpdnb-en-k- nsâbpw IS-¶p-h-chv Iogm-f-P-\-X-bpsS Pohn-X- n\v ]pXnb AÀ°- X-e-§Ä \evIn. Ihn-X-I-fnepw sNdp-I-Y-I-fnepw t\mh-ep-I-fnepw \mS-I-§-fnepw km[m-c-W-¡m-csâPohnXw {]ta-b-am-bn. tXm«n-Ifpw Iqen- -Wn-¡mcpw dn£m-sXm-gn-em-fn-Ifpw \nkz-cmb km[m-c-W-¡mcpw sNdp-acpw kÀ¤m-ß-I-km-ln-Xy- nse {][m\ hnj-b-§-fmbn hn- p. ]c-¼m-cm-K-X-ambkmln-Xo- Nn- -IÄ s]mfn-bp-Ibpw km[m-c-Wo-b-cpsS Pohn-X-t¯m-SpÅ B`n-apJyw shfn-s -Sp- m³ kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ X¿m-dm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh-¶Xv henb t\«w Xs¶-bm-Wv. CXn¶vaps¶m-cp¡w \evIm³ "PmXn-¡p-½n', "ZpchØ'(Ipam-c-\m-im³,1922) F¶o IrXn-Isft¸mse {]mk- kwhm-Z¯n\pw \thm-°m-\- Nn- -I-cpsS cN-\-IÄ¡pw km[n- p. Iogm-f-cpsS i_vZ-ambn cq]-s¸« ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy {]Øm\w ]mc-¼-cy- nsâauVy-t¯bpw BhÀ¯-\-]-c-X-tbbpw \ncm-I-cn- p. Poh-Õm-ln-Xy- Im-e-L-«- n\p apt¼ Iogm-fsc GtIm-]n- n-¡p-¶-XnepwAh-Im-i- t_m-[-ap-Å-h-cm-¡p-¶-Xnepw Nne cN-\-IÄ t{]c-I-§-fmbn `hn- n-«p-s-¦nepw ]WvUnäv sI ]n Idp- sâ "PmXn-¡p-½n' (1912) thdn«p \nev¡p-¶p.

PmXn-¡p½n (1912)sI. ]n. Idp- sâ hnJym-X -c-N-\-bmb "PmXn-¡p-½n' PmXn

hncp-² -Nn- m-KXn hfÀ¯m-\p-]-I-cn-¡p¶Xpw Ip½n-I-fn- a-«nÂFgp-X-s¸«Xpamb Imhy-am-Wv. Hcp A[:IrX³ IqSn-bmb sI.]n. Idp- ³ Fgp-Xnb Cu Imhyw PmXn-bpsS \ncÀ°-I-X hnfn-t¨m-Xp-¶p. Hcp _qÀjzm en_-dÂ _p²n-Po-hn-bpsS IrXn-sb¶ -\m-Sy-§-sft\y kap-Zm-b- n-\-I-t¯¡v IS¶p sNÃm³ "PmXn-¡p-½n'¡p km[n- p.



Iogm-fsc {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn¨v Fgp-X-s¸« "PmXn-¡p½n' PmXn-bpsS \ncÀ°-I-Xsb Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶p. Ncn-{Xhpw kmln-XyhpwX½n-epÅ At`-Zy-amb _Ôs¯ Icp-hm-¡p-I-bmWv cN-bn-Xm-hmb sI. ]n. Idp- ³ sNbvX-Xv. Ncn-{Xs¯ P\-§-fn-te-s¡- n-¡m³ Imhy- nsâ cq]- m-h-§Ä \evIn, P\-§Ä CjvS-s -Sp¶Hcp Iem-h-X-c-W- nsâ sNmÂh-Sn-hnÂ P\-Io-b-h-XvI-cn¨ Bi-b-§sf Cd-¡n-hn«v sI. ]n. Idp- ³ Iem]w krjvSn¨p. cmPy-¯p-mb cmjv{Sob amä-§Ä Iogm-f- hn- m-K-§-fpsS kmaq-ln-I-\n-ebv¡p amä-ap-m-¡p-sa¶Xn\mÂ At±lw kzmKXw sN¿p-¶p-v:

"]«m-Wn-amÀ¡pw ]d-¦n-IÄ¡pw,In«m-sX-bo-cmPy tat¦m-bva-IÄ{_n«o-jn-\m-¡n-s¡m-Sp¯ ssZhw,Ir]m-hr-jvSn-{]-Z³ Xs¶ tbmK-s¸t®Ct¸mÄ XpjvS³am-cmbn \mw Úm\-s -t®....'

Ncn-{Xw cNn-¡p-¶Xv FÃm-bvt¸mgpw Iogm-fcpw F¶mÂ,Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xp-¶Xv A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-am-sW¶ sshNn{Xyw amtd--Xp-v. AXn-¶pÅ {iaw IqSn-bmWv sI. ]n. Idp- ³ \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. {_n«o-jp-Imsc At±lw kzmKXw sN¿p-¶p-v. AhÀ¡vPmXo-b-amb D -\o-N-Xz-§-fn-Ã. Ah-cpsS cWw aÀ±-Itam Nqj-W-]-ctam F¶ hnjbw AhnsS \nev¡-s«. hntZ-in-I-fpsS ASn-

-aÀ -en-s\-¡mfpw ITn-\hpw Ak-ly-hpw A]-am-\-I-c-hp-amWvkztZ-in-I-fmb khÀ®À X¿m-dm-¡nb PmXn- hyh-Øn-Xn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb A]-cn-jvIrX ZpÀ¶-b-§Ä. AXn-\mÂ Ihn {_n«o-jp-Imsc \nÀtÃm`w ]n´p-W-¡p-¶-XnÂ AXn-i-b-s¸-Sm-\n-Ã.kz´w a®nÂ \n¶pw A\yhXvI-cn-¡-s -«-hsâ hnem-]-§fpwhkvXp-X-I-fp-amWv, BÀ{Z-amb Pohn-X- k-Xy-§-fmWv sI. ]n.Idp- ³ apt¶m-«p-sh-¡p¶ "PmXn-¡p-½n-'bnse tNcp-h.

"PmXn-¡p½n,' i¦-cm-Nm-cycpw ]pe-b\pw X½nÂ \S¶Úm\- kw-hm-Zs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv. hnÚm-\-¯nsâ hntam-N-\hpw AXnsâ hnX-c-W -\o-Xn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p tIc-fo-b- \-thm-°m-\- nsâ {]Y-a-amb e£yw F¶v ]WvUnäv sI]n Idp- sâ "Xnc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ'¡pÅ ]T-\- nÂ tUm.sI.- Fkv. cm[m-Ir-jvW³ {]kvXm-hn¡p-¶p.(2013:20).

kaq-l- nepw kmln-Xy- nepw hym]n¨ am\-hn-I- hn-cp²



95

sImtfm-Wn-bÂ Bi-b-§-sfbpw htc-Wy-þ-PmXn {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§-tfbpw sNdp-¡pI F¶ ZuXy-amWv ChnsS sI. ]n. Idp- ³\nÀh-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. km¼- nI kmwkvIm-cnI cmjv{Sob hyh-Ø-bpsS B[n-]-Xy- \o-Xn-t_m-[-ambn PmXn ta[m-hn- - nsâ \oXn-t_m-[-amWv apgp-h³ kaq-l- n-\p-taepw B[n-]Xyw sNep- p-¶-sX¶v sI.- sI.- F-kv. Zmkv ]cm-aÀin¡p-¶p. aXhpw PmXnbpwkm¼- n-Im-[n-]-Xyhpw IqSn-t¨À¶ s]mXp-t_m-[-sa¶ \ne-bn-Â At±lw A[o-im-[n-]-Xys¯ ImWp-¶p. apJy-[m-cm-km-ln-Xyhpw A[n-Im-c- cm-jv{So-bhpw AXnsâ DXv]-¶-§-fs{X (sI.-sI.-F-kv. Zmkv 2011:103). ]n¶m-¡- hÀ¤-¡m-c\v Ncn-{X-ansÃ¶khÀ®m- n-a-X-§sf shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-I-bmWv sI ]n Idp- ³ XsâImhy- n-eqsS sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯v CÀhn³]mÀ¡nÂ sh¨v sIm¨n-cm-Pm-hnsâ{]Xna A\m-Ñm-Z\w sN¿pt¼mÄ \nb-a-k- mw-K-§-sfbpw DtZym-K-Ø-scbpw Bk-Iew £Wn- n«pw AhÀ®-\mb Xs¶ am{Xw£Wn-¡m- -Xn-epÅ {]Xn-tj[w cmPmhnt\mSv tcJ-s -Sp- ncmPm-hn\p Xs¶ kaÀ¸n-¡p¶- ImhyamWv "DZym-\-hn-cp¶v'(1925).Ihn-bpsS Bßm- n-am-\¯n\pw ]ucp-j- n\pw \nZÀi-\-amWv"DZym-\-hn-cp¶v'(Fcp-taen 2006:189). Iogm-f-k-aq-l- n\p thn-bpÅ BßmÀ°-amb lrZ-b-t£m- -amWv sI ]n Idp- sâ IhnX-. CXc kmaq-ln-I- \-thm-°m\ \mb-I-cnÂ \n¶pw ]WvUnävsI ]n Idp- s\ hyXy-kvX-\m-¡p¶ Nne LS-I-§Ä Dv.Ahsb kw_-Ôn v tUm. sI Fkv cm[m-Ir-jvW³ Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p, "-Xsâ kap-Zm-b- nepw Xmgv¶-hÀ F¶p Icp-Xs¸«ncp¶]pe-bÀ apXÂ \mbmSn hsc-bpÅ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v kwL-S-\-bp-m-¡nb GI \thm-°m-\ -\m-b-I³, A[:ØnX kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS Iemþ-km-lnXy kw`m-h-\-Isf kam-l-cn v kwc-£n-¡m³{i-an¨ GI t\Xm-hv, "BNm-c- `q-j--W-'sa-gp-Xp-Ibpw ]pe-bÀ¡vt£{X-§Ä \nÀ½n¨p \evIp-Ibpw sNbvX kmaq-lnI]cn-jvIÀ¯m-hv, PmXn- t`-Z-hn -Nm-c-¯nsâ Abp-àn-I-XbpwA\mimkyXbpw apJy-{]-ta-b-am-¡nb BZy-Imhysagp-Xnb Ihn'------------------- þ hnti-j-W-§Ä \nc-h-[n. kmap-Zm-bnI ssa{Xn-bpsS alXzhpwam\-hn-I-X-bpsS Xnf-¡hpw kmaq-ln-I -k-a-Xz- n\pthn-bpÅBlzm-\hpw Idp- ³ Ihn-X-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-X-bm-sW¶v Fcp-taen Nqn-¡m-«p-¶p (2006:189).



"C¡mWpw temI-§-fo-iz-csâa¡-fm-sW-Ãm-samcp PmXn\o¡n-\n-dp- mtam ka-kr-jvSnsb? ssZhwt\m¡n-bn-cn- ntÃ tbmK-s -t®-þ-Xo-Â[n¡m-c-a-Ãtbm? Úm\-s¸t®!' (Pm-Xn-¡p-½n)C{]-Imcw bmYmÀ°y -t_m-[-t¯mSpIqSn-bpÅ sI. ]n. Idp-

¸sâ IY-\hpw ]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXy Ime-L-«- n-epÅ cN-\m-k-ao-]-\hpw X½nÂ Gsd kmZr-iy-apv. kz´w A\p- -h-§sfXo ]nSn- n- mWv Idp- ³ Fgp-Xn-bXpw kmaq-lnI ]cn-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v {]tNm-Z-\-ta-In-b-Xpw. CtX \ne-]mSv Xs¶-bmWv ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXykwL-S-\bptSXpw. kmln-Xy- nÂ Iogm-fcpsSi_vZ- n\v t\ch-IminbmWv PohXvþ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-lnXyw. mj-bnse EPp-Xzw, BhnjvI-c-W- nse bmYm-X-Yyw, ]mh-s -«-h-tcmSpw A[:ØnX-tcm-Sp-apÅ A\p-I-¼ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅkm[À½y-§Ä FSp- p-]-d-tb--Xm-Wv. Xsâ kap-Zmbw/Iogm-fÀ A\p-`-hn-¡p¶ kI-e-am\ {]iv\-§Ä¡p-apÅ D¯-c-hmZnbmbn yqU-en-k- nsâ Xnà-Xsb, PmXn- k-{¼-Zmbs¯bm-Wv Idp- ³ \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xv. {_n«o-jp-ImÀ¡v AXp ian- n-¡m³Ign-bp-sa¶v Idp- ³ {]Xo-£n-¡p-¶p. Chn-sS-bpÅ A´-cw,PohXv-þ-]p-tcm-K-a-\-km-lnXy kwL-S-\-IÄ FÃm-Xcw A[n-\nthi§Ä¡pw, D¨-\o-N-Xz-§Ä¡pw FXn-cm-sW¶-Xm-Wv.AXnÂ km{am-Py-Xz- hn-cp² \ne-]mSpw s]Spw. ØnXn ka-Xz-amWv AXnsâ e£yw. sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤- kw-kvImcw DÄs¡m-Åp¶ kaq-ly km-lnXy \nÀ½n-Xn-¡mbmWv {]kvXpX kmlnXykwL-S-\-IÄ i_vZ-ap-bÀ¯nbXpw {]N-cWw \S- nbXpw. ASn-Øm-\- hÀ¤- nsâ hoc-Km-Y- ]p\-cm-hn-jvIcn¡p-I- hgn sI. ]n.Idp- \pw \nÀh-ln- Xv AXpXs¶-bm-Wv. A£cw \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« P\-Xbv¡v A£-c-§sf Bbp-[-am-¡m-\pÅ Ah-kcw\evIn-bXv {]kvXpX cmjv{SobþkmlnXy kwL-S-\bpw AXn\papt¶m-Sn-bmb Imhyw cNn- Xv sI ]n Idp- -\p-am-Wv. Idp- \pw]ptcm-K-a-\ -km-lnXy kwL-S-\bpamWv Iogm-f\v kmln-Xy- nepwkaq-l- nepw CSw {]Zm\w sNbvX-Xv.



