foi;sh...2019 cQks 15 05 foi;sh m%;s,dNSka wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl jYfhka Yla;su;a lsÍu hs wruqKq lf

foi;shmqj;a i`.rdj

2019 cQks 15

biqrenr Èúhlg iisßnr udj;la

bkaÈhdfõ fojeks jrg;a w.%dud;H Oqrhg m;a jQ kf¾kaø

fudaÈ cQks ui 9 jeks od ,xldjg meñKsfha Y%S ,xld

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ckdêm;s f,alï ld¾hd, mßY%fha§ w.ue;s fudaÈ WKqiqï

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—Y%S ,xldj h<s ke`.S isákq we;s nj ug úYajdihs̃ hkqfjka'

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fj¿u 42" l,dmh 10" 2019 cQks 15

rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=j" 163" lsre<mk wejksõ"fmd,afyakaf.dv" fld<U 05'

;srir ixj¾Ok b,lal hgf;a 2030 jir jk úg f,dalfha oßø;dj

wvlska wvq lsÍug hs ie,iqï ilia lrñka isákafka' fï jk úg;a

th wvq w.hla f.k ;sîu hym;a m%jK;djla' 2018 uynexl= j¾;dj

fmkajd fok wdldrhg 2002 jif¾ 22'7la la jQ Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk

oßø;d o¾Ylh 2016 jir jk úg 4'1 olajd wvq ù ;sfnkjd' thska fmkS

hkafka Y%S ,xldj o tu b,lalh fj; hdug iQodkñka isák njla'

ksoyiska miq furg wvq wdodhï,dNs m%cdj b,lal lr .ksñka

l%shd;aul l< fndfyda iudc iqnidOk jevigyka iy iykdOdr

fya;=fjka È<s`ÿnj wvq jQ nj wm ms<s.; hq;= ldrKhla' zckiúhz "

ziuDoaêhz wd§ jevigyka u`.ska tu È<s`ÿ mjq,a k`.d isgqùug ,enqfKa

úfYaI odhl;ajhla' fkdfndaod kej;;a ,laI 6lg iuDoaê ysñlu ,nd

§ug rch úiska mshjr .ekqfKa ta iòyd m%;smdok jYfhka remsh,a

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iuDoaê iudc wdrlaIK m%;s,dN o ysñ jk ksid mjq, wd¾Ól yd iudchSh

jYfhka iuDoaêu;aNdjhg m;a ùu fï Tiafia wfmalaId flfrkjd'

flfia fj;;a fï jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍfï§ uqyqKfok

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olakg ,efnkafka iuDoaê jHdmdrh weröfï wruqK fj; <`.d ùu fkdj

rchg ;j;a jeh nrla b;=re ùu muK hs' iykdOdrhg wu;r j ,efnk

fndfyda m%;s,dN iuDoaê,dNshd thska bj;a jQ úg Tjqkaf.ka .s<syS hdu hs

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jevms<sfjf<ys uQ,sl wfmalaIdj jk neúka th bgq lr .ekSug lghq;=

lsÍu hs fuys§ wjYH jkafka' wfkla w;g iuDoaê,dNshd fj; o j.lSula

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.ksñka rgg nrla fkdù rg fjkqfjka ;u hq;=lu yd j.lSu bgqlrk

mqoa.,hl= njg m;a ùu hs'

rgg nrla fkdjkak Èßfhka ke`.sákak

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È<s`ÿlu msgq±lSfï wruqKska

1995 jif¾ iuDoaê jHdmdrh

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fmruqKq m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkhg

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mk;ska

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wju lrñka wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok

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wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdldrlï

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;=rka lsÍu hs wfmalaId lf<a' tu`.

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lghq;= lrñka isákafka'

iuDoaê iykdOdr iy iuDoaê

iudc wdrlaIK m%;s,dN f,i

l%shd;aul jk fï jevigyk

hgf;a iuDoaê iykdOdrh

f,i ,efnk ysñlu

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wvq wdodhï,dNSkag laIqø uQ,H

myiqlï iemhSug iuDoaê m%cd uQ,

nexl= 1073la iy iuDoaê m%cd uQ,

nexl= iñ;s 331la l%shd;aul jkafka

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l%uh l%shdjg kexùu;a laIqø uQ,H

myiqlï ie,iSfï lemS fmfkk

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jevigyk uÕska iuDoaê m%;s,dNska

l=vd mßudK jHjidhlhka njg

m;a lsÍu hs È.=ld,Sk wruqK' tfia

u iEu iuDoaê m%;s,dNS mjq,la i|yd

u iaÓr ksjila bÈlr Èfï wruq‚ka

ksjdi jdikd f,d;/hshla wrUk

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iuDoaê m%;s,dNska f;dard .ekqfKa

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m%;s,dN ,nkakka ks¾foaY lrk ,oafoa

wÞ< m%dfoaYSh f,alï úiska'


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ixialD;sl jYfhka Yla;su;a lsÍu

hs wruqKq lf<a'

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,nk msßi ,laI 14la' flfia

fj;;a 2018 Y%S ,xld uynexl=

jd¾;dj fmkajd fok wdldrhg

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m%jK;djla olakg ,efnkjd'

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tfy;a rch úiska fï jif¾§;a

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wvq wdodhï,dNS ,laI 6lg iuDoaê

m%;s,dN ,nd §ug hs lghq;= fhdod

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ke.sáuqZ hk jevigyk hgf;a tys

wdrïNl mshjr isÿ jqfKa fkdfndaod

wïmdr Èia;%slalfhka jk w;r uq,a

wÈhr hgf;a 450 000lg m%;s,dN

ysñ fjkjd' b;sß msßi fï jk

úg y`ÿkd .ksñkq hs isákafka' ta

iòyd fjka lr we;s uqo, remsh,a

ì,shk 50la'

fï i|yd iuDoaê m%;s,dNska

f;dard .ekSu úêu;a l%ufõohlg

wkqj isÿ l< nj hs iuDoaê

ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ

wOHlaI ckrd,a tia' B' wd¾'

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lrkafka' tA ms<sn| woyia

olajk Tyq( —iuDoaê m%;s,dNska

f;dard .ekqfKa .%du ks,Odß

fldÜGdi uÜgñka' tA" iuDoaê

ixj¾Ok ks,Odßka yd .%du fiajd

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iólaIKhlg wkqj hs' Bg wÞ< j

m%;s,dN ,nkakka ks¾foaY lrk

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tA wkqj iuia; iuDoaê m%;s,dNska

m%udKh ,laI 20 olajd by< hkq

we;s'

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ld,hla i|yd hs' bka miq tu

m%;s,dNshd jHjidhlhl= f,i

keÕS isàu hs fuys§ b;d jeo.;a

jkafka' flfia fj;;a È.ska È.g

u iuDoaê m%;s,dNska iykdOdr

,nkakka muKla njg m;a ùu fï

jevigyfkys wfmalaIs; b,lal

imqrd .ekSug hdfï§ uqyqKfok

m%Odk;u wNsfhda.hla njg hs m;a

j we;af;a'

fï ms<sn| woyiA olajk m%d:ñl

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n,.ekaùu fuys m%Odk wruqK

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ms<sn| wm wud;HdxYh iólaIKhla

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yd ne£ ;sfnk hï hï m%;s,dN

fya;=fjka iuDoaê,dNska fï ldâm;

w;ayeÍug olajkafka wlue;a;la'

thg fya;=j jkafka iuDoaê

m%;s,dNskag iykdOdrhg wu;r

j iudc wdrlaIK wruqo, uÕska

m%Þkh flfrk w;=re m%;s,dNj,g o

ysñlï lSug yelsùu hs'˜

flfia fj;;a iuDoaê m%;s,dN

w;ayeÍug tjeks wlue;a;la

±rej o Tjqka iuDoaêh ,nkakka

f,i iudc.;ùug olajkafka

n,j;a ue<slula' iudÔh ldrKd

u; wdl,amuh jYfhka Tjqka

iudcfha by< Ôjk uÜgula

iys; j Ôj;a jk njg fmkaùug

W;aidy ork w;r we;eï msßia

È<s÷ nj wdYS¾jdohla fldg .ksñka

hemqï udkisl;ajfha /£ isàug hs

leue;a;la olajkafka' fï ;;a;ajh

ienúka u ueÈ wdÞhï ,nk rgl

isg by< wdÞhï ,nk rgj,a w;rg

hdug W;aidy ork Y%S ,xldj jeks

rglg Tfrd;a;= fokafka keye'

fï ksid iudc iqnidOkh i|yd

w¨;ska iuDoaê ikdOdr ysñlï m%odkh l< wjia:dj

iuDoaê jHdmD;sfha wdrïNh iksgqya lrñka


rchg úYd, jeh nrla ±Íug isÿ

jk nj kï wújdofhka u ms<s.;

hq;= lreKla' fï i|yd bÈßfha§

iuDoaê jevigykg wÞ< ish¨

f;dr;=re mß.Kl cd,.; lrñka

ienE f,i u iuDoaê m%;s,dN

,eìh hq;= msßia y÷kd .ekSug

rch jevms<sfj<la ilia lsÍug

wfmalaId lsÍu fï .eg¨jg tla;rd

úi÷ula jkq we;s' wfkla w;g

fld<U úYajúoHd,fha wd¾Ól

úoHd wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾h

úð;mqr úu,r;k ysñ i|yka lrk

wdldrhg iuDoaê m%;s,dNska hemqï

udkisl;ajfhka bj;a lsÍug kï

Tjqkag ksYaÑ; ld, jljdkq we;s j

iykdOdr ,nd§u jeo.;a jkq we;s'

túg iuDoaê jHjidhlhka f,i

keÕS isákakg Tjqka W;aiql jkjd

muKla fkdj È.=ld,Sk ie,iqï

we;sj ;u wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh

f.dvkÕd .ekSug wjYH mßirh

o iuDoaê m%;s,dNska úiska u ilid

.kq ksiel hs'

tfuka u uydpd¾h úð;mqr

úu,r;k ysñ mjik wdldrhg

;jÿrg;a iykdOdr iy iudc

wdrlaIK m%;s,dN ,nd §fuka

Tíng f.dia tA i|yd ork úhou

È.=ld,Sk m%d.aOk wdfhdack i|yd

fhdojkafka kï" l¾udka;;mqr

we;s lrñka ú/lshdjg úi÷ï ,nd

fokafka kï we;s ke;s mr;rh ÿre

ù È<s÷lu ;=rka lsÍug tA Tiafia

wjldY ie,fikq we;s'

fï wkqj f.da,Sh jYfhka

y`ÿkdf.k ;sfnk 2030 jir jk

úg oßø;dj wvlska wvq lsÍfï ;srir

ixj¾Ok b,lalh lrd <`.d ùfï§

Y%S ,xldjg o ;sfnkafka w;ay<

fkdyels j.lSula' 2030 jir jk úg

;srir Y%S ,xldjla njg wm rg m;a

lsÍu o wNsm%dhla' fï ksid ta iòyd

rfÜ wvq wdodhï,dNska iún, .kajd

wd¾Ól iuDoaêu;aNdjh we;s lr tu

f.da,Sh b,lalh fj; <`.d ùug wm

±ka isg u iQodkï úh hq;= hs'

ud,d u,aldka;s mrK.uf.a

Y%S ,xldfõ ÿmam;=ka n,.ekaùu

fjkqfjka werUqKq iuDoaê

jevigyk wdrïNfha§ ta u; u

hefmk msßila wfmalaId lf<a

keye' tfy;a tÞ fuod ;=r iuDoaê

m%;s,dN ,eîu i|yd f;dard ÿka

lKavdhu È.ska È.g u j¾Okh

jQjd ñi" iuDoaê m%;s,dNfhka

n,.ekajqKq nj mjid m%;s,dN

,eîfuka bj;a jQ lsis÷ flfkla

keye'

mqoa.,hka n,.ekaùu fjkqfjka

iuDoaê jevigyk l%shd;aul

jqj;a ta hgf;a m%;s,dN ,nk

jeä msßila isákafka hemqï

udkisl;ajhl' iuDoaê m%;s,dNh

uÕska n,.ekajqKq miq o Tjqka

È.ska È.g u iuDoaê m%;s,dN ,nd

.kakjd' iuDoaê ldâm; ysñ jQ

miq iuDoaê m%;s,dNSkag wksjd¾h

b;sßlsÍï m%udKhla nexl= .sKqug

ner fjkjd' iuDoaê nexl= yryd

fï m%;s,dNSkag wvq fmd<shg Kh

myiqlï ,nd.; yels hs' Kh

,ndf.k Tjqka jHjidhlhka

f,i úúO jHdmD;sj, kshe,S

fjfyfikafka ;u wd¾Ólh

f.dvkÕd .ekSug hs' tfy;a

wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a jQ miq;a

Tjqka iuDoaê ldâm; w;ayeÍug

wlue;a;la olajkafka iuDoaê

ldâm; yd ne÷Kq fjk;a m%;s,dN

uq,alrf.k hs' Wiia fm< yÞrk

iuDoaê m%;s,dNshdf.a orejkag

ysñfjk zismafÞrZ YsIH;ajh tA

w;r iqúfYaI hs' Wiiafm< iu;a

ùfuka miq úYajúoHd,hg

f;dard.kakd úg o iuDoaê,dNS

mjq,aj, orejkag jrm%ido ysñ

fjkjd muKla fkdfjhs rcfhka

hï hï úfYaI m%;s,dN ,ndfok

úg o iuDoaê,dNskag m%uqL;ajhla

,efnkjd' rcfhka ksjdi

,nd fok úg o iuDoaê,dNskag

,efnkafka m%uqL;djla' tjeks

w;=re m%;s,dN fya;=fjkq hs Tjqka

È.ska È.g u iuDoaê m%;s,dNh

wfmalaId lrkafka'

wfYdald w,j;a;f,alï

m%d:ñl l¾udka; iy iudc iún,.ekaùï wud;HdxYh

hemqï udkisl;ajfhka bj;a úh hq;= hs'


iuDoaê jevigyk iïnkaO

f;dr;=re cd,h mß.Kl.;

lsÍug o kshñ; hs' ta yryd

iuDoaê nexl=j, fld;rï

b;=reï m%udKhla ;sfnkjd o@

iuDoaê,dNSkag fld;rï m%;s,dN

,nd Èh yels o@ iuDoaê nexl= yd

.kqfokq lrkakka fl;rïÿrg

iún, .eka ù ;sfí o@ hk

f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr.; yels

hs' tuÕska iuDoaê,dNska w;ßka

iuDoaê m%;s,dN ,eîug iqÿiq iy

kqiqÿiq mjq,a y÷kd.ekSu;a bÈßfha

§ isÿ flfrkjd'

fï hgf;a ldka;djka

10000la jHjidhl uÜgug

f.k taug;a" iuDoaê m%;s,dNska

iq¿" uOH yd úYd, mßudK

jYfhka jHjidhlhka njg

m;alsÍug;a úfYaI jevigyka

iuQyhla bÈßfha§ l%shd;aul

ùug o kshñ; hs' tys§ m<uq j

iuDoaê,dNska iuDoaê nexl= uÕska

iún, .ekaùu wdrïN lr" miqj

iïnkaO lrkafka rcfha nexl=j,g

hs' wud;HdxYfha m%d:ñl l¾udka;

wxYh uÕska l%shd;aul jevigyka

hgf;a lDIsl¾u lafIa;%h

;=< fï m%;s,dNSka ;jÿrg;a

jHjidhlhka njg m;alsÍu o

isÿ fjkjd' tA i|yd wmkhk

lDIsl¾u .ïudk 5000la we;s

lsÍfï úfYaI jHdmD;sh ie,iqï

lf<a' thska .ïudk 100l jev

lghq;= cqks ui 17 jeksod wdrïN

lrkjd' fuhska n,dfmdfrd;a;=

jkafka iuDoaê,dNSka hemqï

udkisl;ajfhka bj;a j

jHjidhlhka njg m;aùu hs' fï

m%;s,dNSka iajdëk j keÕS isáh

yels lKavdhula njg m;a lsÍu hs

fï jevigyfka §¾>ld,Sk wruqK'

