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AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

J kbdtedujkeûd, pjrj kbdsafuer lj iameij trjmjzûd adtra al ralladb y al tarradb, sa askjre`ekjrê åsta.Kujdib al tarradb djturjl prasadta edkledjkebdas suparebras j :/1, sa axkjvjrê, rajlezjdib marhjs ia udjjlturj adtra 13 y 73 kh y udj lbdfetui db hadbr ia :,13 h, kbd padieadtas ia hasatjs ial 9%, gjkejjiadtrb ad tarradbs parhajmlas y gjkej j`uarj ad tarradbs ehparhajmlas.

[ l j låd j i kbd b db d j l j b j k llj ljdij j f j ê lj

• Yearrj vafatjl.Lj tearrj vafatjl qua sa adkuadtra ad ljs axkjvjkebdas y qua db sa gumearj axtrjèib ad al iasmrbka, sa

rahbvarê y sa jkbpejrê pjrj su utelezjkeûd pbstarebr ad prbtakkeûd ia tjluias b supar`ekeas arbsebdjmlas, bibdia briada al ieraktbr ia bmrj.

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[e al tarrjplåd gumearj ia kbdstruersa sbmra tarradb edastjmla, turmj b jrkelljs mljdijs, sa jsafurjrê ljalehedjkeûd ia åsta hjtarejl b su kbdsbleijkeûd.

@jsas ia aoakukeûd?Iurjdta lj aoakukeûd ia lbs trjmjobs sa tbhjrêd ljs prakjukebdas jiakujijs pjrj db iesheduer lj

rasestadkej ial tarradb db axkjvjib. Ad aspakejl, sa jibptjrêd ljs haieijs dakasjrejs pjrj avetjr lbssefueadtas ̀ adûhadbs?• Edastjmeleiji ia tjluias ad rbkj iameij j vbljiurjs edjiakujijs, iaslezjheadtbs bkjsebdjibs pbr al

iaskjlka ial pea ia lj axkjvjkeûd, arbsebdas lbkjlas y adkgjrkjheadtbs iameibs j ud iradjoaia`aktubsb ia ljs bmrjs.

• Lehpeazj y iasmrbka ial tarradb y raterjij ia lj tearrj vafatjl.

Lbs êrmblas j iarremjr kjarêd gjkej al kadtrb ia lj zbdj bmoatb ia lehpeazj, lavjdtêdibsa vjlljs quajkbtad ljs zbdjs ia jrmbljib b vafatjkeûd iastedjijs j parhjdakar ad su seteb.

Ybibs lbs tbkbdas y rjèkas hjybras ia :3 kh ia ieêhatrb sarêd alehedjibs gjstj udj prb`udieiji dbed`arebr j 13 kh pbr iamjob ia lj rjsjdta ia axkjvjkeûd y db hadbr ia :1 kh mjob lj supar`ekea djturjl ialtarradb.

Ybijs ljs bquaijias kjusjijs pbr lj axtrjkkeûd ia tbkbdas y rjèkas, sa ralladjrêd kbd hjtarejl jdêlbfbjl sualb qua gj quaijib iaskumeartb, y sa kbhpjktjrê gjstj qua su supar`ekea sa jousta jl tarradb axestadta.

Lj tearrj vafatjl sa pbirê jkbpejr pjrj su pbstarebr utelezjkeûd ad prbtakkebdas ia tjluias b supar`ekeasarbsebdjmlas.

• [bstadeheadtb y adtemjkebdas.Al kbdtrjtestj iamarê jsafurjr lj astjmeleiji ia lbs tjluias y pjraias ia tbijs ljs axkjvjkebdas qua

rajleka, y jplekjr bpbrtudjhadta lbs haiebs ia sbstadeheadtb, adtemjkeûd, ra`uarzb y prbtakkeûd supar`ekejlial tarradb jprbpejibs, j `ed ia ehpaier iaspradieheadtbs y iaslezjheadtbs qua puiearjd kjusjr ijúbs j parsbdjs b j ljs bmrjs, judqua tjlas haiebs db astuveasad ia`edeibs ad al prbyaktb, de gumearjd seibbriadjibs pbr al ieraktbr ia bmrj.

• Avjkujkeûd ia ljs jfujs y jfbtjheadtbs.Al kbdtrjtestj jibptjrê ljs haieijs dakasjrejs pjrj avetjr lj adtrjij ia jfuj y hjdtadar lemra ia jfuj

lj zbdj ia ljs axkjvjkebdas. Ljs jfujs supar`ekejlas sarêd iasvejijs y adkjuzjijs jdtas ia qua jlkjdkadljs prbxeheijias ia lbs tjluias b pjraias ia lj axkjvjkeûd, pjrj avetjr qua lj astjmeleiji ial tarradb puaijquaijr ieshedueij pbr ud edkrahadtb ia praseûd ial jfuj edtarstekejl y pjrj qua db sa prbiuzkjd arbsebdasia lbs tjluias.

• Iashbdtas.[a axkjvjrê al tarradb kbd pjlj kjrfjibrj, adtra lbs lèhetas ljtarjlas, gjstj lj kbtj ia mjsa ia lj

hêquedj. Qdj vaz axkjvjib ud deval iaskadiarê lj hêquedj gjstj al sefueadta deval aoakutjdib lj heshjbparjkeûd gjstj lj kbtj ia prb`udieiji ia lj axpljdjkeûd. Lj ie`aradkej ia kbtj adtra devalas sukasevbs dbsarê suparebr j :,01 h.

Ad mbrias kbd astrukturj ia kbdtadkeûd, pravejhadta rajlezjij, lj hêquedj trjmjojrê ad ierakkeûd db parpadiekuljr j allj y iaojrê sed axkjvjr udj zbdj ia prbtakkeûd ia jdkgb db hadbr ia : h qua sa quetjrêj hjdb, jdtas ia iaskadiar lj hêquedj, ad asa mbria, j lj `rjdoj ed`arebr.

Ad lbs mbrias jtjluzjibs sa iaojrê al par`el pravestb, raibdiajdib ljs jrestjs ia pea, queamrb ykbrbdjkeûd j jhmbs ljibs, ad udj lbdfetui efujl b hjybr ia :/9 ia lj jlturj ia lj `rjdoj jtjluzjij. Kujdibljs axkjvjkebdas sa rajlekad j hjdb, lj jlturj hêxehj ia ljs `rjdojs gbrezbdtjlas sarê ia :13 kh. Kujdibal tarradb djturjl tadfj udj padieadta suparebr j :?1 sa rajlezjrêd marhjs ia 13-73 kh ia jlturj, :,13 hia lbdfetui y 9% ia padieadta gjkej iadtrb ad tarradbs parhajmlas y gjkej j`uarj ad tarradbsehparhajmlas, pjrj `jkeletjr lbs ie`aradtas devalas ia jktujkeûd ia lj hêquedj.

• Ahplab ia lbs prbiuktbs ia axkjvjkeûd.

Ybibs lbs hjtarejlas qua sa bmtadfjd ia lj axkjvjkeûd sa utelezjrêd ad lj `brhjkeûd ia ralladbs, yiahês usbs `eojibs ad al prbyaktb, b qua saújla al ieraktbr ia bmrj. Ljs rbkjs b mbljs ia peairj quajpjrazkjd ad lj axpljdjij ad zbdjs ia iashbdta ad tearrj, iamarêd alehedjrsa.

• Axkjvjkeûd ad rbkj.Ljs axkjvjkebdas ad rbkj sa aoakutjrêd ia `brhj qua db sa ijúa, quamrjdta b iaspradij lj rbkj db

axkjvjij. [a pbdirê aspakejl kueijib ad db ijújr lbs tjluias ial iashbdta y lj kehadtjkeûd ia lj `uturjaxpljdjij.

• Yarrjpladas.Lj tahparjturj jhmeadta sarê suparebr j =¿ K. Kbd tahparjturjs hadbras sa suspadiarêd lbs trjmjobs.

[bmra lj mjsa prapjrjij ial tarrjplåd, rafjij ude`brhahadta y kbhpjktjij, sa axtadiarêd tbdfjijssukasevjs ia jdkgurj y aspasbr ude`brha, pjrjlaljs j lj axpljdjkeûd y kbd ud paquaúb iasdeval, ia `brhjqua sjquad jfujs j`uarj.

Lbs hjtarejlas ia kjij tbdfjij sarêd ia kjrjktarèstekjs ude`brhas.

Lbs tarrjpladas sbmra zbdjs ia askjsj kjpjkeiji pbrtjdta sa edekejrêd varteadib ljs preharjs kjpjs kbdal aspasbr hèdehb pjrj sbpbrtjr ljs kjrfjs qua prbiuzkjd lbs aquepbs ia hbveheadtb y kbhpjktjkeûd iatearrjs.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :9;

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

[jlvb praskrepkeûd ad kbdtrjreb, lbs aquepbs ia trjdspbrta y axtadseûd bparjrêd sbmra tbib a l jdkgb iakjij kjpj.

Qdj vaz axtadieij lj tbdfjij sa prbkaiarê j su guhaktjkeûd se as dakasjreb, ia `brhj qua alguhaiakeheadtb saj ude`brha.

Jkjmjibs?Lj supar`ekea ia lj axpljdjij quaijrê lehpej y lbs tjluias astjmlas.

Kbdtrbl y jkaptjkeûd?Qdeiji y `rakuadkej ia edspakkeûd? = kbhprbmjkebdas kjij :333 h= ia pljdtj.Kbd bl i jd lj k k ûd? S d b i b jk ûd

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Ad lbs kjsbs aspakejlas ad qua lj guhaiji djturjl ial hjtarejl saj axkasevj pjrj kbdsafuer ljkbhpjktjkeûd pravestj, sa tbhjrêd ljs haieijs jiakujijs, puieådibsa prbkaiar j lj iasakjkeûd pbr brab,b j lj jiekeûd y hazklj ia hjtarejlas sakbs b sustjdkejs jprbpejijs, tjlas kbhb kjl vevj.

Kbdsafueij lj guhaktjkeûd hês kbdvadeadta (safÿd adsjybs pravebs), sa prbkaiarê j lj kbhpjktjkeûd.

Ad `udkeûd ial tepb ia tearrjs, sa pjsjrê al kbhpjktjibr j kjij tbdfjij, gjstj jlkjdzjr udj iadseijisakj db ed`arebr ad al adsjyb Srbktbr jl 51%, b j :,91 nf/ih;.

Ad lbs mbrias, se sbd kbd astrukturjs ia kbdtadkeûd, sa kbhpjktjrêd kbd kbhpjktjibr ia jrrjstrahjdujl y se sbd jtjluzjibs, sa raibdiajrêd tbijs sus jrestjs ad udj lbdfetui db hadbr ia :/9 ia lj jlturjia kjij `rjdoj jtjluzjij.

Ad lj kbrbdjkeûd ial tarrjplåd, ad lbs 13 kh ÿltehbs, sa axtadiarêd y kbhpjktjrêd ljs tearrjs ia efujl`brhj, gjstj jlkjdzjr udj iadseiji sakj ia :33%, a efujl b suparebr j :,61 nf/ih;.

Kujdib sa utelekad pjrj kbhpjktjr rbiellbs vemrjdtas, iamarêd ijrsa jl `edjl udjs pjsjijs sed jplekjrvemrjkeûd, pjrj kbrrafer ljs parturmjkebdas supar`ekejlas qua gumeasa pbieib kjusjr lj vemrjkeûd, y salljr ljsupar`ekea.

Al ralladb ial trjsiûs ia lbs hurbs, sa raj lezjrê kujdib åstbs tadfjd lj rasestadkej dakasjrej.

[bmra ljs kjpjs ad aoakukeûd iama prbgemersa lj jkkeûd ia tbib tepb ia trê`ekb gjstj qua sa gjyjkbhplatjib su kbhpjktjkeûd. [e allb db as `jktemla, al trê`ekb qua dakasjrejhadta tadfj qua pjsjr sbmraalljs sa iestremuerê ia `brhj qua db sa kbdkadtrad gualljs ia rbijijs ad lj supar`ekea.

• Yjluias.Lj axkjvjkeûd ia lbs tjluias sa rajlezjrê jiakujijhadta pjrj db ijújr su supar`ekea `edjl, avetjr lj

iaskbhpraseûd prahjturj b axkasevj ia su pea a ehpaier kujlquear btrj kjusj qua puaij kbhprbhatar ljastjmeleiji ia lj axkjvjkeûd `edjl.

