Fluidización Lab Iq Fanny Blas

8/17/2019 Fluidización Lab Iq Fanny Blas

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FLUIDIZACION

INTEGRANTES:

Alvarado Dueñas, Franco11070024

Cárdenas Castañeda, Félix

11070029 Mayta Arrunátegui, Enrique

11070195 Rodríguez eureyro, Augusto

12070161 !illalo"os #uisa , Ant$onny

12070055

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL MAYOR DE SAN

Facultad: U!"ICA# ING$ U!"ICA % ING$

AGROINDUSTRIAL$

E&cu'la : ING$ U!"ICA

Lu(a) : Laboratorio de Operaciones

Unitarias

%

FECHA DE REALIZACIÓN: 13/04/16

FECHA DE ENTREGA : 04/05/16

& ' ( ) * %


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+ED%ME-AC%. A/0RA-0R%0 DE

Página

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A+n(i)e……………………………………………………………………..…..

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Ane.'s……………………………………………………………………..…..##### 55

1- RESUMEN:

a ex4eriencia se realiz5 a 67) 88#g de 4resi5n y a una te84eratura

de &9:C a8"iente y &; :C del ?

En la 4resente 4ráctica de


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a caída de 4resi5n 4ara un


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La %i-ia)i*n a!+-ia (e -a -i(ia)i*n9 )'!en* en -'s &ea)%'&es )a%a-2%i)'s (e

)&a)


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? Este 8étodo 4roducía 8as gasolina con 8ayores niveles de octano y8enor co8"usti"le con "aas 4ro4iedades i84ortantes?

os ex4eri8entos iniciales en el desarrollo de un nuevo 4roceso aun 8eorque el entonces existente iniciaron en las 8is8as líneas del 4roceso delec$o o ? Durante este nuevo 8étodo , se $izo al va4or de 4etr5leo 4asar através de uno de los lec$os $asta que se @or8ara una catálisis llena decar"5n ? uego el va4or de 4etr5leo @ue trans@erido a un lec$o @rescoadyacente 8ientras que un


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de la 4iedra caliza la 8anu@actura de gasolina sintética, 4etroquí8icos eincluso el diseño de reactores nucleares?

A 4esar que el 4roceso de


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Figura 1: Comportamiento de la caída de presión en el lecho con respecto a la

velocidad =Coulson and Ric$ardson, &''&>

a 4érdida de carga en lec$os de 4artículas de4ende de los

siguientes 4ará8etrosH

a)a;l'& d''t)& d'


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;? Forma de la partícula: +e dene de 8eor 8anera con laes@ericidad, que es la 8edida 8ás Gtil 4ara caracterizar la@or8a de 4artículas no es@éricas e irregulares?

φ=( Superficie de una esferaSuperficie de la partícula )igual volumen5. Rugosidad de la supercie de la partícula!. "a conguraci#n del lecho

a es@ericidad de las 4artículas y la 4orosidad del lec$o

están relacionadas? a Figura & 8uestra los datos tí4icos de@racci5n de $uecos 4ara lec$os de relleno? a @racci5n de$uecos dis8inuye a 8edida que la es@ericidad au8enta?

0"$ 0"4 0"6 0"3 10

0"$

0"4

0"6

0"3

1

P'&'si(a( @AB

Ese&i)i(a( @CB

Figura : &H Es@ericidad en @unci5n de la 4orosidad 4ara lec$os de e84aquealeatorio de 4artículas de ta8año uni@or8e =Po$n Liley and+ons, (7'>

B á g i n a 6 )&


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"ECANIS"O DE FLUIDIZACI,NEl siste8a donde se estudia el 8ecanis8o de


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Figura : 9H For8aci5n de un lec$o Fases del lec$o al au8entar la velocidad ">!ariaci5n de la 4érdida de 4resi5n y altura del lec$o

CA!DA DE RESI,N EN UN LEC.O EST8TICO

Bara esti8ar la caída de 4resi5n en lec$os estáticos, di@erentesinvestigadores $an re4ortado las @5r8ulas siguientesH

Ecuac d' Ca)>a @ 'B

∆ Parman=180 L GS ! (1−ε )

2

D p2

gc " f ε3

Esta ecuaci5n $a sido usada con éxito 4ara calcular la 4érdidade 4resi5n 4ara


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quien luego de 8uc$os resultados ex4eri8entales 4ro4uso (N'?

Ecuac "a + L'/a

os datos ex4eri8entales de eva se encontra"an todos ellosen la ga8a de Re relativa8ente grandes? eva en "ase a sus

tra"aos 4resentados al /3REA30F M%E+ 3?+?A?, 8uestra queel valor de la constante es &''(?

∆ P Leva=200 L GS ! (1−ε )

2

D p2

gc " f ε3

Ecuac d' E)(u

Desarrolla otra correlaci5n a n de 4redecir la caída de 4resi5nen lec$os e84acados, 4ero 4ara un intervalo a84lio develocidades de


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Cuando las 4artículas co8ienzan a


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3na colu8na de vidrio

3n tu"o de vidrio en 3, usado co8o 8an58etro?

3n tanque 8etálico co8o de45sito de agua?

+iste8a de tu"erías, accesorios, "o8"a, válvulas?

Bartículas sílice, usado co8o lec$o en la colu8na de vidrio de

7?' c8?

3na 4ro"eta de ('' 8l?

3n crono8etro?

ROCEDI"IENTO EERI"ENTAL

Medir la altura inicial del lec$o así co8o ta8"ién la 4resi5n

re@erencial del 8an58etro?

A"rir la válvula de agua 8uy lenta8ente 4ara dear


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6+ TA*LAS DE DATOS % RESULTADOS:

B á g i n a (9 )&


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TA*LA N 1: Cdc'& d' La;)at)

)'& >>.( 6)'T'>'tac /')tcala 50 (HL

50 (HL

t& v=8l> $=c8> t=s> v=8l> $=c8>0 N'' &;?N 40 (6 7?7;

20 67' &9?&7 60 (66 7?;N6

40 69' &&?)9 0 (67 7?;&760 6'' &(?6 900 (6& 7?99&0 )6' &'?66 920 (6' 7?&6

100 )7' &'?(7 940 ()N 7?&'N120 )&' (?&& 960 ()) 7?(;)140 7' (N?& 90 ()& 7?'&&160 7)' (6?9) 1000 ()( ;?(10 7;' ()?6; 1020 ()' ;?)200 7&' ()?(& 1040 (7 ;?&220 7'' (7?7 1060 (76 ;?N)6

240 ;67 (;?6&7 100 (77 ;?N'7260 ;7' (9?7 1100 (7& ;?6(&20 ;9' (9?99 1120 (7( ;?)N(-00 ;(' (&?6( 1140 (7' ;?)7-20 9N7 ((?97 1160 (; ;?)(-40 9)' ((?() 110 (;6 ;?776-60 9;' ('?7; 1200 (;7 ;?;7-0 9&' ?& 1220 (;& ;?;'&400 9'' ?9 1240 (;( ;?96(420 &N' N?)N 1260 (;' ;?9;

440 &)7 N?&(7 120 (9 ;?9'460 &7' 6?67 1-00 (96 ;?&;640 &;' 6?;; 1-20 (97 ;?(N7500 &97 6?&N7 1-40 (9; ;?(7;520 &9' 6?(9 1-60 (9& ;?'&540 &&7 )?67 1-0 (9( ;?')(560 &&' )?N& 1400 (9' ;?'950 &(7 )?))7 1420 (9' ;?'9600 &(' )?7( 1440 (& 9?620 &'N )?;;N 1460 (& 9?

640 &'7 )?977 140 (&N 9?)N

B á g i n a (; )&


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660 &'9 )?&9 1500 (&N 9?)N60 &'' )?& 1520 (&' 9?6&700 (N )?(9N 1540 (&' 9?6&720 (7 )?';7 1560 (&' 9?6&740 (' 7?N 150 (&' 9?6&

760 (N 7?N7 1600 (&' 9?6&70 (N6 7?66 1620 (( 9?)N00 (N7 7?697 -600 N' &?;N20 (N' 7?7N * * *

TA*LA N -: Dat& ''tac /')tcala 70 (HL

70 (HLt& v=8l> $=c8> t=s> v=8l> $=c8> t=s> v=8l> $=c8>

0 )'' (N?) 1140

&7' 6?67 220

(6' 7?&6

20 76' (6?)6 1160

&7' 6?67 2-00

()7 7?((7

40 7)' (6?9) 11

0

&7' 6?67 2-2

0

()7 7?((7

60 7;7 ()?N7 1200

&;7 6?77 2-40

()7 7?((7

0 79' ()?;9 1220

&;7 6?77 2-60

()7 7?((7

100 7&' ()?(& 1240

&;' 6?;; 2-0

()' ;?)

120 7(' (7?N( 1260

&;' 6?;; 2400

()' ;?)

140 ;7 (7?9;7 12

0

&;' 6?;; 242

0

()' ;?)

160 ;N' (;?NN 1-00

&97 6?&N7 2440

()' ;?)

10 ;6' (;?76 1-20

&97 6?&N7 2460

()' ;?)

200 ;)' (;?&) 1-40

&9' 6?(9 240

()' ;?)

220 ;7' (9?7 1-60

&9' 6?(9 2500

()' ;?)

