-
First voyage of James Cook
Route of the rst voyage of James Cook
The rst voyage of James Cook was a combined RoyalNavy and Royal
Society expedition to the south PacicOcean aboard HMS Endeavour,
from 1768 to 1771. Itwas the rst of three Pacic voyages of which
Cook wasthe commander. The aims of this rst expedition wereto
observe the 1769 transit of Venus across the Sun (34June of that
year), and to seek evidence of the postulatedTerra Australis
Incognita or unknown southern land.The voyage was commissioned by
King George III andcommanded by Lieutenant James Cook, a junior
naval of-cer with skills in cartography and mathematics. Depart-ing
from Plymouth-Dock (Devonport) in August 1768,the expedition
crossed the Atlantic, rounded Cape Hornand reached Tahiti in time
to observe the transit of Venus.Cook then set sail into the largely
uncharted ocean tothe south, stopping at the Pacic islands of
Huahine,Borabora andRaiatea to claim them forGreat Britain,
andunsuccessfully attempting to land at Rurutu. In Septem-ber 1769,
the expedition reached New Zealand, beingthe second Europeans to
visit there, following its ear-lier discovery by Abel Tasman 127
years earlier. Cookand his crew spent the following six months
charting theNew Zealand coast, before resuming their voyage
west-ward across open sea. In April 1770, they became therst
Europeans to reach the east coast of Australia, mak-ing landfall on
the shore of what is now known as BotanyBay.The expedition
continued northward along the Australiancoastline, narrowly
avoiding shipwreck on the Great Bar-rier Reef. In October 1770, the
badly damaged Endeav-our came into the port of Batavia in the Dutch
East Indies,her crew sworn to secrecy about the lands they had
dis-covered. They resumed their journey on 26 December,rounded the
Cape of Good Hope on 13 March 1771, andreached the English port of
Deal on 12 July. The voyagelasted almost three years.The year
following his return, Cook set out on a second
voyage of the Pacic, which lasted from 1772 to 1775.His third
and nal voyage lasted from 1776 to 1779.
1 ConceptionOn 16 February 1768, the Royal Society petitioned
KingGeorge III to nance a scientic expedition to the Pa-cic to
study and observe the 1769 transit of Venus acrossthe sun to enable
the measurement of the distance fromthe Earth to the Sun.[1] Royal
approval was granted forthe expedition, and the Admiralty elected
to combine thescientic voyage with a condential mission to search
thesouth Pacic for signs of the postulated continent TerraAustralis
Incognita (or unknown southern land).[2] Theaims of the expedition
were revealed in the press: To-morrow morning Mr. Banks, Dr. Solano
[sic], with Mr.Green, the Astronomer, will set out for Deal, to
embarkon board the Endeavour, Capt. Cook, for the South Seas,under
the direction of the Royal Society, to observe theTransit of Venus
next summer, and to make discover-ies to the South and West of Cape
Horn.[3] The Lon-don Gazetteer was more explicit when it reported
on 18August 1768: The gentlemen, who are to sail in a fewdays for
Georges Land, the new discovered island in thePacic ocean, with an
intention to observe the Transit ofVenus, are likewise, we are
credibly informed, to attemptsome new discoveries in that vast
unknown tract, abovethe latitude 40.[4]
The Royal Society suggested command be given to Scot-tish
geographer Alexander Dalrymple, whose acceptancewas conditional on
a brevet commission as a captain inthe Royal Navy. However, First
Lord of the AdmiraltyEdward Hawke refused, going so far as to say
he wouldrather cut o his right hand than give command of a
Navyvessel to someone not educated as a seaman.[5] In refus-ing
Dalrymples command, Hawke was inuenced by pre-vious insubordination
aboard the sloop HMS Paramourin 1698, when naval ocers had refused
to take ordersfrom civilian commander Dr. Edmond Halley.[5] The
im-passe was broken when the Admiralty proposed JamesCook, a naval
ocer with a background in mathematicsand cartography.[6] Acceptable
to both parties, Cook waspromoted to Lieutenant and named as
commander of theexpedition.[7]
2 Preparations and personnel
1
-