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

iuDoaê ysñlu hkq iykdOdr

u,a,la f.g .ekSu hkqfjka

m%p,s; jQ u;h fjkia l<

hq;= ld,h ±ka t<ô,d' iuDoaê

iykdOdr ysñlug tl;= jqKq

m%;s,dN /ila zw¨;ska ys;uq -

Èßfhka ke.sáuqZ jevigyk

hgf;a iuDoaê ixj¾Ok

fomd¾;fïka;=j hgf;a l%shd;aul

fjkjd' iudc iqnidOk" iudc

wdrlaIK" Ôjfkdamdh ixj¾Ok"

wf,ú ixj¾Ok yd m%cduQ,

nexl= wd§ lafIa;% /ila újD; j

mj;skafka iuDoaê m%;s,dNSkaf.a

w;ñg ire lsÍfï wruqKska'

iuDoaê ldâm;g tyd .sh iaÓr

cSjfkdamdh ud¾.hla ißlr

.ekSfï wNs,dIh we;sj iuDoaê

m%;s,dNSka fï jevigykg

leue;af;ka iyiïnkaO fjkjd'

fuu`.ska l=uk fyda jHdmdrhla

^lDIsld¾ñl" ëjr" i;a;aj md,k"

f.j;= j.d& wdrïN lsÍug Tjqkag

wjYH Kh myiqlï iuDoaê

m%cduQ, nexl= u`.ska ,nd § mjqf,a

wdodhu re'30 000-40 000la njg

m;a lsÍu hs wmf.a taldhk

n,dfmdfrd;a;=j'

iuDoaê m%;s,dNSka hemqï

udkisl;ajfhka uqojd l=vd

mßudK jHjidhlhka njg m;a

lsÍfï l%uj;a jevms<sfj<la

ixúOdkh jkafka m%d:ñl

l¾udka; yd iudc iún,

.ekaùfï wud;HdxYh yd taldnoaO

tia'B'wd¾'ù'tï'tia'mS'nKavdrwOHlaI ckrd,aiuDoaê ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

iuDoaê ysñlu hkq iykdOdr u,a,la u fkdfj hs


fjñka' tys§ wmkhk .ïudk

jHdmD;s jevigyk u`.ska

jHdmD;s 50 000la wdrïN lsÍug

ie,iqï ilia jqfKa iuDoaê

m%;s,dNSkaf.a ksIamdok yd wd¾Ól

Yla;Skag m%uqL;ajh foñka' 2019

jif¾ wmkhk .ïudk 20l

uQ,sl lghq;= ±kgu;a wdrïN

lr wjika' Bg wu;rj Èjhsk

mqrd ziqj fndcqka y,aZ wdrïN

lsÍug lghq;= ixúOdkh jkafka

iuDoaê,dNSkshka Èß .ekaùfï

wruq‚ka' lDIsl¾u yd fi!Lh

wud;HdxYfha wêlaIKfhka m<uq

iqj fndcqka y, újD; flrefKa

noafoa.u§'

fï jif¾ wh jeh f,aLkfhka

iuDoaê m%;s,dN ,laI 6la m%odkh

lsÍug hs wkque;sh ysñjqfKa'

fuf;la iuDoaê ysñlï ,enQ

m%;s,dNska w;ßka ie,lsh hq;=

m%udKhla jHdmdr wdrïN lr

w;am;a lrf.k isákafka by<

Ôjk uÜgula' tfy;a Tjqka

;jÿrg;a iuDoaê m%;s,dN ,nkjd'

fï w;ßka jir 15 - 20la

iuDoaê ysñlï ,enQ ie,lsh hq;=

msßila m%;s,dNh bj;a l< hq;=

wh f,i y÷kdf.k isákjd'

ta iïnkaOfhka o l%uj;a

jevms<sfj<la bÈßfha§ l%shd;aul

ùug kshñ; hs' iuDoaê ixj¾Ok

ks,Odßka u`.ska m%;s,dNSka

n,.ekaùug wjYH iyk m%;s,dN

iy WmfoaYkh iu`. Wmßu

odhl;ajh ,nd §ug hs iuDoaê

ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j lem

ù jev lrkafka' iEu iuDoaê

m%;s,dNsfhla u iuDoaê m%cduQ,

nexl=jl .kqfokqlrefjla njg

m;aúh hq;= hs' rgmqrd jHdma; j

we;s iuDoaê m%cduQ, nexl= 1073

la wfkl=;a rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl

nexl=j,g jvd wvq fmd,S

wkqmd;hla hgf;a hs Kh myiqlï

imhd fokafka' iuDoaê ysñlï

§ukdjg wu;r j jHdmdr wdrïN

lsÍug wjeis Kh myiqlï ,nd §u

fuys we;s úfYaI;ajh hs'

jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug wjYH

;dlaIKh yd ±kqu ,nd§fï§

wÞ< wfkl=;a wdh;kj, iydh

l<ukdlrKh isÿjkafka iuDoaê

ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ

ueÈy;aùfuka' Èia;%slal uÜgñka

ia:dms; lsÍug wfmalaIs; wf,ú

uOHia:dkj,§ iuDoaê m%;s,dNSkag

;u ksIamdok wf,ú lr.ekSfï

wjia:dj ysñfjkjd' ìï uÜgñka

ck;djf.a wjYH;d yÿkdf.k

Tjqkag iuDoaêu;a Èúfmfj;la

Èkd §ug wjYH jevms<sfj< jvd;a

úoHd;aul mokulskq hs ks¾udKhlr

;sfnkafka' thska Wmßu M, fk<d

.ekSug kï iuDoaê m%;s,dNSka hemqï

udkisl;ajh mrod ;u Yla;Ska Wr.d

ne,sh hq;= hs' wjYH iyk m%udohlska

f;drj ,efí kï lemùfuka hq;=j

jeä jeäfhka jev lsÍu hs wjYH

jkafka' ;u mjqf,a wdodhu ißlr

.kak wjYH iqÿiq u jgmsgdj

ilia lr .ekSug iuDoaê,dNshd

fjfyiúh hq;= hs' ta jevms<sfj<g

Èßhla jYfhkq hs jir folla fyda

;=kl ld,hla iòyd iuDoaê m%;s,dN

ysñlu m%odkh lrkafka'

ufyaIsld osidkdhl


wvq wdodhï,dNS mjq,a k`.d

isgqùfï rcfha jevms<sfj<

l%shd;aul jqfKa Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi

,enqKq uq,a jljdkqfõ isg hs' bvï

,nd § f.dúckmoj, ck;dj

mÈxÑ lsÍu" j.d Kh ,nd §u"

îc yd fmdfydr iykdOdr ,nd

§u wdÈh Tiafia tu ck;djf.a

wd¾Ól l%h Yla;sh jeä jqKd'

ksoyia wOHdmkh ,nd §fuka o

wvq wdodhï,dNS mjq,aj, orejkag

,enqfKa buy;a wiajeis,a,la'

tu`.ska rfÜ isÿ jQfha o úYd,

mßj¾;khla' .%dóh úÿ,sn,

fhdackd l%u l%shd;aul ùu;a iu`.

l¾udka; ìysùfuka tjeks wvq

wdodhï,dNS mqoa.,hkaf.a /lshd

.eg¨j o úi`ÿKd' flfia fj;;a

fï jevigykaj, úfYaI;ajh

jkafka ÿmam;alu msgq±lSfï

wruqKska u l%shd;aul l< nj

iòyka fkdùu'

tfy;a ÿmam;alu msgq±lSfï

wruq‚ka u l%shdjg kexjqKq

m<uqjekak jkafka ckiúh

jevigyk hs' Bg miqj hs

fï iòyd iuDoaê jHdmdrh

werfUkafka' flfia fj;;a

fï hgf;a b,lal.; jQ wvq

wdodhï,dNS m%cdj laIKsl m%;s,dN

ysñ lr .;a nj wm iefjdu okakd

lreKla' tu`.ska ÿmam;alu wvq

jQ nj;a wm ms<s.; hq;=hs' 1990

jir w.Nd.h jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ

29]la jQ oßø;dj 2016 jif¾

4'1] olajd wvq ù ;sfnkjd' fï

;;a;ajh hym;a m%jK;djla' th

isÿ jQfha iuDoaê jHdmdrh Tiafia

u he hs lshkakg neye' ;j;a

iudc wd¾Ól ldrKd Bg n,md

;sfnkjd'

flfia fj;;a È<s`ÿlu msgq

±lSfï wruqKska iuDoaê jHdmdrh

wrUk úg ta iòyd b,lal.;

jevms<sfj<la fkd;sîu fuys

olakg ,efnk wvqmdvqjla'

iykdOdr ,nk m%cdj thska

hemqKd ñi ta Tiafia ;u wd¾Ól

ia:djr;ajh f.dvk`.d .ekSug

wjYH È.=ld,Sk ie,eiaulg

fkdhdu .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhla'

fï ksid fuf,i iykdOdr

,nd§u jeo.;a jqj;a fï fjkqfjka

fjka l< uqo, fjk;a È.=ld,Sk

wdodhï W;amdok jevms<sfj<lg

fhoùug lghq;= lf<a kï

iykdOdr ,nd §fuka we;s jk

hemqï udkisl;ajfhka ñ§ Tjqka

;u wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lr .ekSug

fm<fUkq we;s'

furg jeä u ck.ykh

isákafka .%dóh j hs' 2016

.Dy tall wdodhï yd úhoï

iólaIKh wkqj .%dóh j

693"956la È<s`ÿ ck;dj jk w;r

.%dóh oßø;dj 82'2]la' fï w;r

tu iólaIKhg wkqj uykqjr

Èia;%slalfhka 142"044la jk

by< u È<s`ÿ ck.ykh jd¾;d

jk w;r wvq u m%udKh jd¾;d

jkafka ukakdru Èia;%slalfhka'

tA" 1005la' flfia fj;;a fï

ckykh l=vd mßmd,k tall

f,i f.k È<s`ÿlu ;=rka lsÍfï

jevigyka l%shd;aul lrkafka

uydpd¾h

úð;mqf¾ úu,r;k ysñwd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkdxYh

fld<U úYajúoHd,h

b,lal.; jevms<sfj<la

wjYHhs


kï th hs M,odhS jkafka' tys§

iykdOdrfhka Tíng .sh jHdmD;s

weröu wjYH hs' tl u jHdmD;sh

iEu ia:dkhlg u tlu wdldrhg

l%shd;aul lsÍug hdu;a .eg¨

iy.; hs' tu jHdmD;s l%shd;aul

lsÍu úuOH.; l< hq;= w;r túg

we;s jk ;r.ldß;ajh ;=<ska

jvd;a fydò m%;s,dN ,efnkafka

ck;djg hs' we;eï úg È<s`ÿlu

wdYs¾jdohla lr .ekSug fm<fUk

wjia:d wm ±l ;sfnkjd' tajd

fndfyda úg foaYmd,ksl hs' tjeks

miqìul iqnidOkh uQ,sl lr.;a

rdcH ìysùu ;=< ±äj n,mEï

we;sjkafka rfÜ wd¾Ólhg'

lDIsl¾uh muKla flakaø

lr .ksñka iuDoaê jHdmdrh

l%shd;aul lsÍu ;j;a m%Odk

ÿ¾j,;djla' 1977 jißka miq

l¾udka; lafIa;%hg fhduq

fkdjQjd u fkdfj hs' tfy;a

wx. iïmQ¾K l¾udka; Yd,d

iy ta wdY%s; myiqlï ÈhqKq jQjd

kï È.=ld,Sk j rfÜ wd¾Ól

ia:djr;ajh mj;ajd .; yels hs'

flfia fj;;a fujeks È<s`ÿlu

msgq±lSfï jevigyka l%shd;aul

úh hq;af;a jir 2-3lska È<s`ÿlu

wvq l< yels mßÈ ksYaÑ; b,lal

iy Èk jljdkq iys; j hs'

nx.a,dfoaYh" bkaÈhdj iy

wm%sldkq rgj,a o wvq wdodhï,dNSka

fjkqfjka fujeks jevigyka

l%shd;aul lrkjd' ta iòyd lghq;=

lrkafka rch fuka u rdcH

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5

10

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Y%S ,xldfõ ck.yk oßø;d o¾Ylh ^]&

uQ,dY%h - ckf,aLk yd ixLHdf,aLk fomd¾;fïka;=j

ks¾udK

h-u

fk

dacd iurk

dhl



fkdjk ixúOdk' f.da,ShlrKh;a

iu`. f,dalfha oßø;dj wvq ù

;sfnkjd' fï jk úg f,dal

ck.ykh ì,shk 7la' 1960

jir jk úg isáfha ì,shk 3l

ck.ykhla' tfy;a 2050 jir

jk úg ì,shk 10 olajd jeä úh

yels njg hs mqfrdal;kh lr

;sfnkafka' fï jk úg f,dalfha

È<s`ÿ ck.ykh ñ,shk 750 hs'

bkaÈhdfõ yd Ökfha wd¾Ól jDoaê

mj;skafka by< uÜgul hs' f,dal

ck.ykfhka 2$7la isákafka

fï rgj,' tkï bkaÈhdfõ

ì,shkhlg jeä ck.ykhl=;a

Ökfha ì,shk 1'45l=;a muK'

iykdOdr jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul

jqj;a Tjqka hemqï udkisl;ajfha

keye' Ökfha rdcH n,h

;sfnkafka tla mlaIhlg muK

hs' md,kh fjkilg ,la fkdjk

ksid jßka jr fujeks jevigyka

l%shd;aul lsÍfï wjYH;djla

u;= jkafka keye' l¾udka;

jeähs' /lshd wjia:d by< hs'

ck;dj WoafHda.fhka hq;=j hs

/lshdj, ksr; jkafka' whs;Ska

b,a,d Woaf>daIKj, ksr; jkafka

keye' bkaoshdfõ o l¾udka;

jeä jYfhka msysgd ;sfnk w;r

wdodhï uÜgu by< hs' fï ksid

iykdOdr u; hefmk msßiaj,

wvqjla olakg ,efnkjd'

Y%S ,xldfõ o fujeks ;;a;ajhla

we;s ùug kï iuDoaê,dNSka hemqï

udkisl;ajfhka ñ§u wjYH

hs' tys§ iEu md¾Yajhla u tla

ù l;sldjlg meñ‚h hq;= hs'

È<s`ÿnj wvql< yels jevigyka

l%shd;aul l< hq;af;a ld, jljdkq

iys; j hs' túg iuDoaê,dNSka bka

Tíng ;u wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh

f.dvk`.d .ekSug ksrdhdifhka

u fhduq jkq we;s' fï iïnkaO

ks,OdÍkag o mejfrkafka úYd,

j.lSula' ta wkqj fï iqnidOk

jevms<sfjf<ys iuia; hdka;%Kh

u fjkiaùu wjYH hs'

È<s`ÿnj wvql< yels

jevigyka l%shd;aul

l< hq;af;a ld,

jljdkq iys; j hs'

túg iuDoaê,dNSka

bka Tíng ;u

wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajh

f.dvk`.d .ekSug

ksrdhdifhka u

fhduq jkq we;s' fï

iïnkaO ks,OdÍkag

o mejfrkafka úYd,

j.lSula'


furg wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok

l%shdj,shg ixpdrl

jHdmdrfhka ,efnk msgqn,h

w;súYd, hs' tfy;a ixpdrl

jHdmdrh i;= úNj;d m%fhdackhg

.ksñka wd¾Ól úIu;d wju

lsÍug miqìula f.dv ke`.S ;sfío

hkak we;af;a .eg¨jla' fï ksid

ixpdrl jHdmdrh Tiafia fuf;la

y`ÿkd fkd.;a wdodhï W;amdok

m%Nj lrd <`.dùug wjYH u`.