97

klmbI {KÙ-§Ä

1. Fcptaen ]c-ta-iz-c³ ]nÅ. ae-bm-f-km-lnXywIme-L-«-§-fn-eq-sS, {]Xn- m _p-Ivkv, amth-en-¡-c,2006.

2. sI. sI. Fkv. Zmkv, ZenXv {]Xy-b- imkv{Xw,tIc-f- mjm C³Ìn-äyq-«v, 2011.

3. tIkcn F. _me-Ir-jvW- n-Å, tIk-cn-bpsSkmlnXy \ncq-]-W-§Ä, kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an, 1984.

4. C. Fw. Fkv., sXc-sª-Sp¯ {]_-Ô-§Ä,kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an, 1998.

5. Fw. F³. hnP-b³, {]`m-j-W-§Ä kvarXn-Nn-{X-§Äkw`m-j-W-§Ä, t_m[n, tImgn-t¡m-Sv, 1983.

6. sI. Fk.v cm[m-Ir-jvW³ (FUn.), ]WvUnäv sI. ]n.Idp- sâ sXc-sª-Sp¯ IrXn-IÄ, Un. kn. _pIvkv, 2013.



cN-\-bnse kXy-a-dn-bp-¶-Xn\v \pW ]cn-tim-[\ A\n-hm-cy-

am-Ip¶ Hcp Ime-L-«- nÂ Hcp kaq-l- nsâ t\c-dn-hn-s\bpwA\p- -h-s¯bpw ASp- -dn-bm³ km[n¡pI F¶Xv kmln-Xy-cq-]- nsâ hfÀ¨-bp-tSbpw hnIm-k- n-sâbpw e£-W-am-Wv.sNdp-I-Y-I-fnÂ C¯cw kao-]-\-§-Ä CXn-\p-ap¼pw Dm-bn-«p-Å-Xm-WtÃm. sNdp-I-Y-I-fpsS IjvS-Imew Fs¶ms¡ tXm¶n-¯p-S-§n-bn-S- p-\n¶v \\p¯ a®nÂ hn¯p-ap-f- p-s]m- p-¶Xvt]msemcp IY, AsÃ-¦nÂ IY-IÄ Dm-Ip-¶Xv hmb-\-¡m-cs\hf-sc-b-[nIw kt´m-jn- n-¡p-¶p. ImSpw a\p-jy-\p-am-bpÅDujva-f-amb Bß-_-Ô- nsâ Bgw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS"cma¨n' F¶ IY h\y-Pohn/a\pjy PohnXw F¶ Zzµz-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]e BhÀ¯n Nnń-¡m³ t{]cn¸n-¡p-¶p. Ipd- p-Im-e-§-fmbn cmjv{So-b-¡mcpw hn`n¶ aX-hn- m-K-§fpw apJy-[m-c-bnÂs -«-hcpw Ah-\-hsâ Bh-iy-§Ä¡p-thn ImSn-s\-bpw-Im-«p-a-\p-jy-scbpw Ipdn- v, h\-s¯bpw h\y-ar-K-s¯bpw Ipdn vNÀ¨-sNbvXpw sXcp-hn-en-d§n {]t£m- -§Ä \S- nbpw Ne-\-§Ä Dm-¡n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-¶p. C¯cw NÀ¨-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂImSnsâ bYmÀ° Ah-Im-in-bmcv F¶ tNmZy- n\v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb D¯-c-§Ä CÃ F¶p-thWw ]d-bm³. C¯cw IY-IÄAXm-bXv Acn-Ip-h-XvI-cn-¡-s¸« a®-dn-hp-IÄ kmln-Xy-k-Z-Êp-I-fnÂ hmb-\bv¡v hbv¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]cn-Øn-Xn-bp-ambn _Ô-s¸« aäv kmaqly cmjv{Sob {]iv\-§-fpsS Btem-N-\-IÄ¡v]pXnb am\w \ÂIp-I-Xs¶ sN¿pw.

ImSn\pw \mSn-\p-an-S-bnÂ shdpw ] -a-®p-Ip-g- p-m-¡nb Hcp]me-ambn "cma¨n' F¶ IY A\p-hm-N-I\v tXm¶p-¶p-v F¶-

tUm. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ F. BÀ.

a®-dn-hp-IÄ þ \njvIm-kn-X-cp-sSbpwssIt¿-dn-b-h-cpsSbpw

a®-dn-hp-IÄ þ \njvIm-kn-X-cp-sSbpwþþ


99

XnÂ H«pw AXn-i-tbm-àn-bn-Ã. IY hmbn-¡p-t¼mÄ ]e-h«w Cu]me- n-eqsS At§m-«p-an-t§m«pw k©-cn- v, ssIh-cnbnÃm¯]me- n-\-cn-InÂ \n¶v H«pw t]Sn-bn-ÃmsX ImSns\ ImWp-¶pvhmb-\-¡m-c³. IYbv¡v ià-amb LS-\-bp-Å-Xp-sIm-mWv b-an-ÃmsX ]me- n-eqsS k©-cn-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶-Xv. HmtcmNphSpw {i²-tbmsS FSp- p-h- p-sImv ImSn-s\, Im«p-a-®n-s\,AXnsâ LS-\sb Adn-bp-¶-Xnse bm{Xm-\p- -hw, ]pI-gv¯m-s\m«pw a\-Ên-Ãm¯ s]mXp-k-aq-l- n\v A]-IÀj-Xm-t_m-[w,AX-sÃ-¦nÂ ASn-a-t_m[w am{Xw ]IÀ¶p-X-cp¶ It¼m-f-k-aq-ls¯ {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡p-¶-Xp-sImv IY Hcp {]Xn-tcm[w Xs¶-bm-Ip-¶p.

ImSp-I-bdn Xncn- n-d-§p-Ibpw ImS-\p- -hs¯ ]IÀ¯p-IbpwsN¿p-t¼mÄ, {]tXy-In¨pw A½ a\Êv F¶ mh-Xew \nÀ½n- p-sImv CXv km[y-am-Ip-t¼mÄ IY AXnsâ ]cn-[n-Isf ewLn-¡p-¶p-v. Hcp kn\na F§-s\-bmsWm shfn- - nsâ km[y-X-IÄ D]-tbm-Kn v a\-ÊnÂ s{^bn-ap-IÄ Xn¡n-\n-d-bv¡p-¶Xv AXp-t]mse ImgvN-bpsS hnhn-[-Xsb h³ ac-§Ä t]mse ]SÀ¯nAXnÂ Pohn-Xhpw AXn-Po-h-\hpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn DÄtNÀ¶n-«p-s¶v Dd- m-¡p-¶-XnÂ IY hnP-bn- n-«p-v.

aª-ap- n, aÃn-I, {]Xo-]³ XpS-§nb IYm-]m-{X-§-sfÃmwXs¶ A½-¡m-Snsâ kvt\lw A\p- -hn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-Xs¶ Pohn-Xhpw AXn-Po-h-\p-saÃmw AhÀ¡v XnI¨pw kl-P-amb H¶m-Wv. C§-s\-bpÅ kzm`m-hnI {]Ir-Xn-bnÂ Akz-Ø-X-IÄ ]SÀ¯m³ \½psS \mSv F{X-am{Xw KqV X{´-§Äsa\-bp-¶p-v F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-t¡--Xm-Wv. ]cn-Øn-Xn, h\w,h\y-Pohn kwc-£-Ww, BZn-hmkn kwc-£Ww F¶n-§-s\-bpÅImcy-§-fnÂ Nne {]tXyI ka-b-§-fnÂ am{Xw AXoh XmXv]cyw{]I-Sn- n-¡p-¶-hÀ BscbmWv kwc-£n-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶Xv F¶vhyà-am-t¡--Xm-Wv. CXnÂ \nb-a- nsâ \qem-am-e-I-tfm-sSm¸wØm]nX XmXv]-cy-§fpw Ds¶ Imcy-¯nÂ kwi-b-an-Ã.Im«nÂ\n¶v ]nSn- -d-¡p-t¼mÄ Ah\v ]Icw sh¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m³F v Xcw Adn-hmWv \½psS ssI¿n-ep-Å-Xv. Hcp h\-hm-kn-bpsSkzXz-t¯mSv InS-]n-Sn-¡p¶ F v \m«-dn-hmWv A[n-Imcw ssIt¿-dp-¶-hcpw _p²n-Po-hn-Ifpw kz´-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

ImSn\pw a®n\pw ]pXnb hmb-\-bp-m-I-W-sa-¶Xv Fgp- p-



Im-csâ am{Xw Bh-iy-a-Ã. AXv hÀ¯-am-\-Ime kaq-l- nsâBh-iy-am-Wv. AXn\v Bbncw \mhp-I-fp-m-I-Ww. Hmtcm \mhpwhfsc hn`n-¶-§-fmb kml-N-cy-§-fn-te¡v IS-¶p-sN¶v hmKzm-Z-¯n-teÀs¸«v Icp- mÀÖn-¡-Ww. C§s\ e`n-¡p¶ iàn-bmWvP\m-[n-]-Xy- n\v ASn- -d-bm-bn- o-cp-¶-Xv. {]tXy-In¨pw P\m-[n-]-Xy- nsâ ASn- -d-bn-f-¡p¶ {]h-W-X-IÄ hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ka-Im-eo\ kaq-l- nÂ a®ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p¶ Bbncw\mhpÅ cN-\-IÄ Dm-Ip-I-Xs¶ thWw.

`q]-S- n-\p-ÅnÂ HXp-§n-\nÂ¡m¯ Hcp hyàn-Xz-amWv h\-hm-kn-bp-tS-Xv. Ah-cpsS Bhmk hyh-Ø-bnÂ Af-hn-Ãm¯kzmX-{ýhpw kpc-£-bp-ap-v. qan Af-¶v -e- n- -Xp-ap-XÂ Ah-cpsS kzXz-t_m[w ]cn-W-an- p-Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. FÃm B[p-\nI kuI-cy-§fpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v h\-Po-hn-Xs¯ It¼m-f- nsâ`mK-am-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS IS-a-IÄ \nÀÆ-ln¨p F¶v Duäw sImÅp¶A[n-Im-cn-IÄ IY-bnÂ {]Xy-£-ambn IS-¶p-h-cp-¶nÃ. F¦nepwImSp-am-bpÅ _Ôw thÀ]n-cnª IpSn-bn-d-¡-s -«-h-cpsS A¦-em v IY-bnÂ FSp- p-Im-Wn- n-«p-v. BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡mbn Gsä-Sp¯ `qan-bnÂ h¶v Irjn-\miw hcp- p¶ Im«m-\-Isf Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn-\mWv "{]ap-J³' F¶ Ip¦n-bm-\sb sImp-h-¶-Xv.{]ap-J³ Im«m-\-I-fpsS IqsS Im«n-\-I-t¯¡v Ib-dn-t¸m-Ip-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xv. manÂ ]Xn- p-In-«nb qan-bnÂ \nc-\n-cbmbn hoSp-IÄ, hoSp-I-fnÂ\n¶v ]pcp-j-·m-cpsS A[n-Im-c-kz-c-§ÄtIÄ¡m³ XpS-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. "Fsâ ]d-¼v, IS-em-knÂ Fsât]cv. \n\¡v ]qan-bn-Ã. \o If-¡ -t]m- ½ Nqf¨n' Ab-es¯ N¸n-en- tkm-a³ mcy cm[sb sXdn ]d-bp-¶p. a®v ]Xn¨vIn«n-b-tXmsS A[n-Im-c- nsâ tI{µ- n-te¡v h¶v Bt{Imin-¡p¶ Im«p-\n-b-a-§-fpsS kv\nKv²X \-jvS-s¸« ]cn-jvIrX a\p-jysâ BZy-am-XrI ChnsS IrXy-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-¡-s -«n-cn-¡p¶p.