2 3 VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY
2.1 Vessel and provisions
Earl of Pembroke, later HMS Endeavour, leaving Whitby Har-bour
in 1768. By Thomas Luny, dated 1790
The vessel chosen by the Admiralty for the voyage wasa merchant
collier named Earl of Pembroke, launched inJune 1764 from the coal
and whaling port of Whitby inNorth Yorkshire.[8] She was
ship-rigged and sturdily builtwith a broad, at bow, a square stern
and a long box-likebody with a deep hold.[9] A at-bottomed design
madeher well-suited to sailing in shallow waters and allowedher to
be beached for loading and unloading of cargo andfor basic repairs
without requiring a dry dock. Her lengthwas 106 feet (32m), with a
beam of 29 feet 3 inches (8.92m) and a burthen was 3687194
tons.[8][10]
Earl of Pembrokewas purchased by the Admiralty inMay1768 for
2,840 10s 11d[11][a] and sailed to Deptfordon the River Thames to
be prepared for the voyage.Her hull was sheathed and caulked, and a
third inter-nal deck installed to provide cabins, a powder
magazineand storerooms.[12] A longboat, pinnace and yawl
wereprovided as ships boats, as well as a set of 28 ft (8.5m)
sweeps to allow the ship to be rowed if becalmed ordemasted.[13]
After commissioning into the Royal Navyas His Majestys Bark the
Endeavour, the ship was sup-plied with ten 4-pounder cannons and
twelve swivel guns,for defence against native attack while in the
Pacic.[14]
Provisions loaded at the outset of the voyage included6,000
pieces of pork and 4,000 of beef, nine tons ofbread, ve tons of
our, three tons of sauerkraut, oneton of raisins and sundry
quantities of cheese, salt, peas,oil, sugar and oatmeal. Alcohol
supplies consisted of 250barrels of beer, 44 barrels of brandy and
17 barrels ofrum.[15]
2.2 Ships companyOn 30 July 1768 the Admiralty authorised a
shipscompany for the voyage, of 73 sailors and 12 RoyalMarines.[16]
The voyage was commanded by 40-year-old Lieutenant James Cook. His
second lieutenant wasZachary Hicks, a 29-year-old from Stepney with
expe-rience as acting commander of the Hornet, a 16-guncutter.[17]
The third lieutenant was John Gore, a 16-yearNaval veteran who had
served as masters mate aboard
HMS Dolphin during its circumnavigation of the worldin
1766.[18]
Other notable people on the expedition include the of-cial
astronomer, Charles Green, then assistant to theAstronomer Royal,
Nevil Maskelyne. Joseph Banks hadbeen appointed to the voyage as
the ocial botanist.Banks funded seven others to join him: a
Swedishnaturalist Daniel Solander, a Finnish naturalist
HermanSpring, two artists, a scientic secretary, and two
blackservants from his estate.[19]
3 Voyage of discovery
The route of Cooks rst voyage
Cook departed from Plymouth on 26 August 1768, car-rying 94
people and 18 months of provisions.[20] Theship rounded Cape Horn
and continued westward acrossthe Pacic to arrive at Matavai Bay,
Tahiti on 13 April1769, where the observations were to be made. The
tran-sit was scheduled to occur on 3 June, and in the mean-time he
commissioned the building of a small fort andobservatory at what is
now known as Point Venus.The astronomer appointed to the task was
Charles Green,assistant to the recently appointed Astronomer
Royal,Nevil Maskelyne. The primary purpose of the observa-tion was
to obtain measurements that could be used tocalculate more
accurately the distance of Venus from theSun. If this could be
achieved, then the distances of theother planets could be worked
out, based on their orbits.On the day of the transit observation,
Cook recorded:
Saturday 3 rd This day prov'd as favourableto our purpose as we
could wish, not a Clowdwas to be seen the Whole day and the Air
wasperfectly clear, so that we had every advantagewe could desire
in Observing the whole of thepassage of the Planet Venus over the
Suns disk:we very distinctly saw an Atmosphere or duskyshade round
the body of the Planet which verymuch disturbed the times of the
contacts par-ticularly the two internal ones. D r Solander
ob-served as well as M r Green and my self, andwe dier'd from one
another in observeing thetimes of the Contacts much more than could
beexpected.