fmkaùu isÿ lsÍu wjYH hs' tys§

jeä wjOdkhla wvq wdodhï,dNSka

flfrys fhduq lsÍu hs fuys§

wfmalaId lrkafka' th id¾j

wd¾Ól Wmdh ud¾.hla f,i

l%shdjg kexùu jeo.;a'

ixprKh yd m%jdykh" ixpdrl

u`. fmkaùu" kjd;eka iemhSu"

w;alï iy l=vd l¾udka; jHdmdr

weröu" ixpdrl mqyqKq mdGud,d

iy wOHdmk wdh;kj,g

m%úIagùug ;reK mrmqr fhduq

lsÍu wdÈh Tiafia fï iòyd miqìu

f.dvk`.d .; yels hs' m%dfoaYSh

jYfhka y÷kd fkd.;a iïm;a yd

wjia:d wm i;= fjkjd' tAjd y÷kd

.ekSfuka wvq wdÞhï,dNS m%cdjg

wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lr .ekSug

wjYH moku ilid Èh yels hs'

fï ish,a, l< hq;= jkafka iuDoaê

ixj¾Ok ks,Odßka iïnkaO lr

.ksñkq hs' tA i|yd m%uqL fm<

iuDoaê ks,Odßka mqyqKq lsÍu wjYH

fjkjd'

tys§ Tjqka ;=< ixpdrl

jHdmdrh ms<sn| úIh ±kqu fuka

u ixpdrl jHdmdrh uÕska ÿ.S

nj ke;s lsÍu ms<sn| ±kqj;aNdjh

j¾Okh lsÍu;a wjYH fjkjd'

fï iïnkaO úYaf,aIKd;aul yd

m%dfhda.sl wjfndaOhla iuDoaê

jHdmdrfha úOdhl ks,Odßka fj;

,nd §u;a fuys m%uqL wruqKla'

fuys§ f,dal iy ,dxlsl ixpdrl

jHdmdrfha ÈYdk;sh iy kj

m%jK;d y÷kd .ekSu Tiafia thg

.e,fmk mßÈ wvq wdÞhï,dNS

m%cdj iún, .ekaùug yelsùu

iqúfYaI hs'


iuDoaê ixj¾Ok ks,Odßkag jeä j.lSula

uydpd¾h iqrx. o is,ajdwd¾Ól úoHd wOHhkdxYh

fld<U úYajúoHd,h


´kEu rgl jeäjk

ck.ykhg idfmaCI j kj

ux udj;a ixj¾Okh úh hq;=

w;r §m jHdma; j .%dóh m%foaY

yd k.r hd lrñka kj ux udj;a

ìysùu hq.fha wjYH;djla'

zyoj;a hd flfrk rka udj;aZ

ud¾. ixj¾Ok jevigyk"

uydud¾. yd ud¾. ixj¾Ok

iy Lksc f;,a iïm;a ixj¾Ok

wud;HdxYh uÕska ud¾.

ixj¾Ok wêldßh iuÕ tla j

ls%shdjg kexfjkafka fï .%dóh

ud¾. wjYH;djg ms<shula

f,i' tA" m%ñ;s.; wNHka;r

ud¾. moaO;shla f.dvkÕd

mj;ajd .ekSu uÕska YS% ,dxlsl

mqrjeishdf.a iyÔjkh kxjd,Su

±lau lr .ksñkq hs' 2019 wh

jeh uÕska .%dóh ud¾. ixl,amh

Wfoid remsh,a ñ,shk 10"000l

uqo,a m%;smdok fjka lrkqfha

.%dóh m%foaYj, ud¾. moaO;sfhys

mj;sk wvqÿq`vqlïj,g

m%;sl¾uhla f,i hs'

tA wkqj fï ixl,amh

ls%hdjg kÕñka w.%dud;H rks,a

úl%uisxyf.a m%Odk;ajfhka

r;akmqr YS% m,dnoa., ^YS% mdo

udj;& ud¾.fhys iudrïNl

W;aijh meje;ajqfKa bl=;a 12

jeksÞ hs' Bg iu.dó j ,xldfõ

úúO m%foaYj, .%dóh

ud¾. 50lg uq,a.,a ;eîu

o tÈk isÿ jQ ;j;a iqúfYaIS

lghq;a;la' fï .%dóh

ud¾. ixj¾Ok jevigyk

id¾:l lr .ekSug W;af;ackhla

imhkafka zrka udj;a ld¾hidOk

n,ldh hs'Z fuuÕska wdjrKh jk

m%Odk wruqKq lsysmhla ;sfnkjd'

by< .%dóh ixj¾Okhlg

bjy,ajk fia m%uqL ixj¾Ok

wjYH;d iys; f;dard.;a .%dóh

ud¾. moaO;shla ixj¾Okh lsÍu"

.%dóh ck;djf.a tÈfkÞ Ôú;hg

iDcq j u n,mdk ÿIalr .%dóh

ud¾. ixj¾Okh lsÍu" .%dóh m%cd

uQ,sl iñ;s uÕska ixj¾Ok lghq;=

isÿ lsÍfuka .%dóh Y%uh i|yd

wjia:dj ,nd§u" cd;Ska yd wd.ï

w;r wka;¾ iïnkaO;d we;s lsÍu

uÕska m%dfoaYSh úIu;dj wju

lsÍug Þhl ùu" wka;¾ m%jdyk

wjia:d f.dvkexùu uÕska m%cd

iïnkaO;d Yla;su;a lr ck

yoj;a hd lsÍu tu wruqKq hs'

fï jevigykg fjka lrk ,o

remsh,a ñ,shk 10"000l uqo,ska

wd.ñl ia:dk m%fõY ud¾. iy

ud¾. i;sh jev igyka we;=`Mj

.%dóh ud¾. ixj¾Okfhka

lsf,daógr 350la iy ud¾.

ldmÜ lsÍfï jevigyk hgf;a

lsf,daógr 450la ixj¾Okh lsÍug

wfmalaIs; hs'

tA ms<sn| woyia ±lajQ uyd ud¾.

yd ud¾. ixj¾Ok iy Lksc f;,a

iïm;a ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYfha

wOHCI ûÕ keÕ=u& ux.,d

.=Kr;ak( —wm wud;HdxYh iy

ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßh hgf;a

,xldfõ ztAZ iy zîZ fYa%‚j,

ud¾. ixj¾Okh fjkjd' wä 8"

wä 10" wä 12 m<, ud¾. úYd,

m%udKhla .%dóh m%foaYj, olakg

,efnkjd' zyoj;a hd flfrk

rka udj;aZ jevigykg ,xldfõ

iEu ue;sjrK fldÜGdihla u

wdjrKh jk mßÈ .u;a k.rh;a

w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj f.dvkeÕSu

hs fuys uQ,sl wruqK jkafka' fï

yoj;a hd flfrk rka udj;a

fï jevigyk uÕska

ls%hd;aul lsÍug

wfmaCIs; m%Odk

jevigyka myla

ks¾foaY lr ;sfnkjd'

tA" .%dóh ud¾.

ixj¾Ok" fmdÿ m%jdyk

ud¾." weiafmda,aÜ

fldkalS%Ü we;sÍu"

ud¾. i;sh jevigyk"

wd.ñl ia:dk m%fõY

ud¾. ixj¾Ok

jevigyk iy .%dóh

md,ï jevigyk hs'

foaY ú;a;sfoaY ú;a;s


jevigyk uÕska ls%hd;aul lsÍug

wfmaCIs; m%Odk jevigyka myla

ks¾foaY lr ;sfnkjd' tA" .%dóh

ud¾. ixj¾Ok" fmdÿ m%jdyk

ud¾." weiafmda,aÜ fldkalS%Ü

we;sÍu" ud¾. i;sh jevigyk"

wd.ñl ia:dk m%fõY ud¾.

ixj¾Ok jevigyk iy .%dóh

md,ï jevigyk hs'˜

zud¾. i;shZ ixl,amh wjqreÿ

.Kkdjl isg ls%hd;aul jQ

jevigykla' ÿIalr m%foaYj,g

kj udj;la újr lr §u fyda

wn,ka ud¾. ms<silr lr§u fyda

fuuÕska wfmaCId lrkjd' tys§

ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßhg wh;a

hka;% iQ;% yd bxðfkare ±kqu

Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka i;shlska

fyda i;s follska fyda isÿ l<

yels cx.u fiajdjla f,i th

ls%hd;aul flfrkjd' tfuka

u ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßhg

wh;a ztAZ iy zîZ fYa%‚j,g

wh;a fkdjk ldmÜ fkdlrk

,o ud¾. ldmÜ lsÍug;a fï

hgf;a fjku u m%;smdok fjka

flfrkjd'

.%dóh ud¾. ixj¾Okfha

§ ud¾. ixj¾Ok wêldßfha

r;au,dfka msysá m¾fhaIK

wxYfhys bxðfkarejka úiska wä

8;a" 10;a" 15;a w;r ud¾.j,g

jvd;a WÑ; l%ufõoh f,i

y÷kajd § ;sfnkafka l=Üá.,a

we;sÍu hs' ud¾. ixj¾Ok

wêldßfha Wmfoia yd ;dCI‚l

±kqu u; fï l%ufõoh uÕska

bÈjk ud¾. wjqreÿ 20l muK

È.=l,a meje;aula mj;sk njg

iy;sl úh yels hs' tfuka

u nEjqï iys; iy uv iys;

ud¾.j, l=Üá .,a we;ssÍug

jvd fldkalS%Ü we;sÍu jvd;a

iqnÞhl nj hs ;dlaI‚l

bxðfkarejrekaf.a u;h'

ud¾. ldmÜ lsÍfï jevigyk

ls%hd;aul jqfKa ud¾. ixj¾Ok

wêldßh uÕska ls%hd;aul

uÕ keÕ=u jHdmD;sh hgf;a

hs' uqo,a wud;HdxYh úiska

fï jevigyk m%cduQ, iñ;s

uÕska ls%hd;aul jevigykla

f,i hs wkqu; lr we;af;a'

iuia;hla f,i .;a úg

.=Kd;aulNdjfhka iy ishhg

ishhl l,a meje;aulska hq;=

ud¾.hla bÈ lsÍu hs zrka udj;aZ

jevigyfkys wjika m%;sM,h

jkafka'

iuia;hla f,i .;a úg .=Kd;aulNdjfhka

iy ishhg ishhl l,a meje;aulska

hq;= ud¾.hla bÈ lsÍu hs zrka udj;aZ

jevigyfkys wjika m%;sM,h jkafka'

fvdk,aâ fiakdër


fkdfndaod isÿ jQ ;%ia;

ls%hd iy rfÜ we;s

jQ fkdikaiqka;d ksid ixpdrl

l¾udka;h iy we;eï wdÞhï ud¾.

wjysr jqj;a f;a l¾udka;hg lsisÿ

ndOdjla we;s jqfKa keye' f;a

ksIamdokh" m%jdykh" f;a fjkafoais

meje;aùu wdÈh .eg¨jlska

f;drj mj;ajdf.k .sh ksid rgg

wjysrhlska f;drj .;a wdÞhu

fkdlvjd ,enqKd'

f,dal f;a ksIamdokfha YS%

,xldj ysñ lr .kafka isõ jeks

ia:dkh hs' brdkh wfma f,dl=u

.ekqïlrefjla' weußldj brdkhg

wd¾Ól iïndOl mekùfuka tu

fjf<|fmd< wjysr j mej;sh o

rgj,a wglg iyk ie,iSug hs

weußldj woyia lr ;sfnkafka'

,xldjg;a tu wjia:dj ysñùug

kshñ; hs'

tA flfia fj;;a furg l=vd

f;a j;= lafIa;%h lemS fmfkk

m%jK;djl= hs fmkakqï lrkafka'

l=vd f;a j;= ixj¾Ok wêldßfha

iNdm;s úfÊr;ak foajf.or

mjik wkaoug l=vd f;a j;= wxYh

uÕska mjq,a ,laI 25la hefmkjd'

tu mjq,a úis mka ,laIhg;a

wd¾Ól ysÕhla we;s fkdjqfKa f;a

l¾udka;h ia:djr j mej;s ksid'

rfÜ f;a ksIamdokfhka ishhg

75'4 la ,efnkafka l=vd f;a bvï

ysñhkaf.ka'

Èia;s%lal 14l .%dufiajd jiï

223la mqrd úys§ isák Tjqkaf.a o¿

iemhSu u; f;a l¾udka;Yd,d 700la

muK ±kg ls%hd;aul jkjd' kj

j.d wdrïN lr l=vd bvï ysñhdg

wjYH iykdOdr imhd foñka f;a

j.dj ÈhqKq lsÍu l=vd f;a j;=

ixj¾Ok wêldßfha rdcldßh iy

j.lSu hs' 1978 isg fï olajd l=vd

f;a j;= ixj¾Ok wêldßh ;u

lghq;= lrf.k hkafka m%dfoaYSh

ld¾hd, 8la" Wm m%dfoaYSh ld¾hd,

26la iy fiajd ld¾hd, 06la

Tiafia' b;d blaukska lE.,af,a

iy kqjrt<sh Èia;s%lal i|yd kj

ld¾hd, folla msysgqùug o kshñ;

hs' fld;auf,a k.rfha hs kqjrt<sh

ld¾hd,h msysgqjkafka'

w¨f;ka f;a j.d lsÍu i|yd

fylaghdr tlla i|yd remsh,a

,laI 5l uqo,la o kj j.d iòyd

fylaghdrhlg remsh,a ,CI 4la

o fuys§ ,nd fokjd' md¨ isgqùu

i|yd tl me<hlg remsh,a 25la

f.jQjo ±ka tu uqo, remsh,a

100la' 2016 jif¾ .xj;=r wdmÞ

ksid wdÞhï wysñ jQ .d,a," ud;r"

l¿;r yd r;akmqr Èia;s%lalj, f;a

f.dùkag remsh,a ñ,shk 480la jkaÈ

f.jQ nj fy<s lr isáfha l=vd f;a

j;= ixj¾Ok wêldßfha iNdm;s'

fï wkqj yÈis wdmÞ" iajdNdúl

kdhhEï jeks úm;a ksid isÿjk

ydks mqkre;a:dmkh lsÍu;a fï

wêldßhg mejÍ we;s j.lSula'

l=vd f;a bvï ysñhkag wjYH

Wiia uÜgfï f;a me< ,nd§u

i|yd f;a me< ,laI 50la

ksIamdokh lsÍug l=vd f;a j;=

ixj¾Ok wêldßh b,lal lrkjd'

j.djg hg j we;s N+ñ m%udKh

iy wiajekak fk<d.kq ,nk N+ñ

m%udKh w;r úYd, fjkila olakg

,eîu wfma f;a l¾udka;fha m%Odk

ÿ¾j,;djla' YS% ,xld uy nexl=

jd¾;dj uÕska o fmkajd fok mßÈ

wjYH jkafka j.d md¨ bvïj,

f;a mÿre >k;ajh jeälr .ekSu

hs' >k;ajh ySk f;a bvïj,ska

,efnkafka wvq wiajekakla'

wlalrhl bvl f;a m÷re mkaÞyla

;sìh hq;= jqj;a we;eï bvïj,

we;af;a wlalrhlg f;a m÷re 3000

- 3500la muK hs' ;j;a f;a m÷re

Þylg bvla b;sß j ;sfnk nj

fuhska meyeÈ,s hs' iykdOdr ,nd

.ekSug myiqlï i,id ;snqK o

we;eï f.dùka fï ms<sn| j Wkkaÿ

jkafka keye'

f;a iñ;s jHdmdrh ;reK

fm< w;g m;a l< hq;= nj hs

iNdm;sjrhdf.a woyi' f;a

iñ;sj,g iïnkaO ks,Odßka §¾>

ld,hla tAjdfha /£ isáñka b;d

úYd, fiajhla lr we;;a jvd;a cj

iïmkak ;reK msßila fj; tu

jHdmdrh m;a lsÍfï wjYH;dj Tyq

fmkajd fokjd' fï jk úg;a f;a

iñ;s 2000la muK m%;sixúOdkh

lr wjika'

f;a j.d N+ñ m%udKh jeä lsÍu

iòyd úl,am bvï fidhd .; hq;=

hs' mQckSh ia:dkj,g wh;a uqvq

bvï rdYshla rg mqrd ;sfnkjd'

tu bvlvï f;a j.dj i|yd fhdÞ

.ekSfï jevms<sfj<g ±kgu;a

úydria:dk 700la muK leue;a;

m< lr ;sfnkjd' wd¾Ól

wmyiqlï iys; mQckSh ia:dkj,g

fï jevms<sfj< uy;a iykhla

jkq we;e hs mjik iNdm;sjrhd

wjOdrKh lrkafka tA iòyd ish¨

wdOdr §ug o iQÞkï nj hs' fï

wkqj f;a j.dfõ wkd.;h ms<sn| j

wmg ìhùug lreKla keye'

lreKdr;ak wur;=x.