aª ap n cma- n-bpsS tI{µ-Øm-\ v \nÂ¡p¶ apXnÀ¶BZn-hmkn kv{Xobm-Wv. kv{XobmWv Ah-cpsS kaq-l- nsâA[n-Imc tI{µw. Ahsc kw_-Ôn- n-S-t¯mfw manÂ qan ]Xn-¨p-In«n F¶Xv AÛp-X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ""aª ap¯ntb §fv ]man-te¡v t]mIm-WtÃ'' ao³ ]nSn-¡p¶ Ipdn-Ny³ Ipªm-a³ tNmZn-¨p. "Bcv ]dªv?' ""\n§fv ]qan-bn-Ãm- À¡v Htc-¡À sh¨vX¶nävv ]manev''



101

""Rm¡v ]qan-bntÃ?'' aª-ap¯n BZy-am-bn-«mWv AXv Adn-bp¶Xv.aª-ap- n-bpsS Cu \njvI-f-¦-amb tNmZy- n\v \½psS A[n-Im-c-L-S\ F´p- -c-amWv \ÂIp-I. C¯cw tNmZy-§-fpsSD¯cw Is- pI F¶ ZuXyw IqSn IpSn-bn-d-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pwkwc-£-IÀ¡pw Dv. aª-ap¯n P\n- p-ho-WXv Im«nembncp-¶p. ]Xn- p-In-«nb man-te¡v FÃm-hcpw IpSn-bn-d§pw ap¼v Xs¶AhÀ acn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aª-ap- n-bpsS ih-kw-kvImcwIgn-ªmWv FÃmcpw t]mIp-¶-Xv.

cma- n-bnÂ aª-ap- n-bpsS Øe¯v Im«nÂt]mbn {]k-hn-¡-W-sa¶v aÃnI {]Xo-]-t\mSv ]d-bp-¶Xv ap¯n-bpsS kzc-¯n-em-Wv. cma- n-bn-te¡v t]mIp-¶-h-gn¡v aÃn-Ibpw {]Xo-]\pwImSp-I-b-dnb Ip¦n-bm\ {]ap-Js\ ImWp-¶p-v. Ipsd-b-[nIwIjvS-s -«mepw hfsc Ipd- p-am{Xw Xcp¶ ImSn-\p-ÅnÂ aÃn-Ibpw{]Xo-]\pw Pohn-¡p-¶p. Hcp-Zn-hkw Im«p-tX-s\-Sp-¡m³ {]Xo-]³ ac- n-\p-ap-I-fnÂ Ib-dn-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv aÃn-Ibv¡v {]k-h-th-Z\ XpS-§p-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ Ipd- -Ise aÃn-I-bv¡-cn-In-te¡v]mª-Sp-¡m-\mbn IpXn-¡p¶ Ip¦n-bm\ {]ap-Js\ {]Xo-]³ac¯n-\papIfn-en-cp-¶p-sImv Xs¶ ImWp-¶p. GsXmcp a\p-jy-sâbpw \nÊ-lm-bm-h-Ø-sb-bmWv ChnsS Nn{Xo-I-cn- n-«p-Å-Xv. ]s£ AtX-k-abw Xs¶ apf-¦q-«- nÂ \n¶v ]nSn-bm-\bpwIpªp-§fpw Iq«-t¯msS {]ap-Jsâ hgn¡v Ipdp-sI-h¶vAXns\ Im«n-te¡v XncnsI sImp-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.aÃnI Hcp s]¬Ip-ªns\ {]k-hn-¡p-¶p. {]Xo-Im-ß-I-ambnHcp aª-]qhv Ip«n-bpsS tZl¯v h¶v hogp¶p. C§s\ IY-bpsS Aý¯nÂ kz]v\hpw ^mâ-kn-bp-saÃmw IqSn-¡-eÀ¶Hcp A -co£w IYm-Ir v krjvSn- n-«p-v. \mSv, ImSv, ]cn-jvIr-Xw, A]-cn-jvIrXw F¶ Zzµzs¯ hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bmWv C¯-c- n-epÅ ambn-Im- -co-£s¯ krjvSn- n-«p-Å-Xv.ImSv Ib-dnb {]ap-J-sâ-bp-ÅnÂ Hfn-ªn-cn-¡p¶ \mS¯ {Iqc-Xbv¡v IpdptI \n¶v aÃn-Ibv¡v kwc-£Wsamcp-¡p¶ Im«m-\-IÄ A½ a\-Êns\ sXm«-dnª ImSnsâ a¡-fm-Wv. `q]-S- n-epÅ ImSv/\mSv F¶ Zzµzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m-p-Xs¶ Hcpkwth-Z-\s¯ B -cn-I-ambn hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡pI F¶-XmWv IY-bpsS Dt±-iyw. F´p-hn-e-sIm-Sp¯pw It¼m-fs¯ kPo-h-am¡n\ne-\nÀ¯pI F¶Xv apJy-[mcm aX-þ-cm-jv{So-b, km¼- nI




Øm]-\-§-fpsS {]hÀ¯-\-co-Xn-bm-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy- nÂImSnsâ kpc-£bpw kzmX-{ýhpw A\p-h-Zn- v, ImSns\ ieywsN¿msX kl-P-ambn Pohn-¡p-¶-h-scbpw ]cn-jvIrX kaq-l-¯nse It¼m-f- nsâ `mK-am-¡pI F¶Xv A[n-Imc hym]-\-¯n-\pÅ {iaw Xs¶-bmbn ImtW--Xm-Wv. cma- n -t]m-epÅImSv, Im«p-hmkn kzXz-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Bg- nÂ ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\pwNnń-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw Bh-iy-amb qanI Hcp-¡p-¶p-v.

\m«p-a-cym-Z-IÄ ]Tn-¸n¨v Im«m-\sb Xpc-¯p-¶-Xn-\mbnsImp-h-¶-XmWv {]ap-J³ F¶ B\sb. AXn\v ImSv F¶kpJ-I-c-amb Ah-Ø-bn-te¡v Ib-dn-t¸m-Im³ km[n- -t¸mgpw\m«n-se-io-e-§Ä ]qÀ®-ambpw hn«p-am-dn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. aÃn-I-bpsSt\sc Xncn-bp¶ {]ap-Js\ ImSnsâ ioe-§-fn-te¡v Xs¶sacp¡n Xncn- p-sIm-p-t]m-Im³ Im«m-\-IÄ¡v km[n- p. ]cn-jvIr-Xm-hØ F´mWv F¶v \nÀÆ-Nn-¡m³ CXnse IYm-k-µÀ -§Ä a\-Êns\ {]m]vX-am-¡p-¶p-v. h\yw/]cn-jvIrXw F¶Zzµz¯n\v Pohn-¡pI, Pohn-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡pI F¶ hfscefn-X-amb ]cn-lmcw IY-bpsS B´-cnI LS-\-bnÂ Hfn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. F§n-s\, AsÃ-¦nÂ Ft¸m-gmWv ]cn-jvIr-X\v Xtâ-Xmbioe-§fpw ioe-t¡-Sp-Ifpw Dm-bXv? {]mIr-X- nÂ \n¶vAI¶v t]cp-IÄ \jvS-s¸«v Xncn- p-t]m¡v Akm-[y-amb kml-N-cy- nÂ H«pw s]mcp- -s -Sm³ Ign-bm¯ kml-N-cy-§fpw_Ô-§fpw Adn-hp-I-fp-ap-m¡n AXn-t\mSv kwh-Zn-¡m³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-Ip¶ a\p-jyÀ. A§-s\-bp-Å-hÀ¡p-ap-¶nÂ C¯cwIm«-dn-hp-IÄ ]pXnb A\p- h N{I-hm-f-§Ä Xpd-¶n-Sp-¶p. ]n¶m-¡m-hØbnep-Å-h-cpsS ]p\-c-[n-hm-k-hpw, ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-Whpw FÃmw c-W-Iq-S- n-sâbpw kaq-l- n-sâbpw D -c-hm-Zn-Xz- nÂ hcp¶ Imcy-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. F¦nepw Z´-tKm-]p-c-§-fnse B-i-b-s -cp-a-Ifpw A[n-\n-th-i- nsâ X{ -§fpw Adn-bmsX Pohn-¡p¶ Hcp hn`m-K-s¯-¡qSn X\Xv Pohn-X-h-gn-bnÂ\n¶v ]dn-s¨-Sp¯v A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n-bnÂ sImp-h¶v It¼m-f-¯n\v IqSp-XÂ hnkvXrXnbpm-¡m-\pÅ {iaw \S-¡p¶pFs¶mcp adp-h-is¯¡pdn- p-IqSn FÃm-hcpw Nnń-t¡--Xp-v.Bh-iy- nÂ IqSp-XÂ k¼m-Zn¨v sNe-hm¡n Pohn-¡p-¶-hÀhnI-k-\- nsâ IqsS \nÂ¡p-¶-hcpw AÃm- -hÀ hnI-k\hntcm-[n-I-fp-sa¶ hnizmkw hnI-kzc kaq-l- nsâ apJ-ap-{Z-


103

bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-p-X-s¶, {]Ir-Xs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯n, {]Ir-Xn-tbm-Sn-W-§n-t¨À¶v ImSn-\p-ÅnÂ Pohn-¡p-¶-hsc hnI-kzc \K-c-¯nsâ Hmc- p-sIm-p-h¶v ]p\-c-[n-hm-k- nsâ t]cnÂ ]mXnacp¶pw ]mXn NnIn-Õbpw \ÂIn \c-In- n-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv F¶v ]d-tb-n-h-cpw. kwc-£-IÀ ]d-bp¶ \ymb-§Ä¡v,AXm-bXv, ]cn-ØnXn kwc-£-Whpw a\p-jy-Po-hsâ kpc-£bpwh\-hm-kn-I-fpsS {]Ir-X-s¯bpw AhÀ¡v Ah-cpsS kml-N-cy- nÂ \n¶v e`n- n-«pÅ Adn-hn-s\bpw DÄs¡m-Åm-\pÅ lrZ-b-hn-im-e-X-bn-Ã.

`qan ]Xn- p-In-«n-b-tXmsS kzXzw \jvS-amb, kzXz Zp:Jw A\p--hn-¡p¶ IY "cma¨n' ]d-bp-t¼mÄ ssIt¿dn sh«n- n-Sn¨v A[zm-

\n¨v s]m¶p-hn-f-bn¨ IÀj-I\v Irjn-bn-eqsS A´Êpw B\-µhpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\pÅ tijn \jvS-s¸«v A´Êmc iq-\y-am-bn-t¸mb IY "an¡m-\nb ssa{Im´' ]d-bp-¶p. kXy- nÂ Hcpt\mh-se-än-\pÅ kw -h-§Ä sNdp-I-Y-bn-te¡v Npcp-¡n-bn-«p-s-¦nepw sNdp-I-Y-bpsS ASn-Øm\ KpW-§-fn-sem-¶mb GIm-{KX\ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡mv Hcp kw`-h-s¯, IYm-]m-{X-s¯, Ah-Ø-sb, hnIm-cs¯ tI{µ-Øm-\¯p \nÀ¯n Ah-X-cn- n- n-«pÅ cN-\-bmWv "an¡m-\nb ssa{Im- '. Cu IY qtemIw hncÂXp-¼nÂF¶ Ah-Øm-hn-ti-j-s¯bpw ]qtemIw apSn- n, [rX-cm-jv{S-¸¨ AYhm an¡m-\n-b-ssa-{Im´ F¶, tIc-f- nÂ ssPhm-[n-\n-thiw \S-¯p¶ If-sbbpw Ip-dn¨v ]d-bp-t¼mÄ hmb-\-¡mÀ¡p-ap-¼nÂ sXfn-bp-¶Xv ae-_m-dnse H¶m-a-s¯bpw cm-a-s¯bpw IpSn-tb-ä- nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fmb IÀj-Isâ PohnXtcJbpw ]n¶o-Sv Ir-jn-¡m-c³ F¶ kzXzw \jvS-s -Sp¯n tZiw-hn-«p-t]m-b-Xn-sâbpw Ncn-{X-am-Wv. C{Xbpw hnim-e-amb Hcp IYm]Ým- -e-s¯-bmWv Hcp sNdp-I-Y-bnÂ HXp¡n Ah-X-cn- n- n-«p-Å-Xv. Irjn \in¨v `qtemIw apSn¨n F¶ If ]d-¼n-emsI]SÀ¶p Ib-dp-¶Xpw BZm-b-an-Ãm¯ qan-IÄ Icn-¦Â Izmdn-I-fm-Ip-¶Xpw IY-bnÂ {]Im-in- n- n-«pÅ DXvI-WvT-I-fm-Wv. IpSn-tb-ähpw aäv IÀjI {]iv\-§fpw Ncn-{X- nepw hÀ¯-am-\-¯nepw kPo-h-am-bn- s¶ Ds-¦nepw Ncn-{X- nsâ shfn¨wIS-¶p-sN-Ãm¯ IÀj-Isâ kzXzw Hcp ]pcm-hr- tam sF-Xn-lytam Bbn ]cn-W-an-¡p-¶p. AXmWv IY-bnse tI{µ-I-Ym-]m-{X-amb t]¸¨\v kw`-hn- n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv.