240 ;;' (9?); 1-0

&9' 6?(9 2520

(77 ;?N'7

260 ;9' (9?99 140 &9' 6?(9 254 (77 ;?N'7

B á g i n a (7 )&


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0 020 ;&' (9?'& 142

0&&7 )?67 256

0(77 ;?N'7

-00 ;(' (&?6( 1440

&&7 )?67 250

(77 ;?N'7

-20 ;'' (&?; 1460

&&' )?N& 2600

(7' ;?)7

-40 97 (&?&;7 140

&&' )?N& 2620

(7' ;?)7

-60 9' (&?' 1500

&&' )?N& 2640

(7' ;?)7

-0 9N' ((?6N 1520

&(7 )?))7 2660

(7' ;?)7

400 96' ((?;6 1540

&(7 )?))7 260

(7' ;?)7

420 9)7 ((?9(7 156

0

&(7 )?))7 270

0

(7' ;?)7

440 9)' ((?() 150

&(' )?7( 2720

(;7 ;?;7

460 977 ((?''7 1600

&(' )?7( 2740

(;7 ;?;7

40 97' ('?N7 1620

&(' )?7( 2760

(;7 ;?;7

500 9;7 ('?)7 1640

&(' )?7( 270

(;7 ;?;7

520 9;' ('?7; 166

0

&'7 )?977 20

0

(;7 ;?;7

540 997 ('?9N7 160

&'7 )?977 220

(;' ;?9;

560 99' ('?&9 1700

&'7 )?977 240

(;' ;?9;

50 99' ('?&9 1720

&'' )?& 260

(;' ;?9;

600 9&7 ('?'67 1740

&'' )?& 20

(;' ;?9;

620 9&' ?& 1760

&'' )?& 2900

(;' ;?9;

640 9&' ?& 170

&'' )?& 2920

(;' ;?9;

660 9(7 ?6)7 100

(7 )?';7 2940

(;' ;?9;

60 9(' ?)( 120

(7 )?';7 2960

(;' ;?9;

700 9(' ?)( 140

(' 7?N 290

(97 ;?(N7

720 9'7 ?;77 160

(' 7?N -000

(97 ;?(N7

740 9'' ?9 10 (' 7?N -020 (97 ;?(N7

B á g i n a () )&


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760 9'' ?9 1900

(' 7?N -040

(97 ;?(N7

70 &7 ?(;7 1920

(' 7?N -060

(9' ;?'9

00 &' N? 194

0

(N7 7?697 -0

0

(9' ;?'9

20 &' N? 1960

(N7 7?697 -100

(9' ;?'9

40 &N7 N?N97 190

(N' 7?7N -120

(9' ;?'9

60 &N7 N?N97 2000

(N' 7?7N -140

(9' ;?'9

0 &N' N?)N 2020

(N' 7?7N -160

(9' ;?'9

900 &N' N?)N 2040

(N' 7?7N -10

(9' ;?'9

920 &67 N?7&7 2060

(N' 7?7N -200

(9' ;?'9

940 &67 N?7&7 200

(N' 7?7N -220

(9' ;?'9

960 &6' N?96 2100

(67 7?;&7

90 &6' N?96 2120

(67 7?;&7

1000

&)7 N?&(7 2140

(67 7?;&7

1020 &)7 N?&(7 2160 (67 7?;&7

1040

&)' N?') 210

(6' 7?&6

1060

&)' N?') 2200

(6' 7?&6

100

&77 6?'7 2220

(6' 7?&6

1100

&77 6?'7 2240

(6' 7?&6

112

0

&77 6?'7 226

0

(6' 7?&6

TA*LA N 4: Dat& ''tac /')tcala 100 (HL

100(HL

t& v=8l>

$=c8> t=s> v=8l>

$=c8> t=s> v=8l>

$=c8>

t=s> v=8l>

$=c8>

0 6' &;?; 10 ;( (&?N 20 9'; ?;& -0 &9; 6?&7

B á g i n a (6 )&


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20 40 ; 60 ;20 6N' &;?(N 10

40;(7 (&?N)

72060

9'& ?9)&

-00

&9& 6?(&

40 6)7 &9?6(7

1060

;(' (&?6( 200

9'' ?9 -100

&9' 6?(9

60 677 &9?;'7 100 ;'N (&?);N 2100 & ?&) -120 &9' 6?(9

0 6;' &&?; 1100

;') (&?7N)

2120

&N ?&9N

-140

&9' 6?(9

100

69' &&?)9 1120

;'9 (&?;9

2140

&6 ?&'6

-160

&& 6?'

120

6&' &&?9& 1140

;'' (&?; 2160

&7 ?(;7

-10

&&N 6?')N

140

6(' &&?'( 1160

9N (&?99N

210

&9 ?'N9

-200

&&6 6?'96

16

0

6'' &(?6 11

0

97 (&?&;

7

22

00

&' N? -2

20

&&7 )?6

710

)' &(?9 1200

9& (&?(7&

2220

&N N?7

-240

&&9 )?(9

200

)N' &(?'N 1220

9' (&?' 2240

&N6 N?N6

-260

&&& )?NN&

220

)6' &'?66 1240

9NN (&?'&N

2260

&N) N?N))

-20

&&( )?N7(

240

))' &'?;) 1260

9N7 ((?97

220

&N; N?N';

--00

&&' )?N&

26

0

)7' &'?(7 12

0

9N& ((?N;

&

2-

00

&N& N?6;

&

--

20

&&' )?N&

20

);' (?N; 1-00

9N' ((?6N 2-20

&N' N?)N --40

&( )?6N

-00

)9' (?79 1-20

96N ((?6(N

2-40

&N' N?)N --60

&(N )?67N

-20

)&' (?&& 1-40

967 ((?)&7

2-60

&6 N?);

--0

&(6 )?6&6

-40

)(' (N?( 1-60

96& ((?79&

2-0

&6N N?)(N

-400

&() )?))

-60

)'' (N?) 1-0

96' ((?;6 2400

&6) N?77)

-420

&(7 )?))7

-0

7' (N?& 1400

9)N ((?;'N

2420

&6; N?;;

-440

&(; )?)9;

400

7N7 (N?(97

1420

9)) ((?9;)

2440

&6& N?;9&

-460

&(& )?76&

420

767 (6?N&7

1440

9)9 ((?&79

2460

&6' N?96 -40

&(' )?7(

440

7)7 (6?7(7

1460

9)' ((?() 240

&6' N?96 -500

&(' )?7(

460

7)' (6?9) 140

97N ((?'N

2500

&6' N?96 5400

()' ;?)

40

77' (6?'7 1500

97) ((?'9)

2520

&) N?99

B á g i n a (N )&


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500

7;' ()?6; 1520

97; ('?6;

2540

&)6 N?&66

520

797 ()?7N7

1540

97& ('?(&

2560

&)7 N?&(7

54

0

7&N ()?9)

N

15

60

97' ('?N7 25

0

&)9 N?(7

9560

7&' ()?(& 150

9;N ('?6NN

2600

&)( N?'(

50

7(7 (7?)7

1600

9;) ('?6&)

2620

&)' N?')

600

7' (7?66

1620

9;; ('?));

2640

&)' N?')

620

7'& (7?7)&

1640

9;& ('?)'&

2660

&7 N?'&

640

;7 (7?9;7

1660

9;' ('?7; 260

&7N 6?N

660

;' (7?( 160

99N ('?;6N

2700

&76 6?)6

60

;N7 (7?'97

1700

99) ('?;()

2720

&77 6?'7

700

;N' (;?NN 1720

99; ('?97;

2740

&79 6?N;9

720

;67 (;?6&7

1740

99& ('?&&

2760

&7( 6?6N(

740

;6' (;?76 1760

99' ('?&9 270

&7' 6?67

760 ;)7 (;?;(7 170 9&N ('?()N 200 &7' 6?67

70

;)' (;?&) 100

9&) ('?(')

220

&7' 6?67

00

;76 (;?()6

120

9&; ('?';;

240

&; 6?6(

20

;7& (;?'(&

140

9&& ?N& 260

&;6 6?)76

40

;; (9?(

160

9&' ?& 20

&;7 6?77

6

0

;;7 (9?6

7

1

0

9( ?NN 29

00

&;9 6?79

90

;;( (9?)6(

1900

9(N ?N7N 2920

&;( 6?;6(

900

;9 (9?)'