fkdjegqKq f;a o,a,


iEu jirl u uehs ui 31jeks

od f,dal ÿïjeá úfrdaë

oskh f,i kï flrefKa f,dal

fi!LH ixúOdkh úiska' zÿïfld<

yd ,h frda.Z hkak fujr tys

f;audj jqKd' jirlg f,dal

ck.ykfhka ñ,shk 8la ÿïfld<

mdkh ksid ñh hk w;r thska

ñ,shkhla wl%sh ÿïmdkhg ^ÿïjeá

ÿu wd>%dKh l< wh& f.dÿre

jQjka'

fï ksid ;u wdorKShhka úYd,

msrsila wmyiq;djg yd wjodkug

,lajkafka wl%sh ÿïmdkh ksid'

meh 5lg;a jeä ld,hla ÿïîu

ksid msglrk ÿu jdhqf.da,fha;a

tys úI udi yhla .;jk ;=re

ÿïmdkh l< ia:dkfha;a ;ekam;a

j mj;skjd' fï fya;=fjka ÿïjeá

Ndú;h ksid ,h frda. je<oSug

;sfhk wjodku b;d u jeä hs'

fmky¨ ms<sld" §¾>ld,Sk

fmky¨ wjysrùfï frda.h

^COPD&" Ëh frda.h yd weÿu

jeks frda.j,g m%Odku fya;=j

jkafka;a il%sh yd wl%sh ÿïmdkh

hs' ÿïmdkh lrkakka wfkla

whg jvd úisfoj;djla fmky¨

ms<sldj,g f.dÿreùfï wjodkul

isák w;r wl%sh ÿïmdkhg

f.dÿrejkakkag ms<sld iE§fï

iïNdú;dj 30]la' yels blaukska

ÿïmdkh k;r lsÍu yoj;a frda."

fmky¨ yd ,h ms<sld wju

lr.ekSfï fydòu u`. hs' fï

ms<snòj woyia olajk Yajik

frda. ms<snò úfYaI{ ffjoH iuka

lms,r;ak¦ —ÿïmdkh kj;d i;s

folla we;=<; fmky¨ l%shdldß;ajh

by< hkjd' tu`.ska jirla we;=<;

yoj;a frda. je<§fï wjodku 50]

lska wvq lr.; yels hs˜'

,xldfõ ÿïjeá mdkh lsÍfï

m%jK;dj m%;sY;hla f,i msßñ 29]

la yd .eyekq 0'5]lg;a jvd wvq nj

hs úfYaI{ ffjoH wkq,d úfÊiqkaor

fy<s lf<a' fï wkqj ,xldj w.aksÈ.

wdishdfõ ÿïfld< yd ÿïjeá

Ndú;h wvqu rg njg m;aùu wm ,o

ch.%yKhla' ufkdaffjoH chud,a

o is,ajd fmkajd fok wdldrhg

w;snyq;rh ÿïîu kj;ajkafka

T!IO u`.ska fyda WmfoaYkh u`.ska

fyda fkdfj hs'

ufkdaffjoH chud,a¦

—l¿fndaú, frday,g we;=<;a jQ

frda.Ska ^fï jkúg ÿïîu k;r

lr isák& 400lf.ka l< úuiSul§

Tjqkaf.ka 399 fokl= u lsis`ÿ

m%;sldr l%uhla fyda WmfoAYk

fiajhla fyda wkq.ukh lr

fkdue;s nj wkdjrKh jqKd' fuh

fydò idlaIshla ÿïîu keje;aúh

yels nj ikd: flfrk'˜

úfYaIfhka u ÿïfld< iemSu

ldka;djka mqreoaola jYfhka

lrkjd kï th fnfyúka u

n,mdkafka ore.enl bkak orejdg'

fï fya;=fjka fkdfïrE orejka

WmÈkak ;sfnk yelshdj w;sYHhska

u jeä hs' ÿïrys; ÿïfld<

Ndú;h idudkHlrKh jqfKa th

ixialD;sfha fldgila f,i ms<sf.k

nqoaO mQcdjg" ±ye;a jÜáhg nq,;a

mqjla" ÿïfld< Ndú;h;a iu`.'

tfy;a YÍr fi!LHhg wys;lr

u fohla iajNdúl mqreoaola f,i

mj;ajdf.k hdu hs fjkia l<

hq;af;a' fndfyda ia:dkj, ,dNhg

ÿïfld< .kak ;sîu;a f,dl=

wjdishla'

fï ;;a;ajh hgf;a hs ÿïfld<

wdY%s; ksIamdok iòyd fjf<ò

m%pdrKh ÿ¾j, lsÍfï yd fmdÿ

ia:dkj, ÿïîu ;ykï lsÍfï

l%shdud¾. ;jÿrg;a Yla;su;a jqfKa'

tys M,odhS m%;sM, ksid ñksiqka ;=<

ÿïîu iïnkaOfhka f.dvke.=Kq

wdl,amuh fjki frda.Ska ;=< o

we;s ù ;sfnk nj hs ffjoH chud,a

o is,ajd fmkajd fokafka'

ufkda ffjoHjreka fj; fhduq

lrk frda.Ska w;sYHhska u ÿïîug

weíneys jQjka' Tjqka yqiau .ekSug

lrk wr.,h ;j;a flkl=g n,d

isáh fkdyels hs' tu ksid m%;sldr

lsÍu fyda WmfoaYkhg jvd jeo.;a

jkafka ÿïfld<" ÿïjeá Ndú;fhka

f;dr iy th ms<sl=,a iy.; j olsk

yd is;k iudchla ks¾udKh lsÍu hs'

yqiau Wÿr .kak fokak tmd

ufyaIsld osidkdhl


uqo,a kS;s mkf;a 35 jeks

j.ka;shg wkqj iEu uqo,a

j¾Ihla u wjidk ù udi y;rla

we;=<; YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ

;;a;ajh" tu j¾Ih ;=< uqo,a

uKav,h úiska .kq ,enQ ls%hdud¾.

iy wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKhla iys;

jd¾;djla YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ uqo,a

uKav,h úiska uqo,a weue;sjrhd

fj; bÈßm;a l< hq;= hs' tu kS;s

wjYH;dj bgq lrñka YS% ,xld uy

nexl=fõ wêm;sjrhd úiska 2018

YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj uqo,a

weue;sjrhd fj; bÈßm;a l<d' tA"

wfma%,a ui 25 jeks Þ'

jHdmdßl m%cdj" wdfhdaclhka"

wd¾Ól m¾fhaIlhka"

foaYmd,k{hka fuka u wd¾Ólh

.ek Wkkaÿjk úoHd¾Óka o fï

jd¾;dj mßYS,kh lsÍug wu;l

lrkafka keye' thg wkqj YS%

,xldfõ 2018 jif¾ wd¾Ól

j¾Okh 2017 jif¾ ishhg

3'4l j¾Okhg idfmalaI j ,nd

;sfnkafka ishhg 3'2l j¾Okhla'

wÞ< j¾Ih ;=< rfÜ lDIsld¾ñl

wxYh 2017 jirg idfmalaI j

ishhg 4'8 lska j¾Okh jQ nj hs tu

jd¾;dfjka mejfikafka'

YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk u lDIs fNda.h

f,i ie,flkafka ù j.dj hs' ù

j.dfõ iEu wxYhla u j¾Okh

ùu 2018 jif¾ olakg ,enqKq

úfYaI;ajh hs' tA wkqj tu jif¾

ù ksIamdokh fu' fgdka 3 930 000

olajd by< kexù ;sfnkjd' tfy;a

2017 jif¾ ,xldj ,nd .;af;a ù

fu' fgdka 2 383 000 l wiajekakla'

ù wiajekak jeäùfuka isÿjkafka

iy,a wdkhkh wvq ù úfoaY úksuh

±k.uq ;;= uy nexl= fmd;ska

ráka msgg we§ hEu hs' bl=;a 2017

jif¾ iy,a fu' fgdka 7 480 000la

wdkhkh lsÍug isÿ jqKd' tfy;a

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njg hs .Kka n,d ;sfnkafka'

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ksoiqkla f,i ue‚la jHdmdr i|yd

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,nd§u fjkqfjka furg ffjµ

lafIa;%fha úYsIaghka f,dal fi!LH

ixúOdkh we;=̀t fndfyda cd;Hka;r

ixúOdkj, fiajfha fh§u meiish

hq;= lreKla' we;ul= m%Yak

lrkafka furg uef,aßhdj fkdue;s

miqìul uef,aßhdj ;=rka lsÍfï

wjYH;dj l=ulao hkak'

tfy;a" úfoaYfhka meñfKk

mqoa.,hkaf.ka mrfmdaIs;hd

meñKSu je<elaùfï wruqKska

uef,aßhd u¾ok jevigyka

wLkav j l%shd;aul lsÍu w;HdjYH

nj hs uef,aßhd u¾ok jHdmdr

uQ,ia:dkfha wOHlaI ffjµ

fyauka; fyar;a iòyka lf<a'

flfia fj;;a fujeks fi!LH

wdrlaIK jevigyka iòyd

iyfhda.h ±laùu uef,aßhdjg

;s; ;enQ ,dxlslhka i;= m%uqL

ld¾hNdrhla'

ufkdacd iurkdhl

kej; tmduef,aßhdj

f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkfha iy;slh ,nd.;a fudfyd;

fi!LHfi!LH


orejl= jeäysáhl= jQ miq

uerhl=" ;%ia;jdÈhl= fyda

cd;sjdÈhl= jkjd o@ fkdtfia kï

udkj ys;jdÈhl= fjkjd o@ hkak

;SrKh lsÍfï§ m%uqL ia:dkhl

isákafka udmshka' Tjqkaf.a

;=ref,ka fmrmdi,g" t;ekska

mdi,g iy bkamiq uyd iudchg

fhduq jk orejdf.a wdl,am

j¾Okh jkafka Tjqka iudcfhka

Wlyd .kakd foa wkqj hs' fï ksid

tys§ wOHdmkh iy fmdaIKh

,nd fokjd fia u fm!oa.,sl

msßisÿlfï isg u mßirh /lSu"

kS;s.rel ùu iy ñksiqkag wdorh

lsÍu jeks .=Kdx. orejka ;=<

jmqrkafka flf,i o hkak m<uq j

foudmshka W.; hq;= hs'

mqoa.,hl=f.a Ôú;fha jeo.;a

u wjêh f,i ie,flkafka <ud

úh hs' tys§;a mQ¾j <udúh mqoa.,

Ôú;hl ;SrKd;aul wjêhla

nj f,dalfha fndfyda rgj, isÿ

flreKq wOHhk uÕska Tmamq jQ

lreKla' ufkda úoHdjg wkqj

ms<s.efkkafka orejl=f.a j¾Okfha

WÉp;u wjêj, orejkag wjYH

i;aldr ksis mßÈ fkd,eî hEu

ksid fud<fha j¾Okh wvd, jk

nj hs' ñksil=g ;u Ôú;fha ´kEu

jhil§ wOHdmkh ,eîug iy

l=i,;d j¾Okhg fhduq úh yels

jqj;a ufkda úoHd{hkag wkqj

mqoa., Ôú;hg úfYaI iy by<

u n,mEula l< yelafla fï mQ¾j

<ud úfha§ hs' tkï Wmf;a isg

jhi wjqreÿ 3;a 5;a w;r ld,fhaoS

hs' fï jhiaj,§ bkaøSh pd,l

Yla;s yelshdj;a iuÕ u Tjqkaf.a

Ñka;k Yla;sh;a ÈhqKq fjkjd'

ufkda úoHd{ is.auka fm%dhsâ

m%ldY lr isáfha jhi wjqreÿ 8la

jkúg iEu orejl= u jeäysáhl=

ù wjika nj hs' <ud ld,h mqoa.,

Ôú;hl fld;rï jeo.;a wjêhla

o hkak thska wmg f;areï .;

yels hs' wfma yqre mqreÿlï we;slr

.ekSu" hul WKqiqu" hul iS;,

jeks oekSï ksjerÈ j y÷kd.ekSu isÿ

jkafka fï ld,fha§ hs' NdIdjla

b.ekaúh yels myiq u jhi iy

l=;=y,fhka hq;= j hï hï foa

ms<sn| j úYaf,aIKh lrk ld,h

o fuh hs'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud

whs;sjdislï m%{ma;shg wkqj

jih wjqreÿ 18 iSudj olajd

<ud úh f,i hs ie,flkafka'

wdpd¾h fkrxð úfÊj¾OkfcHIaG lÓldpdßkS - wmrdO úoHd yd hqla;sh wOHhkdxYhY%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

mjq, wdorh yd /ljrKh


orejl=f.a iudcdkqfhdackh

wdrïN jkafka" l,,hla j uõ

l=i ;=< isák ld,fha mgka nj

m¾fhaIK uÕska Tmamq ù we;s

lreKla' orejdg uõlsß ,nd§u

;=< we;sjk iqrlaIs; nj;a fuys§

jeo.;a'

ujf.ka lsß Wrdîu orejkaf.a

wdl,am ixj¾Okfha§ fld;rï

jeo.;a o hkak yqjd oelaùug

udkj úoHd;aul j m¾fhaIK

mjd isÿ lr ;sfnkjd' ud.%Ü óâ

udkj úoHd{jßh fï iïnkaO

m¾fhaIKhla isÿlr we;af;a

kshq.skshdkq iudcfha uqkavq.=ud¾

iy werfmaia kï f.da;%sl iudc

fol mokï lrf.k' tl u

N+f.da,Sh m%foaYhl fjfik

fï f.da;% foflys jeäysáhka

yeisfrkafka yd;amiska u fjkia

wdldr follg hs' tl f.da;%hla

b;du;a iduldó hs' Tjqka wd.ka;=l

i;aldrhg ,eÈ" wka whg .relrk

msßila' wfkla f.da;%h wiNH

jpk Ndú; lrñka" ksrka;rfhka

l,yldß f,i yeisfrkjd' fï

udkj úoHd{jßhg wjYH fjkjd

tl u N+f.da,Sh l,dmhl fjfik

fï f.da;% fofla ck;dj fujeks

m%;súreoaO wkaofï p¾hdjka

fmkakqï lsÍug n,mE fya;=j

fidhd .ekSug' weh fï ms<sn| j

jir .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a ixialD;sl

wOHhkhla isÿ lrkjd'

uqkavq.=ud¾ f.da;%fha uõjreka

orejkag lsßfokafka foaj ldßhla

fia i,ld' orejka fjkqfjka

iïmQ¾K wjOdkh foñka" ke<ú,s

.S .hñka" yqr;,a lrñka orejdf.a

l=i msfrk ;=re lsßfokjd' ta

orejka ujf.a welfhka bj;a

jkafka ;Dma;su;a j' tfy;a

werfmaia f.da;%fha uõjreka

Tjqkaf.a orejkag lsß fokafka

j;=j, jev lrk w;r;=r orejd

wefÕa ne|f.k hs' flaka;sfhka

neKjÈñka wjOdkhla iy wdorhla

fkdolajñka orejkag lsß fokjd

muKla fkdj" orejd lsß fndñka

isák w;rjdrfha bj;g lr

Tjqka j;=jevj, fhfokjd' túg

orejd lsisúgl ;Dma;su;a kE'

fkdikaiqka' ks;r u isákafka

bÉPd Nx.;ajfhka' ta wkqj udkj

úoHd{jßh ks.ukhlg t<fUkjd

fujeks p¾hd fjkilg fya;=j

ms<sn| j' orejkaf.a wdl,am

ixj¾Okh lsÍfï§ udmshka orejka

iuÕ ld,h .; lsÍu fia u

ld,h .; lrk wdldrh o b;du;a

jeo.;a' mjq, ;=< wdorh" /ljrKh

orejl=g oefkkakg ie,eiaúh hq;= hs'

orejl= bf.k .ksñka jeãfï§

foudmshkaf.a ld¾hNdrh w;sYh

jeo.;a' ukao orejl= m<uqfjka

u iudcdkqfhdackhg ,lajkafka

mjq, ;=< uj yd mshdf.a ld¾hNdrh

u; hs' orejka m<uqfjka u Tjqka

;=< fyd| fyda krl fyda wdl,am

we;s lr.kafka ta wkqj hs'

ngysr rgj, orejka kj fhdjqka

úfha u ;ks j Ôú;hg yev.