-
3Disappointingly, the separate measurements of Green,Cook and
Solander varied by more than the anticipatedmargin of error. Their
instrumentation was adequate bythe standards of the time, but the
resolution still could noteliminate the errors. When their results
were later com-pared to those of the other observations of the same
eventmade elsewhere for the exercise, the net result was not
asconclusive or accurate as had been hoped. The dicul-ties are
today thought to relate to the Black drop eect,an optical
phenomenon that precludes accurate measure-ment particularly with
the instruments used by Cook,Green and Solander.
4 New Zealand
Cooks map of New Zealand
Once the observations were completed, Cook opened thesealed
orders for the second part of his voyage: to searchthe south Pacic
for signs of the postulated rich southerncontinent of Terra
Australis, acting on additional instruc-tions from the
Admiralty.[21] The Royal Society, and es-pecially Alexander
Dalrymple, believed that it must ex-ist and that Britains best
chance of discovering it andclaiming its fabled riches before any
other rival Europeanpower managed to do so would be by using Cooks
Tran-sit of Venus mission (on an inconspicuous small ship suchas
the Endeavour) as a cover.Cook, however, had his own personal
doubts on thecontinents existence. With the help of a Tahitiannamed
Tupaia, who had extensive knowledge of Pa-cic geography, Cook
managed to reach New Zealandon 6 October 1769, leading only the
second group ofEuropeans to do so (after Abel Tasman over a
cen-
tury earlier, in 1642). Cook mapped the complete NewZealand
coastline, making only some minor errors (suchas calling Banks
Peninsula an island, and thinking StewartIsland/Rakiura was a
peninsula of the South Island). Healso identied Cook Strait, which
separates the North Is-land from the South Island, and which Tasman
had notseen.He wrote in his Journal on 31 March 1770 that the
En-deavours voyage must be allowed to have set aside themost, if
not all, the Arguments and proofs that have beenadvanced by dierent
Authors to prove that there mustbe a Southern Continent; I mean to
the Northward of 40degrees South, for what may lie to the Southward
of thatLatitude I know not.[22]
On the same day he recorded his decision to set a courseto
return home by way of the yet unknown east coast ofNew Holland (as
Australia was then called):
being now resolv'd [sic] to quit this Coun-try altogether, and
to bend my thought towardsreturning home by such a rout as might
Con-duce most to the Advantage of the Service Iam upon, I consulted
with the Ocers uponthe most Eligible way of putting this in
Execu-tion. To return by the way of Cape Horn waswhat I most
wished, because by this rout weshould have been able to prove the
Existance[sic] or Non-Existance [sic] of a Southern Con-tinent,
which yet remains Doubtfull [sic]; but inorder to Ascertain this we
must have kept in ahigher Latitude in the very Depth of Winter,but
the Condition of the Ship, in every respect,was not thought sucient
for such an under-taking. For the same reason the thoughts
ofproceeding directly to the Cape of Good Hopewas laid aside,
especially as no discovery of anyMoment could be hoped for in that
rout. Itwas therefore resolved to return by way of theEast Indies
by the following rout: upon Leav-ing this Coast to steer to the
Westward untilwe fall in with the East Coast of New Holland,and
then to follow the direction of that Coast tothe Northward, or what
other direction it mighttake us, until we arrive at its Northern
extrem-ity; and if this should be found impracticable,then to
Endeavour [sic] to fall in with the Landor Islands discovered by
Quiros.[23]
A voyage to explore the east coast of New Holland, witha view to
a British colonization of the country, had beenrecommended in John
Campbells editions of John Har-riss Navigantium atque Itinerantium
Bibliotheca, or Voy-ages and Travels (1744-1748, and 1764), a book
whichCook had with him on the Endeavour:
The rst Point, with respect to a Discov-ery, would be, to send a
small Squadron on the
-
4 5 AUSTRALIAN COAST
Coast of Van Diemens Land, and from thenceround, in the same
course taken by CaptainTasman, by the Coast of New Guiney;
whichmight enable the Nations that attempted it, tocome to an
absolute Certainty with regard to itsCommodities and Commerce... By
this meansall the back Coast of New Holland, and NewGuiney, might
be roughly examined; and wemight know as well, and as certainly, as
theDutch, how far a Colony settled there might an-swer our
Expectations.[24]
5 Australian coastHe then set course westwards, intending to
strike for VanDiemens Land (present-day Tasmania, sighted by
Tas-man) to establish whether or not it formed part of thefabled
southern continent. However, they were forcedto maintain a more
northerly course owing to prevailinggales, and sailed onwards until
one afternoon when landwas sighted, which Cook named Point Hicks.
