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Page 1: fizika - old.eqe.geold.eqe.ge/uploads/Grifireba/GRIFIREBULEBI_2012/Fizika/Diogene/fizika10.pdf · fizika 10 moswavlis wigni saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis
Page 2: fizika - old.eqe.geold.eqe.ge/uploads/Grifireba/GRIFIREBULEBI_2012/Fizika/Diogene/fizika10.pdf · fizika 10 moswavlis wigni saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis

fizika

10moswavlis wigni

saxelmZRvanelo grifirebulia ganaTlebis xarisxis

ganviTarebis erovnuli centris mier

(brZ. N375, 18.05.2012 weli)

qeTevan tatiSvili

1

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Tema I. eleqtruli muxti ................................................................................................. 7 proeqti: ambavi rwyilisa da WianWvelasi, anu Cveni samyaros damatebiTi ganzomilebebi ..................................................... 7 1.1. sxeulTa daeleqtroeba (gameoreba) ..............................................................11 1.2. eleqtruli muxtis Tvisebebi ........................................................................15 1.3. kulonis kanoni ...............................................................................................18 1.4. fizika amocanebSi: kulonis kanoni. ZalTa superpoziciis principi ..................................................................................22 Seamowme Seni codna .........................................................................................26 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi ...........................................................28

Tema II. eleqtruli veli ...................................................................................................30 proeqti: rogor gavxdeT msoflios mbrZanebeli, anu faradeis galia ..........................30 2.1. eleqtruli veli .............................................................................................33 2.2. fizika amocanebSi: wertilovani muxtis velis daZabuloba. velebis superpoziciis principi ...................................................................39 2.3. eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba ................................43 2.4. fizika amocanebSi: eleqtrostatikuri velis muSaoba. eleqtruli velis potenciali. potencialTa sxvaoba. ...............................49 2.5. gamtarebi eleqtrostatikur velSi ..............................................................55 2.6. dieleqtrikebi eleqtrostatikur velSi ....................................................60 2.7. kondensatori .................................................................................................63 proeqti: qila, romelmac evropa SeZra ...............................................................................68 Seamowme Seni codna ...............................................................................................70 Temis damatebiTi kiTxvebi, amocanebi ..................................................................72

Tema III. eleqtruli deni ...................................................................................................75 proeqti: faraonis naTura ....................................................................................................75 3.1. eleqtruli deni. denis wyaros emZ ...............................................................78 3.2. eleqtruli deni liTonis gamtarebSi. denis Zala ......................................81 3.3. eleqtruli winaRoba. kuTri winaRoba ........................................................84 3.4. omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis .....................................................................90 3.5. fizika amocanebSi: omis kanoni sruli wredisaTvis ....................................92 3.6. fizika amocanebSi: kondensatorTa batarea. galvanur elementTa batarea .......................................................................100 3.7. denis muSaoba da simZlavre. joul-lencis kanoni ...................................107 Seamowme Seni codna .....................................................................................113

sarCevi

4

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Tema IV. eleqtruli deni sxvadasxva garemoSi ..........................................................115proeqti: baRdadis batarea, anu 2000 wlis win dawyebuli eleqtrobis istoria .........115 4.1. eleqtruli deni siTxeSi ..............................................................................118proeqti: cidan daSvebuli eleqtroba ...............................................................................122 4.2. eleqtruli deni airSi ................................................................................124 4.3. eleqtruli deni vakuumSi ...........................................................................130 4.4. eleqtruli deni naxevargamtarebSi ............................................................133 Seamowme Seni codna .......................................................................................139

Tema V magnituri veli ................................................................................................ 141 dedamiwis magnituri veli ...........................................................................141 5.1. magnituri velis induqcia .......................................................................... 144 5.2. amperis Zala ................................................................................................ 148 5.3. magnituri velis Zalwirebi ....................................................................... 151 5.4. magnituri velis Zalwirebis mimarTuleba .............................................. 153 5.5. lorencis Zala ........................................................................................... 155proeqti: energia, romlis xarjzec eleqtroZrava muSaobs .............................................. 158 5.6. fizika amocanebSi: damuxtuli nawilakis moZraoba erTgvarovan magnitur velSi ................................................................... 160 magnituri xafangi ..................................................................................... 166 Seamowme Seni codna .......................................................................................168