1920

9(6 ?N&6 2940

&;' 6?;;

920

;97 (9?;N7

1940

9(7 ?6)7 2960

&;' 6?;;

940

;9' (9?99 1960

9(& ?)6& 290

&;' 6?;;

96

0

;& (9?&

19

0

9(' ?)( -0

00

&9 6?;'

9 ;&7 (9?(6 20 9'N ?7;N -0 &9 6?;'

B á g i n a ( )&


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0 7 00 20 1000

;&' (9?'& 2020

9') ?;N) -040

&9N 6?96N

+ED%ME-AC%0 %C%ADA

TA*LA N 5: Dat& '

T'><#

t&

Altu)a#

c>

T'><#

t&6 ' 2$7 '

5$ &' 2$5 &'5$5 ;' 2$- ;'5$- )' 2 )'5$2 N' 1$9 N'5$1 ('' 1$ (''4$9 (&' 1$6 (&'4$ (;' 1$5 (;'4$7 ()' 1$4 ()'4$5 &'' 1$2 &''4$4 &&' 1 &&'4$- &;' 1 &;'4$2 &)' 1 &)'

4$2 &N' 0$9 &N'4$1 9&' 0$9 9&'

B á g i n a &' )&


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4 9)' 0$ 9)'-$9 ;'' 0$7 ;''-$7 ;&' 0$6 ;&'-$6 ;N' * *-$6 7'' * *+ * * *

+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *

TA*LA N 6: Dat& '

T'><#

t&

Altu)a#

c>

T'><#

t&6$7 ' 6$1 '6$5 &' 5$9 &'6$4 ;' 5$7 ;'6$2 N' 5$4 N'5$9 (&' 5$1 (&'5$7 ()' 4$9 ()'

5$6 &'' 4$7 &''5$4 &;' 4$5 &;'5$- &N' 4$4 &N'5$2 9&' 4$2 9&'5 9)' 4 9)'

4$9 ;'' -$9 ;''4$ ;;' -$7 ;;'4$7 ;N' -$6 ;N'4$6 7&' -$5 7&'4$5 7)' -$4 7)'4$4 )'' -$- )''4$4 );' -$2 );'

4$- )N' -$1 )N'4$1 6;' 2$9 6;'

B á g i n a &( )&


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4$1 6N' 2$9 6N'4 N&' 2$9 N&'4 N)' 2$ N)'

-$9 '' 2$7 ''-$9 ;' 2$6 ;'-$ N' 2$5 N'

-$7 ('&' 2$4 ('&'+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *

TA*LA N 7: Dat& '

T'><#

t&

Altu)a#

c>

T'><#

t&4$5 ' 4$7 '4$- ;' 4$4 ;'4$2 N' 4$- N'4 (&' 4 (&'

-$9 ()' -$9 ()'-$ &'' -$7 &''-$7 &;' -$5 &;'-$6 &N' -$4 &N'-$5 9&' -$- 9&'-$4 9)' -$2 9)'-$4 ;'' -$1 ;''-$- ;;' - ;;'-$2 ;N' 2$9 ;N'-$1 7&' 2$ 7&'-$1 7)' 2$6 7)'

-$1 )'' 2$6 )''+ * + *

B á g i n a && )&


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+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *

+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *+ * + *+ * * *+ * * *+ * * *

TA*LAS DE RESULTADOS

+ED%ME-AC%0 !ER-%CA

TA*LA N: R'&ultad& d' /'lcdad d' &'d>'tac Bcc't)ac 'cla d' 50(HL

t& />l c> t> S/c>H>

.c> C(HL

0 N'' &;?N '?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''20 67' &9?&7 '?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''40 69' &&?)9 '?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''60 6'' &(?6 (?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''0 )6' &'?66 (?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''

100 )7' &'?(7 (?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''120 )&' (?&& &?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''140 7' (N?& &?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''160 7)' (6?9) &?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''10 7;' ()?6; 9?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''200 7&' ()?(& 9?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''220 7'' (7?7 9?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''240 ;67 (;?6&7 ;?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''260 ;7' (9?7 ;?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''20 ;9' (9?99 ;?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''

-00 ;(' (&?6( 7?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''

B á g i n a &9 )&


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-20 9N7 ((?97 7?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''-40 9)' ((?() 7?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''-60 9;' ('?7; )?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''-0 9&' ?& )?99 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''400 9'' ?9 )?)6 &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''

420 &N' N?)N 6?'' &?&9; &;?N' 7'?''440 &)7 N?&(7 6?99 '?)&;7 (&?6 )?7460 &7' 6?67 6?)6 '?7N&9 (&?&( ('(?7)40 &;' 6?;; N?'' '?7;;7 ((?N' ('7?'N500 &97 6?&N7 N?99 '?7(') ((?7; ('6?;7520 &9' 6?(9 N?)6 '?;N'' ((?& ('?N9540 &&7 )?67 ?'' '?;7&9 ((?'7 ((&?&&560 &&' )?N& ?99 '?;&6( ('?N( ((;?6(50 &(7 )?))7 ?)6 '?;';( ('?76 ((6?9(600 &(' )?7( ('?'' '?9N9( ('?9; ((?&

620 &'N )?;;N ('?99 '?9)9N ('?&( (&(?;7640 &'7 )?977 ('?)6 '?9;)' ('?'7 (&9?9N660 &'9 )?&9 ((?'' '?9&6 ?& (&7?''60 &'' )?& ((?99 '?9(;7 ?6) (&6?'7700 (N )?(9N ((?)6 '?9''7 ?); (&N?)9720 (7 )?';7 (&?'' '?&N6; ?; (9'?))740 (' 7?N (&?99 '?&679 ?& (99?;N760 (N 7?N7 (&?)6 '?&)9 ?&' (9;?6N70 (N6 7?66 (9?'' '?&79; ?' (9)?;(00 (N7 7?697 (9?99 '?&;9; N?N (9N?'N

20 (N' 7?7N (9?)6 '?&9;& N?6N (;(?&940 (6 7?7; (;?'' '?&&7; N?6' (;&?7960 (66 7?;N6 (;?99 '?&(6& N?)' (;;?(0 (67 7?;&7 (;?)6 '?&'7 N?7' (;7?NN900 (6& 7?99& (7?'' '?&'&& N?96 (;N?(7920 (6' 7?&6 (7?99 '?(79 N?&) (7'?(&940 ()N 7?&'N (7?)6 '?(NNN N?(6 (7(?66960 ()) 7?(;) ()?'' '?(N&) N?'6 (79?))90 ()& 7?'&& ()?99 '?(6)N 6?( (7)?6)

1000 ()( ;?( ()?)6 '?(6(9 6?N7 (76?)

1020 ()' ;?) (6?'' '?())' 6?6N (7?9N1040 (7 ;?& (6?99 '?()(' 6?6& ()'?)&1060 (76 ;?N)6 (6?)6 '?(7)& 6?)9 ()&?7&100 (77 ;?N'7 (N?'' '?(7(6 6?7; ();?;)1100 (7& ;?6(& (N?99 '?(;6; 6?;( ()6?9;1120 (7( ;?)N( (N?)6 '?(;99 6?9) ()N?;N1140 (7' ;?)7 (?'' '?(99 6?9' ()?N)1160 (; ;?)( (?99 '?(977 6?&; (6(?&6110 (;6 ;?776 (?)6 '?(9( 6?(7 (69?;91200 (;7 ;?;7 &'?'' '?(&N7 6?'6 (67?91220 (;& ;?;'& &'?99 '?(&7& )?7 (6N?;&

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1240 (;( ;?96( &'?)6 '?(&&' )?N (6?61260 (;' ;?9; &(?'' '?((' )?N; (N(?&120 (9 ;?9' &(?99 '?(()( )?6 (N&?)&1-00 (96 ;?&;6 &(?)6 '?((99 )?6' (N7?'61-20 (97 ;?(N7 &&?'' '?((') )?)& (N6?9(

1-40 (9; ;?(7; &&?99 '?('N' )?76 (NN?6;1-60 (9& ;?'& &&?)6 '?('77 )?;N ((?9)1-0 (9( ;?')( &9?'' '?('9( )?;9 (&?N71400 (9' ;?'9 &9?99 '?(''N )?9N (;?9)1420 (9' ;?'9 &9?)6 '?'N) )?9) (;?61440 (& 9? &;?'' '?'); )?9( ()?7(1460 (& 9? &;?99 '?';9 )?& (6?(;140 (&N 9?)N &;?)6 '?'&9 )?&; (N?6&1500 (&N 9?)N &7?'' '?''; )?&9 (?';1520 (&' 9?6& &7?99 '?'NN7 7?) &'N?'7

1540 (&' 9?6& &7?)6 '?'N)6 7?7 &'N?;'1560 (&' 9?6& &)?'' '?'N7' 7?9 &'?((150 (&' 9?6& &)?99 '?'N99 7?( &'?N(1600 (&' 9?6& &)?)6 '?'N(6 7?' &('?(61620 (( 9?)N &6?'' '?'N'( 7?N7 &((?6-600 N' &?;N )'?'' '?'&&N 9?N7 9&&?'N

TA*LA N9 : R'&ultad& d' /'lcdad d' &'d>'tac Bcc't)ac 'cla d' 70(HL

t& />l c> t> S/c>H>

.c> C(HL

0 )'' (N?) '?'' (?('(' (N?) 6'?''20 76' (6?)6 '?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''40 7)' (6?9) '?)6 (?(' (N?) 6'?''60 7;7 ()?N7 (?'' (?(' (N?) 6'?''0 79' ()?;9 (?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''

100 7&' ()?(& (?)6 (?(' (N?) 6'?''120 7(' (7?N( &?'' (?(' (N?) 6'?''140 ;7 (7?9;7 &?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''160 ;N' (;?NN &?)6 (?(' (N?) 6'?''10 ;6' (;?76 9?'' (?(' (N?) 6'?''200 ;)' (;?&) 9?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''220 ;7' (9?7 9?)6 (?(' (N?) 6'?''240 ;;' (9?); ;?'' (?(' (N?) 6'?''260 ;9' (9?99 ;?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''20 ;&' (9?'& ;?)6 (?(' (N?) 6'?''-00 ;(' (&?6( 7?'' (?(' (N?) 6'?''-20 ;'' (&?; 7?99 (?(' (N?) 6'?''-40

97 (&?&;7 7?)6 (?&N7; (?79 ))?)6-60 9' (&?' )?'' (?(6N& (?() )6?7

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-0 9N' ((?6N )?99 (?'N7( (N?)7 )?N(400 96' ((?;6 )?)6 (?''9) (N?() 6(?6'420 9)7 ((?9(7 6?'' '?9(6 (6?N; 6&?N440 9)' ((?() 6?99 '?N)N' (6?79 6;?&6460 977 ((?''7 6?)6 '?N((& (6?&& 67?)(

