Chng 1 HALOGENOACID

1. DANH PHPAcid 2-cloropentanoicAcid 2-bromo-2,3-dimetylhexa-4-enoic Tn quc t (IUPAC)

Tn thng thngHCOOH Acid formicCH3COOH Acid aceticCH3CH2COOH Acid propionicCH3(CH2)2COOH Acid butiricCH3(CH2)3COOH Acid valericCH3(CH2)4COOH Acid caproic Acid -clorobutiric Acid o-bromobenzoicAcid m-bromobenzoicAcid p-bromobenzoic

2. PHNG PHP IU CH Halogen ha acid carboxylic

(sn phm chnh) Cng HX vo acid cha no()

3. CC PHN NG HA HC3.1 Phn ng thy phn-Caprolacton(6-Hexanolid)3.2 Phn ng kh-Butirolacton(4-Butanolid)(C CHE PHAN NG)(SN2)H2O, Ag2O

4. MT S HALOGENOACID C NHIU NG DNG4.1 Monocloroacetic (ClCH2COOH)- Tinh th, tnc = 63oC, d tan trong nc, etanol.- Dng tng hp acid malonic, ester malonat, cht mu.

4.3 Tricloroacetic (Cl3CCOOH)4.2 Dicloroacetic (Cl2CHCOOH)ng dng trong dc phm

Chng 2

HYDROXYACID

1. DANH PHP Tn quc t

Acid 2-hydroxypentanoicAcid 2-etyl-4-hydroxypentanoic

2. IU CH2.1 Thy phn halogenoacid2.2 Kh ha ester ca oxoacid

2.4 Phn ng Reformatski (iu ch -hidroxicarboxilic)2.3 T aldehyd-ceton (iu ch -hidroxicarboxilic)VD:VD:

2.6 T acid amin2.7 iu ch phenolacidAcid salicilic(Acid o-hydroxybenzoic)Acid p-hydroxybenzoic2.5 T cc hp cht etylen oxid (iu ch -hidroxicarboxilic)

3. TNH CHT HA HC3.1 Phn ng tch nc

- Vi -hydroxy acid- Vi -hydroxy acid- Vi , -hydroxy acidLactid

Mt s phn ng c trng ca vng lacton-Butirolacton(4-Butanolid)

3.2 Cc phn ng khc ca alcolacid

- Phn ng ca chc COOH (tnh acid, to ester)

- Phn ng ca chc OH (to ester vi dn xut acid, phn ng th)Aspirin (acid acetylsalicilic)Metyl salicilat

4. NG DNG MT S ALCOLACID PH BIN- Gip loi b vt thm nhanh hn, ngn nga hot ng ca tyrosinase, kch thch ti to t bo da. 4.1 Acid Glycolic Chit xut t cy ma, c ci ng. Tinh th khng mu, khng mi, ht m cao.ng dng:

- Acid glycolic 50% lm tng s hp thu ca thuc t dng bi (Emla) qua da.

User - Thuc t bi Emla : cha hn hp Lidocaine 2,5% v Prilocaine 2,5%, l dc phm c ch chuyn bit gy t tn cng dy thn kinh, lm tm mt cm gic, c bit l cm gic au ni thuc tip xc,thuc t hiu qu thng l 60 pht sau bi

hn ch : tc dng chm do s hp thu qua da b hn ch khi da cn nguyn vn. N xuyn thu, ph v hng ro bo v ca da do lm gim s kt dnh gia nhng t bo sng to iu kin cho thuc t bi Emla thm vo nhanh hn.

Trong dc phm: khng khun, thuc tr ri lon tiu ha, gip ng rut khe mnh,

Trong cng ngh thc phm: ln men lactic lm sa chua, ph mai

Trong m phm : gi m cho da, ty t bo cht

4.2 Acid Lactic CH3CHOHCOOH

User - Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Lactobacillus plantarum....). nhm vi khuan co kha nang sinh ra acid lactic.

4.3 Acid p-hidroxibenzoicAcid p-hidroxibenzoicR : -CH3 NipaginR: -nC3H7 Nipazol

Chng 3

HP CHT HAI CHC C NHM CARBONYL

1. Hydroxy aldehyd v hydroxy ceton1.1 IU CH

1.2 CC PHN NG HA HC1.2.1 Phn ng loi ncH+hoc OH-+ H2OH+hoc OH-+ H2O1.2.2 Phn ng oxy ha1.2.3 Phn ng to bn acetal v bn cetal vngBn acetal vngBn cetal vng

Cc bn acetal vng l nhng cht trung gian tng hp nhiu hp cht hu c.1.2. H3O+

2. Ceto-aldehyd, ceto-acid, ceto-ester2.1 Cng thc cu to

Ceto-esterCeto-aldehydCeto-acid2.2 Phng php tng hp (ngng t Claisen)

2.3 Tnh cht2.3.1 Cn bng ceton- enol

Ceton EnolDung dch nc84% 16%Dung dch hexan 8% 92%2.3.2 Tnh acid ca hp cht c 2 nhm carbonyl

2.4 CC PHN NG HA HC2.4.1 Chuyn v benzylicC che phan ngBenzilBenzilic acid

Craig M.Comisar and Phillip E.Savage, The benzil-benzilic acid rearrangment in high-temperature water, Green chemistry, 7, 800-806, 2005.