[e sa teadad qua aoakutjr zjdojs ad al pea ial tjlui, sa axkjvjrêd ia `brhj qua al tarradb j`aktjib db

pearij rasestadkej iameib j lj ia`brhjkeûd ia ljs pjraias ia lj zjdoj b j ud iradjoa ia`aktubsb ia åstj. Ljzjdoj sa hjdtadirê jmeartj al teahpb hèdehb ediespadsjmla, y al hjtarejl ial ralladb sa kbhpjktjrêkueijibsjhadta.

Kujdib saj prakesb jibptjr haieijs aspakejlas pjrj lj prbtakkeûd supar`ekejl ial tjlui, tjlas kbhb pljdtjkebdas supar`ekejlas, ravasteheadtb, kudatjs ia fujrij, atk., iekgbs trjmjobs sa rajlezjrêdedhaiejtjhadta iaspuås ia lj axkjvjkeûd ial tjlui.

Kbdtrblas iurjdta lj aoakukeûd? Sudtbs ia bmsarvjkeûd.

• Lehpeazj y iasmrbka ial tarradb.Al kbdtrbl ia lbs trjmjobs ia iasmrbka sa rajlezjrê haiejdta edspakkeûd bkuljr, kbhprbmjdib qua ljs

supar`ekeas iasmrbzjijs sa joustjd j lb aspake`ekjib. [ a kbdtrbljrê?- [etujkeûd ial alahadtb.- Kbtj ia lj axpljdjkeûd.- [etujkeûd ia vårtekas ial parèhatrb.- Iestjdkejs raljtevjs j btrbs alahadtbs.- @brhj y iehadsebdas ial alahadtb.- Gbrezbdtjleiji? devaljkeûd ia lj axpljdjij.- Jlturj? frbsbr ia lj `rjdoj axkjvjij.- Kbdiekebdas ia mbria axtarebr.- Lehpeazj ia lj supar`ekea ia lj axpljdjij ad kujdtb j alehedjkeûd ia rastbs vafatjlas y r astbs- [uskaptemlas ia puirekeûd.

• ]aterjij ia tearrj vafatjl.- Kbhprbmjkeûd fabhåtrekj ia ljs supar`ekeas rasultjdtas trjs lj raterjij ia lj tearrj vafatjl.

• Iashbdtas.- Kbdtrbl fabhåtrekb? sa kbhprbmjrêd, ad raljkeûd kbd lbs pljdbs, ljs kbtjs ia rapljdtab ial aoa,

mbrias ia lj axpljdjkeûd y padieadta ia tjluias, kbd herj kjij =3 h kbhb hèdehb.

• Mjsa ial tarrjplåd.- Kbdtrbl fabhåtrekb? sa kbhprbmjrêd, ad raljkeûd kbd lbs pljdbs, ljs kbtjs ia rapljdtab.- Axkjvjkeûd.

• Yarrjpladas?- Devaljkeûd ia lj axpljdjij.- Iadseiji ial ralladb ial dÿklab y ia kbrbdjkeûd.- Ad al dÿklab ial tarrjplåd, sa kbdtrbljrê qua ljs tearrjs db kbdtadfjd hês ia ud =1% ad pasb ia

peairjs ia tjhjúb suparebr j :1 kh. Al kbdtadeib ia hjtarejl brfêdekb sarê ed`arebr jl =%.- Ad al ralladb ia lj kbrbdjkeûd, db jpjrakarêd alahadtbs ia tjhjúb suparebr j :3 kh, y su kardeib

pbr al tjhez 3,37 QDA, sarê ed`arebr jl ;1% ad pasb. Al kbdtadeib ia hjtarej brfêdekj sarê ed`arebrjl :%.

• Dbrhjtevj? var Jdaxb ia Dbrhjtevj Yåkdekj.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :99 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

Kbdsarvjkeûd?Kbdsarvjkeûd gjstj lj rakapkeûd ia ljs bmrjs

• Yarrjpladas.[a hjdtadirêd prbtafeibs lbs mbrias jtjluzjibs kbdtrj lj arbseûd, kueijdib qua lj vafatjkeûd pljdtjij

db d kb bdjk ûd kbdt j lj jk h ljk ûd i jf j l h jdib lb i jfü kjdjl tj k jdib

• Hatrb kÿmekb ia tarrjplåd.Haieib al vbluhad ralladjib sbmra par`elas, edkluyadib lj axtadseûd, reafb, kbhpjktjkeûd y ra`edb ia

tjluias.

=.1.1. GB]HEFÛDBMOAYB

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db sa saqua y ad su kbrbdjkeûd kbdtrj lj jkuhuljkeûd ia jfuj, lehpejdib lbs iasjfüas y kjdjlatjs kujdibaståd bmstrueibs, jseheshb sa kbrtjrê al suhedestrb ia jfuj kujdib sa prbiuzkj udj `ufj ad lj rai, oudtbj ud tjlui.

Db sa kbdkadtrjrêd kjrfjs suparebras j =33 nf/h= oudtb j lj pjrta suparebr ia mbrias jtjluzjibs de sahbie`ekjrê lj fabhatrèj ial tjlui sbkjvjdib ad su pea b kbrbdjkeûd.

Kujdib sa bmsarvad freatjs pjrjlaljs jl mbria ial tjlui sa kbdsultjrê j tåkdekb kbhpatadta quaiektjhedjrê su ehpbrtjdkej y ad su kjsb lj sblukeûd j jibptjr.

Db sa iapbsetjrêd mjsurjs, askbhmrbs b prbiuktbs sbmrjdtas ia btrbs tjobs, y sa rafjrê rafuljrhadta.

[a hjdtadirêd axadtbs ia vafatjkeûd, tjdtb ad lj supar`ekea kbhb ad lbs tjluias.

[afureiji y [jlui?]easfbs ljmbrjlas• Kjèijs jl heshb deval.• Sbsemeleiji ia quaijr jtrjpjibs y fblpas.• Kbrtas pbr garrjheadtjs.• [bmraas`uarzbs pbr hjdaob ia kjrfjs pasjijs y/b pbsturjs `brzjijs.• ]easfb gefeådekb pbr edgjljkeûd ia pblvb.• ]ueib.

Kretarebs ia haiekeûd?• Hatrb kujirjib ia lehpeazj y iasmrbka ial tarradb.

Kbd haiebs hjdujlas b hakêdekbs.

• Hatrb kÿmekb ia raterjij ia tearrj vafatjl.]aterjib y jpeljib ia kjpj ia tearrj vafatjl, kbd haiebs hjdujlas b hakêdekbs.

• Hatrb kÿmekb ia iashbdta.Haieib al vbluhad axkjvjib sbmra par`elas, edkluyadib rapljdtab y j`edjib.[e sa rajlezjrjd hjybras axkjvjkebdas qua ljs pravestjs ad lbs par`elas ial prbyaktb, al axkasb ia

axkjvjkeûd sa ouste`ekjrê pjrj su jmbdb.

• Hatrb kÿmekb ia mjsa ial tarrjplåd.Haieib al vbluhad axkjvjib sbmra par`elas, edkluyadib rapljdtab, iasmrbka y j`edjib.

BMOAYB Iaskremer lbs trjmjobs y ia`eder lbs kretarebs, raspbdsjmeleijias, pudtbs ia edspakkeûd y kretarebs ia

jkaptjkeûd qua edkeiad ad lj aoakukeûd ial gbrhefûd ad astrukturjs y bmrjs ia `êmrekj.

JLKJDKA[arê ia jplekjkeûd j lbs trjmjobs sefueadtas?

- ]akapkeûd ial gbrhefûd- Kbhprbmjkeûd ia lj pljstekeiji ial gbrhefûd- Srapjrjkeûd ia ljs oudtjs ia gbrhefbdjib- Parteib y kbhpjktjkeûd ial gbrhefûd- Kurjib ial gbrhefûd

]A@A]ADKEJ[- Ibkuhadtbs ial [estahj ia Kjleiji.- Edstrukkebdas ia Yrjmjob aheteijs pbr al Oa`a ia Bmrj.- Iespbsekebdas Edtardjs ia [afureiji.- AGA-57 “Edstrukkeûd ia Gbrhefûd Astrukturjl‘.

]A[SBD[JMELEIJIA[Al Oa`a ia Bmrj, sarê al raspbdsjmla ia lj kbrraktj rajlezjkeûd ia ljs jkteveijias aspake`ekjijs ad astj Edstrukkeûd.

Kbbriedjrê kbd al ]aspbdsjmla ia Kjleiji ia ljs bmrjs, lj rajlezjkeûd ial Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbs ia Edspakkeûd qua kbrraspbdiaj asta Edstrukkeûd.

Lj B`ekedj Yåkdekj ial Kleadta, sarê lj adkjrfjij ia lbs rapljdtabs dakasjrebs pjrj lj kbrraktjaoakukeûd ia ljs bmrjs.

Al Oa`a ia Bmrj astjmlakarê lbs aquepbs prakesbs pjrj lbs ie`aradtas tjobs qua sa pbdfjd ad`udkebdjheadtb.

Al raspbdsjmla ia Kjleiji ia lj bmrj, sa raspbdsjmelezjrê ia lj puastj ad prêktekj ia lj prasadtaEdstrukkeûd, ibkuhadtêdiblj, y vare`ekjrê haiejdta al Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbs ia Edspakkeûd (S.S.E.)kbrraspbdieadta, qua sa kuhplad lbs raquesetbs astjmlakeibs.

Al Oa`a ia Bmrj kbhprbmjrê qua lbs rapljdtabs sbd su`ekeadtas y ia`edad kbrraktjhadta lj bmrj jaoakutjr.

Lbs raspbdsjmlas ia lj edspakkeûd ad bmrj vefeljrêd lj kbrraktj aoakukeûd ia lbs trjmjobs, sa adkjrfjrêdia lj rakapkeûd ia lbs hjtarejlas ad bmrj, a edspakkebdjrêd y jprbmjrêd ljs ie`aradtas jkteveijias iaaoakukeûd.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :91

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

KBDYADEIBHjtarejlas?• Kahadtb? Ad vefjs y alahadtbs pratadsjibs sa usjrê kahadtb tepb KAH E b KAH EE/J-I ia lj kljsa

9=,1 b 9=,1]. Ad zjpjtjs, pelbtas, keheadtbs y, ad fadarjl, alahadtbs adtarrjibs sa utelezjrê kahadtb puzblêdekb KAH EE/J-S kbd kjrjktarèstekjs sul`brrasestadtas, [],seahpra y kujdib lb jkbdsaoad lbs

d j b Lbs rastjdtas gbrhefbdas sa rajle jrêd kbd kahadtb KAH E ; 1 b ; 1]

Sjrj astjmlakar ljs ibse`ekjkebdas sa iamarê rakurrer j adsjybs pravebs ia ljmbrjtbreb, kbd bmoatb iakbdsafuer qua al gbrhefûd rasultjdta sjtes`jfj ljs kbdiekebdas axefeijs.

Ljs bparjkebdas j rajlezjr pjrj lj iatarhedjkeûd ia astjs kujdtèjs sarêd ljs sefueadtas?j) Ê]EIB[.

Kbd huastrjs raprasadtjtevjs ia lbs êreibs qua vjyjd j sar ahplajibs ad al gbrhefûd sa gjrêd ljs

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adsjybs . Lbs rastjdtas gbrhefbdas sa rajlezjrêd kbd kahadtb KAH E ;=,1 b ;=,1].

• Jfuj? [e al gbrhefbdjib sa rajlezjrj ad jhmeadta `rèb, kbd reasfb ia galjijs, pbirê utelezjrsa pjrj aljhjsjib, sed dakaseiji ia jibptjr prakjukeûd aspakejl jlfudj, jfuj kjladtjij gjstj udj tahparjturjia kujradtj frjibs kadtèfrjibs (93¿ K).

• Jietevbs? Sbirê jutbrezjrsa al ahplab ia tbib tepb ia jietevbs seahpra qua sa ouste`equa, jl Ieraktbr ialj Bmrj, qua lj sustjdkej jfrafjij ad ljs prbpbrkebdas pravestjs prbiuka al a`aktb iasajib sed parturmjr axkasevjhadta ljs iahês kjrjktarèstekjs ial gbrhefûd, de raprasadtjr palefrb pjrj suiurjmeleiji de pjrj lj kbrrbseûd ia jrhjiurjs. Ad lbs gbrhefbdas jrhjibs b pratadsjibs db pbirêdutelezjrsa, kbhb jietevbs, al klbrurb kêlkekb, kujlquear btrb tepb ia klbrurb de, ad fadarjl, jkalarjdtasad kuyj kbhpbsekeûd edtarvadfjd iekgbs klbrurbs u btrbs kbhpuastbs quèhekbs qua puaijd bkjsebdjrb `jvbrakar lj kbrrbseûd ia ljs jrhjiurjs.