]p-d- m-Sp-Im-es¯ IjvS- m-Sns\ HmÀan- n¨v hnj-I-\y-I-bnÂXpS§n t] - m-bsâ tcmK-i-¿bv¡v Npän- än \nÂ¡p¶ {]tabwhnImkw {]m]n-¡p-¶Xv a®nÂ hoc-N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xnb IÀj-IsâHmÀ½-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. HmÀ½-I-fn-e-ÃmsX C\n-sbmcp PohnXwkm[y-aÃ F¶v Irjn-bn-S-amsI ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dn, ssPhm-[n-\n-thiw\S- nb "]qtemIw apSn¨n' BhÀ¯n- p-]-d-ªv, hoWp-t]mbIÀj-Is\ hopw izmkw ap«n-¡p-¶p.

cmw IpSn-tb-ä- nsâ Bcw- - n-emWv AXm-b-Xv. t] - sâA¸³ amªm-fnÂ ]utem Irjn XpS-§p-t¼mgmWv ]qtemIwapSn-¨n-bpsS Xv `qan-bnÂ Ipcp-¯-Xmbn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.Ct¸mÄ AXv t] - sâ ]pc-bn-S- n-emsI ]SÀ¶p-]- -en¨p InS-¡p-I-bm-Wv. Hutk- - ³ kmdv t] - sâ Zo\-¡n-S-bv¡-cp-In-en-cp¶v ]d-bp-¶p-v, "ChnsS am{X-aÃ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡m-p-In-S-¡p¶FÃm ]d-¼n-ep-ap-n-Xv'. Biz-kn- n-¡p-t¼mgpw Hcp Bi¦ t] -¨sâ a\-Ên-ep-v. t] - ³ Biz-kn-t¨ms« F¶p-I-cp-Xn-bmWvHutk- - ³ kmdv A§-s\-Iq-«n-t¨À¯-Xv. ]t£ ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡mv InS-¡p¶ ]d¼v F¶ {]tbmKw an¡m-\nb ssa{Im´t]mse t] - sâ a\-ÊnÂ Aim- -ambn ImSp-]n-Sn- p.

a®nÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp- -Xnsâ hocyw ]d-ªp-sImpw PohnXwsI«n- -Sp- -XnÂ A`n-am\w sImpw B hr²³amÀ Aim- -am-Ip¶ a\-Êns\ ]c-kv]cw km´z-\n- n-¡p-¶p: "sNdp- - nseImcy-§Ä Btem-Nn-t¨m-fp-I. \½-fn-hn-sS-X-s¶bm HÅ-sX¶vhnNm-cn-¡p-I'. ]Wn-sb-Sp-¡msX InS-¡p¶ ]d-¼p-IÄ A§n-s\-bm-bn- oÀ¶-sX-§ns\ F¶-Xnsâ D -c-amWv t] - sâ aI³tPmjn-bpsS {]hmkw. amªm-fnÂ ]utem-bpsS sIm¨p-a-I-\mbtPmjn A¸³ t] - -sâ-IqsS ]d-¼n-eqsS \S-¡p-t¼mÄ hey- -\p-m-¡n-bn« Irjn-bn-S- nse ]¨- p-Ãp-IÄ Ah\p ]d-ªp-sIm-Sp- Xv tami-bpsS ]pd- m-Snsâ IY-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. "]Ån-¡q-S-t¯-¡mÄ Ah\v CjvSw ]pd- m-Snsâ IY¡¿m-e-IÄ¡q«n_©n« Irjn- -d-¼m-bn-cp-¶p'. kvIqfn-ep-Å-Xn-t\-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ]Tn-¡m³ ]d-¼n-epv F¶mWv Ahs\ Imc-W-h³amÀ ]Tn- n- -Xv. Irjn F¶ ]mT- n\v shfn-bnÂ \nÂ¡p¶ "]Tn¸v' F¶]mXn Adnhv Irjn-¡m-csâ Pohn-X- n-te¡v IS-¶p-I-bdn Bi-b-¡p-g- -ap-m-¡p-¶Xv ]n¶oSv \mw ImWp-¶p-v. ]IpXn Adn-hp-ambn qtem-I- nsâ hnim-e-X-I-fn-te¡v IpSn-tb-dnb tPmjn


105

kz´w Irjn-bn-S- n-em-I-am\w ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dnb ]qtemIw apSn-¨nsb ImWm-Xn-cn-¡p-Itbm In-sÃ¶v \Sn-¡p-Itbm sN¿p-¶p.]qÀÆn-IÀ \mSpw hoSpw hn«ph¶v \ne-\nÂ¸n-\mbn s]mcpXn t\Sn-sb-Sp¯ Irjn-b-dn-hp-IÄ¡p-tase ]qtemIw apSn¨n F¶ IfB[n]Xyw Øm]n- Xv Hcp CS-\n-e-¡m-c-\m-bn, \nÊm-lm-b-X-tbmsS ImWp¶ tPmjn-bpsS A¸³ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bp-sS-bmsIAkz-Ø-X-bm-hp-I-bm-Wv. Cu Akz-ØX hmb-\-¡m-csâ a\-Ên-te¡pw sasÃ ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dp-¶p. s]m¶p-hn-f-bn¨ a®v Bcp-sS-I-¿n-emWv kpc-£n-X-ambn GÂ¸n-t¡-Xv F¶Xv Hcp IÀj-Isâ Bi-¦bmWv. P\n- p-hoW a®n-s\-¡p-dn-t¨m, AXn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ BZy-]m-T-§tfm ]qÀ®-ambn ]Tn-¡m¯ a\p-jyÀ aäp-Å-h-cnÂ \n¶v Ipw tI«pw hmbn¨pw Adnª A]qÀ®-ambAdn-hnsâ ]ndtIt]mbn kzXzw \jvS-s -Sp- p¶ \nÊ-lm-b-ambØnXn hnti-j-amWv IY-bpsS Ah-km-\- m-K¯v samss_Âkv{Io\n-eqsS ImWp-¶-Xv.

Irjn-bp-ambn ssPhoI-amb _Ôw thÀs -Sp- p¶ Xe-ap-d-bnse Ah-km-\s¯ I®n-bmbn tPmjnsb IYm-Ir¯v hmb-\-¡mÀ¡p-ap-¼nÂ Ah-X-cn- n- n-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. tPmjn IÃymWwIgn-¡m³ sshIn-b-Xn-\p-Im-cWw Abm-fpsS Xe-ap-d-bnÂs¸«-hÀIeymWw Ign-¡p-¶-Xn\v tbmKy-X-bm-bn-I-Xv Hcp Kh. tPmen-bmWv F¶-Xm-Wv. Bk-a-b¯v hntZ-i-tPm-en-¡m-bn-cp¶p IqSp-XÂ Unamâ v. hnhm-l- n\v tijhpw tPmen-bn-Ãm- -h³ F¶No¯-t -cnÂ \n¶v c£ t\Sp-¶-Xn\v tPmjn Pdp-k-te-an-te¡vtcmKn ]cn-Nm-c-Isâ tPmen-¡mbn t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂAXn-thKw hf-cp¶ ]pXp-X-e-ap-dþt] - sâ ]d-¼nse ]Wn-¡m-c³ ssIasâ aI³þXsâ samss_Â kv{Io\n-eqsS A§v Pdp-k-te-anÂ tcmKnsb ]cn-N-cn-¡p¶ tPmjnsb t] - \v ImWn-¨psImSp-¡p-¶p. tcmK-i-¿-bnÂ t] - ³ ImWp-¶Xv kz´w A -\mb amªm-fnÂ ]utem-sb-bm-Wv. ""I«nÂ Ihn-ªp-t]mb HcpInS-¡-bnÂ hbÊv F{X-sb-¶-dn-bm³ ]äm- -hn[w hr²-\m-bn,apJhpw Xebpw hSn¨v BIm-i- n-te¡v t\m¡n ]n]-dp-]n-dp- p-sImv amªm-fnÂ ]utem ac-W-an-Ãm- -h-\mbn InS-¡p-¶p.tPmjn- ³ hÃy- sâ ASpt¯¡v sN¶p. Xm³ P\n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-aps¼ ]of-sI-«n-b-S-ªp-t]mb B I®p-IÄ \oÀ -ªn-sImvXpS-bv¡p-Ibpw aen-\-amb Kply-h-kv{X-§Ä amän ]pXn-bXv DSp-




¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. aI³ {]mÀ°-\-t]mse AXv sN-¿p-¶-Xp-Iv t] - ³ t^m¬ X«n-am-än''.

a®ns\ ]cn-N-cn¨v s]m¶p-hn-f-bn- n-cp¶ a\p-jy³ tcmK-¡n-S-¡-bn-em-Wv. AtX a®p-t]-£n¨v hntZ-i¯v tPmen¡v t]mb]pXnb Xe-apd tcmKo-]-cn-N-cWw Pohn-X -amÀ¤-ambn sXsc-sª-Sp- n-cn-¡p-¶p. \m«nÂ ]cn-N-cWw B{K-ln- p-In-S-¡p¶ A¸\pwhntZ-i¯v tcmKnsb ]cn-N-cn¨v ]Ww hm§p¶ aI\pw F¶sshcp-²y- n-te¡v F¯n-\nÂ¡p-I-bmWv IY. It¼m-f-h-XvI-c-W- nsâ iàn-IÄ¡v Hcp km[m-c-W-¡m-c³ kzb-a-dn-bmsX Cc-bm-bn- o-cp-¶-sX-§s\ F¶pw AXp-aqew Acn-I-hÂ¡-cn-¡-s -Sp-I-tbm, kzXzw \jvS-s -Sp-Itbm sN¿p-¶-sX-§s\ F¶pwChnsS hyà-am¡nbn-cn-¡p-¶p.

Ah-km\w Pdp-k-te-anse vfmäv -ap-dn-bnÂ Xsâ samss_Âkv{Io\nÂ tPmjn ImWp-¶Xv t] - sâ InS- p-ap-dn-bnse P\ÂI¼nbnÂ ]SÀ¶p-I-b-dp¶ an¡m-\nb ssa{Im- -bpsS Xe- p-I-fm-Wv. ]ncn-jvIrX temIw a®-dn-hn-\p-]-Icw hbv¡p¶ PohnXhnP-b-§Ä F{X-am{Xw Akz-Ø-X-IÄ \nd-ª-XmWv F¶v \mwHcp IY-bn-eqsS a\-Ên-em-¡p-I-bm-Wv. CXn-eqsS ]p¯³ Adn-hp-Isf \ntj-[n¨v AÚ-X-bnÂ Xs¶ ]c-am-\µw Is- -W-sa¶ Imgv¨- m-SÃ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. adn¨v FÃm Adn-hp-IÄ¡pw ASn-Øm-\-ambn a\p-jy³ \nÂ¡p¶ a®ns\ icn-bmbhn[- nÂ a\-Ên-em¡n _m¡n-bpÅ Adn-hp-Isf AXn-te¡vtNÀ¡pI F¶ kXyw t_m[y-s -Sp- p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.

Bhn-jvI-cn- n-«pÅ Zriy-§-tfmSv AÀ°-k-ar-²n-tbmsS {]Xn-I-c-W-§Ä tcJ-s -Sp- pI F¶ mcn¨ D¯-c-hm-Zn¯w hmb-\-¡m-c-\p-v. hnti-jn¨pw a®-dn-hp-IÄ kwt{]-jWw sN¿p¶ cN-\-IÄ Ime- nsâ A\n-hm-cy-X-bp-am-Wv. FÃm- cw Adn-hp-I-fp-tSbpw BLmXw Gäp-hm-§p¶ a®ns\ Cu IY-bpsS B´-cnI LS-\-bnÂ \ap¡v ZÀin-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. IÀj-I\v e`n Irjn-`q-an-bpsS Ct¸m-gs¯ A[n-]-\mbn hf-cp¶ an¡m-\nb ssa{ImÍrjn- q-an-bpsS DS-a-Øm-h-Im-is¯ kµnKv²m-h-Ø-bn-se- n-¡p-¶p. em`-\-jvS-¡-W-¡p-I-fnÂ Ipcp§n ]cmPb-s -«p-t]m-bXv qanXs¶-bm-Wv. Cu L«- nÂ em`-I-c-amb asäm-c-h-Ø-bn-te¡va®ns\ amän-sb-Sp-¡pI AXmWv a\p-jy³ sN¿p-¶-Xv. hmsam-gn-b-dn-hp-I-sfbpw Iq«m-bva-bpsS iàn-sbbpw Ah-KWn¡p-¶-Xn-


107

eqsS ssPh a\p-jys\ AssP-h-am-¡n- oÀ¡p-hm³ km[n-¡pw.kÀÆ [\- n-sâbpw kuµ-cy- n-sâbpw aqey- n-sâbpw ASn-Øm\w A[zm-\-amWv F¦nÂ Adn-hp-\nÀ½n-¡p¶ A[n-ImcØm]-\-§Ä A[zm-\-ti-jnsb CÃm-Xm¡n a®nÂ ]qtemIw apSn-¨n¡v hf-cm-\pÅ kml-N-cy-sam-cp-¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p-¶p. AXp-sImvFhn-sS-\n¶v e`n-¡p¶ Adn-hp-I-fmWv a®n-s\bpw a\p-jy-s\bpwX½nÂ _Ôn- n-¡p-¶Xv F¶v ]cn-tim-[n-t¡-n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.