2.4.3 Phn ng t sc hp2.4.2 Phn ng decarboxyl

Chng 4

CARBOHYDRAT

PHN LOI : C 3 LOI CARBOHYDRAT MONOSACARID : cn gi l ng n, khng b thy phn. OLIGOSACARID : do cc monosacarid kt hp li vi nhau bng lin kt glycosid , khi b thy phn cho mt vi (oligo: mt vi) monosacarid. Trong quan trng nht l DISACARID. POLYSACARID : do hng trm n hng nghn monosacarid kt hp li vi nhau bng lin kt glycosid.

MONOSACARID1. DANH PHP1.1 Tn gi theo s cacbon, chc aldehyd hoc cetonMonosacarid c cha chc aldedyd gi l aldoseMonosacarid c cha chc ceton gi l cetoseNu s C trong phn t l: 3 th gi l triose 4 th gi l tetrose 5 th gi l pentose 6 th gi l hexose CetohexoseAldopentose

1.2 Danh php D/L : c s dng rng ri khi gi tn carbohyrat.D-Aldehyd glycericL-Aldehyd glycericD-GalactoseL-GalactoseL-FructoseD-Fructose

1.3 Danh php R,S : mc d ch r cu hnh tng cacbon th tnh nhng danh php ny t c s dng khi gi tn carbohydrat.(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-Pentahydroxyhexanal(3S,4R)-1,3,4,5-Tetrahydroxy-2-pentanon1.4 Gi tn theo vngV d: Glucopyranose (vng 6 cnh)Fructopyranose (vng 6 cnh)Glucofuranose (vng 5 cnh)Fructofuranose (vng 5 cnh)

-D-Galactopyranose-D-Galactopyranose-D-Fructofuranose-D-Fructofuranose-D-Glucopyranose-D-Fructopyranose

2. Mt s kiu trnh by monosacarid2.1 Theo cng thc chiu Fischer2.2 Theo cng thc chiu HaworthD-GlucoD-Fructo-D-Glucopyranose-D-Fructofuranose-D-Fructofuranose-D-Glucopyranose

2.3 Cu dng u i-D-Glucopyranose (36%)-D-Glucopyranose (64%)+ 1120+ 190+ 52,70?

3. Tnh cht ha hc 3.1 Phn ng ca nhm aldehyd (ceton) Phn ng oxi haPhn bit ng kh v ng khng kh.ng khng khng kh

Sn phm c mu anh o(chm)HCl(nhanh)D-GlucoseD-FructoseD-Fructose4-HidroximetylenfurfuralPhn ng Selivanop

Phn ng kh-D-GlucopyranoseD-Glucitol (D-Sorbitol) S to thnh osazonPhenylhydrazin3AldosePhenylosazonCc osazon ca cc loi ng khc nhau s kt tinh cho ra tinh th khc nhau nn c th s dng dn xut ny xc nh phn ln cc loi ng.

GlucosazonLactosazonGalactosazonMaltosazon

Phn ng tng mch carbon Phn ng gim mch carbon

3.2 Phn ng ca nhm -OH-D-GlucopyranosePenta-O-acetil--D-glucopyranose Phn ng to ester Phn ng to eter-D-Glucopyranose

Phn ng to glycosidGlycosid khi b thy phn s to ra phn ng v phn aglycon.V d : Phn ngPhn aglyconLin kt glycosidCch gi tn glycosid: Tn nhm alkil + tn ng (thay ose thnh osid)p-Hydroxyphenyl -D-glucopyranosidO-Hydroxymetylphenyl -D-glucopyranosidMetyl -D-fructofuranosid

3-O-b-D-Galactopyranosyl quercitin3-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl quercitin3-O-b -D-GlucopyranosylstigmasterolKaempferol 3-O-{6-[(6-O-E-feruloil)--D-galactopiranosil]-

-D-glucopiranosid}

Phn ng to phc mu xanh vi Cu(OH)2 Phc ng Phn ng ln menD-GlucoseLn men ruLn men lacticLn men citricLn men butyricLn menaceton-butylic

DISACARID C12H22O11C th chia disacarid ra lm 2 loi : ng kh v ng khng kh.ng kh : Maltose, cellobiose, lactose. Maltose hay 4-O-(-D-Glucopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranose4-O-(-D-Glucopyranosyl)--D-glucopyranose4-O-(-D-Glucopyranosyl)--D-glucopyranose Cellobiose4-O-(-D-Glucopyranosyl)--D-glucopyranose