Yepbs ia gbrhefûd? Ia jkuarib kbd su rasestadkej kjrjktarèstekj y ahplab, sa astjmlakad lbs sefueadtas tepbs ia

gbrhefbdas, ia jkuarib kbd ljs ia`edekebdas ia lj AGA?• GH-=3? ]alladbs.

- ]afuljrezjkeûd y lehpeazj ia keheadtbs.- Kjpjs ia devaljkeûd.

• GH-=3? [blarjs, ralladbs, adkjuzjheadtbs, keheadtbs ia paquaújs bmrjs ia `êmrekj, prbtakkeûd iatumbs ia gbrhefûd y ia tjluias ia astrukturjs, kudatjs ravasteijs, jrquatjs, pbzbs, rjsjdtab iatjmlarbs, getbs y kehadtjkeûd ia saújlas, vjllj ia kar rjheadtb, jkarjs.

- Jlzjibs y mûvaijs ia paquaújs bmrjs ia `êmrekj - Keheadtbs ia mjrrarjs ia safureiji.- Mbriellbs pra`jmrekjibs.

• GJ-=1? Kehadtjkebdas, pelbtas, pjdtjlljs y adkapjibs.- Hjrkbs, astrembs, ahmbkjiurjs, jlatjs y hurbs.

• GJ-;3? Lbsjs ia kbhpraseûd y jkarjs ia astrukturjs. Ehpbstjs y ia`adsjs rèfeijs.- Jlzjibs ia peljs, kjmakarbs y r ebstrjs. Yjmlarbs jrhjibs.

• GS-93? Yjmlarbs “ed setu‘ pjrj pratadsjr.

Ibse`ekjkeûd ial gbrhefûd?Lj ibse`ekjkeûd ia lbs ie`aradtas hjtarejlas iastedjibs j lj `jmrekjkeûd ial gbrhefûd sa gjrê seahpra

pbr pasb.

Kbd huastrjs raprasadtjtevjs ia lbs êreibs qua vjyjd j sar ahplajibs ad al gbrhefûd sa gjrêd ljssefueadtas bparjkebdas?• [a iatarhedjrê lj kurvj frjdulbhåtrekj ia ljs ie`aradtas `rjkkebdas ia êreibs `edbs y fruasbs.

• [a hazkljrêd ievarsjs prbpbrkebdas ia lbs iestedtbs tepbs ia êreibs qua adtrjd ad kjij tepb iagbrhefûd, pjrj bmtadar, pbr tjdtabs, ljs prapjrjkebdas ia kjij udb ia allbs qua iad lj hêxehjkbhpjkeiji j lj hazklj.

• Kbd al `ed ia `jkeletjr lbs tjdtabs sa puaia ahpazjr kbd ljs prbpbrkebdas, kuyj kurvj frjdulbhåtrekjrasultjdta sa jousta haobr j lj kurvj ia @ullar.

• Kbd lbs rasultjibs bmtadeibs sa `eojrêd ljs prbpbrkebdas ia lbs iestedtbs tepbs ia êreibs qua iamadadtrjr j `brhjr pjrta ia kjij gbrhefûd y sa tbhjrê lj kurvj frjdulbhåtrekj ahplajij kbhb kurvj"edekejl".

m) JFQJ - KAHADYB.[u prbpbrkeûd axjktj sa iatarhedjrê haiejdta lj aoakukeûd ia ievarsjs hjsjs ia gbrhefûd ia pruamj,

j ̀ ed ia alafer jquallj qua prbpbrkebda j åsta lj hêxehj rasestadkej aspake`ekjij sed parouiekjr su ̀ jkeleijiia puastj ad bmrj. [a `jmrekjrêd kbd iekgjs jhjsjijs prbmatjs ia gbrhefûd ia ljs qua sa astuiejrêd ljskurvjs ia adiurakeheadtb ad `udkeûd ia lj vjrejkeûd ia sus kbhpbdadtas. As jkbdsaojmla, iadtrb ia lbskretarebs saújljibs, raiuker lb hês pbsemla lj kjdteiji ia jfuj, lb kujl puaia bmlefjr jl usb ia pljste`ekjdtas pjrj `jkeletjr lj puastj ad bmrj ial gbrhefûd. Astbs sa edtrbiukerêd ad ljs hjsjs ia pruamj pjrj jsafurjrqua db jltarjd ljs iahês kbdiekebdas ial gbrhefûd. [a prbgèma lj utelezjkeûd ia jietevbs qua kbdtadfjdklbrurb kêlkekb y ad fadarjl jquallbs ad kuyj kbhpbsekeûd edtarvadfjd klbrurbs, sul`urbs, sul`etbs u btrbs prbiuktbs quèhekbs qua puaiad bkjsebdjr b `jvbrakar lj kbrrbseûd ia ljs jrhjiurjs.

Jdtas ial kbheadzb ial gbrhefbdjib ia`edetevb sa iamarêd rajlezjr adsjybs kjrjktarèstekbs quaraprbiuzkjd lb hês `ealhadta pbsemla ljs kbdiekebdas ia puastj ad bmrj? ahplab ia jietevbs, jhjsjib,kbdiekebdas ia trjdspbrta y varteib. Astbs adsjybs sa pbirêd alehedjr ad al kjsb ia ahplajr gbrhefûd prbkaiadta ia kadtrjl b ia qua sa pbsaj axpareadkej kbd lbs heshbs hjtarejlas y haiebs ia aoakukeûd.

Kjij kjrfj ia gbrhefûd ̀ jmrekjib ad kadtrjl, tjdtb se åstj partadaka b db j ljs edstjljkebdas ia lj bmrj,erê jkbhpjújij ia udj gboj ia suhedestrb qua astjrê ad tbib hbhadtb j iespbsekeûd ia lj Ierakkeûd iaBmrj, y ad lj qua iamarêd `efurjr, kbhb hèdehb, lbs sefueadtas ijtbs?

- Dbhmra ia lj kadtrjl ia `jmrekjkeûd ial gbrhefûd- Dÿharb ia sarea ia lj gboj ia suhedestrb- @akgj ia adtrafj- Dbhmra ial patekebdjreb y ial raspbdsjmla ia lj rakapkeûd- Aspake`ekjkeûd ial gbrhefûd.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :90 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

Ibse`ekjkeûd?j) Ad lbs sefueadtas kjsbs?

Ad al kjsb ia qua al gbrhefûd sa iasefda pbr prbpeaijias ia ?- Yepe`ekjkeûd ial gbrhefûd (Kljsa / ]asestadkej / Kbdsestadkej / Yjhjúb hêxehb ial êreib /

Jhmeadta)Kbdtadeib ia kahadtb ad nf pbr hatrb kÿmekb ia gbrhefûd

- Sjrj kjij udeiji gj ia kbdstjr?- [estahj ia gbrhefbdjib (haiejdta mbhmj, kbd frÿj y kumelbta, kjdjlatj, varteib ieraktb,...).- Kjrjktarèstekjs ia lbs haiebs hakêdekbs.- Sarsbdjl.- Pemrjibras (kjrjktarèstekjs y dbhmra ia åstbs, ediekjdib lbs ia r akjhmeb pbr pbsemla jvarèj).

[akuadkej ia ralladb ia lbs hblias

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- Kbdtadeib ia kahadtb ad nf pbr hatrb kÿmekb ia gbrhefûd- ]aljkeûd jfuj / kahadtb ial gbrhefûd.

Ad al kjsb ia qua al gbrhefûd sa iasefda pbr ibse`ekjkeûd?- Kbdtadeib ia kahadtb pbr h; ia gbrhefûd- ]aljkeûd jfuj / kahadtb ial gbrhefûd

Yepb ia jhmeadta

m) Yepb, kljsa y hjrkj ia kahadtb

k) Kbdsestadkej

i) Yjhjúb hêxehb ial êreib

a) Yepb ia jietevb

`) Srbkaiadkej y kjdteiji ia jiekeûd (kadezjs vbljdtas b guhb ia sèleka) se lj gumeara y, ad kjsbkbdtrjreb, ediekjkeûd axprasj ia qua db kbdteada.

- Iasefdjkeûd aspakè`ekj ial lufjr ia suhedestrb (dbhmra y lufjr).- Kjdteiji ia gbrhefûd qua kbhpbda lj kjrfj, axprasjij ad hatrbs kÿmekbs ia gbrhefûd `raskb.- Eiadte`ekjkeûd ial kjheûd gbrhefbdarj (b aquepb ia trjdspbrta) y ia lj parsbdj qua prbkaij j lj

iaskjrfj.- Gbrj lèheta ia usb pjrj al gbrhefûd.

Lj kadtrjl iamarê iespbdar ia kbdtrbl ia guhaiji ia lbs êreibs, ia `brhj qua sa kbhpadsa pjrjhjdtadar lj raljkeûd jfuj / kahadtb ia lj ibse`ekjkeûd astjmlakeij.

Aoakukeûd?Al Oa`a ia Bmrj gj ia prasadtjr jl edekeb ia lbs trjmjobs ud prbfrjhj ia gbrhefbdjib pjrj kjij

astrukturj, qua gj ia sar jprbmjib pbr lj Ierakkeûd ia Bmrj.

Al prbfrjhj ia gbrhefbdjib kbdsesta ad lj axpleketjkeûd ia lj `brhj, haiebs y prbkasb qua alkbdtrjtestj gj ia safuer pjrj lj muadj kblbkjkeûd ial gbrhefûd.

Ad al prbfrjhj gj ia kbdstjr?- Iaskbhpbsekeûd ia lj bmrj ad udeijias ia gbrhefbdjib, ediekjdib al vbluhad ia gbrhefûd j

utelezjr ad kjij udeiji.- @brhj ia trjtjheadtb ia ljs oudtjs ia gbrhefbdjib.

- [akuadkej ia ralladb ia lbs hblias.- Haiebs pbr avetjr ia`aktbs ia gbrhefbdjib pbr a`aktb ial hbveheadtb ia ljs parsbdjs (pjsjraljs,

jdijhebs, tjmlbdas u btrbs).- Haieijs qua fjrjdtekad lj safureiji ia lbs bparjrebs y parsbdjl ia kbdtrbl.- [estahj ia kurjib ial gbrhefûd.

Db sa gj ia gbrhefbdjr sed lj kbd`brheiji ia lj Ierakkeûd ia Bmrj, udj vaz gjyj ravesjib lj pbsekeûdia ljs jrhjiurjs y iahês alahadtbs yj kblbkjibs, al adkb`rjib, lj lehpeazj ia `bdibs y kbstarbs, y gjyjjprbmjib lj ibse`ekjkeûd, håtbib ia trjdspbrta y puastj ad bmrj ial gbrhefûd.

Ljs oudtjs ia gbrhefbdjib, qua iamarêd astjr pravestjs ad al prbyaktb, sa setujrêd ad ierakkeûd lb hêsdbrhjl pbsemla j lj ia ljs tadsebdas ia kbhpraseûd, y jllè ibdia su a`aktb saj hadbs parouiekejl.

Kujdib gjyj dakaseiji ia iespbdar oudtjs ia gbrhefbdjib db pravestjs ad al prbyaktb, sa iespbdirêdad lufjras qua jpruama lj Ierakkeûd ia Bmrj.

Lj kbhpjktjkeûd sa gj ia gjkar pbr vemrjib kujdib al gbrhefûd tadfj kbdsestadkej sakj, plêstekj b mljdij. Ad al kjsb ia kbdsestadkej `lueij lj kbhpjktjkeûd sa rajlezjrê ud pekjib kbd mjrrj.

Al vemrjib gj ia gjkarsa hês edtadsb ad ljs zbdjs ia jltj iadseiji ia jrhjiurjs, ad ljs asquedjs y adlbs pjrjhadtbs.

Iurjdta al `rjfujib y gjstj kbdsafuer al 63% ia lj rasestadkej pravestj, sa gjd ia hjdtadar gÿhaijsljs supar`ekeas ial gbrhefûd. Asta prbkasb gj ia sar kbhb hèdehb ia?