{]hmkw B[p-\nI Ad_n kmln-Xy- nÂ

am\-h-cm-in-bpsS k©m-c-]m-X-bnepw \mK-cn-I-X-bpsS \nÀan-

Xnbnepw `mj-sb-bm-bn-cp¶p a\p-jy³ Bi-b-kw-th-Z-\- n\vAh-ew-_n- n-cp-¶-Xv. temI- nsâ D°m\ ]X-\-§-fnepw hnhn[kaq-l-§-fpsS kmwkvIm-cnI hnI-k-\- nepw `mj-IÄ¡vA\Â]-amb kzm[o-\-ap-v. DÛhw apXÂ DbÀ¨-bp-sSbpwhfÀ¨-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-§-fpÅ Ad-_n- mj C¶v temI- nseA©m-as¯ t{ijvT - m-j-bmbn sFIy-cm-jv{S- k` AwKo-I-cn-¨p. Ad_n mj-bpsS {]Nm-c-W- n\pw ]cn-t]m-j-W- n-\p-ambnFÃm-hÀjhpw Unkw-_À 18-þ\v temI Ad-_n- mjm Zn\-ambn bp.F³. BN-cn- p-h-cp-¶p. Ccp-]- n-b-©n-e-[nIw cmjv{S-§-fpsSamXr- m-j-bm-Wn¶v Ad-_n. ]Z-ku-µ-cyhpw Bib Kmwò-cyhpwi_vZ- ku-Ip-am-cyhpw Bkzm-Z-\m- n-cp-Nnbpw mj-bpsS NaÂ¡m-chpw sImv hnin-jvS-amb Ad-_n- mj sshÚm-\nI \ne-hm-c-apÅ [mcmfw {KÙ- pc-Ifpw Iem- aq-ey-§-fpÅ kmln-Xy -kr-jvSn-Ifpw temI- n\v kaÀ¸n- n-«p-v. temtIm- c \ne-hm-c-apÅIhn-X-IÄ, t\mh-ep-IÄ, \mS-I-§Ä, IY-IÄ F¶n-h-sImvkar-²-am-Wn¶v B[p-\nI Ad-_n- km-lnXy temIw. temI kmln-Xy- n-\pÅ 1988þse t\m_Â ss{]kn\v CuPn-]vXnse Ad_nt\mh-enÌv \Po_v alv^q-fns\ sXsc-sª-Sp- -tXmsS B\p-Im-enI Ad_n {]kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä hniz-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·m-cpsS{i²m-tI-{µ-ambn. \nc-h[n Ad_n t\mh-ep-IÄ¡v _p¡À e`n-¨p. Ipssh-änse Ckvam-CuÂ l-Zv, b_vb \Pvh_v\p iXvhm³,e_t\m\nse CÂbm-kvJqcn, Cdm-Jnse kAZv dlow, CuPn-]vXnse apl-½Zv A_vZp-¶-_n, kDu-Zn-bnse apl-½Zv AÂhm³F¶o Fgp- p-Im-cpsS t\mh-ep-IÄ 2017þÂ _p¡À ss{]kn\v\ma-\nÀt±iw sN¿s -«p.


109

tUm. bqkp v \Zvhn

{]hmkw B[p-\nIAd_n kmln-Xy-¯nÂ

{]hmk kmlnXywhnZym- ym-kw, sXmgnÂ, sskzcy -Po-hnXw XpS-§nb Bh-iy-

§Ä¡v thn tZim-S\w \S- n-b-hÀ ]nd¶ \mSn-s\bpw hfÀ¶`mj-tbbpw s\©n-teän kÀ¤krjvSn \S- p-t¼m-gmWv {]hmkkmlnXyw P\n-¡p-¶-Xv. Xo£vW-amb mh-\, lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bmb`mj, {]hmk Pohn-X- nse GIm-{KX F¶n-h-sbÃmw FÃm mj-I-fnepw {]hmk kmln-Xys¯ hnin-jvS-am-¡p-¶p. tIc-f- nÂ\n¶v UÂln-bn-te¡pw aäpw amdn- m-a-kn-¡p-Ibpw kmln-Xy- c-N-\-I-fn-teÀs -Sp-Ibpw sNbvX {]kn² Fgp- p-Im-c-\m-b- B-\µpw H. hn. hnP-b\pw Im¡-\m-S\pw k¡-dn-bbpw ]p\- nÂIpª-_vZp-Åbpw apIp-µ\pw Fw. ]n. \mcm-b-W-]n-Åbpw Ah-km\w s_\ym-an\pw ae-bmf kmln-Xy- n\v IqSp-XÂ NqSpwNqcpw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v.

{]hmkw Ad_n kmln-Xy- nÂ{]uV-amb Bi-bhpw kpµ-c-amb `mh-\bpw hiy-amb

ssienbpw kwK-an-¡p-t¼m-gm-WtÃm {]hmk kmlnXyw cq]-s -Sp-¶-Xv. kmlnXy hnNm-c-§Ä F{X-Iv lrZ-b-kv]Àin-bm-Ip-¶pthm A{X-Iv hm¡p-IÄ hiy-am-hp-Ibpw BJym-\-§Äat\m-l-c-am-hp-Ibpw Bi-b-§Ä kzm[o-\n-¡-s -Sp-Ibpw sN¿pw.Ad_n `mj-bnse {]hmk kmlnXyw AZ-_pÂ alvPÀ F¶\ma- n-emWv Adn-b-s -«-Xv.

1870þ1900 Ime-L-«- nÂ hS-¡p-In-g-¡³ Ata-cn-¡-bn-te¡pw{^m³kv, PÀ½\n XpS-§nb cmPy-§-fn-te¡pw kndn-b, e_-\m³F¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \n¶v tZim-S\w \S- nb Ad-_n-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWvAZ-_pÂ anlvPÀ DS-se-Sp-¡p-¶-Xv. 1920þÂ JeoÂ Pn{_msât\Xr-Xz- nÂ \yqtbmÀ¡nÂ cq]o-Ir-X-amb ""dm_n-Xz- nÂ Je-an¿'' F¶ kmln-Xy -{]-Øm-\w, {]hmkw Ad_n kmln-Xy- n\v\ÂInb Hcp kw`m-h-\-bm-bn-cp-¶p. aoJm-boÂ \Cu-a, GenbA_q-am-fn, \ko_v Aco-f, djoZv A¿q-_v, A_vZpÂ ako-lv,l±m-Zv, \pZvd l±m-Zv, hneyw ImXv keo- v, hZo-Av _d-aq-Xv, CÃymkv,A_vZpÅ F¶n-hÀ dm_n-Xz- pÂ Je-an-¿-bnse AwK-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ {_koÂ, AÀPâo-\, saIvkn-t¡m, sh\n-skzmeXpS-§nb cmPy-§fnte¡v tZim-S\w \S- nb kmln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ"AÂ-D-kv_- pÂ D³Zp-ep-kn¿' F¶ t]cnÂ hSt¡ Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ Hcp kmln-Xy-k-`-bp-m¡n {]hÀ¯n-¨p. aoimÂ




\pAvam³ aAveq v, ukm aAveq v, djoZv keow lqdn, jôJvaAveq^v, CÃymkv Àl-d-Xv, AJvÂ Pdv, ipIvdp-Ãmlv Pdv, PÀP-kvI-dw, XuôJv JpÀ_m³, CkvI³ZÀ IÀ_m-Pv, \foÀ kbvXq³,alvZo kJm^n F¶o {]Xn- Ifmbn-cp¶p Dkv_-bpsS AWn-bdinÂ]nIÄ.

hnhn[ Øe-§-fnÂ {]hmk PohnXw \bn-¡p¶ ]e-kvXo-\n-I-fmb Fgp- p-ImÀ {]hmk Ad_n kmln-Xy-ta-J-esb k¼-¶-am-¡nb asämcp hn`m-K-am-Wv. kpUm-\nse {]kn² Fgp- p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶ Xz¿n_v kmenlv. {]hmk Ad_n kmln-Xy- nseXnf-§p¶ Xmc-am-Wv, 2015 HmKÌv 25 \v \ncym-X-\mb hymJymX]e-kvXo³ Ihn-bm-bn-cp¶ alvaqZv ZÀthjv. X¶nÂ A´Àe-o-\-amb kÀ¤-ti-jn-sImv C{km-tbÂ oI-c-Xbvs¡-Xnsc Xqen-I-sImv ]S-hmÄ \bn¨ ]e-kvXo³ t]mcm-fn-bm-bn-cp¶p alvaqZvZÀth-jv. I®ocpw tNmcbpw ]pc hcn-I-fnÂ kvt\lw Nmen-¨p-sIm-mWv At±lw IhnX cNn- -Xv. tZio-b-Xbv¡v thn hmZn-¡p-Ibpw ]mSp-Ibpw sNbvX ZÀth-jv, Rm³ acn- mepw ]ns¶bpwCu a®n-t\mSv ]pWÀ¶p-In-S¡pw Fs¶-gp-Xp-I-bp-m-bn. XsâHmtcm izmkhpw Hmtcm \nan-jhpw Hmtcm ajn- p-Ånbpw ]e-kvXo\v thn-bm-sW¶v {]Jym-]n¨ ZÀth-jnsâ at\m-l-c-ambIhn-X-IÄ temI- nse hnhn[ mj-I-fn-te¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿-s -«n-«p-v. ae-bm-f- nse {]hmkn Fgp- p-Im-c³ IqSn-bmbk¨n-Zm-\µ³ hnh-hÀ¯\w sNbvX GXm\pw Ihn-X-IÄ \ap-¡n-§s\ hmbn-¡mw :

1. sFUânän ImÀUvtcJ-s -Sp¯q:Rm³ Ad_nFsâ ImÀUv \-¼À A¼-Xn-\m-bncwF\n¡v F«v a¡ÄH¼-Xm-a-t¯Xv hcpw, th\Â IgnªvtIm]n-¡m-s\- n-cn-¡p¶p?

tcJ-s -Sp¯q:Rm³ Ad_nIÃp-sh-«mw-Ip-gn-bnÂ A[zm-\n-¡p¶kJm-¡Äs¡m¸w ]WnF\n¡v F«v a¡Ä


111

AhÀ¡mbn Rm³ ]md-¡-ÃnÂ \n¶vA -¡jvWw ]nSn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶p,DSp- p-Ifpw t\m«p-_p-¡p-Ifpw.\n§-fpsS hmXnÂ¡Â h¶vRm³ ]n¨ sXp-¶nÃ\n§-fpsS hmXn-temfw Xcw Xmgp-¶nÃtIm]n-¡m-s\- n-cn-¡p¶p?

tcJ-s -Sp¯q:Rm³ Ad_nRm³ _lp-a-Xn-I-sfm-¶pan-Ãm¯ shdpw t]cvFÃmw tIm]- p-gn-bnÂ Ign-bp¶Hcp \m«nÂ £a-tbmsS Ign-bp-¶-h³Fsâ thcp-I-fp-d¨pIme- nsâ ]nd-hn¡pw ap¼v,bpK-§Ä s]mń-hcpw ap¼,vtZh-Xm-cp-hn\pw Heo-hp-a-c-§Ä¡pw ap¼v,If-I-fpsS s]cp-¡- n\pw ap¼vFsâ D¸ \pI- nsâ IpSpw-_- nÂ \n¶vDuäw IqSnb Xd-hm-Sp-I-fnÂ \n¶ÃFsâ D¸q¸m Irjn-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶pIpehpw hwim-h-en-bp-an-Ãm- -h³Fsâ hoSv ImhÂ¡m-csâ IqcI¼pw apfbpw sImv Iq«n-bXvFsâ ]Z-hn-sImv Xr]vXn-bmtbm Bthmho«p-t]-cn-Ãm¯ shdpw t]cmWp Rm³

tcJ-s -Sp¯q:Rm³ Ad_napSn-bpsS \ndw :ajn-¡-dp¸va®nsâ \ndw : Xhn-«p-\ndwXncn- -dn-bm-\pÅ AS-bm-f-§Ä:Fsâ Xe-bnÂs¡-«n-\p-aosX Nc-Sp-IÄ,sXmSp-¶-hs\ am´p-¶hFsâ hnemkw:Rm³ \m«n³]p-d- p-\n-¶mWvAI-se, ad-¡-s¸« H¶v




AXnsâ sXcp-hp-IÄ¡v t]cnÃBfp-I-sfms¡ hb-enepw aS-bnepwtIm]n-¡m-s\- n-cn-¡p¶p?

tcJ-s -Sp¯q:Rm³ Ad_n\n§-sfsâ ap¯p- m-am-cpsSapń-cn-t¯m- p-IÄ X«n- -dn¨pRm³ Dgm-dpÅ I-§ÄRm\pw Fsâ a¡fpwF\n¡pw t]c-¡n-Sm-§Ä¡pw\n§Ä _m¡n-bn-«Xv Cu ]md-IÄ am{XwtIÄ¡pw t]mse Ahbpw\n§-fpsS kÀ¡mÀFSp- p-sIm-p-t]m-Iptam?At¸mÄH¶mw t]Pn\p apI-fnÂXs¶

tcJ-s -Sp¯q:F\n¡v P\-§-tfmSp shdp- nÃRm\m-cp-tSbpw kz¯v ssIt¿-dp-¶p-anÃF¦nepw F\n¡v hni-¶mÂAXn-{I-an-bpsS Cd¨n Rm³ Xn¶pwkq£n- n-cp-t¶m-fq, Fsâ hni- ns\ kq£n-¡q,Fsâ tIm]-s¯bpw!