eiSug;a ;ks j Ôj;a ùug;a yqre

jqj;a wfma iudcfha orejkag jhi

wjqreÿ 18 blau jQ miq o újdy jk

;=re u mjqf,a wdorh /ljrKh

,nñka Ôj;a ùug wjia:dj ,eî

;sfnkjd' úúOdldr jevigyka"

ixúOdk iy rdcH hdka;%K o

we;s ù ;sfnkafka <ud ld,h

iqkaor;ajfhka hq;= j f.ùug

myiqlï f.dvkeÕSu fjkqfjka'

mQ¾j <udúh ixj¾Okhg wod<

ixj¾Ok ks,Odßka mqyqKq lr" ta

fjkqfjka u mQ¾j <udúh b,lal

lr.;a fmrmdi,a o ks¾udKh ù

;sfnkjd' fujeks miqìul jqj;a

wm iudcfha .egqï iy l,yldÍ

;;a;ajhkaf.a o wvqjla keye'

jeäysáhka njg m;a jQ miq

tjeks iudc m%Yak f.dvkefÕk

wkaofï jHdl+, p¾hdjka

ckkh lrk fm!reI;aj we;sùu

j<lajkafka flfiao hkak

ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq

úh hq;= hs' fuys§ <uhl=f.a

iudcdkqfhdackh b;du;a u

jeo.;a' iudcdkqfhdackh hkqfjka

ye¢kafjkafka Ôj úoHd;aul

i;a;ajhl= iudc úoHd;aul

i;a;ajhl= njg mßj¾;kh lrkq

,nk l%shdj,sh hs'

ldxpkd isßj¾Ok

mQ¾j <udúh ixj¾Okhg wod< ixj¾Ok ks,Odßka

mqyqKq lr" ta fjkqfjka u mQ¾j <udúh b,lal lr.;a fmrmdi,a o

ks¾udKh ù ;sfnkjd' fujeks miqìul jqj;a wm iudcfha .egqï iy

l,yldÍ ;;a;ajhkaf.a o wvqjla keye'


/lfoa yqiau;srir

yß; j.d

c.;a mßir Èkh iurkq

,nkafka mDÓú;,h yd

fidndoyu iqrlsk iqnjd§ l%shdud¾.

fj; f,dal m%cdj keUqre lrùfï

wruqKska' tA iEu jirl u cqks ui

5 jeksod' 1972 jif¾§ iaùvkfha

iafgdlafydaï kqjr mej;s mßir

iuq¿fõ§ f,dal mßir Èkh

m%ldYhg m;a lrkafka tlai;a

cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh úiska' zjdhq

¥IKh ÿr,uqZ hkak fujr c.;a

mßir Èk f;audj jqKd'

Y%S ,xldj th ieurefõ —;srir

jk l<ukdlrKhla ;=<ska jdhq

¥IKh wju lsÍu˜ hkak f;audj

lr .ksñka' ckm;sf.a uq,sl;ajfhka

uehs ui 30 jeks Þ isg cqks ui

5 jeks Þ olajd mßir i;shla o

kï flreKd' Bg iu.dó j /la

frdamKh" c, uQ,dY% msßisÿ lsÍu

jeks mßir ixrlaIK jevigyka

/ila §m jHdma; j ls%hdjg kexùug

hs lghq;= lf<a' f,dal mßir Èk

ieureug wod< ish¨ fufyhqï

lghq;= isÿjkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a

mßir jevigyk (UNEP) u`.ska'

.shjr bkaÈhdj ±rE c.;a mßir

Èk ieureï i;aldrl;ajh fujr

ysñjQfha Ökhg hs'

f.da,Sh WKqiqu by< hdug

n,mdk m%Odku idOlh jdhq

¥IKh hs' f,dal ck.ykfhka

9$10la yqiau .kafka wdYajdihg

kqiqÿiq wmsßisÿ jdhqj hs' bka 90]la u

wvq wdodhï,dNS rgj, ck;dj nj hs

iajik frda. ms<snò úfYaI{ ffjoH

ÿYdka; ueof.or mjikafka' fï

fya;=fjka f,dj mqrd iEu jirlg u

ñ,shk 7la fokd ndysr yd .DydY%s;

jdhq ¥IKfha n,mEfuka ñh hkjd'

ld,.=K úm¾hdi f,dalfha tlsfkl

rgj,g n,mdk wdldrh ñkqï

lrkafka f.da,Sh ld,.=K wjodkï

o¾Ylh (Global Climate Risk Index) u`.ska' jir 2018 fkdjeïn¾ ui

ksl=;a jQ tys kj;u jd¾;dj u`.ska

2017 j¾Ifha ld,.=K úm¾hdij,

wys;lr n,mEug ,la j jeäfhka

u úm;g m;a rgj,a 10 w;r ,xldj

2 jeks ia:dkhg m;aj we;s nj

fy<s lf<a uOHu mßir wêldßfha

ksfhdacH wOHlaI §md,a o is,ajd'

f,dj fndfyduhla uydk.r

mj;skafka jdhq .=Kd;aulNdjh

iïnkaOfhka f,dal fi!LH

ixúOdkh úiska ks¾foaYs; iSudjka

blaujd' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ

o;a;j,g wkqj miq.sh jir oyh ;=<

f,dj jvd;a u ¥Is; k.r 15ka 13la

u msysgd we;af;a wdishdkq l,dmfha'

fld<U k.rfha ishqï wxY= uÜgu

f,dal fi!LH ixúOdkh (WHO) ks¾foaYs; uÜgug jvd 3'6lska jeä

nj iajdëk m¾fhaIlhka fmkajd

fokjd' uOHu mßir wêldßfha

2010 jdhq úfudapk o;a; f,aLkhg

wkqj jdhq f.da,hg ¥IHldrl tl;=

lrk m%Odk jdhq ;;a;aj md,k

.eiÜ m;%h ksl=;a lrkafka fï

;;a;ajh md,kh lsÍfï wruqKska'

o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h .Kkfha§

yß; cd;sl .sKqu Tiafia mdßißl

ydksh .Kkh lsÍug uy nexl=fõ

wjOdkh fhduqùu o keKj;a

ls%hdud¾.hla'

fujr mßir Èk f;audj u`.ska

f,dalhdg wjOdrKh lrkafka

f.da,Sh WKqiqu wju lsÍu iòyd

jdhq ¥IKh md,kh fuka u

jdhq ;;a;ajh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug

mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s (Renewable Energy) m%fõY yd yß;

;dlaIKhg (Green Technology) msúiSu;a w;HjYH nj' iajNdúl

jDlaI,;d jdhq ¥IKh wju lrk

w;r iqjodhS mßir ;;a;ajhla we;s

lssÍfuys,d m%Yia; jk wdjrKhla

mj;ajdf.k hdu;a b;du jeo.;a'

yqiau .ekSu keje;aúh fkdyels

jqj;a wdYajdi lrk jd;fha

.=Kd;aulNdjh j¾Okh lsÍug

wmg hula l< yels hs'

ufyaIsld osidkdhl

mßirhmßirh


ohd YS% kf¾kaø rdcmlaI

bkaÿ ihqf¾ j;f.d;

mxp uyd id.r w;ßka bkaÈhdkq

id.rh hs 21 jeks Y; j¾Ifha

id.rh njg m;ajkafkaa' 19 jeks

yd 20 jeks Y; j¾Ij, id.r

njg m;aj ;sfnkafka ms<sfj<ska

w;a,dka;sla yd Ydka;slr id.r'

f,dalfha lkafÜk¾ keõj,ska yß

wvla u NdKav yd fiajd m%jdykh

bkaÈhdkq id.rh yryd isÿ lsÍu

ksid bkaÈhdkq id.rhg uqyqK,d

Ôj;a jk wdishdlrfha rgj,aj,

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg o ysñ jkafka

iqúfYaIS ia:dkhla'

—Tn mdkh lrk iEu c,

ìxÿjlska u" Tn .kakd iEu

yqiaulska u Tn fmf<dfõ

fld;ekl Ôj;a jqj o Tn uyd

ihqrg iïnkaO ù we;˜ tf,i

mjikafka N+ úoHd{ is,aúhd

w¾,a' mDÓú f.da,fhka 72]la u

msÍ mj;sk c,h jeä jYfhka

r|d mj;skafka uyd id.rfha

hs' j¾Idm;kh" WIaK;ajh yd

wd¾ø;dj we;=¿ foaY.=‚l ;;a;aj

kshdukh lsÍug iu;a uyd id.rh

ldnkaj,ska 91]la u Wrd.kakjd'

tfia u f.da,Sh yhsfv%daldnkaj,ska

32]la u iïmdokh lrk uyd

id.rh f,dal m%cdjg ,ndfokafka

jvd;a iqj myiqjla'

f,dal ck.ykfhka ì,shk 1lg

fm%daàka imsß fmdaIH .=Kfhka wkQk

wdydr wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lrkafka;a

Ôùka ñ,shk .Kkla Ôj;a fjk

uyd id.rfhkaa' fï id.r Ôù

ksIamdok jd¾Isl j jeä jk w;r

th m%;sY;hla f,i .;aúg 4]l

j¾Ok fõ.hla'

u;aiH ksIamdokj,ska 25]la u

imqrd fok uyd id.rh j¾;udkfha

nyq, j Ndú; jkafka ëjr

lghq;= wdYs%; l¾udka; i|yd hs'

fï hgf;a f,dalfha ñ,shk 350

lg jvd jeä msßila iïnkaO ù

isákafka lrÈh ëjr lghq;=j,g'

bka 90]la u ixj¾Okh fjñka

mj;sk rgj,aj, ck;dj ùu

úfYaI;ajhla' wkd.;fha§ fï

m%udKh o l%ufhka by< hk nj

hs úoaj;=kaf.a u;h' fmd,s fuÜßla

fkdähq," fldfnd,aÜ ksê yd

i,a*hsÜ ksê nyq, id.rh ridhk

jd‚c øjHj,ska msßmqka W,am;la'

hqá%hï äiafm%daIshï yd g¾ìhqï jeks

ÿ¾,N mdxY= uq,øjH W;amdokh

flfrkafka o id.rfhka'

n,Yla;s W;amdokh fia u fiajd

iemhSu w;ska o m%uqLhd jkafka

uyd id.rh hs' fï wkqj f,dj jgd

NdKav m%jdykh i|yd ,ndfok

Þhl;ajh 90]la' j¾I 2030 jk úg

lkafÜk¾ uÕska NdKav m%jdykh

;=ka.=Khlska jeäjk njg hs

.Kka n,d we;af;a' th uq,Huh

jákdlu weiqßka .Kkh l< úg

weußldkq fvd,¾ á%,shk 21la'

fujeks miqìul id.rh weiqf¾

/lshd W;amdokh o jißka jir

jeäfjñka mj;skjd' fï ksid

ñ,shk 180lg jeä msßila id.rfha

NdKav yd fiajd m%jdykh wdYs%;

/lshdj, hs ksr; j isákafka'

fï jk úg ì,shk 7la jQ f,dal

ck.ykh j¾I 2050 jk úg

ì,shk 9la njg m;ajkq we;e hs lr

;sfnkafka mqfrdal:k'

fï ck.yk wNsfhda.h

ch.ekSug id.rh flfrys jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu b;du;a

jeo.;a nj hs wd¾Ól úfYaI{hkaf.a

woyi' jeäjk ck.ykhg wjYH

wdydr" T!IO" n,Yla;s " /lshd

we;=¿ ish¨ u fiajd i|yd id.r

flakaøSh jevms<sfj<la iïmdokh

w;HjYH hs'

tfia u 60]la hqf¾kshï ksê o

40]la r;a;rka ksê o 98]la Èhuka;s

ksê o bkaÈhdkq id.rh ;=< msysgd

we;s nj hs id.r m¾fhaIlhka

mjikafka' fï iaj¾Kuh ;;a;ajh

fya;=fjka bkaÈhdkq id.rh 21

jeks ishjfia uy ihqr njg m;a

ùu wm rg we;=¿ wdishdlrfha

u rgj,aj, Nd.Hhla' fï ms<sn|

j woyia olajk bkaÈhdkq id.r

iuqøsl lghq;= iyfhda.s;dfõ uy

f,alï wdpd¾h ysrdka chj¾Ok(

—id.rh uyd iïm;la' th

cd;Hka;r fjf<Þfï Ôjkd,sh

fuka u wd¾Ólfha Ôj reêrh f,i

ye¢kaùu w;sYfhdala;shla fkdfj

hs' wm bkaÈhdkq id.rfha mj;sk

uyd id.r iïm;a .ek m¾fhaIK"

.fõIK yd wOHhk lrkjd'

bÈß ld, jljdkqj ;=< bkaÈhdkq

id.rh l<ukdlrKh lrñka

Ndú; lsÍu iïnkaOfhka ±kgu;a

f.k we;af;a mshjr /ila' óg

iu.dó j Ök m¾fhaIlhka iuÕ

uyd iuq¿jla ixúOdkh flrefKa

id.r m;=, .fõIKh lsÍfï

wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrñkaa' fï

wkqj uyihqr iq/lSu wm ish¨

fokdf.a u hq;=lula yd j.lSula'


my;rg m%foaYfha mer‚

u mQckSh ia:dkh f,i

mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

y÷kd.ekqKq f;dg.uq rkam;a

úydrh msysgd ;sfnkafka .d,a,

Èia;%slalfha yslalvqj m%foaYhg

wdikak j f;,aj;a; .%dufha'

fujr cd;sl fjila mqfKHda;aijh

uehs ui 17 iy 18 jeks Èkhkays§

meje;ajqfKa o fï úydria:dkfha§'

fï ksñ;af;ka mqrdúoHd

fomd¾;fïka;=j iy uOHu

ixialD;sl wruqo, uÕska rkam;a

úydrh m%;sixialrKhg mshjr

f.k we;s nj i|yka lf<a iu

úydrdêm;s wdpd¾h msgqj, nqoaOisß

iajdóka jykafia' tu jevms<sfj<

hgf;a úydria:dk iy oyïmdi,a

200la jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug o kshñ; hs'

tla úydria:dkhlg fjka jkafka

wju jYfhka ,laI 02lg fkdjeä

uqo,la'

mer‚ mqiafld,fmd;a ixrlaIKh

lsÍu" .d¨ úydrjxYh rpkd lsÍu"

mqrdK úydria:dk ixrlaIKh lsÍu

hgf;a mqrd úoHd;aul f.dvke.s,s

ixrlaIKh" úydria:dk N+ñ

ksrjq,a lsÍu" úydria:dk wdY%s;

relafrdamK jevigyka l%shd;aul

lsÍu" u;aøjH ksjdrK jevigyka

Èia;%slalh mqrd l%shd;aul lsÍu

fuka u È<s÷ mjq,aj, orejka

500la i|yd YsIHdOdr ,nd §u"

wOHdmksl yd ixialD;sl m%o¾Yk"