- 6 ièjs ad teahpb gÿhaib y kbdiekebdas dbrhjlas- :1 ièjs ad teahpb kjlurbsb y sakb, b kujdib lj supar`ekea ial alahadtb astå ad kbdtjktb kbd jfujs b

`eltrjkebdas jfrasevjs

Al kurjib kbd jfuj db sa gj ia aoakutjr kbd reafbs aspbrêiekbs ial gbrhefûd, sedb qua sa gj iafjrjdtezjr lj kbdstjdta guhaiji ial alahadtb kbd rakedtbs qua hjdtadfjd udj lêhedj ia jfuj, hjtarejlastepb jrpellarj b fabtaxtel parhjdadtahadta ahpjpjibs kbd jfuj, sestahj ia reafb kbdtedub b kumrekeûdkbhplatj haiejdta plêstekbs.

Ad al kjsb ia qua sa utelekad prbiuktbs `elhûfadbs, jutbrezjibs pbr lj Ierakkeûd ia Bmrj, sa gjd iakuhpler ljs aspake`ekjkebdas ia su pleafb ia kbdiekebdas.

Iurjdta al `rjfujib sa gjd ia avetjr sbmrakjrfjs y vemrjkebdas qua puaijd prbvbkjr lj `esurjkeûd ialalahadtb.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :96

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

Kbdtrbl ia kjleiji?Iurjdta lj rajlezjkeûd ia lbs trjmjobs, sa rajlezjrêd lbs sefueadtas adsjybs j lbs hjtarejlas?• Kahadtb? pbr tepb ia kahadtb y trehastrjlhadta sa rajlezjrêd?

- : iatarhedjkeûd ia lj pårieij jl `uafb (QDA-73=:1)- : iatarhedjkeûd ial raseiub edsblumla (QDA-73=:1)

: iatarhedjkeûd ial teahpb ia `rjfujib y astjmeleiji ia vbluhad (QDA 73:3=)

• Alahadtbs ad `laxeûd sehpla (vefjs, `brojibs, hurbs ia kbdtadkeûd, atk.)? :33 h;• Hjkezbs (zjpjtjs, astrembs, mlbquas, atk.)? :33 h;

Astbs lèhetas db sbd bmlefjtbrebs ad bmrjs ia aie`ekjkeûd.Al kbdtrbl sa rajlezjrê iatarhedjdib lj rasestadkej ia D jhjsjijs pbr lbta seadib?

`k ≩ =1 D/hh = D ≡ =

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- : iatarhedjkeûd ial teahpb ia rjfujib y astjmeleiji ia vbluhad (QDA 73:3=)- : iatarhedjkeûd ia lj rasestadkej hakêdekj (QDA-73:3:)

• Jfuj? trehastrjlhadta- : kbdtadeib ia sul`jtbs (QDA-6:;:)- : kbdtadeib ia klbrjtbs (QDA-6:67)- : sustjdkejs iesualtjs (QDA-6:;3)- : sustjdkejs brfêdekjs sblumlas ad åtar (QDA-6=;1)- : geirjtbs ia kjrmbdb (QDA-6:;=)- : iatarhedjkeûd pG (QDA-6=;9)

• Êreibs? pbr tjhjúb ia êreib y quedkadjlhadta sa rajlezjrêd?- : tarrbdas ia jrkellj (QDA-6:;;)- : iatarhedjkeûd ia lj hjtarej brfêdekj (QDA 7;:;:)- : iatarhedjkeûd ial aquevjladta ia jradj (QDA 7;:;:)- : iadseiji, jmsbrkeûd y kbdtadeib ia jfuj (QDA 7;:;;)- : iatarhedjkeûd ia `edbs (QDA 6:;1)- : iatarhedjkeûd ia pjrtèkuljs mljdijs ad al êreib fruasb (QDA 6:;9)- : kba`ekeadta ia lbs Êdfalas (QDA 7;::0)- : frjdulbhåtrekb (QDA 6:;5)- : kba`ekeadta ia `brhj (QDA 6=;7)- : `rejmeleiji ia lj jradj (QDA 7;::1)- : astjmeleiji `radta j jtjquas ia sul`jtbs kêlkekbs y hjfdåsekbs (QDA 6:;0)- : rasestadkej j êlkjles (QDA 7;:=:)- : kbdtadeib ia sul`jtbs (QDA 6=91)

Sjrj gbrhefbdas ia rasestadkej kjrjktarèstekj hjybr ia =13 Np/kh= sarê prakaptevb lj rajlezjkeûd ialbs adsjybs safÿd AGA-57 y AS-5; (jrt. 09 y 01), qua parhetjd astjmlakar lj ibse`ekjkeûd dakasjrej pjrjlj rasestadkej raquareij.

Ad lbs gbrhefbdas ia rasestadkej hjybr b efujl j ;13 Np/kh= lbs adsjybs edkluerêd jiahês ia ljrasestadkej, astuiebs ial hûiulb ia ia`brhjkeûd, rajlezêdibsa ud hèdehb ia ; adsjybs j =7 ièjs pjrj lbs pravebs y ; j kjij aiji ia ;, 6, 5, :9, =7 y 53 ièjs (tbtjl :7) pjrj lbs kjrjktarèstekbs.

Sjrj lj tbhj ia huastrjs y `jmrekjkeûd ia prbmatjs ia gbrhefûd `raskb sa rajlezjrêd ÿdekjhadta prbmatjs kÿmekjs b preshêtekjs ia jkuarib kbd lj Dbrhj QDA 7;;3:/59, quaijdib prbskretbs lbs hbliaskelèdirekbs y ljs prbmatjs bmtadeijs j pjrter ia allbs, astjdib, ia asta hbib, ehplèketjhadta prbgemeib alusb ia hbrtarbs ia jzu`ra pjrj ra`radtjib ia prbmatjs ia gbrhefûd.

[afÿd lj AGA, lbs tjhjúbs ial lbta sarêd?• Alahadtbs kbhpreheibs (peljras, hurbs, atk.)? :33 h;

kn≩ =1 D/hh D ≡ ==1 D/hh = < ` kn≩ ;1 D/hh = D ≡ 9` kn4 ;1 D/hh = D ≡ 0

Ad kjsb ia rasultjibs ias`jvbrjmlas ad lbs adsjybs ia ed`brhjkeûd, pbirê al Ieraktbr ia ljs Bmrjsbriadjr pruamjs ia kjrfj, jdtas ia iakeier lj iahblekeûd b jkaptjkeûd.

J]KGEPBAl raspbdsjmla ia Kjleiji ia lj bmrj, sarê al raspbdsjmla ial kbdtrbl y jrkgevb ia lj sefueadta

ibkuhadtjkeûd?- @ekgjs ia kbdtrbl, ia jkuarib kbd al S.S.E. ia astj Edstrukkeûd.- @brhjtbs y btrbs ibkuhadtbs (b`artjs, jlmjrjdas, atk.) ia`edeibs ad al [estahj ia Kjleiji, qua sajd

ia jplekjkeûd j astj Edstrukkeûd.

=.1.0. ]ALLADB[ LBKJLE_JIB[BMOAYB

Haiejdta astj Edstrukkeûd sa pratadia astjmlakar ljs ieraktrekas pjrj lj kbrraktj axtadseûd ykbhpjktjkeûd ia sualbs, prbkaiadtas ia axkjvjkebdas b pråstjhbs, ad ralladb ia zjdojs, trjsiûs ia bmrjsia `êmrekj, kehadtjkeûd b jpbyb ia astrembs b kujlquear btrj zbdj, qua pbr su raiukeij axtadseûd,kbhprbhesb astrukturjl u btrj kjusj db parhetj lj utelezjkeûd ia lbs heshbs aquepbs ia hjquedjrej kbdqua sa llavj j kjmb lj aoakukeûd ia! rastb ial ralladb, b mead axeoj udbs kueijibs aspakejlas ad sukbdstrukkeûd,

JLKJDKA[arê ia jplekjkeûd ad tbijs ljs jkteveijias qua tadfjd lj udeiji ia ralladbs lbkjlezjibs.

IBKQHADYJKEÛD IA ]A@A]ADKEJSleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjs Fadarjlas.Sleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjs Sjrtekuljras.Jrtèkulb ;;= ial SF-;.

]A[SBD[JMELEIJIA[Al Oa`a ia Bmrj, sarê al raspbdsjmla ia lj kbrraktj rajlezjkeûd ia ljs jkteveijias aspake`ekjijs ad astj

Edstrukkeûd. Kbbriedjrê kbd al ]aspbdsjmla ia Kjleiji ia ljs bmrjs, lj rajlezjkeûd ial Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbsia Edspakkeûd qua kbrraspbdia j astj Edstrukkeûd.

Lj B`ekedj Yåkdekj ial Kleadta, sarê lj adkjrfjij ia jsafurjr lj kbrraktj ia`edekeûd ia lbs alahadtbsj aoakutjr.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :97 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

Al Oa`a ia Bmrj astjmlakarê lbs aquepbs prakesbs pjrj lbs ie`aradtas tjobs qua sa pbdfjd ad`udkebdjheadtb.

Al ]aspbdsjmla ia Kjleiji ia lj bmrj, sa raspbdsjmelezjrê ia lj puastj ad prêktekj ia lj prasadtaEdstrukkeûd, ibkuhadtêdiblj, y vare`ekjrê haiejdta al Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbs ia Edspakkeûd (S.S.E.)kbrraspbdieadta, qua sa kuhplad lbs raquesetbs astjmlakeibs.

Al iradjoa ia lbs ralladbs kbdtefubs j bmrjs ia `êmrekj sa aoakutjrê sehultêdajhadta j iekgb ralladb, pjrj lb kujl al hjtarejl iradjdta astjrê pravejhadta jkbpejib ia jkuarib kbd ljs ûriadas ial Ieraktbr ialjs Bmrjs.

Lbs hjtarejlas ia kjij tbdfjij sarêd ia kjrjktarèstekjs ude`brhas y se db lb ̀ uarjd, sa kbdsafuerê astjude`brheiji hazklêdiblbs kbdvadeadtahadta kbd lbs haiebs jiakujibs

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p , q p q j

Al Oa`a ia Bmrj kbhprbmjrê qua lbs pljdbs y krbques `jkeletjibs sbd su`ekeadtas y ia`edadkbrraktjhadta lbs alahadtbs j aoakutjr.

Lbs raspbdsjmlas ia lj edspakkeûd ad bmrj vefeljrêd lj kbrraktj aoakukeûd ia lbs trjmjobs, sa adkjrfjrêd

ia lj rakapkeûd ia lbs hjtarejlas a edspakkebdjrêd y jprbmjrêd ljs ie`aradtas jkteveijias ia aoakukeûd.]AJLE_JKEÛDj) Hjtarejlas

[a utelezjrêd sbljhadta sualbs jiakujibs y salakkebdjibs safÿd al jrtèkulb ;;3 ial SF-;.

[a ahplajrêd sualbs jiakujibs b salakkebdjibs, seahpra qua su KM] safÿd QDA :3;13=,kbrraspbdieadta j ljs kbdiekebdas ia kbhpjktjkeûd axefeijs, saj suparebr j ieaz (:3) y ad al kjsb ia trjsiûsia bmrj ia `êmrekj suparebr j vaedta (=3).

[a astjrê, ad tbib kjsb, j lb iespuastb ad lj lafesljkeûd vefadta ad hjtarej haiebjhmeadtjl, iasafureiji y sjlui, y ia jlhjkadjheadtb y trjdspbrta ia prbiuktbs ia kbdstrukkeûd.

m) Håtbib ia aoakukeûdLbs hjtarejlas ia ralladb sa axtadiarêd ad tbdfjijs sukasevjs ia aspasbr ude`brha y sadsemlahadta

pjrjlaljs j lj axpljdjij. Al aspasbr ia astjs tbdfjijs sarê lb su`ekeadtahadta raiukeib pjrj qua, kbd lbshaiebs iespbdemlas, sa bmtadfj ad tbib su aspasbr al frjib ia kbhpjktjkeûd axefeib. [jlvb aspake`ekjkeûdad kbdtrj ial Ieraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs, al aspasbr ia ljs tbdfjijs haieib iaspuås ia lj kbhpjktjkeûd db sarêsuparebr j vaedtekedkb kadtèhatrbs (=1 kh).

ßdekjhadta sa pbirê utelezjr `j kbhpjktjkeûd hjdujl ad lbs kjsbs axprasjhadta jutbrezjibs pbr alIeraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs.