2. \S¯wR§Ä \S-¡p-¶p,R§-fpsS amwk-aÃm¯ Hcp \m«n-te¡vA¯n-a-c-§Ä R§-fpsS AØnb-Ãm- n-S-t¯¡vAXnsâ IÃp-IÄ tkmf-asâ KoX- nseNpcpÄ tcma-apÅ sN½-cn-bm-Sp-I-sf-t¸mse

R§Ä \S-¡p¶pR§Ä¡mbn hnti-jn-s¨mcp kqcy-t\bpwRm¯n-bn-Sm¯ Hcp \m«n-te¡v:]pcm-W-§-fnse kv{XoIÄ ssIsIm-«p¶pR§Ä¡p Npäpw Hcp ISÂR§Ä¡p-aosX Hcp ISÂ


113

tKmX¼pw shÅhpw At§m-s«- p-¶n-sÃ-¦nÂR§-fpsS kvt\lw £n-¡q, R§-fpsS I®oÀ IpSn¡qIhn-IÄ¡v Zp:JmN-c-W- nsâ Idp¯ apJ-]-S-§Ä\n§Ä¡v \n§-fpsS hnP-b-§ÄR§Ä¡v R§-fp-tSXvImWm-\m-Im- Xp am{Xw ImWp¶Hcp \mSpv R§Ä¡v

3. B{K-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v ]d-b-cptXRm³ AÂPn-tb-gvknÂHcp sdm«n-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂHcp Iem-]-Im-cn-tbm-sSm¸wRm\-t¸mÄ ]mSntbs\

]d-b-cptX:Rm³ sba-\n-semcp CS-bm-\m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂRm³ Ime- nsâhnd-bvs¡m¸w ]mSn-tbs\

]d-b-cptX:Rm³ lhm-\-bnse Nmb-¡-S-bnÂshbn-ä-dm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂIc-bp¶ kv{XoI-fpsS hnP-b- n-\mbn Rm\-t¸mÄ]mSn-tbs\

]d-b-cptX:Bkzm-\nÂ Rms\mcp bph-sXm-gn-em-fn-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂRm³ ]md-I-tfmSv ]mSn-tbs\Fsâ kplrt¯ss\Â \Zn thmÄK-bn-te-s¡m-gp-Ip-I-bnÃtImwtKm \Znbpw tPmÀZm³ \Znbpwbq{^-«o-kn-te-s¡m-gp-Ip-I-bnÃHmtcm \Zn-¡p-apv AXnsâ Dd-hnSwAXnsâ hgn, AXnsâ PohnXwFsâ kplr-t¯, \½psS \mSv hÔy-aÃHmtcm \mSn\pw P\n-¡m-s\mcp aplqÀ¯-apvHmtcm ]pe-cn¡pw Iem-]-Im-cn-bp-ambnHcp IqSn-¡m-gvN-bpv.




4. Cc, \¼À 48Ah-c-hsâ amdnÂ Ip]\n-\oÀ¸q-¡-fpsS Hcp hnf¡v, Hcp N{µ\pwAh³ IÃp-IÄ¡paosXsImÃ-s -«p-In-S¶pAh-c-hsâ Ioi-bnÂ IpAÂ]w NnÃ-d, Hcp Xos¸«nbm{X-¡pÅ Hcp ]mkv, AhsâsNdp¸w apänb ssIbnev ] -Ip- nb ]mSv.

Ahsâ A½ Ah-s\-tbmÀ¯p tX§nBtm-Smv Ah-\mbn hne-]n¨pAhsâ angn-I-fnÂ sXm«m-hmSn apf¨pCcp«v Xg- p-apänAhsâ A\p-P³ hfÀ¶p\K-c- - -bnÂ ]Wn tXSn-t¸m-b-t¸mÄAh-c-hs\ Pbn-en-e-S¨p:Ahsâ ssI¿nÂ bm{X-¡pÅ ]mkn-Ãm-bn-cp¶psXcp-hn-e-h³ hln- XvHcp s]«n Nh-dp-am{Xw,]ns¶ aäp s]«n-IfpwAsX, Fsâ \m«nse Ipªp-§tf,A§-s\-bmWv N{µ³ acn- -Xv.

5. hm¡p-IÄFsâ hm¡p-IÄ tKmX-¼p-a-Wn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄRm³ qan-bm-bn-cp¶pFsâ hm¡p-IÄ AaÀj-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄRm³ sImSp-¦m-äm-bn-cp¶pFsâ hm¡p-IÄ ]md-bm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄRm³ ]pg-bm-bn-cp¶pFsâ hm¡p-IÄ tX\mbn amdn-b-t¸mÄCu¨-IÄ Fsâ Npp s]mXnªp

6. Fsâ A½Fsâ A½-bpsS A - n\p Rm³ sImXn-¡p¶pFsâ A½-bpsS Im¸n¡v


115

Ah-cpsS kv]Ài- n\v\mÄtXmdpw _mey-Ime kvac-W-IÄF¶nÂ hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶pacn-¡p-t¼mÄ Fsâ Pohn-X- n\vRm³ AÀlX t\Sn-bn-cn-¡Ww

Fsâ A½-bpsS I®o-cn\pwHcp \mÄ Rm³ Xncn- p-h-¶mÂFsâ Hcp aqSp-]Sw t]mse\nsâ I®n-a-I-fn-te-¡p-bÀ¯pI\nsâ Ime-Sn-I-fmÂ A\p-K-lo-X-amb]pÃp-sImv Fsâ AØn-IÄ aqSpI\nsâ lrZ-b- nsâ Hcp \mcp-sImv\s½ H¶n¨p Iq«n-s¡-«pI\nsâ DSp- n\v ]nd-InÂ Xq§p¶ Hcn-g-sImv\nsâ lrZ-b- nsâ Bg-§Ä kv]Àin- mÂRm³ A\-iz-c-\m-tb¡pwHcp ssZh-am-tb¡pwRm³ Xncn- p-h-¶mÂ Fs¶\n\¡v Xo¡q-«m-s\mcp hnd-Ip-sIm-Ån-bm-¡pI\nsâ taÂ¡q-c-bn-semcp Ab-bm-¡pI\nsâ A\p-{K-l-an-ÃmsX

F\n¡v \nÂ¡mt\ BhnÃF\n¡v hb-ÊmbnIp«n-¡m-es¯ \£-{X- q-]-S-§-sf-\n¡vXncn- p-X-cnIIpcp-hn-IÄs¡m¸w Rm³\nsâ Im¯n-cn-¡p¶ Iq«n-te-¡pÅhgn Is- -s«.

7. incÊpw AaÀjhpwFsâ P·-\mtS;Cu ac-b-gn-I-fn-eqsSXos¡m-¡p-IÄ Fsâ angn-bn-emgv nXWp- n-¡p¶ Kcp-U³ \mtS!F\n¡v ac-W- n\v ap¶n-ep-ÅXv




Hcp incÊpw Hc-aÀjhpw am{XwFsâ acW ]{X- nÂRm\-t]-£n- n-«pvFsâ lrZbw Hcphr£-ambn sh¨p-]n-Sn¸n¡-W-sa-¶v,Fsâ s\änHcp hm\-¼m-Sn¡p hoSmbpwtl, Kcp-U³, \nsâ Nnd-Ip-IÄRm\Àln-¡p-¶nÃF\n-¡njvSw Pzme-bpsS IncoSw

Fsâ P· \mtS!R§Ä P\n¨p hfÀ¶Xv \nsâ apdn-hp-I-fnÂ,R§Ä Hm¡p-a-c- nsâ ImbvIÄ Xn¶Xpw;FÃmw \o Nnd-I-Sn- -b-cp-¶Xv ImWm³Hcp bpàn-bp-an-ÃmsX N§-e-I-fnÂ]nS-bp¶ tl Kcp-Um,R§sf sImXn- n-¡m-dpÅCXn-lm-k-§-fnse hoc-arXyp\nsâ Nph¶ sIm¡vAán-JUvKw t]mseFsâ I®p-I-fn-en-t¸m-gp-apv\nsâ Nnd-Ip-IÄ Rm\Àln-¡p-¶nÃac-W- n\v ap¶nÂ F\n-¡p-ÅXvHcp incÊpw Hc-aÀjhpw am{Xw.


117

a®pw a\p-jy\pw X½n-epÅ _Ôw qan-tbmfw ]g-¡-ap-Å-

Xm-Wv. Bhmk hyh-Ø-bpsS ASn-Øm\ LS-I-sa¶ \ne-bn-emWv a®v a\p-jy -Po-hn-X- nsâ `mKam-b-Xv. C¶-Xn-semcpcmjv{So-b-ap-v. Nhn-«n-\nÂ¡p¶ a®nsâ hne-b-dn-bp-¶, hne-b-dn-bn-¡p¶ cmjv{So-bw. tNmÀ¶p-t]m-Ip¶ a®nÂ Imep-Ip- n-\nÂ¡m-\m-hm- -hs\ t\m¡n Aw_-c- Npw-_n-I-fn-encp¶p Nncn-¡p-¶-hsâ cmjv{So-bw.

Hcp ]Xn-ämv ap¼v hsc tIcf q]-S- n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ I½-«n-¸m-S-sa¶ {]tZiw C¶v Ah-ti-jn-¸p-I-fn-Ãm¯ H-¶m-bn-¯oÀ¶p. s]m¡mfn Irjn-bmÂ he-bw-XoÀ¯n-cp¶ NXp- p-I-fnÂ C¶v ]\-¼nÅn \Kdpw IS-h{´ SuWpw Fd-Wm-Ipfwknänbpw Xe-bp-bÀ¯n \nÂ¡p-¶p. hyh-kmb ime-Ifpw sI«nSkap- -b-§fpw sat{Sm-bp-sams¡ \ne-bp-d- n¨ \K-c-¡m-gvN-bv¡-¸pdw Hcp P\-X-bpsS Nhn-«n-b-c-¡-s¸« kz]v\-§fpw I«-]n-Sn¨tNmc-bpsS KÔ-hp-ap-s¶v "I½-«n- mSw' F¶ kn\n-a-bn-eqsScmPohv chn F¶ kwhn-[m-b-I³ \s½ HmÀ½-s -Sp- p-¶p.

khÀWsâ {]_e Pohn-X- n-te¡v tI{µo-I-cn-¡-s -Sp¶]Xnhv BJym-\-§Ä¡pÅ adp-]-Sn-bmbn I½-«n- m-S-sa¶ Ne- n-{Xs¯ ImWm-\m-hpw. apwss_-bnse tNcn-sbm-gn- n- -Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v hmNm-e-\mbn ssI¿Sn t\Sp¶ \mb-I-\pw, I¯p¶ tImf-\n-Isf Iymad s{^bn-an-\p-ÅnÂ sImp-h-cmsX aÀ±nX P\-XsbXÅn-¡-f-bp¶ kwhn-[m-b-I\pw shÅn- n-c-bnse khÀW ta[m-hn-Xz-ap-d- n-¡p¶ Bdmw X{¼m-¡-fmbn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶n-S- mWvI½-«n- mSw F¶ kn\na hyXy-kvX-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ]c-¼-cm-KX Ne-¨n{X BJym-\-IÄ¡p-ÅnÂ \n¶p-sIm-p-X-s¶-bmWv IpSn-bn-d-¡-s -«-hsâ \m«n-te¡v Iymad Nen- n- p-sImv kn\na XpS-§p-¶-Xv.