Lactose4-O-(-D-Galactopyranosyl)-D-glucopyranoseLactose hin din nhiu trong sa ngi, sa b (50g/lt).Trong mng rut c enzym lactase sn sng thy gii lactose thnh glucose v galactose.

ng khng kh: Saccarose (ng ma) C12H22O11Ni - glucosidNi - fructosid2-O- (-D-Glucopyranosyl)--D-fructofuranosidNng lc trin quang [] = + 66,50 1 mol saccarose b thy phn cho ra 1 mol D-glucose v 1 mol D-fructose. S thy phn ny lm thay i gc quay cc ban u ca saccarose, t (+) chuyn thnh (-). Hin tng ny gi l s nghch quay.[]D-glucose= + 52,70 []D-fructose= -92,40Kt qu l dung dch saccarose sau khi thy phn c gc quay cc m.

POLYSACARID- Polysacarid l nhng hp cht bao gm hng trm n hng nghn gc monosacarid kt hp vi nhau bng lin kt glycosid. - Polysacarid quan trng v hay gp l tinh bt v cellulose. - Cc polysacarid khng c nhm hidroxi anomer nn polysacarid khng phi l ng kh v khng lm thay i tnh quay quang.

TINH BTTinh bt c 20% amylose v 80% amylopectin1. CU TRC CA AMYLOSE141,4-(-D-Glucopyranosid)14

2. CU TRC CA AMYLOPECTIN Tinh bt c s dng lm t dc. Sn xut giy, keo dn h, x l nc. Cch c th ngi tiu ha tinh bt : nc bt v bao t c enzym glycosidase s thy gii ni -glycosid cho ra cc phn t glucose.

CELLULOSEThu hoch cy ayCy bng vi

NG DNG CA CELLULOSE Lm pha tnh trong sc k ct. Ester ca cellulose: Nitrat cellulose : cht n, verni sn. Acetat cellulose : tm phim, giy lc, si t tng hp Eter ca cellulose : metil, etil, propildng lm cht n nh, cht kt dnh, sn phm ty trang. Cacboximetilcellulose (CMC) : t dc, thnh phn ca thc phm n king.

Chng 5

ACID AMIN, PEPTID V PROTID

1. ACID AMIN (AMINO ACID)Trong gc R Alkyl (mch h hoc nhnh) Cycloalkyl, Ar-, gc d vng Cha hoc khng cha mt s nhm chc (-SH, -OH)Bng 29.1 (trang 63) : 20 acid amin ph bin.Acid 4-aminobutanoic Acid -aminobutyricAcid 2-amino-3-metylbutanoic Acid -amino- -metylbutyricAcid 3-aminobenzoic Acid m-aminobenzoic

Trong thin nhin cc acid amin c cu hnh L.L-AminoacidAcid amin c dng ion lng ccDng cationDng anionIon lng ccAcid amin hin din ch yu dng no trong 3 dng trn l ty thuc vo pH ca mi trng. pH trung gian th acid amin dng ion lng cc ( gi tr pH ny gi l im ng in pI ). Bng 29.2

Da vo s khc nhau v im ng in, ngi ta c th tch hn hp acid amin thnh cc cu t ring bit bng phng php in di.VD: Tch hn hp 3 acid amin : lysin (tnh kim), alanin (trung tnh), acid aspartic (tnh acid). Lysin, pI = 9,74Alanin, pI = 6,00Acid aspartic, pI = 2,77

Tm giy trc khi in di-+Tm giy sau khi in dipH =6,00

1.1 Tng hp cc acid amin1.1.1 T -halogenoacidlng thaLeucin (45%)Alanin1.1.2 Tng hp Strecker1.1.3 T ester malonat1.1.4 Tng hp Gabriel

1.2 Tnh cht ha hc ca acid amin@ Cc phn ng ca nhm carboxyl To mui vi base To ester Tc dng vi PCl5 Phn ng loi nhm COOH (decarboxyl ha)Mu xanh thm

@ Cc phn ng ca nhm amino Phn ng vi acid nitr (HNO2)Hp cht diazoic Phn ng alkyl ha (RX) Phn ng alcyl ha (RCOCl) Phn ng to imin vi hp cht carbonyl

Phn ng vi thuc th NinhydrinPhc mu xanh tmNinhydrin

@ Cc phn ng do s tham gia ca hai nhm carboxyl v amino -aminoacidDicetopiperazin -aminoacid Cc , , -aminoacid4-Butanlactam5-Pentanlactam