[jlvb qua al Ieraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs lb jutbreka, ad mjsa j astuieb `erhjib pbr tåkdekb kbhpatadta, alralladb oudtb j bmrjs ia `êmrekj b adtemjkebdas sa a`aktujrê ia hjdarj qua ljs tbdfjijs setujijs j udb ybtrb ljib ia lj heshj sa gjllad jl heshb deval. Ad al kjsb ia bmrjs ia `êmrekj kbd ralladb jsehåtrekb, lbshjtarejlas ial ljib hês jltb db pbirêd axtadiarsa de kbhpjktjrsa jdtas ia qua gjyjd trjdskurreib seata

ièjs (6 i) iasia lj tarhedjkeûd ia lj `êmrekj kbdtefuj, sjlvb ediekjkeûd ial Srbyaktb b jutbrezjkeûd ialIeraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs y seahpra pravej kbhprbmjkeûd ial frjib ia rasestadkej jlkjdzjib pbr lj bmrj ia`êmrekj.

Oudtb j ljs astrukturjs pbrtekjijs db sa edekejrê al ralladb gjstj qua al iedtal db gjyj seib tarhedjib ygjyj jlkjdzjib lj rasestadkej qua ediequa al Srbyaktb b, ad su ia`aktb, a l Ieraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs.

ude brheiji hazklêdiblbs kbdvadeadtahadta kbd lbs haiebs jiakujibs.

Iurjdta lj aoakukeûd ia ljs bmrjs, `j supar`ekea ia ljs tbdfjijs iamarê tadar lj padieadta trjdsvarsjldakasjrej pjrj jsafurjr lj avjkujkeûd ia ljs jfujs sed palefrb ia arbseûd.

Qdj vaz axtadieij kjij tbdfjij, sa prbkaiarê j su guhaktjkeûd, se as dakasjreb. Al kbdtadeib ûptehbia guhaiji sa iatarhedjrê ad bmrj, j lj vestj ia lj hjquedjrej iespbdemla y ia lbs rasultjibs qua sabmtadfjd ia lbs adsjybs rajlezjibs.

Ad lbs kjsbs aspakejlas ad qua lj guhaiji ial hjtarejl saj axkasevj pjrj kbdsafuer lj kbhpjktjkeûd pravestj, sa tbhjrêd ljs haieijs jiakujijs, puieådibsa prbkaiar j lj iasakjkeûd pbr brab b j lj jiekeûd yhazklj ia hjtarejlas sakbs b sustjdkejs jprbpejijs.

Kbdsafueij lj guhaktjkeûd hês kbdvadeadta, sa prbkaiarê j lj kbhpjktjkeûd hakêdekj ia lj tbdfjij.

Ljs zbdjs qua, pbr su ̀ brhj, puiearjd ratadar j fuj ad su supar`ekea, sarêd kbrrafeijs edhaiejtjhadta.

[a axeferê udj iadseiji iaspuås ia lj kbhpjktjkeûd db ed`arebr jl 51 pbr :33 (51%) ial Srbktbrdbrhjl. Ad tbib kjsb `j iadseiji bmtadeij gjmrê ia sar efujl b hjybr qua lj ia ljs zbdjs kbdtefujs ial

ralladb.

Lbs ralladbs lbkjlezjibs sa aoakutjrêd kujdib lj tahparjturj jhmeadta, j lj sbhmrj, saj suparebr j ibsfrjibs Kalseus (=¿ K)> iameadib suspadiarsa lbs trjmjobs kujdib lj tahparjturj iaskeadij pbr iamjob iaiekgb lèheta.

[bmra ljs kjpjs ad aoakukeûd iama prbgemersa lj jkkeûd ia tbib tepb ia trê`ekb gjstj qua sa gjyjkbhplatjib su kbhpjktjkeûd.

k) Kbdtrblas y Adsjybs[a rajlezjrêd lbs adsjybs dakasjrebs pjrj iatarhedjr qua lbs pjrêhatrbs ediekjibs sa hjdtadfjd

iurjdta tbij lj aoakukeûd.

QDA :3;13: AD[JUB IA KBHSJKYJKEÛD. S]ÛKYB] HBIE@EKJIB.QDA :3;13= HÅYBIB IA AD[JUB SJ]J IAYA]HEDJ] AD LJMB]JYB]EB AL ÈDIEKAKM] IA QD [QALB.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :95

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

=.0. S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEBD SJ]J LJ[ IE[YEDYJ[QDEIJIA[ IA BM]J

Lbs jspaktbs aspakè`ekjhadta saújljibs ad al Sleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjs ial Srbyaktb, sara`earad iasia al pudtb ia vestj ial Kbdtrbl ia Kjleiji, j lbs ie`aradtas jspaktbs qua iamad sar kbdtrbljibsj lj gbrj ia aoakutjr kjij udj ia ljs udeijias ia bmrj.

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[eadib jsè sa gj iasjrrblljib ud Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbs ia Edspakkeûd ia ljs udeijias ia bmrj hêssefde`ekjtevjs, pjrj al kbdtrbl axgjustevb ia lj aoakukeûd.

Sjrj fjrjdtezjr al kuhpleheadtb ia raquesetbs axefeibs as dakasjreb kbdtrbljr y vare`ekjr lj aoakukeûdia ljs udeijias ia bmrj sbhateijs jl SLJD IA J[AFQ]JHEADYB IA LJ KJLEIJI.

[a edkluyad j tètulb ia aoahplb `ekgjs ia S.S.E. ia jlfudjs ia ljs udeijias hês ehpbrtjdtas ialSrbyaktb?

- ADKB@]JIB[- AWKJPJKEBDA[- GB]HEFÛD J]HJIB- ]ALLADB[ LBKJLE_JIB[

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :13 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

;. J[AFQ]JHEADYB IA KB]]AKYB[ HÅYBIB[ IA FA[YEÛDIAL [E[YAHJ IA J[AFQ]JHEADYB IA LJ KJLEIJI

;.:. KBDY]BL IA LJ IBKQHADYJKEÛDYbij lj ibkuhadtjkeûd rakemeij ad bmrj sarê rakapkebdjij pbr al Oa`a Jihedestrjtevb ia lj bmrj, quead

lj rafestrjrê

Al advèb ia ljs kbpejs kbdtrbljijs quaijrê rafestrjib ad lj Lestj ia kbdtrbl ia iestremukeûd, ad lj quasa ediekjrê kljrjhadta al dÿharb ia kbpej kbdtrbljij, dÿharb ia raveseûd ial ibkuhadtb, udeiji b parsbdj, adteiji axtardj b edtardj j lj qua sa la advèj, `akgj ia aheseûd, `akgj ia jkusa ia rakemb y `akgjia iavblukeûd `edjl.

Al Oa`a ia lj QJK sarê raspbdsjmla ia hjdtadar jktujlezjij lj lestj ia kbdtrbl ia iestremukeûd ia lbs

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lj rafestrjrê.

J kbdtedujkeûd, sa la kblbkjrê ud sallb, qua kbdteada lj `akgj, dÿharb kbrraljtevb y tras kjselljs pjrjljs sefueadtas `erhjs? Oa`a ia Bmrj, Jihedestrjtevb y Iastedjtjreb. [a jdbtjrê ad al rafestrb ia adtrjij(jplekjkeûd ed`brhêtekj) tbij lj kbrraspbdiadkej rakemeij. Iekgb rafestrb kbdstj ia lbs sefueadtas kjhpbs?`akgj, dÿharb, prbkaiadkej, rahetadta, tepb ibkuhadtb, axtrjktb ial kbdtadeib y iastedjtjreb ialibkuhadtb. Al dÿharb jsefdjib sarê kbrraljtevb y sa radbvjrê kjij júb.

Qdj vaz rajlezjij astj `udkeûd, lj kbrraspbdiadkej pjsjrê j sar laèij preharb pbr al Oa`aJihedestrjtevb ia lj Bmrj, quead `erhjrê ad su kjsellj kbrraspbdieadta a ediekjrê se gjy jlfudjkbdtastjkeûd> j kbdtedujkeûd pbr al Oa`a ia Bmrj y pbstarebrhadta sa la adtrafjrê jl Iastedjtjreb ia ljheshj.

Sjrj lj kbrraspbdiadkej ia sjleij sa j ktujrê ial heshb hbib qua pjrj ljs adtrjijs, kblbkjdib al sallbia rafestrb y jdbtjdib su kbdtadeib ad lj jplekjkeûd ed`brhêtekj. J kbdtedujkeûd, iekgj kbrraspbdiadkejsarê `erhjij pbr lj parsbdj qua gj briadjib su rajlezjkeûd.

;.:.:. IE[Y]EMQKEÛD IA LJ IBKQHADYJKEÛDLj iestremukeûd edtardj adtra ljs iestedtjs Qdeijias Brfjdezjtevjs ia lj Bmrj ia lj ibkuhadtjkeûd qua

edkeia ad lj aoakukeûd ia lj bmrj sarê iameijhadta kbdtrbljij.

Jl rakemer kbpej ia udj duavj raveseûd ia ud ibkuhadtb, al iastedjtjreb ia lj ibkuhadtjkeûd ravesjrêal heshb, kbhprbmjdib qua as kbhplatb, lafemla y jplekjmla.

Al iastedjtjreb iavblvarê edhaiejtjhadta jl rahetadta ljs kbpejs ia ljs ravesebdas jtrjsjijs qua bmrjdad su pbiar, sjlvb qua sajd jplekjmlas pjrj lj rajlezjkeûd ia jlfÿd trjmjob, ad kuyb kjsb al iastedjtjrebeiadte`ekjrê lj pjrta hbie`ekjij kbhb "db jktujlezjij" a ediekjrê jl rahetadta lj rjzûd pbr lj kujl parhjdaka ad su pbiar.

J a`aktbs ia kbdtrbl ia lj iestremukeûd sa iestedfuerêd tras tepbs ia kbpejs? kbpejs kbdtrbljijs, kbpejsdb kbdtrbljijs y kbpejs ia trjmjob.

Ljs kbpejs kbdtrbljijs erêd eiadte`ekjijs ad lj pbrtjij ediekjdib al dÿharb ia kbpej, udeiji b parsbdjy kjrfb j lj qua sa la j sefdj y ̀ akgj, jsè kbhb lj edskrepkeûd ia "kbpej kbdtrbljij". Ad al rastb ia ljs gbojs,se ljs gumearj, sa ediekjrê ad al pea ia pêfedj "kbpej kbdtrbljij" y d¿ ia kbpej.

Ljs kbpejs db kbdtrbljijs sa eiadte`ekjrêd ediekjdib ad lj pbrtjij lj edskrepkeûd ia "kbpej dbkbdtrbljij" y ad tbijs sus gbojs jpjrakarê ia `brhj vesemla y praehprasj lj edskrepkeûd ia "kbpej dbkbdtrbljij".

Al Oa a ia lj QJK sarê raspbdsjmla ia hjdtadar jktujlezjij lj lestj ia kbdtrbl ia iestremukeûd ia lbsibkuhadtbs fadarjibs ad su êhmetb.

Ia efujl hbib, al Oa`a ia Srbiukkeûd y Ybpbfrj`èj sarê raspbdsjmla ial kbdtrbl ia lj iestremukeûd ialbs ibkuhadtbs ia kjrêktar kbdstruktevb ia lj bmrj, tjlas kbhb pljdbs, krbques, atk. Ia asta hbib, sa puaiadbte`ekjr j lbs pbsaaibras ia kbpejs kbdtrbljijs kujlquear hbie`ekjkeûd qua sa prbiuzkj.

Ad predkepeb, kujlquear ibkuhadtb tåkdekb qua prakesa ia iestremukeûd sarê adtrafjib jl Oa`a braspbdsjmla iasefdjib ia kjij sumbrfjdezjkeûd.

Aspakejl jtadkeûd harakad ljs kbpejs ia trjmjob ia ibkuhadtbs jplekjmlas ad al êhmetb ia lj bmrj,a`aktujijs pjrj qua tbib al parsbdjl iasjrrblla kbd åxetb su ljmbr. Astjs kbpejs ia trjmjob db sbd sedb`btbkbpejs ia kbpejs kbdtrbljijs (ia ibkuhadtbs ad jplekjmlas ad vefbr), aheteijs y iestremueijs pbr alraspbdsjmla ia kjij sumbrfjdezjkeûd jl parsbdjl iapadieadta ia lj heshj.

[bmra al raspbdsjmla ia kjij sumbrfjdezjkeûd rakja lj raspbdsjmeleiji ia qua kjij parsbdj tadfj adsu pbiar lj aiekeûd vefadta ia lbs ibkuhadtbs.