Xmc Fkv. cmPv

NXp¸v \ne-§-fnÂap§n-¯m-W-hÀ

NXp v \ne-§-fnÂ ap§n- m-W-hÀ

tIcf Ncn-{X- nÂ hÀ¤-cm-jv{Sobw A[o-iXzw t\Sn-b-Xn\p]n¶mse cq]-s -«-hcpw F¬]-Xp-I-tfmsS iàn-bmÀÖn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX a[y-hÀ¤ ho£-W- n-eq-sS-bmWv \½psS apJy-[mcm Ncn-{Xhpw kmam-\y-t_m-[hpw \nÀ½n-¡-s -«-Xv. Cu A[oi-P-\-hn- m-K- nsâ kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI [mc-W-IÄ¡-I-¯mWv tIc-f- nsâ kmaq-lnI amähpw hnI-k\ amXr-I-Ifpwhn`m-h\w sN¿-s -«n-«p-f-f-Xv. tIc-f- nsâ ka-{K-hn-I-k\ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-I-sf-¡p-dn v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-t¼mgpw {]m -hÂ¡-cn-¡-s¸« Acn-Ip-Po-hn-X-§Ä A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿-s -SmsX t]mIp-¶p. A[n-Im-c-s¯bpw ASn- -aÀ -ep-I-sfbpw \ne-\nÀ¯m-\pÅ ]²-Xn-I-fmWv hnI-k-\-sa¶ t]cnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw \S- n-em-¡-s -«n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu k¦p-Nn-X-h-tcWy bpàn-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb kmaq-lnIho£Ww Gsd _m[n- Xv Iogmf kaq-l-s¯-bm-Wv. \mK-cnIa[y-hÀK kpJ-tem-ep-]-Xn-bnÂ InS- mSw \jvS-s -«n-d-t§-n-h-¶-hÀ kwh-cW kwhn-[m-\- n-eqsS kmaq-lnI apJy-[m-c-bn-te¡p {]th-i\w t\Sn-h-cp¶ hntcm-[m- m-k- n\pw ImgvN-¡m-cm-hp-¶p-v \mw. hnI-k\ hncp-²-cmbn ap{Z-Ip- -s -«-h-cpsS Zcn-{Z-ho-Sp-IÄ Ft¸mÄ thW-sa-¦nepw s]mfn- p-am-ä-s -Sm-hp¶ H¶m-Wv. c-W-IqS kwhn-[m-\- nsâ tcJ-I-fnÂ AS-bm-f-s -Sp- m¯IpSn-bn-d-¡-s -«-hÀ qc-ln-X-sc¶pw hnfn-¡-s -«p.

`qc-ln-Xcpw `qhp-S-a-Ifpw X½n-epÅ bp²w ^yqUÂ hyh-Ø-bpsS Ime- p-Xs¶ XpS¡w Ipdn- -h-bm-Wv. tNcn-Xn-cn-hp-I-fpsS ]pXp-Im-e- nepw {]mNo\ ^yqUÂ \b-§Ä HfnªpwsXfnªpw {]I-S-am-hp-¶Xv Iogm-f-k-aq-l- nsâ PohnX Npäp-]m-Sp-IÄ \nco-£n-¡p-t¼mÄ am{X-am-Wv. hntZ-i-i-àn-IÄ tNcn-IÄ krjvSn- Xv aqÀ¯hpw {]I-S-hp-amb sImtfmWn-b-enÌvhwiob hntZz-j-am-bn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ, Cý-bnÂ hÀ¤ hnth-N-\hpwPmXn-ssh-cp-²y-hp-am-bn-cp¶p Iogmf P\-Xbv¡p s]mXp CSw\ntj-[n-¡-s -Sm³ Imc-W-am-b-Xv. I½-«n- mSw F¶ kn\n-a-bn-eqsSAXnsâ Dd-hnSw tXSp-I-bmWv kwhn-[m-b-I³.

\K-c-hn-I-k\w, hyh-kmbhÂ¡-cWw F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ c-W-IqS XmÂ]-cy-§-fnÂ Hcp tZi- nsâ hfÀ¨ AS-bm-f-s -Sp-¯p-¶p. khÀW P\-X-bpsS \n£n]vX XmÂ]-cy-§-fpsS ]cn-[n-bnÂ \n¶pw ]pd- m-¡-s -«-h-cpsS AXn-Po-h\w At¸mgpwHcp henb tNmZy-Nn-Ó-ambn \nÂ¡p-¶p. q]-S- n-\p-Ån-em-sW-


119

¦nepw kmaq-ln-I-þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI s]mXp aWvU-e-§-fnÂ AS-bm-f-s -Sm-sX-t]m-Ip¶ P\-X. AI¯pw ]pd- p-ambn \ne-sImÅp¶Iogmf kaqlw tZi- n\pw tZi-kz-Xz-§Ä¡pw ]pd- p-\nÂ¡p-¶-h-cmbn hn`m-h\w sN¿-s -Sp-¶-XnÂ c-W-Iq-S- n\pw am[y-a-§Ä¡pw Ne- n{Xw t]mepÅ P\-{]nb Iem-cq-]-§Ä¡p-apÅ]¦v sNdp-X-Ã. Chn-sS-bmWv I½-«n- mSw asämcp s{^bn-ambnamdp¶-Xv.

]e L«-§-fn-em-bpÅ I½-«n- m-S- nsâ hnI-knX cq]-§ÄIyma-d-¡-®p-IÄ H¸n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶p-v; H¸w Hcp P\-X-bpsS BcpwtIÄ¡m-sX-t]m-Ip¶ tcmZ\hpw. ]pd-t¼m-¡nse Ipfw Xtâ-Xm-sW¶p hmZn-¡p¶ qhp-S-a-bpsS A[n-Im-cs¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xn-eqsS yqUÂ hyh-Ø-bpsS XIÀ¨ {]I-S-am-Ip-¶p. AtXm-sSm¸w a[y-hÀK khÀW-ta-[m-hn-Xz- nsâ DÛ-hhpw kam- -c-ambn kw`-hn-¡p¶p F¶v ]d-bmsX ]d-bp¶p kwhn-[m-b-I³.a®nsâ KÔ-a-dnªp Pohn- -h-cpsS NXp- p-\n-e-§-fnÂ I¨-hSXmÂ]-cy-§fpw a[y-hÀK hymtam-l-§fpw \ne-bp-d- n- -t¸mÄ Hcpkaqlw H¶-S¦w ]pdw- -Å-s -«p. \K-c- nsâ hfÀ -bvs¡m¸wkztZ-i-P-\-X-bpsS XIÀ¨bpw Fgp-X-s -«p. km{am-PyXz hyh-Ø-bpsS Ah-ti-jn- p-Isf HmÀan- n¡pw hn[w X½n-e-Sn- n¨pImcyw t\Sp¶ apX-em-fn¯ NqjWw Xs¶-bmWv I½-«n- m-S-¯n\pw Nc-a-¡p-dn-s -gp-Xn-b-Xv. a®ns\ Iodn-ap-dn¨v I¨-h-S-em`wsImbvX Igp-I-·m-cpsS Cc-I-fmbn a®nsâ a¡Ä amdn-bXpwNcn{Xw.

^mIvS-dn-IÄ ]pd- -Åp¶ amen-\y-§Ä t]mse apX-em-fn¯w]pd-´-Ånb shdpw thÌp-I-fmbn amdn Acn-Ip-Po-hn-X-§Ä.a®nÂ ]Wn-sb-Sp- -h-cpsS DuÀÖhpw N¦q-ähpw Nqj-W- n-\n-c-bm-¡-s¸«Xpw kaq-l-¯n\p òj-Wn-bmb Kp-IfpwIzt«j³ kwL-§-fp-ambn Ah-À amdn-bXpw hen-s -dn-b-s¸« amen-\y-¡q-¼m-cs¯ HmÀan- n-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-I-fm-bn- oÀ¶p. a®nÂ\n¶pw {`jvSv IÂ]n-¡-s -«-hÀ a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS Imen-s¯m-gp-¯p-IÄ F¶p s{Û-dnIv F³tKÂkv hnti-jn- n¨ tNcn-I-fpsSk´-Xn-I-fmbn ]p\ÀP-\n- p. C¶nsâ \K-c- n\p thm-Xmb]pe-bm-Sn-Ifpw sXcphv \mbv¡-fp-ambn Pohn¨p acn- -hÀ. Pohn-X- nsâ Xpcp- p-I-fnepw Hmc-§-fnepw AI-s -«p-t]mb \ncm-ew-_-cmb Hcp P\-X-bpsS \jvS-kz-]v\-§-fpsS kwÚ-b-bmWv



NXp v \ne-§-fnÂ ap§n- m-W-hÀ

"I½-«n- m-Sw'. A[n-\n-th-i- n-\-Sn-a-s -Sp¶ Hcp kaq-l- n-sâbpwP\-X-bp-sSbpw \mSn-sâbpw {]Xo-I-am-W-Xv. a\p-jy-a-\-Êm-£nbpwa\p-jym-h-Im-i-§fpw \jvS-am-Ip¶ temI¯v {]Xn-tcm-[n-¡m³sh¼p¶ cmjv{So-b-\o-¡- nsâ Iem-]-cn-Wmaw. AXmWv I½-«n-¸m-S-sa¶ Ne- n-{X- m-jyw.

Iogm-f-P-\-X-bv¡p-thn \ne-sIm-Åp-t¼mgpw kn\na ]e-t¸mgpw htcWy D·q-e\ kq{X-hm-Iy-§Ä¡-Sn-a-s -Sp-¶pv F¶v]d-bmsX h¿. Idp-s¸¶ \nd-s¯bpw AXnsâ ambv¡m-\m-hm¯Id-sbbpw kv]jvS-ambn Ah-X-cn- n-¡p-¶-Xnse cmjv{So-bw, I¨-hS XmÂ]cyw D¶w -h-bv¡p¶ Hcp Iem- kr-jvSn-bpsS A\n-hm-cy-Xbpw KXn-tI-Sp-amWv ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv. shfp¯ \mb-Is\ {]W-bn-¡p¶ IYm-\m-bnI \s½ hns«m-gn-bm¯ htcWy kwkvImckqN-I-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶p. hn«p-ho-gvN-I-fn-Ãm¯ Iem-kr-jvSn-IÄ cNn-¡-s -Sp-I-bn-sÃ¶pw Iogmf a\-ÊnÂt]mepw B[n-]-Xy-ap-d- n¨ khÀW-ta-[m-hnXzw ambv¡m-\m-hm¯ ap{Z-bm-sW¶pwkn\na \s½ [cn- n-¡p-¶p-v. hÀW-þ-PmXn sshcp-²y-§-fpsSN«-¡qSv t`Z- p-sImv IYm-]m-{X -krjvSn \S- n-bn«pw ASn- -aÀ¯-s -«-hÀ F¶pw \ntj-[I cq]-I-§-fmbn hn`m-h\w sN¿-s¸«p F¶Xv \nÀ`m-Ky-I-c-amb hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. AXn-Po-h-\- n-sâbpw \ne-\nÂ¸n-sâbpw adp-I-c-bn-se- m-\m-hmsX Nhn-«n-b-c-bv¡-s¸« Hcp P\-X-bpsS ssZ\yX A[n-Imc khÀW k{¼-Zmb koa-IÄ¡- pdw AS-bm-f-s -Sp-t¯ H¶m-sW¶v I½-«n-¸mSw F¶ kn\na ]d-ªp-sh-bv¡p¶p F¶Xv Bizmkw ]I-cp-¶p; {]Xo-£-I-fpw.