Tema VI eleqtromagnituri induqcia ........................................................................ 169 6.1 eleqtromagnituri induqcia ..................................................................... 170 6.2 lencis wesi .................................................................................................. 174 6.3 eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanoni ....................................................... 177 6.4 TviTinduqcia ............................................................................................. 183 Seamowme Seni codna .......................................................................................187 ganmeorebiTi gazomvebi ................................................................................188 testebis pasuxebi ....................................................................................... 189 damatebiTi kiTxvebisa da amocanebis pasuxebi ....................................... 190

5

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eleqtruli veli 2.1

1 eleqtruli veli

damuxtuli burTulis gverdiT meore damuxtuli burTula dakides (sur. 1). gadaixreba Tu ara vertika-luri mdgomareobidan pirveli burTula? meore bur-Tula? ratom?

cxadia, am kiTxvebze pasuxs Sarl kulonic gasce-mda, Tumca is damuxtuli burTulebis urTierTqme-debas eqsperimentulad dadgenil faqtad miiCnevda da am urTierTqmedebis meqanizms, Tu ra gziT gada-ecema garkveul manZilze erTi burTulis moqmedeba meores uSualo Sexebis gareSe, frangi mecnieri ver axsnida.

mecnierebis Semdgomma ganviTarebam cxadyo, rom damuxtuli sxeulebis ur-TierTqmedebas sakmaod rTuli xasiaTi aqvs. ingliseli mecnierebis faradeis (1791-1867) da maqsvelis (1831-1879) Sromebma safuZveli Cauyara eleqtromagni-turi urTierTqmedebis Tanamedrove Teorias, romlis Tanaxmadac, damuxtuli sxeulebis garSemo arsebobs eleqtruli veli, romlis saSualebiTac maT Soris urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba: yoveli q

1 muxti Tavis garSemo qmnis eleqtrul

vels, romelic q2 muxtze moqmedebs da piriqiT, q

2 muxtis mier Seqmnili veli q

1-

-ze moqmedebs.eleqtrul (gravitaciul, magnitur) vels ar aqvs forma, feri, suni, gemo, ar

SeiZleba misi danaxva da xeliT Sexeba, anu mas, nivTierebisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aqvs struqtura, agebuleba. velis arsebobis aRmoCena mxolod misi moqmedebe-bis Sedegadaa SesaZlebeli.

2 eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi TvisebebiCven SegviZlia martivi cdebis saSualebiT davadginoT eleqtruli velis Zi-

riTadi Tvisebebi. modi, CavataroT cda da davakvirdeT, rogor `iqceva~ damux-tuli sxeulis garSemo arsebul sivrceSi sxva sxeuli.

cda I

daamzadeT gamtari cilindri: folgisgan ga-moWeriT 3 x 3 sm zomis kvadrati da mrgval fan-qarze gadaaxvieT. fanqari frTxilad gamoaZreT da miRebul

cilindrs erTi bolo moukariT. dakideT cilindri Stativis TaTze abreSumis

an kapronis ZafiT da damuxteT: SeaxeT mas, mag., abreSumis qsovilze xaxunisas daeleqtroebuli mi-nis Rero. ra niSniT daimuxteba cilindri? kvlav gaaxaxuneT minis Rero abreSumze da miuaxloveT damuxtul

cilindrs sakmaod didi manZilidan. daakvirdiT: rogor icvleba Zafis gadaxris kuTxe manZilis SemcirebasTan erTad. axseniT cdis Sedegi.

sur. 1

sur. 2

33

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gaiTvaliswineT, rom eleqtruli veli ara marto Reros garSemo, aramed damuxtuli cilindris garSemoc iqmneba da axseniT, ra aris cilindrisa da Reros urTierTqmedebis arsi.

maS ase,1. damuxtuli sxeulis (muxtis) garSemo iqmneba eleqtruli veli, romelic

garkveuli ZaliT moqmedebs masSi moTavsebul yvela damuxtul sxeulze (muxtze).swored damuxtul sxeulze (an nawilakze) velis mxridan moqmedi Zalis saSu-

alebiTaa SesaZ lebeli eleqtruli velis aRmoCena. Zalas, romliTac eleqtruli veli damuxtul sxeulze (an nawilakze) mo-

qmedebs, eleqtruli Zala ewodeba (eleqtruli velis moqmedebas neitralur sxeulze, mag., daumuxtav eleq troskopze an qaRaldis nakuwebze, momdevno gakveTilebze ganvixilavT).

2. damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo arsebuli eleqtruli veli sxeulTan axlos ufro Zlieria, vidre misgan moSorebiT.

3 daZabuloba - eleqtruli velis maxasiaTebeli

cdebiT dgindeba: eleqtruli velSi moTavsebul muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis Sefardeba am muxtis sididesTan muxtis sidideze damokidebuli ar aris, amitom es Sefardeba eleq truli velis maxasiaTebladaa miCneuli. mas ele-qtruli velis daZabuloba ewodeba.

daZabuloba veqtoruli sididea. is E asoTi aRiniSneba.eleqtruli velis daZabuloba mocemul wertilSi tolia am wertilSi moTavsebul

wertilovan muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi Zalis Sefardebisa muxtis sididesTan:

= F qE (1)

(1)-li formulis Tanaxmad, wertilovan muxtze velis mxridan moqmedi ele-

qtruli Zala gamoiTvleba formuliT:

F = q E (2)

daakvirdi me-(2) formulas da gaakeTe daskvna: Tu q > 0, maSin daZabulobis veqtori muxtze mo-

qmedi Zalis .................. (sur.3,a), xolo Tu q < 0, maSin daZabulobis veqtori muxtze moqmedi Zalis .......................... (sur.3,b).

(wertilebis nacvlad Casvi saTanado sityvebi: ̀ sapirispiroa~ an ̀ TanamimarTulia~).

4 daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebamocemul wertilSi velis daZabuloba iseve, rogorc sxva veq toruli sidideebi

(mag., sxeulze modebuli Zala) SeiZleba grafikulad gamoisaxos am wertilSi mode-buli veqtoris saxiT. velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTulebad miRebulia velSi moTavsebul dadebiT muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis mimarTuleba (sur. 3. a, b).

5 daZabulobis erTeuli

(1)-li formulidan Cans, rom daZabulobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi

nk

1 -ia.

dafiqrdi ra SemTxvevaSi vityviT, rom velis daZabuloba 1 n/k-ia?

F

q0 E

sur. 3, b

_

F

q0 E

sur. 3, a

+

2.1 eleqtruli veli

ar CaweroT

wignSi

34

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6 eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi

Sen ici, rom eleqtruli velis TvalsaCinod warmo-sadgenad mosaxerxebelia Zalwirebis gamoyeneba.

velis grafikulad warmodgenis meTodi pirvelad fa-radeim gamoiyena. is Tvlida, rom Zalwirebi sinamdvile-Sic arsebobs da ZafebiviTaa gabmuli sivrceSi. Taname-drove mecnierebam ki da amtkica, rom Zalwirebi realu-ri Zafebi ar aris, isini mxolod geometriuli wirebia, romelTa ganlagebis suraTi erTgvar warmodgenas gvaZ-levs velis ganawilebaze.

sur. 4, 5, 7, 8-ze gamosaxulia sxvadasxva muxtebis mier Seqmnili eleqtruli velis Zalwirebis ganlageba. modi, CavataroT martivi cdebi da SevamowoT, ramdenad swo-radaa maTze gamosaxuli Zalwirebis ganlageba.

cdebisTvis saWiroa: eleqtroforuli manqana da `ele-qtruli sulTani~. `eleqtruli sulTnis~ damzadeba Senc SegiZlia: qaRaldi viwro zolebad daWeri da ram-denime cali liTonis Reroze ZafiT daamagre.

cda II

`sulTnis~ liTonis Rero sadgamSi CaamagreT da eleqtroforuli manqanis erT-erT burTulas miuerTeT (sur. 6) abruneT manqanis saxeluri: qaRaldis zolebi

daimuxteba da maTi yoveli patara monakveTi er-Tgvari sacdeli muxti gaxdeba, romelzec damux-tuli Reros eleqtruli veli moqmedebs. TiToeu-li monakveTi iseTi mimarTulebiT orientirdeba, rogori mimarTulebiTac masze eleqtruli Zala moqmedebs. daakvirdiT, rogor ganlagdeba qaRaldis zolebi da SeadareT

sur. 4-sa da 5-ze gamosaxul naxazs.

cda III

erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi ori `sulTani~ miuerTeT eleqtro-foruli manqanis sxvadasxva burTulas (anu damuxteT isini sxvadasxva niSnis muxtebiT). daakvirdiT: romel suraTzea gamosaxuli Zalwirebis msgavsi gan-

lageba?

cda IV

erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomi ori `sulTani~ miuerTeT eleqtro-foruli manqanis erTsa da imave burTulas (anu damuxteT isini erT-nairniSniani muxtebiT). daakvirdiT: daemTxva Tu ara `sulTnis Tmebis~ ganlageba Sesaba-

mis suraTze gamosaxul Zalwirebis ganlagebas?

sur. 5. gacalkevebuli wertilovani uaryofiTi muxtis veli.

