Fluorine in RCB and EHe Fluorine in RCB and EHe Stars Stars

►RCB stars comprise a sequence of RCB stars comprise a sequence of

H-deficient supergiants with effective H-deficient supergiants with effective temperatures from about 3500 K, as temperatures from about 3500 K, as represented by Z Umi and DY Per, to about represented by Z Umi and DY Per, to about 19,500 K, as represented by DY Cen.19,500 K, as represented by DY Cen.

►The characteristic of H-deficiency is shared The characteristic of H-deficiency is shared by the HdC stars at low temperatures and by the HdC stars at low temperatures and by the EHe stars at high temperatures.by the EHe stars at high temperatures.

►The sequence HdC – RCB – EHe in the The sequence HdC – RCB – EHe in the

(Teff – log g) plane reflects a close (Teff – log g) plane reflects a close evolutionary sequence.evolutionary sequence.

► If HdC, RCB, and EHe stars share a If HdC, RCB, and EHe stars share a common heritage - their atmospheric common heritage - their atmospheric compositions should show some compositions should show some common features.common features.

►One hopes to test the theoretical ideas One hopes to test the theoretical ideas about the origins of these extremely about the origins of these extremely rare stars through their chemical rare stars through their chemical compositions.compositions.

► In our Galaxy:In our Galaxy:

5 HdC, 40 RCBs (Zaniewski et al. 5 HdC, 40 RCBs (Zaniewski et al. 2005),2005),

and 21 EHesand 21 EHes

►Two scenarios remain in contention to Two scenarios remain in contention to account for these stars:account for these stars:

1. A final He-shell flash in a post-AGB 1. A final He-shell flash in a post-AGB star on the white dwarf cooling track star on the white dwarf cooling track creates a creates a

H-poor luminous star – FF scenarioH-poor luminous star – FF scenario 2. The H-poor star is formed from a 2. The H-poor star is formed from a

merger of a He white dwarf with a C-O merger of a He white dwarf with a C-O white dwarf. In a close binary system, white dwarf. In a close binary system, accretion of the He white dwarf by the accretion of the He white dwarf by the C-O white dwarf may lead to a H-poor C-O white dwarf may lead to a H-poor supergiant with C-O white dwarf as its supergiant with C-O white dwarf as its core – DD scenariocore – DD scenario

► Observed chemical composition and the Observed chemical composition and the theoretical predictions about the FF and DD theoretical predictions about the FF and DD products:products:

1.1. H, C, N, and O abundances suggest that RCB H, C, N, and O abundances suggest that RCB and EHe stars evolved via the DD rather and EHe stars evolved via the DD rather than the FF route (Pandey et al. 2001; Saio & than the FF route (Pandey et al. 2001; Saio & Jeffery 2002; Asplund et al. 2000; Pandey et Jeffery 2002; Asplund et al. 2000; Pandey et al. 2006)al. 2006)

2.2. Convincing, essentially incontrovertible, Convincing, essentially incontrovertible, evidence that the DD scenario led to the evidence that the DD scenario led to the HdCs and some cool RCBs was presented by HdCs and some cool RCBs was presented by Clayton et al. (2007) – 18O was very Clayton et al. (2007) – 18O was very abundant in their atmospheres - attributed abundant in their atmospheres - attributed to nucleosynthesis occurring during and to nucleosynthesis occurring during and following accretion of the He-rich material following accretion of the He-rich material onto C-O white dwarfonto C-O white dwarf

►Determination of oxygen isotopic ratios Determination of oxygen isotopic ratios demands a cool star with the CO demands a cool star with the CO vibration-rotation bands in its spectrumvibration-rotation bands in its spectrum

►Majority of RCBs and all of the EHes are Majority of RCBs and all of the EHes are too hot for CO to contribute to their too hot for CO to contribute to their spectra (Tenenbaum et al. 2005)spectra (Tenenbaum et al. 2005)

►An alternative tracer of nucleosynthesis An alternative tracer of nucleosynthesis during a merger may be provided by during a merger may be provided by the fluorine abundances the fluorine abundances

►Considerable enrichment of EHe stars Considerable enrichment of EHe stars with F was discovered by Pandey (2006) with F was discovered by Pandey (2006) from detection and analysis of about a from detection and analysis of about a dozen F I lines in their optical spectradozen F I lines in their optical spectra

►Clayton et al’s (2007) calculations Clayton et al’s (2007) calculations suggest that F synthesis is possible in suggest that F synthesis is possible in the DD scenariothe DD scenario