Cook cal-culated that Van Diemens Land ought to lie due south
oftheir position, but having found the coastline trending tothe
south-west, recorded his doubt that this landmass wasconnected to
it. This point was on the south-eastern coastof the Australian
continent, and in doing so his expeditionbecame the rst recorded
Europeans to have encounteredits eastern coastline. In his journal,
Cook recorded theevent thus:
the Southermost Point of land we had insight which bore from
usW1/4S I judged to layin the Latitude of 38..0' S and in the
Lon-gitude of 211..07' W t from the Meridion ofGreenwich. I have
named it Point Hicks, be-cause Leuit t Hicks was the rst who
discover'dthis land.
The ships log recorded that land was sighted at 6 a.m.on
Thursday 19 April 1770. Cooks log used the nauticaldate, which,
during the 18th century, assigned the samedate to all ships events
from noon to noon, rst p.m. andthen a.m. That nautical date began
twelve hours beforethe midnight beginning of the like-named civil
date. Fur-thermore, Cook did not adjust his nautical date to
accountfor circumnavigation of the globe until he had travelled
afull 360 relative to the longitude of his home British port,either
toward the east or west. Because he travelled weston his rst
voyage, this a.m. nautical date was the morn-ing of a civil date 14
hours slow relative to his home port(port14h). Because the
south-east coast of Australia isnow regarded as being 10 hours fast
relative to Britain,that date is now called Friday, 20
April.[25]
The landmark of this sighting is generally reckoned tobe a point
lying about half-way between the present-daytowns of Orbost and
Mallacoota on the south-eastern
coast of the state of Victoria. A survey done in 1843 ig-nored
or overlooked Cooks earlier naming of the point,giving it the name
Cape Everard. On the 200th anniver-sary of the sighting, the name
was ocially changed backto Point Hicks.
5.1 Botany Bay
E. Phillips Fox, Landing of Captain Cook at Botany Bay,
1770,1902
Endeavour continued northwards along the coastline,keeping the
land in sight with Cook charting and nam-ing landmarks as he went.
A little over a week later,they came across an extensive but
shallow inlet, and uponentering it moored o a low headland fronted
by sanddunes. James Cook and crew made their rst landingon the
continent, at a place now known as Botany Bay,on the Kurnell
Peninsula and made contact of a hostilenature with the Gweagal
Aborigines, on 29 April.[b] Atrst Cook bestowed the name Sting-Ray
Harbour[26] tothe inlet after the many such creatures found there;
thiswas later changed to Botanist Bay[26] and nally BotanyBay after
the unique specimens retrieved by the botanistsJoseph Banks, Daniel
Solander and Herman Spring.This rst landing site was later to be
promoted (particu-larly by Joseph Banks) as a suitable candidate
for situat-ing a settlement and British colonial outpost.
However,almost 18 years later, when Captain Arthur Phillip andthe
First Fleet arrived in early 1788 to establish an out-post and
penal colony, they found that the bay and sur-rounds did not live
up to the promising picture that hadbeen painted. Instead, Phillip
gave orders to relocate toa harbour a few kilometres to the north,
which Cook hadnamed Port Jackson but had not further explored. It
wasin this harbour, at a place Phillip named Sydney Cove,that the
settlement of Sydney was established. The settle-ment was for some
time afterwards still referred to gener-ally as Botany Bay. The
expeditions scientic memberscommenced the rst European scientic
documentationof Australian fauna and ora.At Cooks original landing
contact was made with the lo-cal Australian Aboriginal inhabitants.