Ad setujkebdas kbdkratjs, kbhb sbd ljs qua sa prasadtjd kbd ibkuhadtbs tåkdekbs b akbdûhekbs pjrj

ed`brhjkeûd y kbdsultj, sa pbirêd bmtadar kbpejs ia trjmjob ia lbs brefedjlas pbr pjrta ia ljs iestedtjssumbrfjdezjkebdas, sed qua pbr allb aståd suoatjs j ud kbdtrbl ad lj aheseûd y lj iestremukeûd.

;.:.=. ]AFE[Y]B[Lbs rafestrbs, kbhb dbrhj fadarjl, sarêd jrkgevjibs pbr su djturjlazj, ad briad kbrraljtevb ia

duharjkeûd. [e kjrakeasad ia kbie`ekjkeûd b dÿharb, sa jrkgevjrêd ad briad krbdblûfekb, jtadieadib j su`akgj ia aljmbrjkeûd. Lj raspbdsjmeleiji ial astjib ia lbs jrkgevbs as jsuheij pbr a l raspbdsjmla ia kjijiapadiadkej.

Ybibs lbs rafestrbs fadarjibs ad ljs iestedtjs êrajs ia brfjdezjkeûd ia lj bmrj sarêd raheteibs j lbsraspbdsjmlas ia lj kustbiej y hjdaob ia lbs jrkgevbs pjrj su edkluseûd ad lbs iestedtbs jpjrtjibs ial heshb.

Jdtas ia jrkgevjr ud rafestrb, sa kbhprbmjrê qua astê kbdvadeadtahadta eiadte`ekjib. [a ia`ederê udj

raljkeûd ibdia sa aspake`equa al kretareb ia jrkgevb pjrj kjij udb ia lbs jpjrtjibs ad qua astê ieveieib.Lbs rafestrbs sarêd briadjibs ia jkuarib kbd iekgj raljkeûd. Djiea pbirê raterjr ud rafestrb ia kujlquearjia lbs jrkgevbs sed lj jutbrezjkeûd pravej ial raspbdsjmla ia lbs heshbs.

;.:.;. MJ[A[ IA IJYB[Al alavjib dÿharb ia edspakkebdas y adsjybs pravestbs pjrj al kbdtrbl ia lj aoakukeûd ia ljs udeijias

ia bmrj y ia lbs hjtarejlas edkbrpbrjibs j ljs heshjs raqueara ud trjtjheadtb j trjvås ia mjsas ia ijtbs

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :1:

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

fadarjijs j trjvås ia udj jplekjkeûd ed`brhêtekj. Ad asta kjsb, al sb`twjra ia jplekjkeûd sarê alHEK]B[B@Y B@@EKA pjrj VEDIBV[, y al prbfrjhj j utelezjr al JKKA[[ û AWKAL.

;.=. A[SAKE@EKJKEBDA[ SJ]J LB[ HJYA]EJLA[ IA BM]J. KBHS]J[ U]AKASKEÛD IA HJYA]EJLA[

; = : APJLQJKEÛD IA S]BPAAIB]A[

• [alakkeûd ia suhedestrjibras. Srbpuastj ia kbhprj? Qdj vaz eiadte`ekjijs ljs kbhprjs, al Oa`a iaBmrj (b lj parsbdj ad qua ialafua) prbkaiarê j lj salakkeûd ia lbs suhedestrjibras y j lj patekeûd ialjs ie`aradtas b`artjs.

Kujdib sa tadfj kbdbkeheadtb ia ljs b`artjs, al Oa`a ia Bmrj ediekjrê kljrjhadta se sa trjtj iasuhedestrb b ia sumkbdtrjtjkeûd, y prbpbdirê jl Ialafjib ia Bmrj al jiouiekjtjreb haiejdta al

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;.=.:. APJLQJKEÛD IA S]BPAAIB]A[As raspbdsjmeleiji ial Oa`a ia lj QJK avjlujr lj kjpjkeiji ia lbs prbvaaibras. Sjrj allb puaiad

rajlezjrsa ljs sefueadtas jkkebdas?- Pesetj j ljs edstjljkebdas ial suhedestrjibr- Jdêleses ia jdtakaiadtas b ijtbs gestûrekbs ial suhedestrjibr- Sbsaseûd ia karte`ekjibs ia kjleiji aheteibs pbr brfjdeshbs b`ekejlas- Jdêleses ia ud kuastebdjreb sehple`ekjib ia avjlujkeûd ia suhedestrjibras advejib kbd jdtarebreiji

Al rasultjib ia astj avjlujkeûd quaijrê ra`laojib ad ud ed`brha ia avjlujkeûd ia suhedestrjibras.

Al Ieraktbr ia ljs Bmrjs rakemerê ibmla kbpej ial ed`brha ia avjlujkeûd, `erhjib pbr al Oa`a ia ljQJK, kbd bmoatb ia avjlujr lj jptetui ial suhedestrjibr y prbkaiar j lj jprbmjkeûd ial heshb pjrj a`aktujral suhedestrb.

Jseheshb, sa utelezjrêd ljs avjlujkebdas edtarhaiejs pravestjs ad al [estahj ia Fasteûd ia lj Kjleiji pjrj jdjlezjr al frjib ia kuhpleheadtb ia lbs tårhedbs kbdtrjktujlas astjmlakeibs y ad su kjsb prbkaiar jlkjhmeb ia lbs suhedestrjibras qua kbbparad ad lj aoakukeûd ia ljs bmrjs.

;.=.=. ]AJLE_JKEÛD IA KBHS]J[• Sraveseûd ia ljs kbhprjs? Ia jkuarib kbd lj pljde`ekjkeûd flbmjl ia lj bmrj, al Oa`a ia Bmrj eiadte`ekjrê

qua hjtarejlas, aquepbs, sarvekebs b sumkbdtrjtjkebdas as dakasjreb kbhprjr b jlqueljr. Ybijs ljskbhprjs eiadte`ekjijs quaijrêd raljkebdjijs ad al Lestjib ia Kbhprjs.

• Aspake`ekjkebdas ia kbhprjs? Al Oa`a ia Srbiukkeûd y Ybpbfrj`èj ia lj Bmrj kbljmbrjrê kbd al Oa`aia Bmrj ad lj raijkkeûd ia ljs aspake`ekjkebdas ia kbhprjs ia jkuarib kbd al lestjib jdtarebrhadtahadkebdjib.

[a gjrê aspakejl gedkjpeå ad lj ia`edekeûd ia?- Lbs raquesetbs axefemlas jl prbiuktb j jiquerer- Lj ibkuhadtjkeûd qua jpbrtjrê al suhedestrjibr. (Karte`ekjibs kjleiji, jlmjrêd, atk.)

- Ljs edspakkebdas ia ljs qua vj j sar bmoatb al prbiuktb j suhedestrjr, tjdtb j su llafjij j bmrj, kbhbad brefad.

- Ljs kbdiekebdas aspakè`ekjs ia hjdepuljkeûd y/b jkbpeb ial prbiuktb, se jsè sa gj iestedfueib sukbdvadeadkej ad al lestjib ia kbhprjs.

Qdj vaz aljmbrjij lj aspake`ekjkeûd ia kbhprjs, astj sarê raheteij jl Oa`a ia lj QJK, raspbdsjmlaia lj raveseûd ia lj heshj. Qdj vaz ravesjij, lj iavblvarê jl Oa`a ia Bmrj pjrj a`aktujr lj patekeûd iab`artjs.

j j , y p p j j j j j j jkbrraspbdieadta kujirb kbhpjrjtevb.

• Kbhprbmjkeûd ia lj kjle`ekjkeûd ial jiouiekjtjreb? Jdtas ia advejr lj prbpuastj j lj Ialafjkeûd pjrjsu jprbmjkeûd, al Oa`a ia Bmrj raheterê j lj Qdeiji ia Jsafurjheadtb ia lj Kjleiji al kujirbkbhpjrjtevb ia b`artjs, y prbkaiarê j kbhprbmjr se al suhedestrjibr prbpuastb kbhb jiouiekjtjrebastê iameijhadta kujle`ekjib.

Jl `edjlezjr al suhedestrb, al Oa`a ia Bmrj, jsasbrjib pbr al Oa`a ia lj QJK, iama aljmbrjr aled`brha "Avjlujkeûd `edjl ia bmrj b suhedestrb", al kujl sa utelezjrê kbhb ed`brhjkeûd pjrj ljavjlujkeûd bmoatevj ia lbs iestedtbs suhedestrjibras y kbd`erhjrê b iasastehjrê lj kjle`ekjkeûd ia pjrteij jsefdjij j suhedestrjibras sed avjlujkeûd pravej.

• Advèb? Qdj vaz jutbrezjib al kbdtrjtb/paieib, asta iamarê sar raheteib jl suhedestrjibr jkbhpjújibia lj aspake`ekjkeûd ia kbhprjs. Jdtas ial advèb ial paieib, lj Qdeiji Jsafurjheadtb ia lj Kjleijikbhprbmjrê lj ibkuhadtjkeûd, pjrj vare`ekjr lj edkluseûd ia ljs aspake`ekjkebdas ia kbhprjs.

• [arvekebs? Lj hatbiblbfèj pjrj al kbdtrbl y safueheadtb ia lj prastjkeûd ia lbs sarvekebs prastjibs pbr lbs kbljmbrjibras axtardbs as lj sefueadta?j. Avjlujkeûd edekejl ial sumkbdtrjtestj m. Eibdaeiji ial ]aspbdsjmla prbpuastb pjrj lj prastjkeûd ial sarvekeb. Lj avjlujkeûd ia asta

raquesetb sa a`aktujrê pbr kbhpjrjkeûd adtra al "kurrekuluh vetja" ial raspbdsjmla y lbsraquareheadtbs astjmlakeibs pjrj asj `efurj ad al Sleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjs Sjrtekuljrasia lj bmrj.

k. Pare`ekjkeûd ia lbs aquepbs utelezjibs ad lj rajlezjkeûd ia lbs trjmjobs (se prbkaia). [a jdjlezjrêsu jptetui kbd raspaktb j lb aspake`ekjib ad al Srbyaktb b ad al Srbfrjhj ia Jktujkeûdastjmlakeib. Ad kujlquear kjsb, ad `udkeûd ia lj djturjlazj ia lbs aquepbs, sa avjlujrê ljsjtes`jkkeûd ia su hjdtadeheadtb, vare`ekjkeûd b kjlemrjkeûd.

i. Ad al kjsb ia jktujkebdas kbdkratjs y lehetjijs, kbhprbmjkeûd ia lj rajlezjkeûd ia ljs iestedtjs`jsas ia ljs qua sa kbhpbda al trjmjob b prastjkeûd j a`aktujr. Asta kbdtrbl pbirê sar a`aktujibhaiejdta lj jplekjkeûd ia ud Srbfrjhj ia Sudtbs ia Edspakkeûd qua edkluyj, jiahês, ljsvare`ekjkebdas kbdtadeijs ad lbs jpjrtjibs M) y K).

Ad al trjtjheadtb ia jquallbs sarvekebs rajlezjibs kbdoudtjhadta pbr kbljmbrjibras edtardbs yaxtardbs, kbhb sbd ]ASLJDYAB FADA]JL y ]AJLE_JKEÛD IA AD[JUB[, sa jktujrê ial sefueadtahbib?

- Al safueheadtb ia lj jpbrtjkeûd ial kbljmbrjibr axtardb sa a`aktujrê sefueadib lbs pjsbs J), M) yK) ad lbs kjsbs ad qua saj jplekjmla.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :1= JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

- Al safueheadtb ia lj jpbrtjkeûd ia lbs kbljmbrjibras edtardbs sa jtadirê, ad lbs kjhpbs ad quajplequa, j lb axpuastb ad lbs iestedtbs kjpètulbs ial S.J.K.

- Sjrj al safueheadtb kbdoudtb ia lbs trjmjobs sa safuerêd ljs pjutjs axpuastjs ad al pjsb I).

;.=.;. ]AKASKEÛD IA LJ[ KBHS]J[Al Oa`a ia Bmrj dbte`ekjrê j lj QJK ljs sukasevjs llafjijs ia lbs prbiuktbs kbhprjibs j lj bmrj kbd

Kujlquear jdbhjlèj iataktjij sarê ra`laojij ad al jdvarsb ial jlmjrêd. [e lj ieskbd`brheiji sa lehetjj jlfudb ia lbs lbtas edspakkebdjibs, eiadte`ekjrê "ed setu" astbs ÿltehbs kbhb "padieadtas ia iakeseûd".

Sbr ÿltehb, raheterê jl Jihedestrjtevb ia lj Bmrj al brefedjl ial jlmjrêd `erhjib y j lj Qdeiji iaJsafurjheadtb ia lj Kjleiji kbpej ial heshb (edklusb ial jdvarsb) y lj ibkuhadtjkeûd qua jkbhpjúj jlsuhedestrb.

