Α.Fleming ανακάλυψη της Πενικιλλίνης

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    .Fleming

    10 2009

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    1) A. Fleming2) 3) 4) 5)6)

    . Fleming

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    FLEMING

    6 1881 East Ayrshire. , . 20 ,

    , . , , , St Mary's Hospital. 1906 . , , , ,

    , St Mary's, , . T 1914 St Mary's.

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    1922, , , .

    1928, . , , :

    . ,

    . , , ,

    . .

    ,

    , .

    , , , ,

    .

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    British Journal ofExperimental Pathology, 1929, .

    ,

    . , , .,

    . , .

    30, 1940, .

    , ,

    .

    .

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    .

    , 1940, ,

    , . , : ! .

    , , 1945. , ,

    .

    ,

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    1955, .

    , : .

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    . , , .

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    ...

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    1881 , . , , . ( ) 14 . , . ,

    4 . 250 , . St.Mary's Medical School , . 1914 ,

    ' . 1915 .

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    . , 1921 , , . , , . 1928 . ,

    ( ) . , . .

    , . Penicillium notatum , 800, .

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    1929, . 1932. , . ,

    Howard Florey Ernst Chain, , : !

    ' 1945 .

    , 1946 , , .

    1955 , -.

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    , Gram-, . . 1928, , St Mary , , ., , , . . , , . , , , ,

    .

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    1929 British Journalof Experimental Pathology .

    , . , ,

    ., . , . 30,

    1940, .

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    ' ,

    , Howard Florey , Norman Heatley , ,

    .

    :

    gram- . ,

    10% .

    , :

    , pH. ,

    Penicillium notatum.

    . Penicilliumnotatum.

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    . , . . , Penicilliumnotatum . . , " "

    . , , , . 12-20 . , . Penicillium . . Peoria, Illinois, , . , .

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    M Penicillium notatum

    . . ,

    , , , , , ,

    . , , , . .

    Penicillium .

    Penicillium notatum () , :

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    , . .

    ,

    2500

    1. ( G, V)

    :

    Gram (, , - ) (, ) K (, ) , ,

    Gram ( B. Fragilis)

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    2.

    ( G) ( V)

    (, , ,).

    aureus .

    3.

    , ( Haemophilus infleuenzae, E. Coli, ProteusMirebilis, Salmonella sp, Shigella, Campylobacter, enterococcus sp, Listeria

    Monocytogenes) : , Timentin ,

    , ( . , B. Fragilis).

    . ,

    G .

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    - + R.

    Penicillin G, Penicillium notatum (1928) Penicillin V

    Penicillium chrysogenum (1953).

    ,

    R .

    . -

    .

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    , , ( -) ( ) . (R), .

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    . (Alexander Fleming, 1881-1955) 1928, ( ) . ,

    . , " , ". 10 ,

    . . . .

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    ANTIBIOTIKO

    , , ,

    . , , , - .

    ,

    Penicillium streptomycin Streptomyces. , sulfa.

    . , , -

    .

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    , , .

    : - ,

    , (gram-positive) (gram-negative) Gram , -

    . , ,

    . (), ().

    , . ,

    . ,

    . 40-

    . : lipopeptides (daptomycin), glycylcyclines (tigecycline), oxazolidinones(linezolid). Tigecycline ,

    Gram .

    .

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    , , , ,

    , 2.500 . , ,

    , . , . Penicillium sp. ErnestDuchesne 1897.

    , .

    - Salvarsan

    PaulEhrlich 1909,

    . , ,

    . 1928 . , ErnstChain HowardFlorey

    . 1945 .

    ,

    .

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    FloreyChain 1939,

    . ,

    .

    (ATP).

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    ,

    . .

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    clostridiumdifficile,

    . , .

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    ( )

    Penicillium () ,

    ().

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    (), .

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    ( ).

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    .

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