As the ships sailed
-
5.3 Possession Island 5
Captain Cook landing place plaque
into the harbour, they noticed Aborigines on both of
theheadlands. At about 2 pm they put the anchor down neara group of
six to eight huts. Two Aborigines, a youngerand an older man, came
down to the boat. They ignoredgifts from Cook. A musket was red
over their heads,which wounded the older man slightly, and he ran
towardsthe huts. He came back with other men and threw spearsat
Cooks men, although they did no harm. They werechased o after two
more rounds were red. The adultshad left, but Cook found several
Aboriginal children inthe huts, and left some beads with them as a
gesture offriendship.
5.2 Endeavour River
Cook continued northwards, charting along the coastline.He
stopped at Bustard Head on 24 May 1770. Cook andBanks and others
went ashore. A mishap occurred whenEndeavour ran aground on a shoal
of the Great BarrierReef, on 11 June 1770. The ship was seriously
damagedand his voyage was delayed almost seven weeks whilerepairs
were carried out on the beach (near the docksof modern Cooktown, at
the mouth of the EndeavourRiver). While there, Joseph Banks, Herman
Springand Daniel Solander made their rst major collectionsof
Australian ora. The crews encounters with the lo-cal Aboriginal
people were mainly peaceable; from thegroup encountered here the
name "kangaroo" entered theEnglish language, coming from the local
Guugu Yimid-hirr word for a kind of Grey Kangaroo, gangurru
(pro-
nounced [auru]).[27]
5.3 Possession Island
Once repairs were complete the voyage continued, even-tually
passing by the northernmost point of Cape YorkPeninsula and then
sailing through Torres Strait betweenAustralia and NewGuinea,
earlier navigated by Luis Vezde Torres in 1606. Having rounded the
Cape, Cooklanded on Possession Island on 22 August, where heclaimed
the entire coastline he had just explored (laternaming the region
New South Wales) for the BritishCrown.In negotiating the Torres
Strait past Cape York, Cook alsoput an end to the speculation that
New Holland and NewGuinea were part of the same land mass.[28]
5.4 Scurvy prevention
At that point in the voyage, Cook had lost not a singleman to
scurvy, a remarkable and practically unheard-of achievement in
18th-century long-distance seafaring.Adhering to Royal Navy policy
introduced in 1747, Cookpersuaded his men to eat foods such as
citrus fruits andsauerkraut. At that time it was known that poor
dietcaused scurvy but not specically that a vitamin C de-ciency was
the culprit.Sailors of the day were notoriously against
innova-tion, and at rst the men would not eat the sauerkraut.Cook
used a method I never once knew to fail withseamen.[29] He ordered
it served to himself and the of-cers, and left an option for crew
who wanted some.Within a week of seeing their superiors set a value
on itthe demand was so great a ration had to be instituted.[29]In
other cases, however, Cook was required to resort totraditional
naval discipline. Punished Henry Stephens,Seaman, and
ThomasDunster, Marine, with twelve lasheseach for refusing to take
their allowance of fresh beef.[30]
Cooks general approach was essentially empirical, en-couraging
as broad a diet as circumstances permitted, andcollecting such
greens as could be had when making land-fall. All onboard ate the
same food, with Cook speci-cally dividing equally anything that
could be divided (andindeed recommending that practice to any
commander journal 4 August 1770).Two cases of scurvy did occur on
board, astronomerCharles Green and the Tahitian navigator Tupaia
weretreated, but Cook was able to proudly record that uponreaching
Batavia he had not one man upon the sick list(journal 15 October
1770), unlike so many voyages thatreached that port with much of
the crew suering illness.