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j j j j Q j j j j p p j j j jbmoatb ia pljde`ekjr ljs jkteveijias ia edspakkeûd y adsjyb adflbmjijs ad lj rakapkeûd ia lbs iestedtbshjtarejlas y prbkaiar, hês tjria, j lj jutbrezjkeûd ial ahplab ia iekgbs hjtarejlas ad bmrj.

;.=.9. B]FJDE_JKEÛD IA LJ[ JKYEPEIJIA[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD AD ]AKASKEÛDLjs bparjkebdas dakasjrejs pjrj rakapkebdjr lbs iestedtbs hjtarejlas llafjibs j bmrj quaijd rakbfeijs

ad ljs bpbrtudjs Edstrukkebdas ia Yrjmjob pjrj lj rakapkeûd ia hjtarejlas.

Ljs edstrukkebdas ia trjmjob pjrj lj rakapkeûd ia hjtarejlas sarêd aljmbrjijs pbr lj Qdeiji iaJsafurjheadtb ia lj Kjleiji ad mjsa j ljs axefadkejs astjmlakeijs pjrj kjij udb ia lbs hjtarejlas ad alSleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjs Sjrtekuljras ia lj bmrj.

Lj edstrukkeûd iamarê aspake`ekjr kbd kljreiji lj ra`aradkej ial hjtarejl bmoatb ia lj rakapkeûd.

Ljs jkteveijias ia edspakkeûd ad rakapkeûd sa ieveierêd ad ibs `jsas mead ie`aradkejijs jtadieadib jlj djturjlazj ia lj edspakkeûd, j su raspbdsjmla y j su sakuadkej krbdblûfekj?

- ED[SAKKEÛD IAL [QHEDE[Y]B- ED[SAKKEÛD KQJLEYJYEPJ IAL HJYA]EJL

Sjrj kjij `jsa sa iaskremad lbs kbdtrblas j a`aktujr, lj `rakuadkej y al kretareb ia jkaptjkeûd ial lbtaedspakkebdjib.

Edspakkeûd ial suhedestrb? Kbhpradia ljs jkteveijias ia edspakkeûd rajlezjijs j lj llafjij ial hjtarejl jlj bmrj. Astjs edspakkebdas sarê rajlezjijs pbr parsbdjl ia bmrj kujle`ekjib (mêsekjhadta kjpjtjkas) y, adkujlquear kjsb, tadirêd ud kbdtadeib hèdehb, kbdsestadta ad?

- Kbhprbmjkeûd ia qua al prbiuktb b hjtarejl rakemeib kbedkeia kbd al jlmjrêd ial suhedestrjibr adtepblbfèj y kjdteijias.

- [e lj ia`edekeûd ial hjtarejl sa mjsj, tbtjl b pjrkejlhadta, ad lj iaskrepkeûd ia jlfudj iehadseûdkjrjktarèstekj, lj kbhprbmjkeûd ial jlmjrêd sa kbhplahadtjrê kbd kbdtrblas jlajtbrebs ia ljfabhatrèj ial prbiuktb.

- Edspakkeûd vesujl ial jspaktb ial hjtarejl suhedestrjib. Yeada kbhb bmoatb lj iatakkeûd ia hjtarejliatarebrjib, mead pbr ia`aktb ia `jmrekjkeûd, mead pbr iafrjijkeûd iurjdta su hjdepuljkeûd y

trjdspbrta.

Qdj vaz `edjlezjij astj preharj `jsa ia edspakkeûd, al raspbdsjmla ia lj heshj `erhjrê al jlmjrêd iasuhedestrb ad pruamj ia kbd`brheiji ia ljs edspakkebdas rajlezjijs.

Edspakkeûd ia ljs kujleijias ial hjtarejl? Ad udj safudij atjpj, al Yåkdekb ia Jsafurjheadtb ia ljKjleiji ia lj bmrj prbkaiarê j lj rajlezjkeûd ia ljs edspakkebdas qua fjr jdtezjd qua al hjtarejl kuhpla lbsraquesetbs axefeibs jl heshb ad lbs ibkuhadtbs ia kbhprj.

Lj vare`ekjkeûd ia astbs raquesetbs sa rajlezjrê j trjvås ia ibs garrjheadtjs?- Jdêleses ia karte`ekjibs ia fjrjdtèj b ia rasultjibs ia adsjybs jpbrtjibs pbr al `jmrekjdta (rapbrtjibs pbr al

raspbdsjmla ia lj preharj ̀ jsa ia lj rakapkeûd).- Jdêleses ia rasultjibs ia pruamjs y adsjybs a`aktujibs ad al êhmetb ia lj bmrj, a edklueibs, pbr supuastb ad al Srbfrjhj

ia Adsjybs.

Adsjybs ia lj bmrj? Astbs ibs håtbibs puaiad sar jltardjtevbs b kbhplahadtjrebs adtra sè iapadieadibial hjtarejl kbdseiarjib. Kbhb pruamj ia kbd`brheiji ia ljs edspakkebdas rajlezjijs ad astj `jsa, alraspbdsjmla ia lj heshj `erhjrê lbs rafestrbs bmoatb ia jdêleses.

Ad jlfudbs hjtarejlas as prêktekj gjmetujl lj rajlezjkeûd ia "adsjybs flbmjlas", mead ia kjrjktarezjkeûdial prbiuktb jdtas ia su jiquesekeûd, tjhmeåd iadbhedjibs AD[JUB[ IA S]BKAIADKEJ (pbraoahplb, adsjybs ia prbkaiadkej ia hjtarejlas frjduljras) mead ia kbd`erhjkeûd ia sus kujleijias,adsjybs iadbhedjibs tjhmeåd AD[JUB[ IA S]BIQKKEÛD/]AKASKEÛD (pbr aoahplb, adsjybsraljtevbs jl jkarb kbrrufjib pjrj jrhjiurjs).

Lbs adsjybs ia "prbiukkeûd/rakapkeûd" ia hjtarejlas raspbdiad j lj dakaseiji ia ud safueheadtb ialjs kjrjktarèstekjs ia lbs heshbs y db j lj jkaptjkeûd askrupulbsj ia pjrteijs edieveiujlas ia hjtarejl> iagakgb, lbs rasultjibs ia lbs adsjybs sualad kbdbkarsa trjs su ahplab ad bmrj. Qdj iasvejkeûd kbdtrjstjijia ljs kjrjktarèstekjs ia ud hjtarejl supbdirê ia adtrjij lj iatadkeûd ia su ahplab ad bmrj y al partedadtajdêleses ial heshb.

;.=.1. JKASYJKEÛD IA LB[ HJYA]EJLA[. JQYB]E_JKEÛD IA [Q AHSLABAd jquallbs kjsbs ad lbs kujlas ljs jkteveijias ia edspakkeûd ad rakapkeûd rasultad db sjtes`jktbrejs,

sa raijktjrê al bpbrtudb Ed`brha ia Db Kbd`brheiji, jl kujl jioudtjrê lj kbpej ial jlmjrêd, ia lbsrasultjibs ia pruamjs y adsjybs, iaskremeadib ad al heshb ljs kbdseiarjkebdas jpjrakeijs ad kjij `jsa.

Ad kjsb ia qua jpjrazkjd Db Kbd`brheijias, lj Qdeiji ia Jsafurjheadtb ia lj Kjleiji jmrerê al

kbrraspbdieadta ed`brha y al hjtarejl b prbiuktb sarê eiadte`ekjdib kbdvadeadtahadta, ediekjdib ljlehetjkeûd ial ahplab ia lbs lbtas j`aktjibs y sapjrêdiblb gjstj lj rasblukeûd ia ljs Db Kbd`brheijiassurfeijs.

[e al rasultjib ia lj rakapkeûd ia udj pjrteij ia hjtarejl as kbd`brha, db sa a`aktujrê ed`brha jlfudb.Ad asta kjsb sa adtadiarê qua lj jusadkej ia iestedtevbs sbmra al hjtarejl jkbpejib ad bmrj supbdajutbhêtekjhadta lj jutbrezjkeûd pjrj su ahplab.

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :1;

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

;.=.0. A[SAKE@EKJKEBDA[ YÅKDEKJ[ IA KBHS]J[Sbr kjij suhedestrb b sumkbdtrjtb sa aljmbrjrê lj kbrraspbdieadta `ekgj ia Aspake`ekjkebdas Yåkdekjs

ia kbhprjs ibdia sa ra`laojrêd lbs raquesetbs qua al suhedestrb b sumkbdtrjtb iama kuhpler, kretarebs iajkaptjkeûd-rakgjzb, karte`ekjibs qua sa iamad jpbrtjr, kbdiekebdas ia suhedestrb, atk. y qua pbstarebrhadta, sa kbhprbmjrê ad lj rakapkeûd ia lbs hjtarejlas b ad al prbkasb kbdstruktevb, lj jkaptjkeûd

Al ljmbrjtbreb sa adkjrfjrê ia lj rajlezjkeûd ia lbs adsjybs kbdtadeibs ad al Sljd ia Jsafurjheadtbia Kjleiji, qua sarêd ia ibs tepbs?

- Adsjybs ia kbdtrbl ia lb rajlezjib.- Astuieb ia ibse`ekjkebdas pjrj lj bmrj, y kbhprbmjkeûd ia jqualljs qua gjyjd seib gakgjs ad btrbs

ljmbrjtbrebs, pravejhadta j lj jutbrezjkeûd ia su usb pbr al ]aspbdsjmla ia [estahjs ia Kjleiji

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ia iekgjs kbdiekebdas sa hjde`astjrê haiejdta lj iavblukeûd ia iekgj `ekgj `erhjij.

;.=.6. @EKGJ[ IA ]AKASKEÛD IA HJYA]EJLA[ U AZQESB[ AD BM]JLjs edspakkebdas ad lj rakapkeûd ljs rajlezj al Oa`a ia Jutbkbdtrbl jsefdjib j iekgj bmrj b lj parsbdj

qua ål iasefda (Adkjrfjib y Oa`a ia Srbiukkeûd dbrhjlhadta) ad lj sakkeûd kbrraspbdieadta ial S.K.H.Astjs kbdsesterêd ad vare`ekjr qua sa kuhplad lbs raquesetbs y kretarebs ia jkaptjkeûd y rakgjzb astjmlakeibsad lj @ekgj ia aspake`ekjkebdas Yåkdekjs ia kbhprjs, iekgjs `ekgjs sarêd ljs ahplajijs tjdtb ad ljsaspake`ekjkebdas tåkdekjs ia kbhprj kbhb ad lj rakapkeûd ia hjtarejlas, ad asta ÿltehb kjsb iamarêd erjkbhpjújijs ia lj ̀ ekgj ia kbdtrbl ia rakapkeûd ia hjtarejlas, kbhb vare`ekjkeûd ia qua lj adtrafj gj seibrajlezjij kbrraktjhadta.

[e al hjtarejl kuhpla kbd lbs raquesetbs astjmlakeibs ad lj `ekgj ia aspake`ekjkebdas Yåkdekjs iakbhprjs, mjstjrê kbd lj `erhj ad al jlmjrêd kbrraspbdieadta y su pbstarebr jkbpeb. Qdj vaz jkaptjibs sarafestrjrêd edkluyådiblbs ad al `brhjtb kbdtrbl ia jlmjrjdas. Sjrj jquallbs hjtarejlas qua db iespbdad iajlmjrêd mjstjrê kbd su jdbtjkeûd ad al èdieka ia `ekgjs ia rakapkeûd kbrraspbdieadta ediekjdib? `akgj iarakapkeûd, iaskrepkeûd ial hjtarejl, prbvaaibr qua suhedestrj iekgb hjtarejl y dÿharb ia `ekgj jsefdjibj iekgb hjtarejl. Ial heshb hbib sa iamarê jdbtjr ad kjij jlmjrêd al lufjr ia jkbpeb ia lbs hjtarejlas,kbd bmoatb ia pbiar trjzjrlb jdta kujlquear errafuljreiji pbstarebr.

[e ud hjtarejl db kuhpla lbs kretarebs ia jkaptjkeûd/rakgjzb astjmlakeibs, y astb sa iataktj jdtas ia ljiaskjrfj, db sa iaskjrfjrê de sa `erhjrê al jlmjrêd, seahpra y kujdib al hjtarejl db vadfj tbtjlhadtaastrukturjib y ia`edeib ia tjl `brhj qua sa puaijd jprbmjr peazjs b pjrtas y rakgjzjr al rastb , iaojdibkbdstjdkej ad al jlmjrêd.