úydria:dk ud¾. ms<silr lsÍu

hkd§ jevigyka /ila rdcH fjila

W;aijhg iu.dó j meje;ajqKd'

f;dg.uq rkam;a úydria:dkfha

b;sydih wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakre

hq.h f;la úyso hkakla' mqrdúoHd

fomd¾;fïka;=j yd ixialD;sl

;%sfldaKhg wh;a f;dg.uq rcuyd

úydrh ±kg Tjqkaf.a wëlaIKh yd

ixrlaIKh hgf;a hs mj;skafka'

th f;,aj;a; mkai," f;dg.uq

mqrdK úydrh" rkam;a úydrh" md;

f;dg.uq úydrh" hk kñka o m%isoaO

hs' mer‚ rc oji fuys ry;=ka jev

jdih l< ksid r^y&;am;a úydrh

f,i o úreodj,s ,o

f;dg.uq úydrfha wkqrdOmqrfha

Y%S uyd fndaëka jykafiaf.ka

mej; tk jir 200la muK mer‚

fndaëka jykafia kula jevisákjd'

oUÈúka meñ‚ Y%S pkaø Ndr;S mç

úiska .=re m~qre jYfhka ÿka oUrka

lene,a,la fmdf<dj hg ksOka j

;sî yuqùfuka miq j fï úydrh

rkam;a úydrh jQ nj ckjyf¾

i|yka' úydrdêm;s iajdóka jykafia

i|yka lrkafka fmdf,dkakrefõ

m<uqjeks úchnd rcq úiska fï

úydr l¾udka; lr jQ njg jk

idlaIs mer‚ fmd;mf;a i|yka

jk nj' fuys iaj¾Kuh hq.h

iksgqyka jkafka fldaÜfÜ rdcOdks

iufha úiQ vi jeks merl=ïnd rcqf.a

wkq.%yh iy W.;a meú¢ mçrejkla

jQ f;dg.uqfõ Y%S rdyq, ysñhkaf.a

wdêm;H fya;=fjka' mrú" ie,<sys‚

ixfoaY ldjH iy ldjHfYaLrh

rpkd l< ldjHlrKfha w. meñ‚

rdyq, ysñhka .=ma; úoHdjkaf.a

±kqñka hl=ka ne| jev.;a nj

o ckm%jdofha i|yka' Iâ NdId

mrfïIajr f,i kï ,enQ rdyq,

ysñhka yd f;dg.uq úydrh w;r

we;af;a fkdìf|kd ne§ula'

15 jeks ishjifha§ f;dg.

uq úydrh Wiia úoHdia:dkhla

j mej;sfha iv jeks merl=ïnd

rcqf.a fkdu| rdcH wkq.%yh;aa

rdyq, ysñhkaf.a yi, nqoaê

m%Ndj;a fya;=fjka' Y%S úN+;sfhka

we<,S.sh fï Wiia wOHdmk

wdh;kh mßydkshg m;ajqfKa

1505§ mD;=.%Sis wdl%uKh;a iuÕ'

Y; j¾I folla muK j,aìys ù

meje;s fï mqoìu kej; ia:dmkh

jkafka lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq úiska

je,súg irKxlr ix>rdchka

ol= ukrï iõ isß msß f;dg.uqj


iuÕ fufyh jQ wd.ñl mqkreoh

fya;=fjka' ta wkqj kj úydr

ukaÈrh bÈjkafka 1734 - 1799

ld,fha§ hs' mqrdK ms<suf.h yd

w¨;a ms<su f.h úydria:dkfha

l,d;aul mlaIh m%o¾Ykh

lrkakd jQ uykqjr iïm%odhg

wh;a ì;=is;=jï" ,;d u,alïj,ska

w,xldr ù ;sfnkjd' mer‚

ms<suf.hs fjiaika;r cd;lh iy

oyïfid~ cd;lh is;=jug kÕd

;sfnk w;r tys wka;rd,fha is;=jï

lr we;af;a újdyhg" fma%uhg

wêm;s wkx. foúhkaf.a rej hs'

,xldfõ wkx. foúrejla iys;

tl u úydrh f;dg.uq úydrh

nj hs ie,flkafka' kqjr hq.fha

is;=jïj,g wdfõ‚l ly" r;=" iqÿ"

ks,a j¾K rgd iy oaúudk ñksia

rE" i;=ka" .iaje,a fï is;a;ïj,;a

wka;¾.; hs' 1799 jif¾ § ksud

jQ mqrdK ms<suf.hs is;a;ï .d¨

Èidfõ lfvd,a .,af,a uy is;a;rd

yd fmdâv is;a;rdf.a f;,s;=äka o

w¨;a ms<suf.hs is;=jï wgfldarf,a

uqÈhkafia is;a;rd w;ska o ksu ù

we;s nj nqoaOisß ysñhka fy<s l<d'

.,;=re uq, ffu;%sh udysñ

iy W;a;ruQ, rdyq, ysñhkaf.a

isg ùod.u" jE;a;Efõ" f;dg.uq"

rdyq, jeks iajdóka jykafia,d

úYd, msßila f;dg.uq úydrfha

úydrdêm;S;ajh ord ;sfnk j.

b;sydifha iòyka' wjidk jYfhka

2016 jif¾ úydrdêm;s;ajh

±rE msgqj, iquk ia:úrhka

jykafia f.ka miq f;dg.uq

úydrfha j¾;udk úydrdêm;s f,i

jevisákafka msgqj, nqoaOisß isjdóka

jykafia hs' Y;j¾I .Kkdjla mqrd

mej; tk úchnd msßfjK ;ju;a

mj;ajd f.k hkafka foia úfoia

ne;su;=kaf.a yd ixpdrlhkaf.a

wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sfnk rkam;a

úydrh uÕska' ld,h;a iuÕ hï

hï foa kùlrKh jqj;a f;dg.uq

rkam;a úydrfha fm!rd‚l nj

yd fm%!V;ajh /l.ksñka wkd.;

mrmqrg mjrd§u j.lsj hq;a;kaf.a

yd ,lajeis ieuf.a j.lSula fuka

u hq;=lula'

iïnqoaO mßks¾jdKfhka wjqreÿ

foish ;siayhlg miqj ñys÷

uyry;ka jykafia ,laÈjg jevu

l< njg ;sfnk ft;sydisl fuka

u mqrd úoHd;aul idlaIs úuid

ne,Su ld,Sk jYfhka b;d jeo.;a'

tl, cïnqoaùmfha u.O wêrdchd

jQ wfidal rcqf.a rdcHfha isg ñys÷

uyry;ka jykafia ,xldjg jevu

l< nj §mjxih iy uydjxih wd§

mqrdK .%ka:j, i|yka fjkjd'

iuka;mdidÈld .%ka:fha o uyskaÞ

.ukh .ek i|yka ù ;sîu b;d

jeo.;a hehs iòyka lrkafka

,xldfõ nqÿ iufha b;sydih

lD;sfha uydpd¾h mQcH j,afmd,

rdyq, ysñhka'

wfidal rcqf.a oy;=ka jeks

.sß,smsfhys ,xldj .ek i|yka

jqj;a ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafiaf.a

O¾u¥; .uk ms<sn| igykla

fuf;la fidhd f.k we;s

njla lsisu wfidal Ys,d ,smshl

we;=<;a jkafka keye' wdpd¾h

Íia fâúâia fmkajd fok mßÈ

wfidal rdcH iufha § ysud,h

m%foaYhg hjk ,o O¾u¥; msßi

ms<sn| ,laÈj jxil;dj, i|yka

m%jD;a;sfha i;H;dj idxÑfha ;sî

fidhd .kq ,enQ mqrd úoHd;aul

jia;=j,ska ;yjqre fjkjd'

ysud,h jeks m%foaYhlg wfidal

rcq úiska hjk ,o O¾u¥;

fufyh ms<sn| ,laÈj jxil;d

fu;rï ksjerÈ kï ñys÷ ysñhka

m%uqL O¾u¥;hkaf.a wd.ukh

ms<sn| m%jD;a;sh ckm%jdo fkdfõ

hehs ie,lSu hqla;s hqla; hs

hkqfjka mer‚ ,laÈj fn!oaO

b;sydih lD;sfha wdpd¾h

B'ví,sõ wÈldrï i|yka lrkjd'

fï wkqj ft;sydisl jYfhka

uyskaÞ.ukh ms<sn| idlaIs tf,i

bÈßm;a l< yels hs'

ufkdacd iurkdhl

mqrdj;ska fy<s jkñys÷ysñ jeä j.


tfy;a mqrdúoHd;aul jYfhka

idlaIs tA ms<sn| j we;a± hs úuid

ne,Su b;d jeo.;a' tys§ uyskaÞ

.ukh mqrdúoHd;aul jYfhka

o Tmamq l< yels Ys,d ,sms YS%

,xldfjka yuqfjkjd' fikr;a

mrKú;dk iòyka lrk mßÈ

wïmdr Èia;s%lalfha rc.,ska ,eî

we;s ls%ia;= mQ¾j f;jeks ishjig

wh;a n%dyaó fi,a ,smsh tjekakla'

m¾j; ,smshla jk tys zfh buÈm

mguh bÈh w.;k bisl f;r

uyso f;ry ;=fn hhsZ i|yka'

uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk tys

woyi olajkafka fuf,i' zfuu

Èjhskg tys jdikd uysuh ksid

meñ‚ bÜÀh iy uyskao f;rekaf.a

ia;+mhhs'Z

fï Ys,d,smsh fldgd we;af;a

rc., l÷ uqÿfka msysá m¾j;hl

hs' th msysá m¾j;h mduq, l=vd

ia;+mhla ;snqKq njg olakg

,efnkafka idlaIs' fï jk úg tu

ia;+mh úkdY ù ;sfnkjd' rc.,

fi,a,smsfhys zuyso f;rZ hkq uyskao

fyj;a ñys÷ ysñhkaf.a kduh nj o

bisl f;r hkq ñys÷ ysñhka iuÕ

jevu l< NslaIQka jykafia,d w;r

isá bÜÀh f;reka jykafia nj

o uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk

mjikjd'

W;a;sh rcqf.a ^ls%'mQ' 267 - 257&

ld,fha§ ñys÷ uy ry;ka jykafia

msßksjka mE nj iòyka jkafka

uyd jxifha hs' Wkajykafiaf.a

Od;+ka jykafia,d ksoka fldg

wkqrdOmqrfha iE.srsfhys

^ñyska;f,a& yd ,xldfõ ;j;a

ia:dk lSmhl o Þ.eí lrjk

,o nj uydjxifhys 20 jeks

mßÉfÊofha .d:d 46- 49 u`.ska

lshefjkjd'

fï m¾jk ,smsfhys iòyka

wdldrhg ñys÷ uyry;ka

jykafiaf.a muKla fkdj tA

iuÕ ,xldjg jevu l< bÜÀh

f;rekaf.a Od;+ka jykafia,d o fï

Þ.efnys ksoka lr ;sfnkjd' ta

nj rc., m¾j; ,smsfha i|yka'

wdpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk

i|yka lrkafka rc., mqoìu

msysá kef.kysr m%foaYfha bÜÀh

f;reka jykafia tl, O¾u m%pdrl

jev lghq;= Ndr j isá ksid fï

rc., Þ.efnys ñys÷ uyry;ka

jykafiaf.a Od;+ka jykafia,d iuÕ

bÜÀh f;rekaf.a Od;=ka jykafia,d

o tu Þ.efnys ^rc.,& ksoka l<

nj hs'

uyskaod.ukh ms<snò idlaIshla

f,iska bÈßm;a l< yels ;j;a .sß

,smshla ^n%dyaó wlaIrj,ska ,shk ,o&

ñyska;,fhka u yuqfjkjd' fuh

ls%'j' fojeks ishjig wh;a' thska

lshefjkqfha uydÞÀl uyd kd.

rcqf.a ^ls%' j' 9 - 21& mQcdjla ms<sn|

j hs' fï mQcdfõ tla mrud¾:hla

jkafka uyskao" bÜÀh" W;a;sh iy

Noaoid, hk f;rekaf.a m%;sud

jkaokh hs' fï wkqj uysÞ.ukh

ft;sydisl jYfhka muKla fkdj

mqrdúoHd;aul j o ;yjqre jk nj

b;d meyeÈ,s hs'

ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia m%uqL

O¾u¥; msßi ,xldjg wyiska jevu

lf<a oUosj fõÈi.sßfha isá ñys÷

uy ry;ka jykafiaf.a uE‚hka

jQ fõosifoaúh uqK.eiSfuka miq

tys isg nj hss uydjxifhys i|yka

jkafka' tu ldrKh by; i|yka

l< rc., .sß ,smsfhys zfh buÈm

mguh bÈh w.;kZ hkak iòyka'

tkï ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia fï

Èjhskg >Doaêfhka jevu lf<a hehs

thska m%ldY jk nj hs we;euqka

mjikafka' bÈh hkafka iDoaêfhka

hk woyi hs lshefjkafka' tfy;a

bÈh hkq ñys÷ uyry;ka

jykafia fï Èjhskg iuDoaêh

iy fi!Nd.Hh f.kd njla

hehs wdpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk

mçjrhd i|yka lrkjd'

ñys÷ uyry;ka jykafia

oUÈj wjka;sfha fõÈi .sßfha isg

,xldjg jevu lf<a flfia o hk

mekh ms<ssnòj;a fuys§ wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a' ta nj z,xld

úYajúoHd,fha b;sydihZ .%ka:fha

m<uq ldKavfha ^134-135 msgq&

i|yka jkafka fuf,i hs' zzñys÷

uyry;ka jykafia m%uqL O¾u¥;

msßi f.dvìñka .uka fldg ngysr

fjrf<a msysá NdrelÉp jrdhg

meñK we;e hs is;Sug o bv ;sfí'

tu jrdhg meñK t;ekska keõ

ke.Su l< nj fmfka' ñys÷ uy

ry;ka jykafia iy tu ¥; msßi

jäkakg we;af;a fï ud¾.fhka

úh hq;= h' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka

,xldjg msg;a jk ia:dkh olajd

Wkajykafia,d f.dvìu Tiafia

meñfKkakg we;'ZZ

fï lreKq wkqj ñys÷ uy ry;ka

jykafiaa m%uqL O¾u¥; msßi ,laÈjg

meñ‚ mqj; ft;sydisl fuka u mqrd

úoHd;aulj o ;yjqre l< yels nj

b;d meyeÈ,s hs'

isßiuka úfÊ;=x.

rc., fi,a ,smsh


bia,dï Ôjk ie,eiafï mxp uyd j.lSïj,ska

tlls Wmjdih' rdu,dka hk wrdì jpkfhka

wre;a .ekafjkafka th hs' w¨hu 4'30 isg miajre 6'30

olajd ld,h ;=< ksrdydr j isàu hs tys§ isÿjkafka'

udihla mqrdjg iaj leue;af;ka u lrk fï ÿIalr

Wmjdifhka wk;=rej hs bia,dï ne;su;=ka zBÿ,a *S;¾Z

fyj;a rduidka W;aijh iurkafka' ÿmam;a ck;djf.a

l=i.skak Okj;a ck;djg ±k.ekSug ie,eiaùu thska

wruqKq fjkjd'

ta ms<snò j woyia olajk fudfyduoa yika ujq,ú¦

—fï Èkj, Odkm;shka ;ukaf.a uqo,a yd foam,j,ska

wirKhkag Woõ l< hq;= hs' fï iòyd wjYH OdkH

j¾. yd uqo,a ÿ.S ck;djg m%odkh lsÍfuka Tjqkag o

Wmjdifha fh§u myiq fjkjd' fuh bia,dï wd.fï

wksjd¾h ld¾hhla' we;eï Okm;shka jd¾Isl j wfkla

Woúhf.a j;alï fidhd ne,Su;a fuys úfYaI;ajhla'