_ E

sur. 4. gacalkevebuli wertilovani dadebiTi muxtis veli.

E+

sur. 6

eleqtruli veli 2.1

35

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ra informacia SeiZleba miviRoT velis grafikuli suraTidan?

1. nebismier wertilSi velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba am wertilSi Zalwiris mimarTulebas emTxveva (velis Zalwirebs daZabulobis wirebsac uwodeben).

Zalwiris mimarTulebaSi ki Zalwiris mxebis mimarTuleba igulisxmeba. ma-gram romelia Zalwiris mxebis mimarTuleba, mag., A wertilSi (sur.9,a): mimar-Tuleba A-dan B-sken Tu A-dan C-sken?

sur. 9. b

sur. 9. a

A BC

ABC

+F

el

Sen ici, rom nebismier wertilSi velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba am wertilSi moTavsebul dadebiT muxtze moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas emTxveva, ami-tom Tu davuSvebT, rom dadebiT muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zalis mimarTuleba iseTia, rogorc es sur. 9, b-zea naCvenebi, maSin velis mocemul wertilSi Zalwi-ris mxebis mimarTuleba (Zalwiris mimarTuleba) iqneba mimarTuleba A-dan B-sken.

+ +

2.1 eleqtruli veli

sur. 10. nebismier wertilSi velis daZabulobis veqtoris mimarTuleba am wertilSi Zalwiris mimarTulebas emTxveva (suraTebze gamosaxul velebSi Setanilia dadebiTi sacdeli muxti).

sur. 7. ori erTnairi sididis dadebiTi muxtis mier Seqmnili velis Zalwirebis ganlageba.

+ -

sur. 8. ori erTnairi sididis da sxva-dasxvaniSniani muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis Zalwirebis ganlageba.

dafiqrdi

rogor Seicvleba dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakis siCqare ele-qtrul velSi, Tu is imoZravebs velis Zalwirebis: a) mimarTulebiT; b) sapirispirod? ra Seicvleba, Tu dadebiTi nawilakis nacvlad velSi uaryofiTi nawi-

lakis moZraobas ganvixilavT?

2. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi damuxtuli sxeulis zedapiris marTobulia da Sekruli ar aris: dadebiT muxtze iwyeba da uaryofiT muxtze mTavrdeba.

dafiqrdi sad mTavrdeba gacalkevebuli (sxva muxtebisgan usasrulod Sors

myofi) dadebiTi muxtis velis Zalwirebi? sad iwyeba gacalkevebuli ua-ryofiTi muxtis Zalwirebi?

Tu am SemTxvevebSi Zalwirebi Sekruli ar aris?

36

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3. eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTs arc exeba da arc kveTs.

dafiqrdi Tu velis Zalwirebi erTmaneTs gadakveTdnen (an Tundac Seexebodnen),

ris maCvenebeli iqneboda es?

4. Zalwirebis sixSiris mixedviT SesaZlebelia daZabulobis sididis Sefaseba.

dafiqrdi daakvirdi sxvadasxva muxtebis velebis ZalwirTa ganlagebis suraTebs

(sur.11,12): sad ufro metia Zalwirebis sixSire, muxtis maxloblad Tu moSo-rebiT? raze miganiSnebs es? sur. 13-ze gamosaxulia or paralelur damuxtul firfitas Soris velis

ZalwirTa ganlagebis suraTi (firfitebis zedapirze sididiT toli da sxva-dasxvaniSniani muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli). daakvirdi: kideebidan moSo-rebiT, centrisken, firfitebs Soris Zalwirebi paraleluria. rogor fiqrob, icvleba Tu ara eleqtruli veli sivrcis am nawilSi?