-
6 7 PUBLICATION OF JOURNALS
Route of the Endeavour from the Torres Strait to Java, Augustand
September 1770
6 Homeward voyageThe Endeavour then visited the island of Savu,
stay-ing for three days before continuing on to Batavia, thecapital
of the Dutch East Indies, to put in for repairs.Batavia was known
for its outbreaks of malaria, andbefore they returned home in 1771,
many in Cookscompany succumbed to the disease and other
ailmentssuch as dysentery, including the Tahitian Tupaia,
BanksFinnish secretary and fellow scientist Herman
Spring,astronomer Charles Green, and the illustrator
SydneyParkinson. Cook named Spring Island o the coast ofNew Zealand
to honour Herman Spring and his work onthe voyage.Cook then rounded
the Cape of Good Hope and stoppedat Saint Helena. On 10 July 1771
Nicholas Young, theboy who had rst seen New Zealand, sighted
England(specically the Lizard) again for the rst time, and
theEndeavour sailed up the English Channel, passing BeachyHead at 6
am on 12 July; that afternoon Endeavour an-chored in the Downs, and
Cook went ashore at Deal,Kent. His return was unexpected, as
newspapers andjournals had long since reported fears that
Endeavourhad been lost at sea or destroyed in combat against
theFrench.[31]
7 Publication of journalsCooks journals, along with those of
Banks, were handedover to the Admiralty to be published upon his
re-turn. Lord Sandwich contracted, for 6,000, JohnHawkesworth a
literary critic, essayist, and editor ofThe Gentlemans Magazine to
publish a comprehensiveaccount of exploration in the Pacic: not
just Cooksventures but also those of Wallis, Byron and
Carteret.Hawkesworth edited the journals of Byron, Wallis
andCarteret into separate accounts as volume I and thenblended
Cooks and Joseph Banks journals with some ofhis own sentiments and
produced a single rst-person nar-rative that appeared to be the
words of Cook, as VolumeII.[32] The book appeared in 1773 as three
volumes withthe title:
John Hawkesworth
AN ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGESundertaken by Order of His Present
Majestyfor making Discoveries in the SouthernHemisphere, and
successively performed byCommodore Byron, Captain Wallis,
CaptainCarteret and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, theSwallow and
the Endeavour: Drawn up fromthe Journals which were kept by the
severalCommanders, and from the Papers of JosephBanks, Esq.; by
John Hawkesworth, LL.D. Inthree volumes. Illustrated with Cuts, and
agreat Variety of Charts and Maps relative toCountries now rst
discovered, or hitherto butimperfectly known.
Printed for W. Strahan & T. Cadell in the Strand. Lon-don:
MDCCLXXIIIThe book went on sale on 9 June 1773 but
widespreadcriticism in the press made the publication a personal
dis-aster for Hawkesworth. Reviewers complained that thereader had
no way to tell which part of the account wasCook, which part Banks
and which part Hawkesworthand others were oended by the books
descriptions ofthe voyagers sexual encounters with the
Tahitians.[33][34]Cook was at sea again before the book was
published andwas later much disturbed by some of the sentiments
thatHawkesworth has ascribed to him. He determined to edithis own
journals in future.
-
9.2 References 7
8 See also Australian places named by James Cook
9 Notes
9.1 Footnotes^[a] In todays terms, this equates to a valuation
for En-deavour of approximately 265,000 and a purchase priceof
326,400.[35]^[b] This date does not need adjustment because it
oc-curred during the afternoon (p.m.) on 29 April in theships log,
but was the afternoon of the civil date of 28April, 14 hours west
of port, which is now a civil date 10hours east of port, 24 hours
later, hence a modern civildate of 29 April.
9.2 References[1] Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 24
[2] Secret Instructions to Lieutenant Cook 30 July 1768(UK)".
National Library of Australia. 2005. Retrieved26 August 2008.
[3] Lloyds Evening Post, 5 August, The St. Jamess Chronicle,6
August, Courier du Bas-Rhin (Cleves), 1768.
[4] Also in Lloyds Evening Post, 19 August and The New
YorkJournal, 3 November 1768.
[5] A General History and Collection of Voyages and Travels,Vol.
12 at Project Gutenberg, editor Robert Kerr's intro-duction
footnote 3
[6] McDermott, Peter Joseph (6 November 1878). PacicExploration.
The Brisbane Courier (Brisbane NewspaperCompany Ltd). p. 5.
Retrieved 27 August 2008.