90] muK jk Okm;s Woúh fï rduidka udih

ta odkh ,nd§ug ÿmam;=ka f;dard.kafka ta whqßka'

fuys§ ;ukaf.a iuia; wdfhdackfhka 2'5]la .Kka

n,d tu uqo, ÿ.S noaola f,i f.ùï lrkjd' fuh

bia,dï wd.fï Wmjdihg miq bgq l< hq;= tla m%Odk

ld¾hhla'˜ fï ÿ.S noao u`.ska isÿ jkafka ;ukaf.a

foafmd< mdßY=oaONdjhg m;alsÍu hs' fuh wrdì niska

y`ÿkajkafka zild;a Z hkqfjka'

rduidka ld,h ;SrKh jkafka bia,dóh pkaø Èk

o¾Ykhg wkqj hs' fï ksihs jißka jir rduidka

W;aijh mj;ajk oji fjkia jkafka' fujr th

ieurefõ cqks ui 5 jeks Þ' Y=oaO jQ w,a l=rdkh

uyïu;a;=udg fy<sorõ lf<a w,a,d foúÿkaf.a

foaj¥;hl= jQ ðíÍ,a úiska' ta l%s'j' 610l ;rï wE;

w;S;fha rduidka udifha ojil' zff,,;=,a lo¾Z kñka

ye`Èkafjk ta /h jif¾ jvd;a u Y=oaOjQ;a n,j;ajQ;a

rd;%sh f,i ms<s.efkkjd'

tÈk l,ska wukdm jQ ish¨ fokd oE;a w,a,d .ksñka

tlsfkldf.ka iudj wheo isákjd' tfuka u iud j

,nd fokjd' wdOHd;añl ÈhqKqj ,eîu wruqKq lrf.k

f.jk fï ld, jljdkqj ;=< muK blaujd lEu îu

.ekSu" ÿïmdkh yd mis̀ÿrka mskjk wfkl=;a ish¨ u

lghq;=j,ska wE;a ù isàug bia,dï ne;su;=ka W;aidy

lrkjd' keu`ÿï yd hd{d lsÍï w;r;=r l=rdkh lshùu

yd wd.ñl lreKq fufkys lsÍu;a wksjd¾hh ld¾hhla'

iEu bia,dï ne;suf;la u rduidka iufha§

wksjd¾hfhka u Wmjdifha ksr; jkafka th ;ud i;=

j.lSula f,i ms<sf.k' tfy;a .eìKs yd lsßfok

uõjreka" l=vd orejka jfhdajDoaO iy Wmjdih l<

fkdyels ldhsl yd udkisl ÿ¾j,;d iys; whg

Wmjdih w;ayer isàfï ksoyi ,efnkjd' §¾>

fõ,djla l=i.skafka isák Tjqka Wmjdih ì`Èkak

.kak le,ß wêl wdydr fõ,;a fjkodg jvd YÍrhg

jHdhdu fkd,eîu;a ksid fndfyda fokl=f.a YÍr nr

jeäjkafka Wmjdi udih wjika fjoa§'

ta flfia fj;;a rduidka lEu fïifha ;sfnk

rgb`È" lxð" ijdka nqßhdks yd jg,mamkaj, ri wu;l

lrkak ljqre;a iQodkï keye' tfuka u ukqI;ajfha

fmdÿ /yek ;j ;j;a Yla;su;a jkafka ksjeishka"

kEoEys;j;=ka iy ñ;=rka tla j m%S;sfhka wdYs¾jdo yd

iqNdYsxik tlalr .ekSu;a iu`.' fï ld,h ;=< uqia,sï

ck;djf.a lemlsÍu yd wd;au oukh miqmi we;s

iqkaor wre; m%YxikSh hs'

f¾Kqld j¾ðks fmf¾rd

yog tfnk rdu,dka y|


ix.S; lafIa;%fha ks¾udK

yelshdj jf.a u Ys,amSh

yelshdj we;s msßila o

isákjd' m%ùK ix.S;{

ù' fyaumd, iïmQ¾K .S;hla

ks¾udKh fkdl<dg fndfyda

.S;j,g ;kq ks¾udK

l< Ys,amsfhla' we;eï

ix.S; wOHlaIljre Tyq

w;g m;alrkafkaa ix.S;

LKAvhla muK hs' Tyq th

iïmQ¾K lrkafka wmQre ;kq

ks¾udKhlska' zudrïnÍ'''Z"

z;ksfjkakg uf.a f,dfõ'''Z

jeks .S; uekav,Skfhka Tyq

tla l< l=vd u iajrj,ska

jvd;a w,xldr jqKd'

fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. ix.S;

jevigyka úldYkh jk

wjia:dj,§ thg fyd`Èka

ijkaoSfuka tys .=Kd;aulnj

m%.=K l< Tyq 1980 oYlfha

YS% ,xldjg ke;=j u neß

jdolhl= jqKd' ta jkúg

,xldfõ m%ùk ix.S;{hka

jk iageka,s mSßia" ir;a

oikdhl" iqcd;d w;a;kdhl"

ir;a o w,aúia wdoS m%ùk

ix.S;{hkaf.a Ñ;%mg yd

iS'ã ;eá iòyd iaj;ka;%

jdokfhka Tyq odhl ù

;sfnkjd' nÿ,a," msxwrdj

iqkaor .ïudkfhaoS 1942

Tlaf;dan¾ ui úis jeksod

ù' fyaumd, Wm; ,enqfõ

ifydaorshka ;sfofkla iy

ifydaorhka fofokl= isák

mjqf,a nvmsiaid f,iska'

wjdikdjka; f,i Tyqf.a

cSù;h fj; w÷r f.k wd

mqj; Tyq úia;r lrkafka

yeÕSïnrj hs'

—wjg mßirfha iqkaor;ajh"

<udúfha u;lh yd neyer

fkdjk ;j;a u;l uf.a

f,dalfhka iuq.;af;a ud

m<uqjeks mx;shg iu;a jQ

ld,fhaoS hs' w;a tkak;a

lrkak meñKs Woúhg

jerÈ,d wjqreÿ 8 oS muK

uf.a f,dalh iïmQ¾Kfhka

u ke;sfj,d .shd' oEiaj,

uiao,q weú;a uf.a f,dalh

jid.kak yokfldg ug

f.dvla ÿl ys;=Kd' uu uf.a

f,dalfha ysrldrfhla jqKd

lsh,hs oekqfK˜ oEia fmkSu

wysñ jQ miq Tyq ;u ld,h

iïmQ¾Kfhka u lem lrkafka

ix.S;h bf.k .ekSug' jhi

wjqreÿ 11 oS fyaumd, ix.S;h

yodrkak wurkd;a udiag¾

<.g hkafka ;u jeäuy,a

fidfydhqrdf.a Wmfoia wkqj'

Tyqf.a wêIAGdkhg msgqjy,la

nÿ,af,a fkd;snQ wjia:djl

ñ;% ú,anÜ fmf¾rd úiska

uykqjr weï'Ô'mS' l,dh;kfha

úÿy,am;s f,i fiajh l<

isß,a fmf¾rdg fyaumd,

y÷kajd ÿkafka 1967 jif¾oS'

isß,a fmf¾rd weiqf¾

isáhoS uydpd¾h tÈßùr

irÉpkaø úiska fyaumd,f.a

ngk,d jdokhla má.; lr

YS% ,xld .=jkaúÿ,s ixia:djg

fhduqlrkjd' miqj 1968

iema;eïn¾ 27 jeksod rd;s%

10'15g .=jka úÿ,sfhka

uq,ska u zfcda.a rd.fhkaZ

bÈßm;a l< Tyqf.a ngk,d

jdokhla úldYkh jqKd' tod

nÿ,af,a isg fld<Ug meñKs

fyaumd, kjd;eka .kafka

.dhsld iqcd;d w;a;kdhl

ksjfia' ta oskj, wehf.a ir,

.S; iòyd ;kq lsysmhla u

fhdokak;a Tyq lghq;= l<d'

.dhsld ußhfi,a .=K;s,lf.a

zisysk fk,qï Z.S;fha má.;

lsÍïj,oS lsysm j;djla u

Tyqf.a ngk,d jdokh ksid

jQ w,xldrh ms<snò j weh

ixo¾Ykj,oS b;d by<ska

w.h l<d' à' tï' chr;akf.a

z;ks fjkakg uf.a f,dfõZ

.S;h o jvd;a w,xldr jqfKa

Tyqf.a uekav,Ska jdokfhka'

wixl ms%huka;f.a zoSmdj,SZ

iy;sl fkd,;a iriú weÿrd

wjg mßirfha iqkaor;ajh" <udúfha u;lh yd neyer fkdjk ;j;a u;l uf.a f,dalfhka iuq.;af;a ud m<uqjeks mx;shg iu;a

jQ ld,fhaoS hs' w;a tkak;a lrkak meñKs Woúhg jerÈ,d wjqreÿ 8 oS muK uf.a f,dalh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ke;sfj,d .shd'

oEiaj, uiao,q weú;a uf.a f,dalh jid.kak yokfldg ug f.dvla ÿl ys;=Kd' uu

uf.a f,dalfha ysrldrfhla jqKd lsh,hs oekqfK

m%ùK ix.S;{

ù' fyaumd,


.S;hg ol=fKa isxy,g Tìk

jdok LKAvh;a W;=f¾ l¾Kdgl

ix.S;hg wjYH w,xldr jdokh;a

ks¾udKh fjkafka fyaumd, i;=

ix.S; Odrdfõ W,amf;ka'

1969 jif¾oS uydpd¾h î'wd¾'

foajod¾ bkaÈhdfõ isg meñK

mj;ajkq ,enQ .=jka úÿ,sfha Ys,amSka

fY%aKs.; lsßSfï mÍlaIKfhka

fyaumd, úYsIAg fY%aKshla ,nd.

kakjd' úYdro úNd.hg by<

ms<s.ekSula mej;s ta ld,fha

bkaÈhdfõ bf.kSug .sh úYdro

wurfoaj" úYdro mS'ù' kkaoisß

o fï mÍlaIKhg fmkS

isáh;a Tjqkag fuka Tyqg ta

fjkqfjka lsisu iy;slhla

ysñfj,d keye' .=jkaúÿ,sfha

jevigyka lsysmhlg Tyq

jdokfhka iydh fjoaoS

bkaoSh úYdro msßila iuÕska

úYd, wNsfhda.hlg uqyqK

fokakg;a Tyqg isÿjqKd'

tu mÍlaIKhg w;hs ys;hs

folu Wmfhda.S lrf.k

b;d id¾:l j uqyqK ÿka

Tyq zNsïm,dis rd.hZ úkdä

40la jdokh lr wmlaImd;S

idOdrK mÍlaIKfhka

iu;a jqKd' tjlg ;snQ

iEu ix.S; jevigykla

i|yd u jdokfhka iydh

,ndÿka Tyqg ngk,d iy

uekav,ska zta Z fY%aKsfha yd

.sgd¾" ;í,d yd jh,ska zîZ

fY%aKsfha Ys,amSh ;k;=rla

ysñ hs' ta w;r;=r ,xldjg meñKs

mKAä;a ù'ð' fcda.A" mKAä;a

rúYxl¾" Wia;doa w,a,drlaLd hk

w.%.KH bkaoSh ix.S;{hka uqK

.eiSug o Tyqg jdikdj ,enqKd'

Ydia;S%h ix.S;h uq,a lrf.k

Ys,amSh {dkh YsIHhkag

,ndfoñka isáhoS .dhk Ys,amskS

pïmd l,aydßf.a mshdf.a tkï

tia'î'tia'chfialrf.a b,a,Su wkqj

Tyqg fi!kao¾hh úYajúoHd,fha

ndysr lÓldpd¾h Oqrhg wjldYh

,enqK;a tod isg wo olajd ix.S;h

ms<snò lsisu iy;slhla ;udg ysñ

fkdjQ nj hs fyaumd, mjikafka'

miqj le,Ksh úYajúoHd,fha

ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jYfhka

1986 jif¾ isg fiajh lsÍug o

Tyqg wjia:dj ie,iqKd' ta wkqj

ix.S; .=rejre" .=re WmfoaYljre"

úYAjúoHd, fcHIAG lÓldpd¾hjre

ìyslrkak odhl jqfKa fyaumd,

kejqï ukilska yd fyd|

u;lhlska l%shd l< ksi hs'

ix.S;h jf.a u Ôú;fha ;j;a

rij;a fohla jqfKa Tyqf.a újdyh'

Èkla mqj;am;l Tyq ms<snò m<lr

;snQ úia;rhla wkqj pkaÈud

l=iqï fmf¾rd kue;s ;reKshla

f,ka.;= ye`.Sulska Tyqg tjQ

,smshhs Tyqf.a újdyhg moku

oeuqfõ' miqj ìßòf.a iydh ,nñka

ÿj yd mq;d iuÕ yßu iqkaor

f,iska Ôú;fha fuf;la ÿr Tyq

meñKshd' 1972 jif¾oS uq,ajrg

Ydia;S%h rd.OdÍ ix.S;h ms<snò

.sgd¾ jdokhla bÈßm;a lsÍug

iu;a jQ fyaumd,g ,kavkh"

m%xYh hk rgj, meje;a jQ ix.S;

ixo¾Ykj,g iyNd.s fjñka

2000 iy 2005 jirj,§ hqfrdamSh

tiaf;dkshd Êstonia University) úYajúoHd,fhka ,enqKq wdrdOkdjla

wkqj tal mqoa., Ydia;S%h

jevigyka lsysmhla bÈßm;a lsÍug

wjia:dj ie,iqKd' tysoS ldf.a;a

m%Yxidj Èkd.;a Tyqf.a Ydia;S%h

jevigykg w.%.KH ix.S;{

mKAä;a wkskafoda peg¾ð ;í,dfjka

iydh jdokh i|yd iïnkaOùu;a

;j;a úfYAI wjia:djla' tfia u

Ydia;S%h ix.S;h" ir, ix.S;h fuka

u nhs,d ix.S;h olajd me;sreKq

mrdihla ;=< oialï mE Tyq ix.S;h

w; m; .E iufha u zfrdaid fmd,a,

f.fkka n,a,d urkakZ .S;h ujq;a

´.kfhka iaj;ka;%j

jdokh lsrSfï yelshdj o

,nd ;snqKd'

zzwe;eïúg fï

.S; ud fuka u uf.a

ifydaor jdol uKav,h

w;ska fõÈldfõ jdokh

flfrkafka Ôú; ldf,g

u tlu j;djla muKla

fjkak mq¨jka' jdol

uKAv,h úoshg lsishï

uqo,la thg ,efnkjd'

bka miqj fï .S; úúO

jevigykaj, jdokh

lrkafka fjk;a jdolhka'

fndfydaúg tajd uq,a

jdokj,g yd;amiska

u fjkia' wdrïNl

.S;h jdokh lf<a

ljqreka± hs hkak i|yka

lsrSulaj;a wo isÿjkafka

keye' j¾;udk ix.S; lafIa;%fha

.=Kd;aulnj ms<sn| j l;d lroaoS

fndfydu lk.dgq ysf;kjd' we;eï

ks¾udKj, wefykafka fmros.

fyda wmros.j;a ke;s Yíohla ñi

wdOHd;añl .kqfokqjla tu .S;j,

we;af;ka u keyeZZ hkqfjka

mjik Tyqf.a fofk; wysñ jqj o

újD; ukilska f,dalh u ÿgq ksid

ish¨ ch.%yK ;=< ;snqfKa wx.