40 97' ('?N7 N?'' '?6)'& ()?9 6)?'500 9;7 ('?)7 N?99 '?6(;; ()?)7 6N?&'520 9;' ('?7; N?)6 '?)69' ()?96 6?7;540 997 ('?9N7 ?'' '?)97; ()?(' N'?N6560 99' ('?&9 ?99 '?)'(& (7?N; N&?&'50 99' ('?&9 ?)6 '?7) (7?6; N&?6&600 9&7 ('?'67 ('?'' '?7;(& (7?; N;?'7620 9&' ?& ('?99 '?7(;N (7?&; N7?;9640 9&' ?& ('?)6 '?;'7 (7?(7 N7?;660 9(7 ?6)7 ((?'' '?;)N( (;?( N6?9&

60 9(' ?)( ((?99 '?;;69 (;?)N NN?)700 9(' ?)( ((?)6 '?;&N' (;?)' N?(N720 9'7 ?;77 (&?'' '?;('' (;?9N '?7;740 9'' ?9 (&?99 '?99& (;?(7 &?'(760 9'' ?9 (&?)6 '?966) (;?'N &?;670 &7 ?(;7 (9?'' '?9)& (9?N) 9?;00 &' N? (9?99 '?9;& (9?)7 7?9N20 &' N? (9?)6 '?99)9 (9?7 7?N(40 &N7 N?N97 (;?'' '?9&;& (9?96 6?9N60 &N7 N?N97 (;?99 '?9(&N (9?9& 6?67

0 &N' N?)N (;?)6 '?9'&' (9?(( ?9(900 &N' N?)N (7?'' '?&( (9?') ?)920 &67 N?7&7 (7?99 '?&N&9 (&?N7 ('(?9&940 &67 N?7&7 (7?)6 '?&69& (&?N( ('(?);960 &6' N?96 ()?'' '?&);7 (&?)' ('9?9990 &6' N?96 ()?99 '?&7); (&?7) ('9?))

1000 &)7 N?&(7 ()?)6 '?&;N) (&?9) ('7?9;1020 &)7 N?&(7 (6?'' '?&;(& (&?9& ('7?)N1040 &)' N?') (6?99 '?&9;& (&?(& ('6?;91060 &)' N?') (6?)6 '?&&67 (&?'N ('6?6N

100 &77 6?'7 (N?'' '?&&(( ((?NN ('?)'1100 &77 6?'7 (N?99 '?&(7' ((?N7 ('?N61120 &77 6?'7 (N?)6 '?&'& ((?N( (('?&71140 &7' 6?67 (?'' '?&'9) ((?)& ((&?'71160 &7' 6?67 (?99 '?(N9 ((?7N ((&?;;110 &7' 6?67 (?)6 '?(9& ((?77 ((&?691200 &;7 6?77 &'?'' '?(NN9 ((?9) ((;?)(1220 &;7 6?77 &'?99 '?(N9) ((?99 ((;?&1240 &;' 6?;; &'?)6 '?(6( ((?(; (()?NN1260 &;' 6?;; &(?'' '?(6;N ((?(( ((6?(

120 &;' 6?;; &(?99 '?(6'6 ((?'N ((6?7(

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1-00 &97 6?&N7 &(?)6 '?())6 ('?' ((?;71-20 &97 6?&N7 &&?'' '?()& ('?N6 ((?6N1-40 &9' 6?(9 &&?99 '?(7& ('?) (&(?N'1-60 &9' 6?(9 &&?)6 '?(77) ('?)) (&&?(;1-0 &9' 6?(9 &9?'' '?(7&& ('?)9 (&&?;N

1400 &9' 6?(9 &9?99 '?(;N ('?)' (&&?N91420 &&7 )?67 &9?)6 '?(;76 ('?;& (&;?71440 &&7 )?67 &;?'' '?(;&6 ('?;' (&7?(1460 &&' )?N& &;?99 '?(96 ('?&& (&6?;'140 &&' )?N& &;?)6 '?(9)N ('?( (&6?661500 &&' )?N& &7?'' '?(9;( ('?(6 (&N?'&1520 &(7 )?))7 &7?99 '?(9(; ? (9'?991540 &(7 )?))7 &7?)6 '?(&NN ?6 (9'?71560 &(7 )?))7 &)?'' '?(&)9 ?7 (9'?N7150 &(' )?7( &)?99 '?(&9 ?66 (99?&6

1600 &(' )?7( &)?)6 '?(&(7 ?67 (99?7;1620 &(' )?7( &6?'' '?((& ?69 (99?N(1640 &(' )?7( &6?99 '?((6' ?6( (9;?'1660 &'7 )?977 &6?)6 '?((; ?79 (9)?)&160 &'7 )?977 &N?'' '?((&N ?7( (9)?(1700 &'7 )?977 &N?99 '?(('N ?; (96?&'1720 &'' )?& &N?)6 '?('NN ?9& (9?6'1740 &'' )?& &?'' '?(') ?9' (;'?''1760 &'' )?& &?99 '?('7( ?&N (;'?9'170 &'' )?& &?)6 '?('99 ?&) (;'?)'

100 (7 )?';7 9'?'' '?('() ?' (;9?&9120 (7 )?';7 9'?99 '?' ?'N (;9?9140 (' 7?N 9'?)6 '?'N& N?' (;)?&160 (' 7?N 9(?'' '?')) N?NN (;)?)&10 (' 7?N 9(?99 '?'7' N?N6 (;)?61900 (' 7?N 9(?)6 '?'97 N?N7 (;6?(&1920 (' 7?N 9&?'' '?'&' N?N9 (;6?;71940 (N7 7?697 9&?99 '?'') N?)) (7'?971960 (N7 7?697 9&?)6 '?'N& N?)7 (7'?7&190 (N' 7?7N 99?'' '?'N6N N?;N (79?7;

2000 (N' 7?7N 99?99 '?'N)7 N?;) (79?'2020 (N' 7?7N 99?)6 '?'N7& N?;7 (7;?'N2040 (N' 7?7N 9;?'' '?'N9 N?;9 (7;?;72060 (N' 7?7N 9;?99 '?'N&6 N?;& (7;?)9200 (N' 7?7N 9;?)6 '?'N(7 N?;( (7;?N&2100 (67 7?;&7 97?'' '?'N'9 N?&; (7N?'(2120 (67 7?;&7 97?99 '?'6& N?&& (7N?92140 (67 7?;&7 97?)6 '?'6N' N?&( (7N?72160 (67 7?;&7 9)?'' '?'6) N?( (7N?6210 (6' 7?&6 9)?99 '?'67 N?'9 ()&?(;

2200 (6' 7?&6 9)?)6 '?'6;N N?'( ()&?77

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2220 (6' 7?&6 96?'' '?'69N N?'' ()&?672240 (6' 7?&6 96?99 '?'6&N 6? ()&?72260 (6' 7?&6 96?)6 '?'6(N 6?6 ()9?9)220 (6' 7?&6 9N?'' '?'6' 6?) ()9?762-00 ()7 7?((7 9N?99 '?') 6?6 ()6?(;

2-20 ()7 7?((7 9N?)6 '?')' 6?6N ()6?972-40 ()7 7?((7 9?'' '?')N( 6?66 ()6?762-60 ()7 7?((7 9?99 '?')6& 6?6) ()6?6N2-0 ()' ;?) 9?)6 '?')); 6?7 (6(?7;2400 ()' ;?) ;'?'' '?')77 6?7N (6(?662420 ()' ;?) ;'?99 '?');6 6?76 (6(?2440 ()' ;?) ;'?)6 '?')9 6?7) (6&?&&2460 ()' ;?) ;(?'' '?')9( 6?77 (6&?;7240 ()' ;?) ;(?99 '?')&9 6?7; (6&?)N2500 ()' ;?) ;(?)6 '?')() 6?79 (6&?(

2520 (77 ;?N'7 ;&?'' '?')'N 6?9) (6)?'2540 (77 ;?N'7 ;&?99 '?')'( 6?97 (66?(;2560 (77 ;?N'7 ;&?)6 '?'7; 6?9; (66?9N250 (77 ;?N'7 ;9?'' '?'7N6 6?99 (66?)92600 (7' ;?)7 ;9?99 '?'7N' 6?() (N(?N;2620 (7' ;?)7 ;9?)6 '?'769 6?(7 (N&?('2640 (7' ;?)7 ;;?'' '?'7)6 6?(; (N&?972660 (7' ;?)7 ;;?99 '?'7)' 6?(9 (N&?)(260 (7' ;?)7 ;;?)6 '?'77; 6?(& (N&?N62700 (7' ;?)7 ;7?'' '?'7;N 6?(& (N&?N6

2720 (;7 ;?;7 ;7?99 '?'7;& )?7 (N6?9;2740 (;7 ;?;7 ;7?)6 '?'79) )?; (N6?)(2760 (;7 ;?;7 ;)?'' '?'79' )?9 (N6?NN270 (;7 ;?;7 ;)?99 '?'7&; )?& (NN?(7200 (;7 ;?;7 ;)?)6 '?'7(N )?( (NN?;&220 (;' ;?9; ;6?'' '?'7(9 )?67 (&?N240 (;' ;?9; ;6?99 '?'7'6 )?6; (9?(N260 (;' ;?9; ;6?)6 '?'7'& )?69 (9?;)20 (;' ;?9; ;N?'' '?';) )?6& (9?672900 (;' ;?9; ;N?99 '?';( )?6( (;?';