[7] Rigby & van der Merwe 2002, p. 30
[8] A.H. McLintock, ed. (1966). Ships, Famous. An Ency-clopedia
of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Her-itage/Te Manat Taonga,
Government of New Zealand.Retrieved 5 May 2009.
[9] Hosty & Hundley 2003, p. 41
[10] Blainey 2008, p. 17
[11] Knight, C. (1933). H.M. Bark Endeavour. MarinersMirror
(United Kingdom: Nautical Research Guild) 19:292302.
doi:10.1080/00253359.1933.10655709.
[12] Hosty & Hundley 2003, p. 61
[13] Marquardt 1995, p. 18
[14] Marquardt 1995, p. 13
[15] Minutes of the Royal Navy Victualling Board, 15 June1768,
cited in Beaglehole 1968, p. 613
[16] Beaglehole 1968, p. 588
[17] Beaglehole 1968, p. cxxx
[18] Hough 1995, pp. 6364
[19] Richard Holmes (2009). The Age of Wonder. Harper-Press., p.
10. Holmes incorrectly states that Greens rstname was William, not
Charles.
[20] Beaglehole 1968, p. 4
[21] Secret Instructions to Captain Cook, 30 June 1768(PDF).
National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 25 Jan-uary 2007.
[22] W.J.L. Wharton, Captain Cooks Journal During the
FirstVoyage Round the World, London, 1893. See also J. C.Beaglehole
and R. A. Skelton (eds.), The Journals of Cap-tain James Cook on
His Voyages of Discovery, Vol. 1, TheVoyage of the Endeavor,
1768-1771, Cambridge Univer-sity Press for the Hakluyt Society,
1955, p.290.
[23] W.J.L. Wharton, Captain Cooks Journal During the
FirstVoyage Round the World, London, 1893. See also J. C.Beaglehole
and R. A. Skelton (eds.), The Journals of Cap-tain James Cook on
His Voyages of Discovery, Vol. 1, TheVoyage of the Endeavor,
1768-1771, Cambridge Univer-sity Press for the Hakluyt Society,
1955, pp.272-273.
[24] John Harris, Navigantium atque Itinerantium Bibilothecaor A
Complete Collection of Voyages and Travels, revisedby John
Campbell, London, 1764, p.332; cited in J. C.Beaglehole and R. A.
Skelton (eds.), The Journals of Cap-tain James Cook on His Voyages
of Discovery, Vol. 1, TheVoyage of the Endeavor, 1768-1771,
Cambridge Univer-sity Press and the Hakluyt Society, 1955,
p.lxxvi.
[25] Arthur R. Hinks, Nautical time and civil date, The
Ge-ographical Journal, 86 (1935) 153157.
[26] Cooks Journal: Daily Entries, 6 May 1770. Retrieved26
November 2012.
[27] Robson 2004, p. 81
[28] G. Williams (2002)
[29] Beaglehole 1968, p. 74
[30] Wilcox, Ten Who Dared at 97 (Boston: Little, Brown &Co.
1977).
[31] Beaglehole 1968, p. clxvi
[32] Villiers 1967, p. 151
[33] Ravneberg, Ronald L. The Hawkesworth Copy (PDF).Retrieved 9
October 2011.
[34] Anne Salmond, Aphrodites Island: The European Discov-ery of
Tahiti, University of California Press, 2009
[35] Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 toPresent.
MeasuringWorth. 2009. Retrieved 5 August2009.
-
8 10 EXTERNAL LINKS
9.3 Bibliography Beaglehole, J.C., ed. (1968). The Journals of
Cap-tain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol.I:The Voyage
of the Endeavour 17681771. Cam-bridge University Press. OCLC
223185477.
Blainey, Georey (2008). Sea of Dangers: Cap-tain Cook and his
rivals. Penguin Group (Australia).ISBN 978-0-670-07223-1.