►Here, we report on a search of F I lines Here, we report on a search of F I lines in the spectra of RCBs and discuss the in the spectra of RCBs and discuss the F abundances in light of the results for F abundances in light of the results for EHes and the expectations for the DD EHes and the expectations for the DD and FF scenariosand FF scenarios

►Observations:Observations:

High-resolution optical spectra of RCBs High-resolution optical spectra of RCBs at maximum light obtained at at maximum light obtained at McDonald Observatory and the Vainu McDonald Observatory and the Vainu Bappu ObservatoryBappu Observatory

► The wavelengths and the experimental gf-values The wavelengths and the experimental gf-values come from Musielok et al. (1999)come from Musielok et al. (1999)

► For a given fixed F abundance, the predicted For a given fixed F abundance, the predicted equivalent widths for models with a C/He=1% equivalent widths for models with a C/He=1% varies from 75mA at (Teff,log g)=(8000K,1.0)varies from 75mA at (Teff,log g)=(8000K,1.0)

to 35mA at (7000K,0.5) to 12mA at (6250K,0.5) to 35mA at (7000K,0.5) to 12mA at (6250K,0.5) where the (Teff,log g) combinations are where the (Teff,log g) combinations are representative of V3795 Sgr, VZ Sgr, and GU Sgr, representative of V3795 Sgr, VZ Sgr, and GU Sgr, respectively, and F abundance chosen is respectively, and F abundance chosen is representative of values reported for EHe stars representative of values reported for EHe stars (Pandey 2006)(Pandey 2006)

These predictions suggest that opportunities for These predictions suggest that opportunities for detection of F I lines will be best in the hottest detection of F I lines will be best in the hottest RCB starsRCB stars

►RCBs and EHesRCBs and EHes

The analyzed RCBs have a mean F The analyzed RCBs have a mean F abundance of 6.7 which is the same abundance of 6.7 which is the same for the analyzed EHes. for the analyzed EHes.

The F abundances of analyzed RCB and The F abundances of analyzed RCB and EHe stars show no obvious trend with EHe stars show no obvious trend with their C, N, O, Si, S, and Fe abundancestheir C, N, O, Si, S, and Fe abundances

►DD scenario and fluorineDD scenario and fluorine““cold” DD – no nucleosynthesis during mergercold” DD – no nucleosynthesis during merger““hot” DD - nucleosynthesis occurs during and hot” DD - nucleosynthesis occurs during and

following accretionfollowing accretionF in PG1159 stars shows a range (Werner, F in PG1159 stars shows a range (Werner,

Rauch & Kruk 2005; Werner & Herwig 2006) Rauch & Kruk 2005; Werner & Herwig 2006) from solar to 250 times solar. In the “cold” from solar to 250 times solar. In the “cold” DD, He-intershell material is diluted by a DD, He-intershell material is diluted by a factor of about 10 and, then, factor of about 10 and, then, overabundances of up to 25 times solar for overabundances of up to 25 times solar for the RCBs and EHes are predictedthe RCBs and EHes are predicted

No detectable F I lines in the spectrum of No detectable F I lines in the spectrum of Sakurai’s object, a final He-shell flash Sakurai’s object, a final He-shell flash product, suggests that in the He-shell flash product, suggests that in the He-shell flash 14N is completely burned into 22Ne. The 14N is completely burned into 22Ne. The temperatures are so high that 18O, which is temperatures are so high that 18O, which is the seed for 19F, is destroyedthe seed for 19F, is destroyed

►Fluorine in RCB and EHe stars is about Fluorine in RCB and EHe stars is about 1000 times above solar1000 times above solar

►19F synthesis is demonstrated by Clayton 19F synthesis is demonstrated by Clayton et al. (2007) which was briefly about 100 et al. (2007) which was briefly about 100 times above its solar abundance before times above its solar abundance before 19F(alpha,p)22Ne took the toll19F(alpha,p)22Ne took the toll

►Challenge is to show that the hot DD Challenge is to show that the hot DD scenario includes the possibility of scenario includes the possibility of robustly increasing the F abundance to robustly increasing the F abundance to the observed levels of 1000 times over the observed levels of 1000 times over solarsolar

►19F production:19F production:

18O(p,gamma)19F18O(p,gamma)19F

Additional channel 18O(p,alpha)15N and Additional channel 18O(p,alpha)15N and 15N(alpha,gamma)19F15N(alpha,gamma)19F

Most of the 18O is converted by proton-Most of the 18O is converted by proton-captures to 12C: captures to 12C: 18O(p,alpha)15N(p,alpha)12C18O(p,alpha)15N(p,alpha)12C

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