Ad al kjsb ia hjtarejlas qua kjrakad ia jlmjrêd sa jdbtjrê lj db kbd`brheiji ad al ravarsb ia lj `ekgjia aspake`ekjkebdas Yåkdekjs ia kbhprjs.

Ad kujlquearj ia lbs kjsbs yj saj rakgjzb pjrkejl b tbtjl sa jdbtjrê lj edkeiadkej ad lj `ekgj iaedkeiadkejs ial prbvaaibr trjs lj jparturj ia lj kbrraspbdieadta db kbd`brheiji. Sjrj hjtarejlas qua prakesad ia lj rajlezjkeûd ia adsjybs pjrj vare`ekjr sus kjrjktarèstekjs û sbmra lbs qua gjyj iuijs ad ljrakapkeûd parb qua sa gjyjd iaskjrfjib, efujlhadta sa jdbtjrê ad al jlmjrêd b ad al ravarsb ia lj `ekgj ia

aspake`ekjkebdas tåkdekjs ia kbhprjs jdbtjdib tbijs astjs kerkudstjdkejs kbhb bmsarvjkebdas.

;.;. LJMB]JYB]EB[ IA BM]J[a suhedestrjrêd j lj hadkebdjij Ierakkeûd ia Bmrj tbibs lbs ed`brhas ia lbs adsjybs rajlezjibs,

tjdtb ad al ljmbrjtbreb ia bmrj kbhb ad lbs axtardbs y sa trjdsheterê kujlquear edkeiadkej iataktjij iurjdtasu aoakukeûd b lj tbhj ia huastrjs.

ia lj bmrj.

Sjrj kjij udeiji ia bmrj y pjrj kjij hjtarejl sa rajlezjrêd udj sarea ia adsjybs qua iamad kuhplerudj sarea ia raquesetbs astjmlakeibs ad lj dbrhjtevj ia ra`aradkej b ad al Sleafb ia Sraskrepkebdas Yåkdekjsial prbyaktb.

;.;.:. ]ALJKEÛD IA AD[JUB[Lbs adsjybs sa vjd j llavjr j kjmb j lb ljrfb ia ljs bmrjs, haiejdta al ljmbrjtbreb prbpeb edstjljib ad

lj zbdj ia edstjljkebdas juxelejras b haiejdta lj sumkbdtrjtjkeûd ia ud ljmbrjtbreb axtardb jutbrezjib pbrljs jutbreijias kbhpatadtas.

Hjirei, =3 ia Oudeb ia =3:9

@ib.? Adrequa Layvj ]ekb

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :19 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD (S.S.E.)

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SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

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AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB IA ED[SAKKEBD

ADKB@]JIB[ IADBHEDJKEBD? SSE - ADK@

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S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD IAL S]BUAKYB IA AOAKQKEÛD SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL JYE]JDYJIJ [BM]A AL ]EBGADJ]A[ J [Q SJ[B SB] JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[

@AKGJ? OQLEB =3:9

D¿ B]IAD SQDYB IA KBDY]BL KJ]JKYA]È[YEKJ[ JKBDY]BLJ] K]EYA]EB][ IA DB KBD@B]HEIJI@]AKQADKEJ

]A[SBD[JMLA IBKQHADYB[ IA ]A@A]ADKEJ//BM[A]PJKEBDA[YJHJÚB IA LJHQA[Y]J

: S]BUAKYB U KÊLKQLBIA ADKB@]JIB[• ]apljdtab tbtjl ia lbs

aoas - Pjrejkebdas 4 º13 hh ia aspake`ekjkebdas Adkb`rjibssedfuljras Adkjrfjib

= KBD[Y]QKKEÛD UHBDYJOA

• Yepb- Yjmljs db kapelljijs de hjkgegahmrjijs- Aspasbr tjmlj 4 =9 hh- Jdkgb tjmlj < :3 hh û jdkgb 4 :1 hh

: pbr trjhb Adkjrfjib

• Iehadsebdas - Pjrejkebdas 4 º:3 hh ia aspake`ekjkebdas

• Jplbhjib- Jlzjib hurbs y astrembs? Pjrejkebdas 4

º=3 hh/=h

• Sljdaeiji - Sekjs y lbsjs ia tjmlarb gbrhefbdjijs “ed

setu‘? Pjrejkeûd 4 º:3 hh/=h

; IA[ADKB@]JIB UYA]HEDJKEÛD

• Hbveheadtbs lbkjlas - Pjrejkebdas 4 1 hh

: pbr trjhb Adkjrfjib

• Hbveheadtbs ialkbdoudtb -

Pjrejkebdas 4 L(luz)/:333

• Iasadkb`rjib - Hjdtadar `bdib ia vefjs y alahadtbs

jdêlbfbs < :=g iaspafjibs ia gbrhefûd

• [alljib - Jpjrekeûd ia kbquarjs

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :16

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB IA ED[SAKKEBD

AWSLJDJKEBDA[ IADBHEDJKEBD? SSE - AWSL

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S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD IAL S]BUAKYB IA AOAKQKEÛD SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL JYE]JDYJIJ [BM]A AL ]EBGADJ]A[ J [Q SJ[B SB] JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[

@AKGJ? OQLEB =3:9

D¿ B]IAD SQDYB IA KBDY]BL KJ]JKYA]È[YEKJ[ JKBDY]BLJ] K]EYA]EB][ IA DB KBD@B]HEIJI@]AKQADKEJ

]A[SBD[JMLA IBKQHADYB[ IA ]A@A]ADKEJ//BM[A]PJKEBDA[YJHJÚB IA LJHQA[Y]J

: AWYADIEIB • Aspasbr Ybdfjijs - Arrbr 4 º9 kh : kjij 13 hl ia vejl Adkjrfjib

= KBHSJKYJKEÛD

• ]eafb kbd jfuj - Jusadkej ia reafb

: kjij 13 hl ia vejl Adkjrfjib

• Iadseiji - < 57 % SH

; SLJDAEIJI • Yblarjdkejs - Arrbr 4 º:,1 kh : kjij 13 hl ia vejl Adkjrfjib

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :17 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB IA ED[SAKKEBD

GB]HEFÛD J]HJIB IADBHEDJKEBD? SSE - GJ

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S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD IAL S]BUAKYB IA AOAKQKEÛD SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL JYE]JDYJIJ [BM]A AL ]EBGADJ]A[ J [Q SJ[B SB] JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[

@AKGJ? OQLEB =3:9

D¿ B]IAD SQDYB IA KBDY]BL KJ]JKYA]È[YEKJ[ JKBDY]BLJ] K]EYA]EB][ IA DB KBD@B]HEIJI@]AKQADKEJ

]A[SBD[JMLA IBKQHADYB[ IA ]A@A]ADKEJ//BM[A]PJKEBDA[YJHJÚB IA LJHQA[Y]J

: ]ASLJDYAB • ]a`aradkej j aoas - Pjrejkebdas º= kh ia aspake`ekjkebdas Ybibs Adkjrfjib

= ADKBD@]JIB[

• Jplbhjib - 4= kh

Ybibs Adkjrfjib• Lehpeazj - ]astbs ia gbrhefûd

• Iasadkb`rjdta - Db sa gj jplekjib al iasadkb`rjdta• Iehadsebdas - Ie`aradkejs 4 º: kh ia lb aspake`ekjib

; J]HJIB

• ]aibdibs - Ieêhatrbs edkbrraktbs b `jltj ia jlfudj

mjrrj

Ybibs Adkjrfjib

• ]akumreheadtb - Hadbr ia aspake`ekjkebdas

• Lbdfetui ia sbljpa - Arrbr ad º :ϑ

• Karkbs - Arrbr 4 º: kh

• Jtjibs - Arrbr ad dÿharb b lbdfetui

9 GB]HEFBDJIB• Parteib - Jlturj 4 : h sbmra kbrbdjkeûd

Ybibs Adkjrfjib• Pemrjib - Db rajlezjib

1 Iasadkb`rjib• Jspaktb - Jpjrekeûd ia kbquarjs

Ybibs Adkjrfjib• Jplbhjib - 4 = kh

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[ Sêfedj :15

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB IA ED[SAKKEBD

]ALLADB[ LBKJLE_JIB[ IADBHEDJKEBD? SSE - ]LBK

@AKGJ? OQLEB =3:9

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S]BF]JHJ IA SQDYB[ IA ED[SAKKEÛD IAL S]BUAKYB IA AOAKQKEÛD SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL JYE]JDYJIJ [BM]A AL ]EBGADJ]A[ J [Q SJ[B SB] JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[

@

D¿ B]IAD SQDYB IA KBDY]BL KJ]JKYA]È[YEKJ[ JKBDY]BLJ] K]EYA]EB][ IA DB KBD@B]HEIJI@]AKQADKEJ

]A[SBD[JMLA IBKQHADYB[ IA ]A@A]ADKEJ//BM[A]PJKEBDA[YJHJÚB IA LJHQA[Y]J

: HJYA]EJLA[ • KM] safÿd QDA

:3;13=- Kuhplerêd 4 :3 y ad kjsb trjsiûs ia

`êmrekj 4 =3 Kjij 1.333 h; Adkjrfjib

= AOAKQKEÛD

• Ybdfjijs, aspasbr - Jkaptjr se≩ =1 kh

Kjij 1.333 h ; Adkjrfjib• Yahparjturj - Sjrj trjmjobs se≩ =¿K

• Iadseiji iaspuås iakbhpjktjkeûd

- ]akgjzjr se ed`arebr jl 51% Srbktbr Dbrhjl

; AD[JUB[

• Srbktbr Hbie`ekjib - [afÿd QDA :3;13:

Kjij 1.333 h ; Adkjrfjib

• Èdieka ia KM] ialsualb -

QDA :3;13=

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

Sêfedj :03 JDAOB ; ‛ KJLEIJI U AD[JUB[

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

JDAOB 9A[YQIEB IA FA[YEÛD JHMEADYJL

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SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB 9 ‛ A[YQIEB IA FA[YEÛD JHMEADYJL

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AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

ÈDIEKA :. HAIEIJ[ SJ]J LJ FA[YEÛD HAIEBJHMEADYJL AD LJ BM]J .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... :06

:.:. ]aspbdsjmeleijias ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.=. ]aquesetbs Lafjlas .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.;. Lafesljkeûd Aurbpaj .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

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:.;.:. Srbtakkeûd Jhmeadtjl ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.;.=. Jthûs`arj y ]ueib ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.;.;. Jfujs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.;.9.

[ustjdkejs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.;.1. ]aseiubs ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9. Lafesljkebd Aspjúblj .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.:. Srbtakkeûd Jhmeadtjl, Avjlujkeûd ia Ehpjktb Jhmeadtjl ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.=. Jthûs`arj y ]ueib ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.;. Jfujs ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.9. [ualbs................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.1. [ustjdkejs .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

:.9.0. ]aseiubs ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=. EHSJKYB[ A[YEHJIB[ [BM]A AL HAIEB .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.:. [bmra lj Jthûs`arj ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.:.:. Ahesebdas ia pblvb ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.:.=. Fadarjkeûd ia rueib..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.:.;. Ahesebdas ia fjsas ia kbhmusteûd ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.=. Srbvbkjibs pbr lj prbiukkebd ia raseiubs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.=.:. ]aseiubs palefrbsbs ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.=.=. ]aseiubs edartas .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.=.;. ]aseiubs jseheljmlas j urmjdbs .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.;. [bmra lj Geiblbfèj ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.;.:.

Parteibs jkkeiadtjlas ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.;.=. Parteibs pbr ljvjib ia hjquedjrej ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.;.;. Parteibs ia jfujs sjdetjrejs .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.;.9. Yurmeiaz ia lbs kursbs ia jfuj ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.9. [bmra al pjesjoa ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

SJ[J]ALJ SAJYBDJL [BM]A AL ]ÈB GADJ]A[ (JLKJLÊ IA GADJ]A[)

JDAOB 9 - A[YQIEB IA FA[YEÛD JHMEADYJL

AD]EZQA LAUPJ ]EKB

Qdevarseiji Sbletåkdekj ia Hjirei ‛ Askualj ia Edfadearèj Yåkdekj ia Bmrjs Sÿmlekjs

=.1. [bmra lbs sualbs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.0. Pafatjkeûd y @judj ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.6. J`akkebdas sbmra al pjtrehbdeb ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

=.7. J`akkebdas sbmra lj pbmljkeûd ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................