2920 (;' ;?9; ;N?)6 '?';N) )?6( (;?';2940 (;' ;?9; ;?'' '?';N( )?6' (;?992960 (;' ;?9; ;?99 '?';6) )?) (;?)&290 (97 ;?(N7 ;?)6 '?';6( )?7& (?)-000 (97 ;?(N7 7'?'' '?';)) )?7& (?)-020 (97 ;?(N7 7'?99 '?';)& )?7( &''?''-040 (97 ;?(N7 7'?)6 '?';76 )?7' &''?9(-060 (9' ;?'9 7(?'' '?';79 )?9; &'7?9)-00 (9' ;?'9 7(?99 '?';;N )?99 &'7?)-100 (9' ;?'9 7(?)6 '?';;; )?9& &')?'(

-120 (9' ;?'9 7&?'' '?';9 )?9( &')?9;

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-140 (9' ;?'9 7&?99 '?';97 )?9( &')?9;-160 (9' ;?'9 7&?)6 '?';9( )?9' &')?)6-10 (9' ;?'9 79?'' '?';&6 )?& &'6?''-200 (9' ;?'9 79?99 '?';&9 )?& &'6?''-220 (9' ;?'9 79?)6 '?';( )?&N &'6?9&

TA*LA N 10: R'&ultad& d' /'lcdad d' &'d>'tac Bcc't)ac 'cla d' 100(HL

t& />l c> t> S/c>H>

.c> C(HL

0 6' &;?; '?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''20 6N' &;?(N '?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''40 6)7 &9?6(7 '?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''60 677 &9?;'7 (?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''

0 6;' &&?; (?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''100 69' &&?)9 (?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''120 6&' &&?9& &?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''140 6(' &&?'( &?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''160 6'' &(?6 &?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''10 )' &(?9 9?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''200 )N' &(?'N 9?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''220 )6' &'?66 9?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''240 ))' &'?;) ;?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''260 )7' &'?(7 ;?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''

20 );' (?N; ;?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''-00 )9' (?79 7?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''-20 )&' (?&& 7?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''-40 )(' (N?( 7?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''-60 )'' (N?) )?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''-0 7' (N?& )?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''400 7N7 (N?(97 )?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''420 767 (6?N&7 6?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''440 7)7 (6?7(7 6?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''460 7)' (6?9) 6?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''40 77' (6?'7 N?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''500 7;' ()?6; N?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''520 797 ()?7N7 N?)6 '?N69 &;?; (''?''540 7&N ()?9)N ?'' '?N69 &;?; (''?''560 7&' ()?(& ?99 '?N69 &;?; (''?''50 7(7 (7?)7 ?)6 '?'& &;?6) (''?''600 7' (7?66 ('?'' '?N);; &;?;& (''?&620 7'& (7?7)& ('?99 '?N&9( &;?') ('(?6640 ;7 (7?9;7 ('?)6 '?6N9N &9?6( ('9?&660 ;' (7?( ((?'' '?6;N6 &9?;9 (';?7&60 ;N7 (7?'97 ((?99 '?6() &9?(7 ('7?6

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700 ;N' (;?NN ((?)6 '?)N;N &&?N6 ('6?'N720 ;67 (;?6&7 (&?'' '?)7)) &&?)' ('N?9)740 ;6' (;?76 (&?99 '?)9'9 &&?9; ('?)&760 ;)7 (;?;(7 (&?)6 '?)'; &&?'N (('?(70 ;)' (;?&) (9?'' '?7N( &(?N& ((&?&;

00 ;76 (;?()6 (9?99 '?7)'9 &(?); ((9?(620 ;7& (;?'(& (9?)6 '?797 &(?9 ((;?;40 ;; (9?( (;?'' '?7&'; &(?&' ((7?7&60 ;;7 (9?67 (;?99 '?7'&; &'? (()?)60 ;;( (9?)6( (;?)6 '?;N7 &'?6 ((6?N'900 ;9 (9?)' (7?'' '?;) &'?); ((N?)7920 ;97 (9?;N7 (7?99 '?;79N &'?;; ((?N(940 ;9' (9?99 (7?)6 '?;9( &'?&( (&(?(N960 ;& (9?& ()?'' '?;&77 &'?(( (&(?6N90 ;&7 (9?(67 ()?99 '?;(&) (?( (&9?''

1000 ;&' (9?'& ()?)6 '?; (?) (&;?9N1020 ;( (&?N (6?'' '?9NN9 (?7 (&7?'(1040 ;(7 (&?N)7 (6?99 '?966& (?;' (&)?&;1060 ;(' (&?6( (6?)6 '?9))9 (?(N (&6?)100 ;'N (&?);N (N?'' '?97)& (?') (&N?;1100 ;') (&?7N) (N?99 '?9;)) (N?; (&?9'1120 ;'9 (&?;9 (N?)6 '?996( (N?6 (9'?9;1140 ;'' (&?; (?'' '?9&N; (N?); (9(?9N1160 9N (&?99N (?99 '?9( (N?7& (9&?&;110 97 (&?&;7 (?)6 '?9(() (N?96 (99?9&

1200 9& (&?(7& &'?'' '?9'9 (N?&9 (9;?9;1220 9' (&?' &'?99 '?&)7 (N?(& (97?(71240 9NN (&?'&N &'?)6 '?&N& (N?'( (97?N1260 9N7 ((?97 &(?'' '?&N&; (6?N6 (96?'7120 9N& ((?N;& &(?99 '?&67N (6?6& (9N?&(1-00 9N' ((?6N &(?)6 '?&)9 (6?)& (9N?1-20 96N ((?6(N &&?'' '?&)9& (6?7( (9?N)1-40 967 ((?)&7 &&?99 '?&76; (6?96 (;'?1-60 96& ((?79& &&?)6 '?&7() (6?&; (;&?'71-0 96' ((?;6 &9?'' '?&;)& (6?(9 (;&?6

1400 9)N ((?;'N &9?99 '?&;' (6?'9 (;9?N(1420 9)) ((?9;) &9?)6 '?&976 ()?9 (;;?)71440 9)9 ((?&79 &;?'' '?&9' ()?6 (;7?N)1460 9)' ((?() &;?99 '?&&)& ()?)) (;6?''140 97N ((?'N &;?)6 '?&&(7 ()?7) (;6?N1500 97) ((?'9) &7?'' '?&(6( ()?;) (;N?6N1520 97; ('?6; &7?99 '?&(&N ()?9) (;?)1540 97& ('?(& &7?)6 '?&'N) ()?&6 (7'?7&1560 97' ('?N7 &)?'' '?&';) ()?(6 (7(?;7150 9;N ('?6NN &)?99 '?&''N ()?'N (7&?9'

1600 9;) ('?6&) &)?)6 '?() (7?N (79?&7

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1620 9;; ('?)); &6?'' '?(99 (7?NN (7;?&&1640 9;& ('?)'& &6?99 '?(NN (7?6 (77?('1660 9;' ('?7; &6?)6 '?(N)9 (7?) (7)?'160 99N ('?;6N &N?'' '?(N9 (7?)' (7)?1700 99) ('?;() &N?99 '?(6N (7?7( (76?'

1720 99; ('?97; &N?)6 '?(6)) (7?;& (7N?N&1740 99& ('?&& &?'' '?(697 (7?9& (7?N)1760 99' ('?&9 &?99 '?(6') (7?&9 ()'?N'170 9&N ('?()N &?)6 '?()66 (7?(; ()(?6)100 9&) ('?(') 9'?'' '?(); (7?'7 ()&?6&120 9&; ('?';; 9'?99 '?()&& (;?) ()9?6'140 9&& ?N& 9'?)6 '?(77 (;?N6 ();?)160 9&' ?& 9(?'' '?(7) (;?6N ()7?6'10 9( ?NN 9(?99 '?(7;7 (;?69 ())?&)1900 9(N ?N7N 9(?)6 '?(7& (;?)6 ())?;

1920 9(6 ?N&6 9&?'' '?(;) (;?)( ()6?)&1940 9(7 ?6)7 9&?99 '?(;69 (;?79 ()N?771960 9(& ?)6& 9&?)6 '?(;7 (;?;( ()?7190 9(' ?)( 99?'' '?(;&N (;?9& (6(?'&2000 9'N ?7;N 99?99 '?(;'6 (;?&; (6(?N2020 9') ?;N) 99?)6 '?(9N) (;?(7 (69?'62040 9'; ?;&; 9;?'' '?(9)7 (;?'6 (6;?')2060 9'& ?9)& 9;?99 '?(9;) (9?N (67?(N200 9'' ?9 9;?)6 '?(9&) (9?' (6)?(2100 & ?&) 97?'' '?(9'6 (9?N; (6)?7

2120 &N ?&9N 97?99 '?(&N (9?6 (66?72140 &6 ?&'6 97?)6 '?(&6 (9?6; (6N?&;2160 &7 ?(;7 9)?'' '?(&79 (9?)) (6?&N210 &9 ?'N9 9)?99 '?(&97 (9?76 (N'?;62200 &' N? 9)?)6 '?(&(N (9?;) (N(?72220 &N N?7 96?'' '?(&'& (9?;( (N&?)&2240 &N6 N?N6 96?99 '?((N) (9?9& (N9?N)2260 &N) N?N)) 96?)6 '?((6 (9?&6 (N;?77220 &N; N?N'; 9N?'' '?((7; (9?( (N7?)62-00 &N& N?6;& 9N?99 '?((; (9?(( (N)?N'