2. PEPTIDPeptid l amid c hnh thnh do cc chc acid v chc amin ca cc acid amin tng tc vi nhau. Ty vo s acid amin ngi ta chia peptid thnh: dipeptid, tripeptid,polypeptid.Qui c gi tn peptid Glycylvalin (Gly-Val)Valylglycin (Val-Gly)Lin kt peptid

Glycylvalylphenylalanin (Gly-Val-Phe)Pro-Leu-Gly

@ Xc nh cu trc ca peptid C nhng acid amin no trong phn t C bao nhiu acid amin trong phn t Trt t lin kt gia cc acid amin trong phn t.* Thuy giai bang dung dch HCl 6M.* Sac ky cot.2060100140180220260

Phng php gim cp Edman : S gim cp s khng cn hiu qu sau 25 ln ct. i vi peptid v protein ln, cn thy gii bn phn cho ra mt s mnh nh; tch ri cc mnh nh ny; xc nh th t acid amin ca tng mnh nh bng s gim cp Edman; sau cng tm hiu xem cc mnh ny ghp nhau nh th no.

@ Tng hp peptid Bo v nhm chc amin To lin kt peptid Gii phng chc amin(Carbobenzyloxyclorid)

3. PROTIDProtid l nhng polypeptid c phn t lng ln (>10.000).Phn loi: Da vo hnh dng : protid hnh cu v protid hnh si.Cu trc HemoglobinCu trc Colagen Da vo thnh phn cu to: holoprotein v heteroprotein Da vo chc nng ca protein: protein cu trc, vn chuyn, xc tc, ti thng tin.

Cu trc protid@ Cu trc bc mtCh s lng, thnh phn, th t ca cc acid amin@ Cu trc bc haiMch polypeptid c dng xon c hay gp khc l do lin kt hydro gia cc chc C=O, NH2, COOH v COO- ca hai amid khc nhau.

@ Cu trc bc baNi n tt c cc on cu trc bc hai, ton th phn t protein s cun thnh hnh g trong khng gian ba chiu.@ Cu trc bc 4Khi ni n vic kt hp hai hoc nhiu chui dy peptid trong mt protein hon chnh.Cu trc bc 4 ca HemoglobinColagen

Tnh cht Cht keo, khng c nhit nng chy c trng. Quang hot, quay tri.- Protein b bin tnh di tc dng ca nhit, pH.

Chng 6

LIPID

nh nghaPhn loi- L hp cht hu c c trong ng vt, thc vt.- Thng l ester ca acid bo (i khi l dn xut ca acid bo).- Khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c, khng bay hi, nht cao.Lipid n ginTriglycerid (cht bo)Cerid (sp)Sterid2. Lipid phc tpPhospholipidGlycolipid

D tr nng lng, l yu t cu trc c bn ca c th sng. Trong cng nghip, lipid dng sn xut x phng, sn, vecni Trong ngnh dc, lipid dng lm dung mi pha ch thuc tim, lm t dc thuc m, thuc cao dn.Vai tr & .D

MT S ACID BO THNG GP

TnS cacbonCu totnc ( 0C)Acid noLauric12CH3(CH2)10COOH44Myristic14CH3(CH2)12COOH58Palmitic16CH3(CH2)14COOH63Stearic18CH3(CH2)16COOH70Arachidic20CH3(CH2)18COOH75Acid cha noPalmitoleic16CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (cis)32Oleic18CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (cis)4Ricinoleic18CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)CH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (cis)5Linoleic18CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (cis)-5Linolenic18CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2 )2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH (cis, cis, cis)-11Arachidonic20CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4CH2CH2COOH (cis, cis, cis, cis)-50

CC LOI LIPID CHNH1.Triglycerid (Triacylglycerol, cht bo)- Phn ng thy phn- Phn ng cng (H2/Ni, X2)3-Monocloropropan-1,2-diol (3-MCPD)

Hin tng cht bo b i Cc ch s ha hc ca cht bo- Ch s acid: l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha cc acid t do c trong 1g cht bo.- Ch s x phng ha: l s mg KOH cn thit trung ha cc acid t do v x phng ha cc ester c trong 1g cht bo. Ch s ester: l s mg KOH cn thit x phng ha cc ester c trong 1g cht bo.- Ch s iod : l s gam iod kt hp vi 100g cht bo.

2. PhospholipidPhosphatidyletanolamin (Cephalin)Phosphalidylcholin(Lecithin)3. Glycolipid : gm 2 nhm chnh l ceramid v cerebrosidLoi ceramid. R = C17H35 n C23H47Loi cerebrosid. R = C14 n C22 (mch thng)

X PHNG v CHT TY RA1. X phng: l hn hp mui kim ca cc acid bo.DUH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O2. Cht ty ra tng hpNatri alkyl benzensulfonatNatri luarylsulfat

***LiAlH4 : litium alumium hidrua hn c=o khong hn c=cDIBAH : diisobutilalumium hidrua hn RCOOR thnh RCHO