IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 2016Brunei DarussalamCountry and Its BackgroundBrunei (/bru na / , broo-nye) officially the Nation of Brunei, the Abode ofPeace (Malay: Negara Brunei Darussalam, a!i: !" #$%&' !()$), is a so"ereignstate located on the north coast of the island of Borneo in #outheast Asia$ A%art from its coastline!ith the #outh &hina #ea, it is com%letely surrounded by the state of #ara!a', Malaysia( and itis se%arated intot!o%arts by the#ara!a'district of )imbang$*tisthe onlyso"ereign statecom%letely on the island of Borneo( the remainder of the island+s territory is di"ided bet!een thenations of Malaysia and *ndonesia$ Brunei+s %o%ulation !as ,-.,/.0 in uly 1-21$ At the %ea' of the Bruneian 3m%ire, #ultan Bol'iah (reigned 2,.45241.) is alleged toha"e had control o"er most regionsof Borneo,includingmodern-day #ara!a'and #abah, as!ell as the #ulu archi%elago off the northeast ti% of Borneo, #eludong (modern-day Manila), andthe islands off the north!est ti% of Borneo$ 6he maritime state !as "isited by #%ain+s Magellan37%edition in 2412 and fought against #%ain in 24/.+s &astille 8ar$Duringthe29thcentury,theBruneian3m%irebegantodecline$ 6he#ultanateceded#ara!a' (:uching) to ames Broo'e and installed him as the 8hite ;a1----, thustheannual %o%ulationgro!thrateduring the %eriod 2999-1--9 is estimated as 1$2 %ercent$ *n 2990, the district of Brunei-Muara,!hichincludestheca%ital,Bandar#eriBega!an,hadthelargest%o%ulation!ith 1-2 2--inhabitants, !hile 6emburong district in the east !as s%arsely %o%ulated !ith a total of . /--$6he a"erage %o%ulation density is 0. inhabitants/'m=$Economy, Agriculture and Food Security*n 1--9, the total economically acti"e %o%ulation !as 2./ ---, or slightly more than ,.%ercent of the total %o%ulation$*n the agricultural sector the economically acti"e %o%ulation is anestimated 2 --- inhabitants, !hich is -$4 %ercent of the total economically acti"e %o%ulation, of!hich 2-- %ercent are male$ *n 1--0, the gross domestic %roduct (CDP) !as D#E22 ,/2 million(6able 2)$ *n 1--/, agriculture accounted for -$09 %ercent of CDP$#ome 44 %ercent of theculti"ated land is under ruminant li"estoc' %roduction !ith the rest being horticulture,mi7edcro%%ingand%oultryfarming$&ro% %roduction is dominated by horticulture, !hich includes the culti"ation of"egetables, %roduction of fruits, floriculture and ornamental %lants$ Fegetable gro!ing is mainlyconcentrated on the urban fringes, !hile fruit orchards are scattered across the country$*n 1-->,almost 2- >0- tonnes of mainly tro%ical leafy "egetables !ere %roduced$ *n the same year, cro% %roduction registered o"er , 0-- tonnes of fruits and nearly 4,/tonnesofrice$ Gloriculture%roducessmall Huantitiesoforchidflo!ersandanassortmentoftro%ical ornamental %lants (M*P;, 1--9)$ Brunei Darussalam gi"es much im%ortance to agriculture and agri-food de"elo%ment toensure the security of food su%%ly and enhance economic contributions to the CDP$Agricultural de"elo%mentisthemainfactorthatsustainsnationalfoodsu%%lyandagri-food%roduction$* IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGIRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 2016Climate / eatherBrunei Darussalamhasatro%ical climatecharacteri@edbyhighrainfallandtem%eratures throughout the year$ &limatic "ariations follo! the influence of the monsoon!inds$ 6he northeast monsoon blo!s from December to March, !hile the southeastmonsoonoccurs around une to Bctober$ 6he total a"erage annual %reci%itation is an estimated 1/11 mm$ 6here are t!o rainy seasons: from #e%tember to anuary and from May to uly$6he tem%erature is relati"ely uniform throughout the year, !ith an annual a"erage of 1/$9I&, ranging from 1>$. to >1$2 I&$ 6he drought months of March and A%ril are the !armest$+ IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGIRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 2016B!ing to high tem%eratures and rainfall, humidity is high throughout the year !ith an a"erage of.1 %ercent$ater !esources and "seater !esources6herearefourmainri"erbasinsinBruneiDarussalam:6emburong,Belait,6utongand Brunei:5 IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGIRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 20166he6emburong,!hichisthesmallestoftheri"ers,drainsacatchmentareaofabout ,>-'m=$ J6heBelait is thelargest basin, !ithanareaof 1/--'m=$ 6helo!ercatchment is com%osed of an e7tensi"e area of %eat s!am% forest$ 6he ri"er narro!s at the to!nof :uala Belait and a sandbar restricts the discharge of !ater into the #outh &hina #ea$ #omeareas in the u%%er catchment ha"e been cleared for agriculture$6he 6utongbasin,!hichisabout2 >--'m=,hasacom%le7estuarysystemthathas formed bet!een t!o sand s%its$ #ub/year$Also,inrelationtothe!holeisland,thetotal ground!aterresourcesareestimatedas-$2'm>/year,allbeingdrainedbytheri"ers$*nternal rene!able !ater resources are around .$4 'm> (6able 1)$Brunei Darussalam has t!o dams that ha"e a total storage ca%acity of ---m>(itscatchment area is 1$. 'm1$6heBenutandam,!hichisanim%oundedreser"oir,usedtoregulatethe 6utong ri"er, has a total storage ca%acity of ,4 million m> and a catchment area of1.$0 'm1$ 6hereisnohydro%o!erdam,thoughonesuitablesitehasbeenlocated!ithintheNational Forest !eser#e o$ %em&urongater use*n 299,, total !ater !ithdra!al !as a%%ro7imately 91 million m> (6able 1)$Drban!ater is su%%liedentirelyfromsurface!ater$ 6hema in 299, de"elo%ment$ All ground!aterirrigation facilities !ere eHui%%ed -$4? in 29.-$ 6here areonly small-scale irrigation schemes (u% to -$9 ha)$ *n 2994,theareaeHui%%edforirrigation!as2---ha, allsurface irrigation (6able >)$ 6he e7isting infrastructureand facilities are being u%graded in rural areas, but the, IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGIRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 2016irrigated area has remained unchanged since 29.-$Bfthetotalirrigatedareaof2 ---ha, ,.%ercentisirrigatedonlyinthefirst season,>/%ercentonlyinthesecond#urface !aterseason and 24 %ercent is a continuously99$4? irrigated area$- IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGIRRIGATION SYSTEM OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM AN EXERPT2015 - 2016Full Control IrrigationSpate Irrigation. IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERINGS/0123450 I001678192S:0;7 but they !ere all im%orted$Malaria "igilance acti"ities continue to be maintained and are carried out by the De%artment ofLealth #er"ices$ 8ater su%%ly and sanitation-related diseases such as diarrheal diseases,he%atitis, cholera and ty%hoid occur in Brunei Darussalam(8LB, 1--,)$ Pros%ects foragricultural 8ater management$ 6hefuturedirectionof theDe%artment of Agricultureistostrengthen the %rimary %roduction sectorsandtode"elo%theagri-food%rocessingindustryby creating a macro-business en"ironment that is attracti"e to in"estors$ 6he De%artment iscommitted to reforming itself so that it can better ser"e the needs of the agricultural sector, !hichincludes the !ater sector$ 6heDe%artmentofAgricultureiscurrently!or'ingonim%ro"ingsystemim%lementationinthede%artment$ 6hisincludesreassessingagricultural %olicies,su%%orti"e %rogrammes, mar'eting system, legislation and other matters that affect the %rogressof this ne! initiati"e$AG!IC"(%"!E6em%orary and %ermanent cro%s are acti"ely culti"ated on an estimated 0,--- hectares(2,,.-- acres), !hich re%resent 1$4? of total land area$ Agriculture accounts for >? of CDP andem%loys some 1? of the !or' force$ ;ice %roduction is lo! (only about 2,--- tons %er year),and Brunei im%orts more than .-? of its reHuirements$ Drban migration and more %rofitable