2-20 &N' N?)N 9N?)6 '?((&; (9?'9 (N6?72-40 &N' N?)N 9?'' '?((( (9?'( (NN?&;2-60 &6 N?); 9?99 '?(') (&?) (NN?62-0 &6N N?)(N 9?)6 '?('N& (&?( (N?6'2400 &6) N?77) ;'?'' '?(') (&?N9 ('?NN2420 &6; N?;; ;'?99 '?('77 (&?67 (&?'N2440 &6& N?;9& ;'?)6 '?(';& (&?)6 (9?&2460 &6' N?96 ;(?'' '?('& (&?7 (;?7&240 &6' N?96 ;(?99 '?('(6 (&?76 (;?N92500 &6' N?96 ;(?)6 '?(''7 (&?7) (;?N

2520 &) N?99 ;&?'' '?'9 (&?7( (7?6)

B á g i n a 9( )&


33/62


2540 &)6 N?&66 ;&?99 '?'N( (&?;9 (6?'&2560 &)7 N?&(7 ;&?)6 '?') (&?97 (N?9'250 &)9 N?(79 ;9?'' '?'7N (&?&6 (?72600 &)( N?'( ;9?99 '?';6 (&?( &''?'2620 &)' N?') ;9?)6 '?'9) (&?(7 &'(?7)

2640 &)' N?') ;;?'' '?'&7 (&?(9 &'(?'2660 &7 N?'& ;;?99 '?'(7 (&?' &'&?7)260 &7N 6?N ;;?)6 '?''7 (&?'; &'9?;(2700 &76 6?)6 ;7?'' '?'N7 ((? &';?&72720 &77 6?'7 ;7?99 '?'NN7 ((?& &'7?;72740 &79 6?N;9 ;7?)6 '?'N67 ((?N; &')?N;2760 &7( 6?6N( ;)?'' '?'N)7 ((?6) &'N?&7270 &7' 6?67 ;)?99 '?'N7) ((?6& &'N?)200 &7' 6?67 ;)?)6 '?'N;6 ((?6' &'?9&220 &7' 6?67 ;6?'' '?'N9N ((?) &'?7'

240 &; 6?6( ;6?99 '?'N& ((?); &('?;'260 &;6 6?)76 ;6?)6 '?'N& ((?76 &((?)620 &;7 6?77 ;N?'' '?'N(& ((?; &(9?(;2900 &;9 6?799 ;N?99 '?'N'9 ((?;( &(;?);2920 &;( 6?;6( ;N?)6 '?'67 ((?9; &(7?)2940 &;' 6?;; ;?'' '?'6N6 ((?9' &()?692960 &;' 6?;; ;?99 '?'66 ((?&N &(6?((290 &;' 6?;; ;?)6 '?'66( ((?&6 &(6?9'-000 &9 6?;' 7'?'' '?'6)9 ((?&& &(N?&6-020 &9 6?;' 7'?99 '?'67) ((?&( &(N?;6

-040 &9N 6?96N 7'?)6 '?'6;N ((?(6 &(?&7-060 &9; 6?&7; 7(?'' '?'6;( ((?'9 &&&?'9-00 &9& 6?(& 7(?99 '?'69; ('?) &&9?;7-100 &9' 6?(9 7(?)6 '?'6&) ('?NN &&7?'-120 &9' 6?(9 7&?'' '?'6( ('?N6 &&7?9'-140 &9' 6?(9 7&?99 '?'6(9 ('?N) &&7?7(-160 && 6?' 7&?)6 '?'6') ('?N& &&)?9;-10 &&N 6?')N 79?'' '?') ('?66 &&6?9-200 &&6 6?'96 79?99 '?')9 ('?69 &&N?&;-220 &&7 )?67 79?)6 '?')N) ('?)) &&?6;

-240 &&9 )?(9 7;?'' '?')N ('?7 &9(?&)-260 &&& )?NN& 7;?99 '?')69 ('?7; &9&?97-20 &&( )?N7( 7;?)6 '?'))6 ('?7' &99?&;--00 &&' )?N& 77?'' '?'))( ('?;) &9;?(9--20 &&' )?N& 77?99 '?')77 ('?;; &9;?7N--40 &( )?6N 77?)6 '?'); ('?;' &97?;N--60 &(N )?67N 7)?'' '?');9 ('?9) &9)?9--0 &(6 )?6&6 7)?99 '?')9N ('?9& &96?9(-400 &() )?)) 7)?)6 '?')9& ('?&N &9N?&9-420 &(7 )?))7 76?'' '?')&) ('?&9 &9?9

-440 &(; )?)9; 76?99 '?')&( ('?( &;'?99

B á g i n a 9& )&


34/62


-460 &(& )?76& 76?)6 '?')(7 ('?(& &;&?''-40 &(' )?7( 7N?'' '?')( ('?'7 &;9?)N-500 &(' )?7( 7N?99 '?')'7 ('?'; &;9?&5400 ()' ;?) '?'' '?'9(7 6?N' 9(9?6

TA*LA N11 : R'&ultad& d' la /'lcdad d' &'d>'tac /')tcal'H>

E)))

50 '?'96& &?&9; &?9)6& 7?7

70 '?'(N97 (?('( '?;)( ()?96100 '?'(;) '?N69 '?N(N ?;7

+ED%ME-AC%0 %C%ADA

TA*LA N 12: a)a;l'& utlada& ' la &'d>'tac clada

D=>'t) c> 7?&)

* ;?(9

* 'tacclada u)a @ u)da u)a+

u)da#S/ N + c>H&

E)))

C)cula)7'S '?'('7 '?'(9NN&6N 9&?&&)'S '?''67 '?'(&&)) )9?)6'S '?''9; '?'';)9))( 9)?96

R'cta(ula)

7'S '?'('7 '?'(N'(6& 6(?7)'S '?'')( '?'('9N7'; 6'?&7

6'S '?''&9 '?''9&;7( ;(?'

a$ Método 1ra$a8 * a8a

B á g i n a 99 )&


35/62


TA*LA N 14: R'&ultad& d' la /'lcdad d' &'d>'tacclada + La>a +

La>a#S/ G + L

c>H>

E)))

Fact)

d'c))'ccF(

C)cula)7'S '?'('7 '?''76&; ;9?(& '?;9'&'N)'S '?''67 '?'')66(9N ?6( '?77'))66'S '?''9; '?''99(9'( &?7) '?6(;79&

R'cta(ula)

7'S '?'('7 '?''));9NN 9N?( '?9(&7)'S '?'')( '?''7)&;7 ;N?' '?;7'()

6'S '?''&9 '?''&';N& ;6?9 '?N7(;'

a$ Método a8a T Condor$ua8an

TA*LA N 15: R'&ultad& d' la /'lcdad d' &'d>'tac

clada a @ Cd)ua>a a @Cd)ua>a#S/ L + C c>H>

E)))

C)cula)

7'S '?'('7 '?'(&&); (6?(;

)'S '?''67 '?'(''7(N; 9;?'&6'S '?''9; '?'';'76NN (?97

R'cta(ula)

7'S '?'('7 '?'(;;& 9N?')'S '?'')( '?''N96); 96?96

6'S '?''&9 '?''&N'&6 &(?N)

B á g i n a 9; )&


36/62


7+ DISCUSI,N DE RESULTADOS

En la 1raca :(, 9 y 7 UAltura de %nter@ase vs -ie84oU se o"servaque 4ara cada una de las di@erentes concentraciones tra"aadas,

existe una zona donde el co84orta8iento es lineal, lo quecorres4onde a una velocidad de sedi8entaci5n constante, que seextiende $asta alcanzar un 4unto crítico, a 4artir de la cual lavelocidad de sedi8entaci5n decrece?

En los gracos se 4las8a VAltura de la inter@ase vs -ie84oWW serealiza una co84araci5n con los datos que corres4onden a la zonalineal de sedi8entaci5n, o"teniendo la ecuaci5n de la recta 4ara cadaconcentraci5n, cuyas 4endientes re4resentan las velocidadesex4eri8entales de sedi8entaci5n? Al co84arar estas velocidades seo"serva que a 8ayor concentraci5n 8enor es la velocidad desedi8entaci5n, esto se de"e a que cuando au8enta la concentraci5n,

las 4artículas c$ocan entre sí au8entando su interacci5n, así co8ota8"ién con las 4aredes del reci4iente, de tal 8anera que elrecorrido vertical de la 4artícula se o"staculiza retardando lasedi8entaci5n?