Hawkesworth, John; Byron, John; Wallis, Samuel;Carteret, Philip;
Cook, James; Banks, Joseph(1773), An account of the voyages
undertaken bythe order of His present Majesty for making
discover-ies in the Southern Hemisphere, and successively
per-formed by Commodore Byron, Captain Wallis, Cap-tain Carteret,
and Captain Cook, in the Dolphin, theSwallow, and the Endeavour
drawn up from the jour-nals which were kept by the several
commanders,and from the papers of Joseph Banks, esq, LondonPrinted
for W. Strahan and T. Cadell , Volume I,Volume II-III
Hosty, Kieran; Hundley, Paul (June 2003).Preliminary Report on
the Australian NationalMaritime Museums participation in the
RhodeIsland Marine Archaeology Projects search forHMB Endeavour
(PDF). Australian NationalMaritime Museum. Retrieved 22 July
2009.
Hough, Richard (1995). Captain James Cook. Hod-der and
Stoughton. ISBN 0-340-82556-1.
Marquardt, K H (1995). Captain Cooks Endeavour.Naval Institute
Press. ISBN 1-55750-118-1.
Parkin, Ray (2003). H. M. Bark Endeavour.Miegunyah Press. ISBN
0-522-85093-6.
Rigby, Nigel; van der Merwe, Pieter (2002). Cap-tain Cook in the
Pacic. National MaritimeMuseum(UK). ISBN 0-948065-43-5.
Robson, John (2004). The Captain Cook Ency-clopdia. Milsons
Point, NSW: Random HouseAustralia. ISBN 0-7593-1011-4.
Villiers, Alan (1967). Captain Cook. The SeamansSeaman. London:
Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-139062-X.
10 External links The Endeavour journal (1) and The Endeavour
jour-
nal (2), as kept by James Cook digitised and heldby the National
Library of Australia
The South Seas Project: maps and online editions ofthe Journals
of James Cooks First Pacic Voyage.
17681771, Includes full text of journals kept byCook, Joseph
Banks and Sydney Parkinson, as wellas the complete text of John
Hawkesworths 1773Account of Cooks rst voyage.
The Endeavour Replica A replica of Captain Cooksvessel.
Cooks First Voyage Website of illustrations andmaps about Cooks
rst voyage.
-
911 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses11.1
Text
First voyage of James Cook Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook?oldid=672448788
Contributors: Bkell,VanishedUser kjdfjsg33k, Alan Liefting, Gadum,
Eregli bob, O'Dea, Rich Farmbrough, Kwamikagami, Mlm42,
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Ptbotgourou, Piano nontroppo, Asitwas, Materialscientist,
ArthurBot, Xqbot, Dogposter, Pinethicket, Focus, MondalorBot,
Harsonly, Reach Out to the Truth,Woogee, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot,
John of Reading, Ashton 29, Elee, Camira, Wikipelli, Italia2006,
ZroBot, Srh4000, Dgd, Jay-Sebastos, Dbagnall2002, Donner60,
Billingd, NTox, HappyWaldo, ClueBot NG, Helpful Pixie Bot, Gob
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AshFR, Pulciazzo, Broncofan6, Buhduh, 101swagmun and Anonymous:
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11.2 Images File:Cook{}sFirstVoyage54.png Source:
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License: Public domain Contributors: Landing of Captain Cook at
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Luny
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License: Public domain Contributors: Photograph by Wikipedia User
en:User:John Hill. Originallyuploaded to the English Wikipedia by
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License: Pub-lic domain Contributors: CAPTAIN COOK'S JOURNAL DURING
HIS FIRST VOYAGE ROUND THE WORLD MADE IN H.M.BARK ENDEAVOUR 1768-71
A Literal Transcription of the Original MSS. WITH NOTES AND
INTRODUCTION EDITED BYCAPTAIN W.J.L. WHARTON, R.N., F.R.S.
Hydrographer of the Admiralty. Illustrated by Maps and Facsimiles.
LONDON ELLIOTSTOCK, 62 PATERNOSTER ROW, 1893. Project Gutenberg
Original artist: Unknown; Admiralty map
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ConceptionPreparations and personnelVessel and provisionsShips
company
Voyage of discoveryNew ZealandAustralian coastBotany
BayEndeavour RiverPossession IslandScurvy prevention
Homeward voyagePublication of journalsSee alsoNotesFootnotes
ReferencesBibliography
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