121

PmXn hyhØ P\- Po-hn-X¯nsâ A\p-Zn\ mK-t[-b-§sf\nb-{ń-¡p¶ Cý-bnÂ \mK-cmPv aRvPp-f-bpsS kn\n-a-IÄ¡pÅ {]kàn hfsc hep-Xm-Wv. At±-l- nsâ BZy-Nn-{X-amb "^m³{Sn' (2013) Ah-km-\n-¡p-¶Xv ZfnXv \mbI IYm-]m-{X-amb P_y Iym-a-d-bv¡p-t\sc IsÃ-dn-bp-¶-tXm-sS-bm-Wv. PmXn-ta-[m-hnXzw sh¨p-]p-eÀ¯p¶ \ne-hnse kmaq-ly-hy-h-Øn-Xn-tbm-SpÅ HSp-§m¯ {]Xn-tj-[-amWv Iyma-d-bnÂ h¶p-]-Xn-bv¡p¶ B IÃv. 2016 Â ]pd- n-d-§nb cm-as¯ Nn{X-ambsskdm- nÂ BZy Nn{X- nÂ \n¶pw Hcp ]Sn-IqSn IS¶v Cý-bnse kmaqly hyh-Ø-nXnbnÂ òI-c-cq]w ]qv \S-am-Sp¶enwK-þ-PmXn taÂt¡m-bvasb {]iv\-hÂ¡-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-¶p.]pcpj ta[m-hn-Xz- n-sâbpw htc-Wy-X-bp-sSbpw òI-c-XsbDbÀ¶ PmXn-bnÂs¸« AÀ¨\ (BÀ¨n) F¶ \mbn-I-bpsSbpw,Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-c-\mb {]im´v (]mÀjy) F¶ \mb-I-sâbpw{]W-b-I-Y-bn-eqsS Bhn-jv¡-cn-¡p-I-bmWv kwhn-[m-b-I³.PmXym-[n-Imcw FÃm Xe-§-fnepw \ne-\nÀ¯m-\pÅ {][m\ LS-I-ambn hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p ]pcpj ta[m-hnXzw F¶p]-dªphbv¡p¶p sskdm v F¶ Ne- n-{Xw.

enwK-]-c-amb -hmÀ¸p-am-Xr-I-Isf {]Xn-\n-[m\w sN¿p¶ IYm-]m-{X-aÃ sskdm- nse \mbn-I-bmb AÀ¨-\. ]nXr-ta-[m-hnXy]cn-[n-I-fnse s]mXp CS-§Ä AhÄ \njn-²-am-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpwXsâ PmXn-bpsS htc-WyX AhÄ¡p k½m-\n-¡p¶ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ s]mXp-C-S-§-Ä AhÄ kzbw Is- p-¶p-v. Xmgv¶PmXn-bnÂs¸« \mb-I-s\bpw kplr- p-¡-sfbpw Ipf-¡-S-hnÂ\n¶pw \njvIm-kn-X-cm-¡p¶ AÀ -\-bnÂ htc-Wy- hÀ¤- nsâ[mÀjvSy-amWv {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv. ]c-¼-cm-KX kmaq-lnI kv{Xok¦Â -§-fnÂ\n¶pw hyXy-kvX-bmb AÀ -\, \mb-Isâ t\m«-



jmtcm¬ tdmkv

sskdm¯v :enwK-PmXn {]nXn-\n-[m-\-§Ä

sskdm v : enwK-PmXn {]nXn-\n-[m-\-§Ä

¯n-\p-ap-¶nÂ ]X-dn-t¸m-Ip-¶-h-f-Ã. Hcp L«- nÂ B¬t\m-«-§sf AhÄ IogvtaÂ adn-¡p-¶p-ap-v. ]e-t¸mgpw IYm-KXn \nb-{ń-¡p-¶Xpw AÀ¨-\-bpÄs¸« kv{Xo IYm-]m-{X-§Ä Xs¶-bm-Wv. {]Wbw {]I-S-am-¡p-¶Xpw {Kma- nÂ\n¶p c£-s -Sm³ap³ssI FSp-¡p-¶Xpw \mbn-I-bm-Wv.

Hfn-t¨m-Sm-\pÅ {ia- n-\nsS t]meokv ]nSn-Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ IpSpw-_- n-sâbpw cmjv{S- n-sâbpw ]pcp-jm-[n-Im-c- hy-h-Ø-IsfshÃp-hn-fn-¡p-¶pv AÀ -\. IÌ-Un-bn-se-Sp- -tijw t]meokvAhsf ]nXm-hn\v ssIam-dp-t¼mÄ IpSpw-_-sa¶ kmaq-lnIØm]-\- nsâ A[n-Im-c- L-S-\sb AtX-]Sn \ne-\nÀ¯m³Iq«p-\nÂ¡p-I-bmWv \nb-a- hy-h-Ø-bp-sa¶v hyà-am-Ip-¶p.htc-Wy- hÀ¤- nsâ IpSpw-_ -a-l-Xzhpw ]mc-¼-cy-§fpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn-\pÅ Hcp am[y-a-ambn \nb-a -hy-h-Øbpw amdp-I-bm-Wv. kzPm-Xn-bnÂ \n¶pw hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mc-¼cyw ]n´p-S-cm³ _m²y-Ø-bm-bn-cn-¡p¶ \mbnI IogvPm-Xn-¡m-c-\mb {]im-ńs\ {]W-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb Hcp IpSpw-_-hy-h-Ø-sb, kmaq-ln-I{I-as¯ Akz-Ø-am-¡p-¶Xv Xncn- -dn-bp¶pt{]£-IÀ.

IYm-cw- - nÂ AÀ -\-bpsS ]nXmhv {In¡äv tÌUn-b- nÂsh¨pÅ k½m-\-Zm-\-¨-S-§nse {]kw-K-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ, kz´who«nse kv{XoIsf \ne-bv¡p-\nÀ¯p-hm³ Adn-bm¯ {]Xn-]£t\Xm-h-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ¡v cn-¡m³ AÀl-X-bn-sÃ¶v ]d-bp-¶p-v.khÀ® ta[m-hnXzw \ne-\nÀ¯m³ kv{XoI-fpsS taepÅ Cu\nb-{´Ww Hcp Bh-iy-L-S-I-am-sW-¶p-Å-Xnsâ {]Jym-]\w IqSn-bmWv At±-l- nsâ {]kw-Kw. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ip²m-ip²Iogvhg-¡-§Ä ]men-t¡ _m[yX kv{XoIÄ¡mWv ]e-t¸mgpwh¶ptNcp-¶-Xv. amXr-Xz- nsâ am{Xw \nÝn-X-Xz-apÅ ]pcp-j-Zm-b-{Ia kaq-l- nÂ kv{XobpsS ssewKn-I-X-bpsStaÂ A-[n-ImcwØm]n-¡p-hm³ ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy- {IahyhØ {ian-¡p-¶p.

taÂ]-dª {_mÒWy ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xy hyh-Ø-bpsS Cc-I-fm-Ip-¶Xv kv{XoIÄ am{X-a-sÃ-¶p-Å-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-amWv{]im´v. ]T-\- nepw Ifn-Ø-e-s -¶p-aÃ FÃm taJ-e-I-fnepwanIhp sXfn-bn- n-«pÅ \mb-I\nÂ AÀ¨-\-bpsS IpSpw_wImWp¶ \yq\X Ahsâ Iogmf P·-am-Wv. Cu ZfnXv \mb-I -I-Ym-]m-{X-¯n\v, taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS ]oV-\-§sf sNdp- p-\nÂ¡p-hm³ km[n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Ahsâ ico-c- nÂ GÂ¡p¶


123

Hmtcm {]l-c-hpw, Xsâ Iogmf kzXz- n-\p-taÂ h¶p ]Xn-¡p¶{]l-c-§-fm-Wv. ]pcp-j-\mb \n\¡v F´pw sN¿m-a-tÃm, F¶kpa-\mân-bpsS tNmZy-¯n-\v, Ahsâ Iogmf ØnXn-bmWvAhs\ ]nt¶m-«p-h-en-¡p-¶-sX¶ D¯cw A -co-£- nÂ {]Xn-[z-\n-¡p-¶p-v. Iogm-fX krjvSn¨ A]-IÀjXm t_m[-amWv {Kma-¯n\v shfn-bnÂ PmXym-[n-Im-c- nsâ B\p-Iq-ey-§Ä CÃm¯AÀ¨-\sb aÀ±n-¡p-hm³, A§s\ B[n-]Xy BW¯w {]I-S-am-¡p-hm³ \mb-Is\ t{]cn- n-¡p-¶-Xv. B-W¯wþs]-®¯wF¶ Zzµz-]-cn-IÂ]\ kmaq-lnI \nÀ½n-Xn-bm-sW¶pw PmXn-tI-{µo-X-amb A[n-Im-c-L-S-\sb ASn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv Cý-bnÂCu thÀXn-cn-hp-IÄ ]e-t¸mgpw \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-sX¶pw Cu Nn{X-¯nse PmXn-þ-enwK {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p. X§sfA]-am-\-\-ho-I-c-W- n\v -hn-«p-\ÂIp¶ kmaq-ly-Øn-Xn-bnÂ\n¶v ]mem-b\w sNbvXv asämcp kwkvIm-c- nÂ Hcp ]pXnbkzXz-\nÀ½n-Xnbv¡v {ian-¡p-t¼mgpw Cý-bpsS s]mXp hyh-ØnXn \mbI IYm-]m-{X-§sf ]cm-P-b-s -Sp- p-I-bm-Wv.

A[n-Imcw X§-fpsS Ip¯-I-bm-¡m³ kmaq-ln-IhpwkmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw km¼- n-I-hp-amb Aćw \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-sb-¶Xv htc-Wy-hÀ¤- nsâ Bh-iy-am-Wv. kn\n-a-bnÂ AÀ -\-bpsScmjv{So-b-þ-Ip-Spw_ ]Ým- ew kqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse lnµpXz-i-àn-IÄ¡v thm«p-_m-¦mbn Zfn-XÀ Bh-iy-am-sW-¦nepw PmXn-bpsS A[n-Imc t{iWn hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ AhÀ X¿m-d-Ã. {]tXy-In¨pw hnhm-l- nÂ \nb-{ń-X-amb AXnÀh-c-¼p-I-fpÅ PmXnhyh-Øsb A\y-Pm-Xn-hn-hm-l-§Ä IogvtaÂ adn-¡p-sa-¶p-Å-Xn-\m-em-W-Xv. Nn{X- nse Zpc- n-am-\-s¡m-ebpw CXn-s\-bmWvkqNn- n-¡p-¶-Xv.

sskdm-¯nse PmXn-þ-enwK {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§sf Cý-bnÂhfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ ka-Im-enI cmjv{Sob ]Ým- -e- nÂIqSn hmbn-s -Sp-t¡--Xp-v. kn\n-a-bnse Zriy-§Ä BZy-h-km\w C¯cwkqN-\-IÄ \ÂIp-¶p. Cý-\-h-Ø-bnÂ -Pm-Xob-Xbpw AXns\\nÀW-bn-¡p¶ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw km¼- n-I-hp-amb ]e LS-I-§fpw F{X-am{Xw a\p-jy-Xz-c-ln-X-am-bmWvAXnsâ thtcm«w \S- p-¶-sX-¶pÅ At\z-j-W- n\v \mK-cmPvaRvPp-f-bpsS kn\n-a-IÄ km£yw hln-¡p-¶p.



teJI ]cn-Nbw

1. am\-kn, Un. 706, k¬ssdkv kn. F v. Fkv.,ctPP hnlmÀ tImw¹-Ivkv, NWvVo-hmen mw tdmUv,AtÔcn CuÌv, apwss_ þ400072.

2. tUm. an\n {]km-Zv, Atkm-kn-tbäv s{]m -kÀ,ae-bmf hn`m-Kw, amÀt¯m-½m-tIm-tf-Pv, Np¦- -d, \ne-¼qÀ.

3. tUm. sI. cta-i³, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, ae-bmf hn`m-Kw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä.

4. ]n. kn. Aj-d- v, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, ae-bmf hn`m-Kw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\mSv.

5. ^m¯n-aXv \nkm-\, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Cw¥ojv hn`m-Kw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä.

6. \oXp Fkv. IpamÀ, Akn. s{]m -kÀ,amkv I½yq-Wn-t¡-j³ hn`m-Kw, F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\m-Sv.

7. kuay a¯m-bn, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Cw¥ojv hn`m-Kw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\m-Sv.

8. ^m. Pn³kv F³. _n., Akn. s{]m -kÀ, ae-bmf hn`m-Kw,skâ vta-cokv tImtf-Pv, kpÂ¯m³_-t -cn, hb-\mSv

9. tUm. _joÀ ]qf-¡Â, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Ad-_nIv hn`mKw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\m-Sv.

teJI ]cn-Nbw 125


10. tUm. kPn BÀ.-Ip-dp- v, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, lnµn-hn- mKw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\mSv.

11. KtW-i³ hn., Akn. s{]m -kÀ, ae-bmf hn`mKw,Pn. ]n. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, at©iz-cw, ImkÀtKmUv.

12. tUm. hnP-b-Ip-amÀ F. BÀ., Akn. s{]m -kÀ,lnµn hn`mKw, skâ vta-cokv tImtf-Pv,kpÂ¯m³_-t -cn, hb-\mSv.

13. tUm. bqkp v \Zvhn, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Ad-_nIv hn`m-Kw,U»yp. Fw. H. BÀSvkv & kb³kv tImtf-Pv, ap«nÂ, hb-\mSv.

14. Xmc Fkv. cmPv, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Cw¥ojv hn- mKw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\mSv

15. jmtcm¬ tdmkv, Akn. s{]m -kÀ, Cw¥ojv hn- mKw,F³. Fw. Fkv. Fw. Kh. tImtf-Pv, IÂ¸ä, hb-\mSv



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