De las grácas S 6, N, (', ((, (9 y (;, se 4rocedi5 a $allar lasecuaciones de recta res4ectivas, de la 8is8a 8anera que ensedi8entaci5n vertical, se 8uestran estas ecuaciones =Bendiente dela recta velocidad ex4eri8ental de sedi8entaci5n>? En estasgrácas ta8"ién se 4uede o"servar que las velocidades desedi8entaci5n son 8ayores 4ara el tu"o de secci5n rectangular que4ara el de secci5n circular esta o"servaci5n se re4ite

inde4endiente8ente del ángulo al cual se tra"a5?

as velocidad de sedi8entaci5n ex4eri8ental en tu"os inclinados son'?'('7, '?'67 y '?''9; c8 K s, 4ara las inclinaciones de 7':, )': y6': res4ectiva8ente 4ara el tu"o circular y '?'('7, '?'')(, '?''&9c8Ks, 4ara las inclinaciones de 7':, )': y 6': res4ectiva8ente 4ara eltu"o rectangular? Analizando los resultados ex4eri8entales 4uestosen la ta"las : (9 ,: (; y : (7 o"serva8os 4ara una 8is8aconcentraci5n =6' gKl> que a 8edida que la velocidad desedi8entaci5n au8enta 8ientras dis8inuye el ángulo de inclinaci5nllegando a la $orizontalidad esto se da de"ido a que au8enta el área

transversal, 4or lo tanto las 4artículas tendrán una 8ayor área desedi8entaci5n as velocidades de sedi8entaci5n calculadas tanto de datos

ex4eri8entales co8o los esti8ados usando las ecuaciones deaJa8ura*uroda, 1ra$a8*a8a y a8a*

Condor$ua8án se 8uestran en la -a"la : (9, (; y (7res4ectiva8ente? +iendo el 8étodo de 1ra$a8 * a8a el que 8ás sea4roxi8a a los resultados ex4eri8entales 4ues 4resenta un 8enor4orcentae desviaci5n, =!erH -a"la (;, 1rácas S (N y (>?

+ CONCLUSIONESB á g i n a 97 )&


37/62


Pa&a %'('s -'s )a(a-es sa('s9 en e- -e)' es%á%i)' e- &gi!en &es-%* sien('

-a!ina&" An%es (e- +n%' !2ni!' (e -i(ia)i*n9 -a )a2(a (e +&esi*n es (i&e)%a!en%e

+&'+'&)i'na- a- -;' !ási)'"

La )a2(a (e +&esi*n (e- -e)' +e(e se& )a-)-a(' san(' -as e)a)i'nes (e Le=a9Ca&!an 8 E&gn" Es%' s'-' se )!+-e as%a e- +n%' !2ni!' (e -i(ia)i*n9 es%' es9

as%a 7e e- -e)' (e;a (e se& es%á%i)'" La e)a)i*n (e E&gn es -a 7e !e;'& se a;s%a a- +&')es' segi(' en e- e7i+' (e

-i(ia)i*n"

La (ie&en)ia en%&e -as )&=as (e )a2(a (e +&esi*n )'n%&a -a =e-')i(a( (e -;' en

as)ens' 8 (es)ens' se (een a- !'(' (e e!+a7e%a!ien%' (e- -e)'"

9+ RECO"ENDACIONES:

o Mani4ular cuidadosa8ente la válvula de co84uerta que

controla el caudal del


38/62


ti4os de 8ateriales co8o lec$o, a n de evaluar su e@ecto

en la caída de 4resi5n?

o %84le8entar una colu8na de di@erente diá8etro a n de

4oder estudiar el e@ecto de la variaci5n del diá8etro del

lec$o en la


39/62


• /A\AAR D%A\, #ugo? VEstudio técnico de la ?i8a, BerG? 3niversidad acional Mayor de +an Marcos,

@acultad de 2uí8ica e %ngeniería 2uí8ica, ()6?

• MC CA/E, Larren ?, +M%-#, Pulian C?, #ARR%0-, Beter?V04eraciones 3nitarias en %ngeniería 2uí8icaY? 68a edici5n?México DF, México? Mc1ra]*#ill, &''6, 44? ();*&'&?

• Foust, A? y 0tros, VBrinci4ios de las 04eraciones 3nitariasY,+é4ti8a Edici5n? CEC+A, México (), Bág? )9)*);&?

(? $tt4HKKcatarina?udla4?8xKu^dl^aKtalesKdocu8entosKli8K'tac ')tcal

B á g i n a 9N )&

http://quimicaorganicaqu.blogspot.pe/2013/07/elaboracion-de-la-cerveza.htmlhttp://quimicaorganicaqu.blogspot.pe/2013/07/elaboracion-de-la-cerveza.htmlhttp://quimicaorganicaqu.blogspot.pe/2013/07/elaboracion-de-la-cerveza.htmlhttp://quimicaorganicaqu.blogspot.pe/2013/07/elaboracion-de-la-cerveza.html


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'lcdad d' S'd>'tac /')tcal E

) =25.0518 t −0.5759 =Regresi5n 4otencial>

- Regresi5n lineal

Co8o la curva es una línea recta, la velocidad de sedi8entaci5n que

se calcula será constante en todos los 4untos de la recta?

B á g i n a 9 )&


41/62


SV calculada=−d)

dt =

d (−2.2349 t +23.8577 )dt

⇒S V calculada=2.2349cm /min

- Regresi5n 4otencial

SV calculada=−d)

d t =

d (25.0518 t −0.5759)dt

Calculando 4ara un tie84o igual a t ;;'s 6?99 8in se tieneH

SV calculada=0.5759 (25.0518 ) (7.33 )−1.5759

⇒SV calculada=0.6245 cm

min

- Concentraci5n 4ara cada tie84o

$ i=$ o x ) o

) i

Bara el calculo de #i se tieneH

) i= ) L+SV calculada x t L

DondeH

CoH Concentraci5n inicial 7' gK#o H Altura inicial de la sus4ensi5n &;?Nc8#i H Altura de la intersecci5n de la tangente con el ee deordenadas,c8

# H Altura que corres4onde al 4unto en donde se trazo latangente,c8t H -ie84o corres4ondiente al 4unto en donde se trazo la tangentes

Considerando el 4unto # N?&(7 c8, t 6?99 8in ;;'s

) i=8.215+0.6245 x7.33

⇒ ) i=12.79 cm

B á g i n a ;' )&


42/62


Ree84lazando se tieneH

$ i=(50 g/ L ) (24.8cm)

(12.79 cm )

⇒$ i=96.95g / L

+e realizan los 8is8os cálculos 4ara $allar las de8asconcentraciones 4ara cada tie84o en el intervalo 4otencial?Estos datos de velocidad de sedi8entacion y concentracion4ara 7'gK de CaC09 se 4ueden o"servar en la ta"la S& 4ara eltra8o de regresi5n 4otencial?

De la 8is8a @or8a se calculan todas las $ i 4ara las

concentraciones de 7', 6' y ('' gK de CaC09 ? Estosresultados se encuentran en las ta"las S N , , ('?

Con los datos de Concentraci5n y !elocidad de sedi8entacion

o"tenidos se ela"ora el 1raco S & de +!calculada=c8K8in> vsConcentraci5n=gK>, donde se o"serva una curva 4otencial cuyaecuaci5n esH

SV &*nch

=18273.3320$ −2.2882

+iendo 4ara la concentraci5n de C7' gK

SV &*nch

=18273.3320 (50)−2.2882

⇒SV &*nch=2.3672 cm /min

- Calculo del I de Error

+#=SV exp−SV &*nch

SV &*nch

B á g i n a ;( )&


43/62


+#=(2.2349−2.3672 ) cm/min

2.3672 cm /min x100

⇒+#=5.59

os de8ás resultados de SV&*nch 4ara cada concentracion de CaC09 y

los res4ectivos 4orcentaes de error se encuentran en la -a"la S (9?

S'd>'tac Iclada

Bara el tu"o de "ase circular con un _ 7'S y una concentraci5n de6' gK

- Velocidad de sedimentacion inclinada e$perimental

+e ela"ora el 1raco S (( de Altura de la inter@ase, #o=c8> !s?

-ie84o=s> en el cual se o"tiene una linea recta cuya ecuaci5n esH

) 0=−0.0105 t +2.7

Bor lo tanto la velocidad de sedi8entacion ex4eri8ental esH

S ,nclinadaexp=−d ) 0

dt =

d (−0.0105 t +2.7 )dt

⇒S ,nclinadaexp=0.0105 cm/ s

"Ktd NaMa>u)a+u)da

- Velocidad de sedimentacion inclinada calculada

Bara $allar la velocidad de sedi8entaci5n inclinada, se utiliza lasiguiente ecuaci5nH

S - − & =SVexp [1+( ) 0. xcosƟ)]

) 0= ) /sinƟ * .=

D

4

B á g i n a ;& )&


44/62


DondeHSVexp esla velocidad de sedimentacionverti cal para laconcentracion de70g / l

DatosH SVexp=0.0105 cm /s , ) =2.7c m01=50 2 0 D=5.26 cm

⇒ ) 0=2.7/sin (502 )=2.079 cm

⇒.=(5.260 )

4 =4.13cm

Ree84lazando datosH

S - − & =(0.0105 cm/s)[1+( 2.079 cm4.13 cm x cos502 )]⇒S - − & =0.01449cm/s


+#=Sinclinada exp−S - − &

S - − & x 100

+#=| (0.0105−0.01449 ) cm/s0.01449cm/ s | x 100

+#=38.016

"os demás resultados para los ángulos !%& ' (%& se

encuentran en la tabla )&13

"Ktd G)aa> @ La>a

Este 8étodo introduce un @actor de correcci5n =F1>

B á g i n a ;9 )&


45/62


SG− L=SVexp 3 G[1+( ) 0. x cosƟ)]Donde el @actor F1 4uede ser $allado a 4artir de la 4endiente V8Y, de

la graca S(7 de ln( .+ ) 0 cos4.+ ) i cos4 )vstiempo ? os datos 4ara este gráco

se o"servan en la ta"la S(6

Cuya 4endiente esH

3 G x SV exp x cosƟ

. =0.0008

DatosH

SVexp=0.0105 cm/s 0 ) 0=2.079cm01=502 0 .=4.13 cm

Donde el @actor $allado esH

3 G= (0.0007 ) (4.13 )(0.0105 ) (cos 502 )

⇒ 3 G=0.4302

Ree84lzando datosH

SG− L= (0.0105 cm/s) (0.4302 ) [1+( 2.079 cm4.13 cm /cos 502 )]⇒

SG− L=0.00597cm/s


+#=Sinclinadaexp−SG− L

SG− L x100

+#=| (0.0105−0.00597 )cm/ s0.00597cm/s | x100

B á g i n a ;; )&


46/62


⇒+#=43.12

"os demás resultados para los ángulos !%& ' (%& se encuentran

en la tabla )&1*"Ktd La>a @ Cd)ua>a

+e introduce el 4ará8etro , que es una constante adi8ensionalex4eri8ental que 4ara la sus4ensi5n de CaC09 es '?79&