eleqtrul vels, romlis daZabuloba sivrcis yvela wertilSi erTnairia, erTgva-rovani ewodeba. sivrcis gansazRvrul areSi eleqtruli veli SeiZleba erTgva-rovnad CavTvaloT, Tu velis daZabuloba am areSi umniSvnelod icvleba.

dafiqrdi daakvirdi sxvadasxva muxtebis velebis ZalwirTa ganlagebis sura-

Tebs (sur.11,12). SeiZleba Tu ara es velebi erTgvarovnad CaiTvalos? aris Tu ara veli erTgvarovani: a) paraleluri firfitebis kideebTan (sur.13)? ratom? b) firfitebs So-

ris? ratom? daxaze, rogori warmogidgenia erTgvarovani velis Zalwirebis ganla-

gebis suraTi.

suraTebze Cans im cdis Sedegebi, romelic sxvadasxva damuxtuli sxeulis eleqtruli velis Sesaswavlad Caatares: navTSi Setivtivebuli Salis bususebi damuxtuli sxeulis garSemo velis Zalwirebis gaswvriv ganlagdnen. am cdis naxva SesaZlebelia internetSi, misamarTze:http://groups.physics.umn.edu/demo/electricity/movies/5B1040.mov

sur. 11 sur. 12 sur. 13

fiqrisa da gansjisaTvis

daxazeT, rogor aris ganlagebuli eleqtruli velis daZabulobis Zalwi-rebi, Tu eleq trul vels qmnis: ori paraleluri firfita, romelTa zedapirze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli

sididiT toli da sxvadasxvaniSniani muxti. ris tolia velis daZabuloba para-leluri firfitebis gareT? Tanabrad damuxtuli sfero. ris tolia sferos SigniT moTavsebul

muxtze moqmedi eleqtruli Zala?

eleqtruli veli 2.1

37

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ici Tu ara, rom...

`Gnathonemus petersii~ afrikis Wa-obebis binadari Tevzia, romelic Tavisi xorTumisebri wanazardiT spilos waagavs, ris gamoc mas asec moixsenieben: `spilo-Tevzi~.

spilo-Tevzi kudis midamoSi mdebare specialuri `eleqtruli organos~ meSveobiT Tavis garSemo eleqtrul vels qmnis. Tevzis sxeu-lis zedapirze ganlagebuli recep-torebi am velis umniSvnelo cvli-lebasac ki myisierad grZnoben.

miuxedavad imisa, rom spilo-Te-vzs cudi mxedveloba aqvs, Tavisi mgrZnobiare Sinagani eleqtrosis-tema navigaciis araCveulebriv unars aniWebs.

spilo-Tevzi gamoscems eleqtrul signalebs, romelTac radaris msgav-sad iyenebs, raTa Tavi aaridos dabrkolebas, moZebnos sakvebi, gaeqces mta-cebels da bolos, moZebnos megobrebi. piezoeleqtruli yursasmenis saSua-lebiT eleqtruli signalebi bgerebad gardaiqmneba (ix.§ 2.6, sur.8). ase rom, Tu spilo-Tevzis `saubrebis~ mosmena gsurs, Sedi internetSi, misamarTze:

http://sci-toys.com/scitoys/scitoys/biology/electric_fish/electric_fish.htmlhttp://fishindex.blogspot.com/2009/01/elephant-nose-fish-gnathonemus-petersii.htmlam misamarTebze Sen uamrav sxva saintereso informaciasac naxav.

ici Tu ara, rom...

gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom zvigene-bs unikaluri eleqtromgrZnobiare receptorebi aqvT: maT SeuZliaT, ara marto iseTi eleqtruli Tevzebi aRmoaCinon, romlebic Tavis garSemo sakmaod Zlier eleqtrul vels qm-nian, aramed im susti eleqtruli ve-lis `danaxvac~ ki ZaluZT, romlebic mikrofloris mieraa generirebuli.

magram aRmoCnda, rom zvigenebis `xedvis~ diapazoni arc ise didia,

ramdenime metrs ar aRemateba, magram es sruliad sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom man msxverpli okeanis fskerze, qviSis qveS damarxulic ki aRmoaCinos.

gaige meti zvigenebis eleqtrosensoruli sistemis Sesaxeb:http://animals.howstuffworks.com/fish/electroreception.htmhttp://www.ufgi.ufl.edu/UFGeneticsNews/sharks/Sharks_MCohn1.htm

38