S L−$ =SV [1+ & ( ) 0. xcosƟ)]

DatosH SVexp=0.0105 cm/s 0 & =0.532, ) 0=2.079c m0.=4.13 c m01=502

Ree84lazando datosH

S L−$ =(0.0105 cm /s)[1+ (0.532 )( 2.079 cm4.13 cm /cos502)]⇒S L−$ =0.01229 cm /s


+#=

Sinclinadaexp−S L−$ S L−$ x 100

+#=| (0.0105−0.01229 ) cm /s0.01229 cm / s | x 100

⇒+#=17.14

"os demás resultados para los ángulos !%& ' (%& se encuentran

en la tabla )&15

Bara realizar los calculos 4ara el tu"o de "ase rectancular sedesarrollan de la 8is8a @or8a solo se ca8"ia el valor de / que eneste caso es la distancia que se4ara las 4lacas inclinadas adyacentes?

12+ GR8FICOS

SEDI"ENTACI,N ERTICAL

B á g i n a ;7 )&


47/62


G)=c N1: Altu)a c> /& t'> a ua cc't)acd' 50 (HL$

'?'' ('?'' &'?'' 9'?'' ;'?'' 7'?'' )'?'' 6'?'''

7

('

(7

&'

&7

9'

@=x> &7?'7 x`*'?7NR (

@=x> * &?&9x b &9?N)R (

1RAF%C0 (H $=c8> vs t=8in>

t=8in>

$=c8>

G)ac N2: 'lcdad d' &'d>'tac /')t/al#Scalculadac>H> /& Cc't)ac ' 'l t'>


48/62


'?'' (''?'' &''?'' 9''?'' ;''?'''?''''

'?7'''

(?''''

(?7'''

&?''''

&?7'''

@=x> (N&69?99 x`*&?&

R '?

1RAF%C0 &H +v vs C

Ci=gK>

+v=c8K8in>

G)=c N-: Altu)a c> /& t'> 9;?7 x`*'?7&

Ra '?MN

@=x> * (?(x b (N?'7

Ra '?MM

1RAF%C0 9H $=c8> vs t =8in>

t=8in>

$=c8>

G)ac N4: 'lcdad d' &'d>'tac# Scalculadac>H> /&Cc't)ac ' 'l t'>


49/62


7'?'' (''?'' (7'?'' &''?'' &7'?'''?''''

'?&'''

'?;'''

'?)'''

'?N'''

(?''''

(?&'''

(?;'''

@=x> 9999'(?N x`*9?'(R '?

1RAF%C0 ;H +v vs C

Ci=gK>

+v=c8K8in>

G)=c N5: Altu)a c> /& t'>


50/62


G)ac N6: 'lcdad d' &'d>'tac# Scalculadac>H> /&Cc't)ac ' 'l t'> (&)'969?9N x`*9?'R '?

1RAF%C0 )H +v vs C

SEDI"ENTACI,N INCLINADAG)=c N7: Altu)a /')tcal# . c> /& t'> /& T'>


51/62


G)=c N: Altu)a /')tcal# . c> /& t'> ;6?N9 x`*'?6R '?6

@=x>

R ' Altu)ac> /& T'>


52/62


'

&''

;''

'

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'?(

'?(7

'?&

@=x> 'x b '?'(

R '?MN@=x> 'x b '?'(R '?M6

l6F*Q.2Rc2&FSGH*Q.Rc2&FSGG /& T1'>

cilíndrico

inear = cilíndrico>

T1'> ;9?) x`*'?;(R '?6

@=x> R '

Altu)ac> /& T'> /& t'>


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('' &'' 9'' ;'' 7'' )'' 6'' N'' '' (''' (('''

(

&

9

;

7

)@=x> &&?&& x`*'?&7R '?N

@=x> R ' Altu)ac> /& T'> 'x b 'R (

@=x> 'x b 'R '?MM


cilíndricainear =cilíndrica>

T1'>


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G)=c N1-: Altu)a d' la t')Pa&'# .c> /& t'> * 'x b ;?;6R '?6

Altu)ac> /& T'> /& t'>


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G)=c N15: ln [ ( .+ ) 0 cos4 )/ ( .+ ) i cos4 ) ] vs tiempo( s) # ac d'l Pact) d' c))'cc 3 G 5 a la

cc't)ac d' 70 (HL B u =(ul d' 70

'

'?'&

'?';

'?')

'?'N

'?(

'?(&

'?(;

@=x> 'x b '?'(

R '?MN@=x> 'x b '?'(R '?M6


cilíndrica

inear =cilíndrica>

T1'> * 'x b ;?99

R '?)

@=x> * 'x b )?&&R '?7

@=x> R ' Altura =c8> vs tie84o =s>

7'S

inear =7'S>

)'S

inear =)'S>

6'S

inear =6'S>

-ie84o

Altura

B á g i n a 7; )&


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G)=c N17: C> vs tie84o =s>

7'S

inear =7'S>

)'S

inear =)'S>

6'S

inear =6'S>

-ie84o

Altura

G)aca N1: C>'tac a cc't)ac d' 120(CaCO-HL

;7 7' 77 )' )7 6' 67'

'?'(

'?'(

'?'&

'?'&

'?'9

!elocidad =c8Ks> vs ngulo K Rectangular

aJa8ura*uroda

1ra$a8*a8a

a8a*Condor$ua8an

Ex4eri8ental

ngulo

+=c8Ks>

B á g i n a 77 )&


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G)aca N19: C>'tac 'dat'& l& >d'l& a&>a cc't)ac d' 120(CaCO-HL

;7 7' 77 )' )7 6' 67

'

'

'

'?'(

'?'(

'?'(

'?'(

'?'(

'?'&

!elocidad =c8Ks> vs ngulo K Cilíndrico

aJa8ura*Juroda

1ra$a8*a8a

a8a*Condor$ua8an

Ex4eri8ental

ngulo

+ =c8Ks>

B á g i n a 7) )&


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1-+ ANEOS

ALICACIONES:

a sedi8entaci5n es 8uy e84leada en 4rocesos de se4araci5n?3na a4licaci5n de es4ecial interés se 4roduce en el t)ata>'t d' a(ua&)'&dual'&, donde 4uede realizarse de dos @or8asH la sedi8entaci5n si84ley la sedi8entaci5n inducida o decantaci5n?

a +edi8entaci5n +i84le tiene 4or o"eto reducir la carga de s5lidossedi8enta"les cuyos ta8años de 4artícula son relativa8ente grandes?Mediante esta o4eraci5n se eli8inan 4artículas si84les, no aglo8era"les,4or dis8inuci5n de la velocidad y tur"ulencia del


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La& a


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entre unos (7 y (6 :C y se dea au8entar $asta los &'*&& :C, se realiza una8ayor aireaci5n? Estos dos @actores la 8ayor te84eratura unto con una8ayor aireaci5n, $acen que se realice en 8enos tie84o, en solo 9 días?

D'&Pa(ad B cla)cac d' /&$

04eraci5n que consiste en claricar los 8ostos, des4ués de 4rensarlas uvas, eli8inando los s5lidos a "ur"as? +e lla8a ta8"iéndes"ar"ado o des"inzado? as 8odernas 4rensas neu8áticas4er8iten o"tener los 8ostos "lancos con 8uy 4ocos @angos, 4ero la

claricaci5n de los 8ostos sigue siendo un 4roceso i84ortante en laela"oraci5n de vinos de calidad?

El des8angado estático se realiza es4erando que los de45sitos sesedi8enten es4ontánea8ente? Bara 4roteger al vino y activar este4roceso, lo 8eor es recurrir al @río ="aando la te84eratura a ' :C>?

-a8"ién 4uede recurrirse a una 4equeña dosis de an$ídrido sul@uroso,a la adici5n de enzi8as, etc?

El des@angado diná8ico se realiza recurriendo a la ltraci5n o a lacentri@ugaci5n, técnicas que $ay que utilizar con 8aestría 4ara noe84o"recer los 8ostos?

os 8ostos o"tenidos, desde la viña al encu"ado, están cargados de"ur"as o @angos @or8ados 4or restos s5lidos de 4ul4a, de ras4ones,de se8illas y de 4artículas de tierra 4ero ta8"ién de levaduras,"acterias y coloides 8ás o 8enos


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en vinicaciones de 8ostos claros de vinos "lancos, rosados yclaretes?

Cla)cac d' u(& ' auca)')a&

El ugo 4roveniente de los 8olinos 4or 4odrido, 4asa al tanque, donde

se re"aa su grado de acidez? El ugo alcalinizado se "o8"ea a loscalentadores, donde se eleva su te84eratura $asta un nivel cercanoal 4unto de e"ullici5n? uego antes de 4asar a los claricadores va aun tanque de


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Fluidización Lab Iq Fanny Blas