iïmQ¾K Ys,amSh {dkhla'

f¾Kqld j¾cskS fmf¾rd


kdgHkdgH

m%ùK kdgHfõÈ mrdl%u

ksßwe,a, ;u kj;u

ksIamdokh zysre kef.k;=reZ kñka

fõÈldjg f.kú;a ;sfnkjd'

filal=j" úksYaph" .e,S,sfhda"

W;a;udú" jfrka;=" prkaÞia"

ueálr;a;h" yqKqjgh jeks kdgH

/ila fõÈldjg Þhdo l< mrdl%u

fujr fõÈldjg m%úYag jkafka

W;=f¾ fou< kdgHhla jk

ztka;hqï ;dhqïZ kue;s ks¾udKh

isxy, fm%alaIlhdg ;s<sK lrñka'

ztka;hqï ;dhqïZ kdgHh ;=<ska

;sia jirla meje;s hqoaOfha tla

fYdapkSh me;slvla ksrEmKh

flfrkjd' th hdmkfha m%ùK

kdgHfõÈhl= jk l=,kafohs

tï' Ikauq.,sx.ï úiska 1992

jif¾§ rpkd lr ksIamdokh

lrk ,oaola' hqoaOh ksid W;=f¾

kdgHlrejd yqfol,dùula olakg

,enqKd' tlS yqfol,dfjka ñ§u

i|yd Tjqka hqoaOh úiska mSvdjg

m;a l< ;u Ôú;h weiqßka kdgH

ks¾udKh lsÍug fm<UqKd'

Ikauq.,sx.ï o tjekafkla' Tyqg

;u kdgH fõÈld .; lrkakg

rÕy,la ;snqfKa keye' Tyq fï

kdgHh fõÈld.; lf<a k,aÆ¾

m%foaYfha ksfjil ñÿf,a' jir

.Kkla hdmkhg úÿ,sh ;snqfKa

keye' tfyhska kdgH fõÈld.;

flrefKa Èjd ld,fha' Èjd ?

wefik fndaïn y~" fjä y~

uOHfha Ôú;h weof.k ÿjk

W;=f¾ ck;djg lsishï biamdiqjla

,enqfKa fujeks kdgHhla

keröfuka muK hs' ;u Ôú;h

;uka bÈßfha rÕ±lafjk úg

fndfyda wh ±ä f,i ixfõ§ jqKd'

fï kdgHh fõÈld.; lrk

iufha W;=f¾ ckhd rcfha fuka u

t,a'à'à'B yuqÞjkaf.a ±ä mSvkhg

ysre kef.k;=re n,d isá ñksiaiq

tï' Ikauq.,sx.ï

mrdl%u ksßwe,a,


,la j isáhd' fndfyda msßia Ôj;a

jQfha wj;eka l|jqrej,' fndfyda

;reK msßia W;=r yerÞ úfoaYj,g

ixl%uKh jqKd' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a

jfhdajDoaO uõmshka" jeäysáhka

hqoaOfha f.dÿre njg m;afjñka

;u bß;e¨Kq yDo idlaIsh iuÕ

fmdrn|ñka W;=f¾u Ôj;a jqKd'

úfoia.; ;u orejkaf.ka tl

,smshla" ÿrl;k weu;=ula tkf;la

fï uõmshka n,d isáhd' we;eï

ld,j, W;=rg ,smshla <Õdjkakg

udi lsysmhla .; jqKd' orejka

fo;=ka fokd isáh;a we;eï

uõmshka fuf,dj yer .sfha

wkd:hka f,iska' we;eï msßia

flfia fyda ;u orejka fj; .sh

kuqÿ ;u ksc N+ñh yer oud

fkdrgl jdih lsÍug wlue;s

msßila o isáhd' fï kdgHfha

f;audj jkafka tf,i rg yer

fkd.sh jfhdajDoaO uõmshkaf.a

wfmalaId Nx.;ajfha l;dj'

W;=frka kslau .sh orejka

ms<sn|j lf,l b;d ckms%h j

meje;s jelshla ;snqKd' zzmq;d rg

.syska jecfUkfldg ;d;a;d ;du;a

hdmfka b|ka fld< u~jkjdZZ'

fuh tla;rd Wmydid;aul jelshla

jqj;a bka lshejqfKa W;=f¾

ienE ;;a;ajh hs' tfy;a fujeks

m%ldYj,ska uõmshka fuka u

orejka o mSvdjg m;a jqKd' tA rfÜ

meje;s hqouh jd;djrKh hgf;a

fomsßi u iEu w;ska u wirK jQ

neúka'

ienúka u tÞ W;=f¾ meje;s

h:d¾:h ol=Kg jegyqfKa keye'

;%ia;jdoh úiska W;=f¾ jeishka

hgm;a lrf.k isá nj fkdo;a

ol=fKa fndfyda msßia W;=f¾ iEu

jeisfhla u ÿgqfõ i;=rl= f,iska'

mrdl%u ksßwe,a, ;u kj;u

ksIamdokh f,i Ikauq.,sx.ïf.a

ztka;hqï ;dhqïZ kdgH ks¾udKh

ysre kef.k;=re kñka isxy,

fõÈldjg le|jdf.k tkafka

tÞ W;=f¾ ckÔú;fha tla;rd

me;slvla ol=fKaa fm%alaIlhdg

bÈßm;a lsÍfï wruq‚ka' fï

kdglh tÞ hdmkfha meje;s

ck Ôú;h ms<sn| j fõÈldj

u; m%;sksrEmKh flfrk yqÿ

jd¾;djla fkdfj hs' th wúksYaÑ;

jHdl+, iudchl udkj in|;d

yd wfmalaId ms<sn| újrKhla'

cklr<sfha ksIamdokhla f,i

fõÈldjg tk zysre kef.k;=reZ

kdgHfha rdihshd f,daydkkaoka"

iquqÿ u,a,jdrÉÑ" wfrdaId

;rx.kS" foõrdka YS% ,sfõrd"

wcka;ka fi,ajl=ud¾ yd fi,ajrdÊ

,S,dj;S hk k`M ks<shka msßila

rx.kfhka Þhl jkjd'

ysre kef.k;=re kdgHfha

wjia:djla W;=f¾ ckÔú;fha

fYdapkSh;ajh ±äj lshd mdkjd'

tys m%Odk pß;h jk ix.rms,af,hs

orejka oi fokl=f.a msfhla'

orejka ish¨ fokd úfoaYhkays

hym;a Ôú; .; l< o Tyq ñh

hkafka wka; wirKhl= f,iska'

Tyqf.a wjux.,H lghq;= isÿjkafka

wi,ajdiSka fj;ska' Tyqf.a urK

±kaùfï fuf,i i|yka fjkjd'

zzñh .sh lkakïudf.a

wdorŒh iajdñ mqreIhd jQ o"

fudayka ^kjiS,ka;h& rdcka

^,kavka& ufyaIka ^fkda¾fõ& jdiq.S

^íafÜ%,shdj& frdaysŒ ^lekvdj&

lu,d ^weußldj& jika;ka ^m%xYh&

fldays,ka ^c¾uksh& ksrkacka

^b;d,sh& jdiqfoaj ^fvkaud¾lh&

hk whf.a wdorŒh mshdKka jQ

ix.rms,af,hs uy;d wNdjm%dma;

jQ w;r wjika lghq;= miqj ±kqï

fokq ,efí'ZZ

ms%hkacka iqf¾Ia o is,ajd


iskudjiskudj

YS% ,xldfõ m%:u isxy, l;dkdo

Ñ;%mgh jQfha lvjqKq

fmdfrdkaÿj hs' tia' tï' kdh.ï

úiska ksIamdokh l< tu Ñ;%mgh

1947 ckjdß 21 jeks Þ fld<U

lsx.aia,s yd uhs,ka iskudy,aj,

uq,ska u m%o¾Ykh flreKd'

tfy;a furg Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykfha

b;sydih 1901 jeks ld,h olajd

Èfjkakla' tjl furg isá

ì%;dkH wdKavqldrjrhd jQfha YS%u;a

fcdai*a fjiaÜ ßÊfõ' 1901 jif¾§

wdKavqldr ks, ksjfia Tyqg yd

ì%;dkH m%N+ka i|yd fm!oa.,sl

uÜgñka Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh flreKd'

ì%;dkH iy weußldkq jd¾;d yd

ksy~ jD;a;dka; Ñ;%mg o tys

m%o¾Ykh flreKq neõ mejfikjd'

ì%;dkH yd wms%ldfõ fndah¾jreka

w;r meje;s fojeks fndah¾ hqoaOfha§

isrNdrhg .kakd ,o fndah¾jreka

úYd, msßila Èh;,dfõ isrl|jqrl

r|jd ;snqKd' fï isrlrejka i|yd

ksy~ Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh lsÍug

tjl isá ì%;dkH md,lhka mshjr

.;a;d' tu ld¾hh mejrefKa

wefvd,a*ia ú,shï wekaä% kue;s

PdhdrEm Ys,amshl=g hs' msgfldgqfõ

fkdßia mdf¾ fydamagjqka kue;s

PdhdrEm Yd,dfõ ysñlre jQ wekaä%

tx.,ka;fhka furgg f.kajd.;a

Ñ;%mg /ila fï isrlrejka i|yd

jßka jr m%o¾Ykh lr ;sfnkjd'

bx.S%is - fndah¾ hqoaOh" úlafgdaßhd

uyd /ckf.a wNdjh" i;ajeks

tâjâ rcqf.a fu!,s ux.,Hh jeks

ksy~ jd¾;d Ñ;%mg tA w;r jkjd'

,xldfõ Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykfha

mqfrda.dñhd f,i ie,lsh yels

wekaä% 1903 jeks ld,fha zfldßla

nhsiafldamaZ kñka iud.ula msysgqjd

fld<U fldgqfõ l=vd iskudy,la

wdrïN lr uyckhd i|yd Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykh werUqjd' ì%;dkH cd;sl

fjd¾úlaa fïc¾ kï m%o¾Ylhl= o

fldgqfõ /lÜfldaÜys bÈl<

l+vdrul Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh wdrïN

lf<a fï ld,fha' tjl Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykh flrefKa l+vdrïj, fyda

újD; ia:dkj, hs' m<uqjeks jrg

furg ia:djr iskud Yd,d bÈlsÍfï

f.!rjh ysñjkafka bkaÈhdkq

Ñ;%mg ksIamdok yd m%o¾Yl

iud.ula jQ uÞka iud.ug hs' tys

ysñlre jQfha cïfIÜð *%dïð uÞka'

1917 wdrïN flreKq tu iud.u

wdishdkq rgj,a /il iskud Yd,d

bÈfldg Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykfha ksr;

jqKd' 1903 jif¾§ ,xldfõ m%:u

ks;H iskudy,a weröug mqfrda.dó

jQfha Tjqka' fï iskudy,a bÈlr

;snqfKa glrkaj,ska' fldgqfõ

mdikaia mdf¾ ÿïßh ud¾.hg

hdnò j tïmh¾ iskudy,;a urÞk

ykaÈfha me,ia iskudy, yd

mí,slafyda,a iskudy,;a kqjrt<sfha

ls,a*â meú,shka kue;s iskudy,;a

bÈl< tu iud.u id¾:l f,i

Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh wdrïN l<d'

tu iskudy,ays m%o¾Ykh jQfha

bkaÈhdfõ w;s id¾:l j m%o¾Ykh

flreKq bkaÈhdkq Ñ;%mg muK hs'

fï iEu Ñ;%mghla u ksy~

Ñ;%mg jQ w;r iEu o¾Ykhl§ u

Yd,dfõ ;srh wi, isá ;+¾hjdol

lKavdhula Ñ;%mgfha o¾Ykj,g

wkql+, jk mßÈ ix.S;h iemhqjd'

1910 jeks ld,fha furgg meñ‚

iS' je.ak¾ kue;s Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ylhd

fld<U fldgqfõ pduia OdkHd.

drh msysá ia:dkfha Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh

lsÍu wdrïN l<d'

,dxflah Ñ;%mg ±lafï <oreúh

l+vdrï iskud Yd,dj tïmh¾ iskud Yd,dj

m<uqjeks jrg furg ia:djr iskud Yd,d bÈlsÍfï f.!rjh ysñjkafka bkaÈhdkq Ñ;%mg ksIamdok yd m%o¾Yl

iud.ula jQ uÞka iud.ug hs' tys ysñlre jQfha cïfIÜð *%dïð uÞka'


Tyqf.a iskud Yd,dj úYd,

l+vdrula jQ w;r m%fõY m;%hl

ñ, i; oyhla jqKd' à' tA' Ô'

kQ¾ndhs tjl furg isá m%Odk

fmf<a jHdmdßlfhla' je,a,j;a;

frÈfudaf,a ysñlre fuka u wdkhk

wmkhk jHdmdr /il ysñlrejl=

jQ Tyqg keõ lsysmhla o ;snQ nj

mejfikjd' 1920 jeks ld,hl

Tyq fldgqj u,aj;af;a ^j;auka

u,aj;a; mdr kñka y÷kajk

m%foaYfha& iskudy,la wdrïN lr

iS' je.ak¾ úiska furgg f.kajk

Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykh wdrïN l<d' miqj

fudjqka fofokd tla j z,kavka

nhsiafldama lïmeksZ kñka iud.

ula msysgqjdf.k Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ykfha

ksr; jqKd'

,xldfõ m%:u isxy, Ñ;%mgfha

ksIamdolhd jQfha o kQ¾nd hs'

1925 jif¾§ zBiagka lïmeksZ kñka

Ñ;%mg ksIamdok wdh;khla wdrïN

l< Tyq zrdclSh úl%uhZ kñka

ksy~ isxy, Ñ;%mghla ksIamdokh

l<d' tys m%Odk k`Mjd jQfha

miqld,fha furg uqo,a weu;sjrhl=

jQ wdpd¾h weka' weï fmf¾rd hs'

th wOHlaIKh lf<a .=ma;d kue;s

bkaÈhdkq Ñ;%mg wOHlaIjrfhla'

Ñ;%mgfha ish¨ o¾Yk ,xldfõ

rE.; flreKq w;r ridhkd.dr

lghq;= i|yd bkaÈhdjg hejqKd'

wjdikdjlg fuka Ñ;%mgh

bkaÈhdfõ isg furgg /f.k wd

w;r fk!ldfõ we;sjQ .skaklska th

úkdYhg m;a jQ neõ mejfikjd'

tfia fkdjQjd kï wfma isxy,

Ñ;%mg b;sydifha wdrïNh iksgqyka

lrkafka lvjqKq fmdfrdkaÿj fkdj

rdclSh úl%uh hs' th bkaÈhdfõ iy

isx.mamQrefõ o¾Yk folla mj;ajd

;sfnkjd'

1920 yd 1930 w;r ld,fha

furg jeä jYfhka m%o¾Yk

flrefKa wefußldkq Ñ;%mg' pd,s

pema,ska" fcdaka neßfuda" refvd,a*a

je,kaáfkda" v.a,ia f*hd¾nEkala"

ßpâ ge,afïÊ" niag¾ lSgka jeks

k`Mjkaf.a Ñ;%mg i|yd úYd,

fm%alaIl m%;spdrhla ysñ jqKd' fï

ish¨ Ñ;%mg ksy~ Ñ;%mg jQ w;r

m<uqjrg Yíoh iys; Ñ;%mghla YS%

,xldfõ m%o¾Ykh jQfha fld<U

bínkaj, uxikaÈfha msysá tïmh¾

iskud yf,a 1929 jif¾§ hs' tA

zfu,ä ,õZ kue;s Ñ;%mgh hs' 1930

.Kkaj,ska miq bkaÈhdkq Ñ;%mg

/,a, bx.S%is Ñ;%mg /,a, wNsnjd

hkakg iu;a jqKd' tjl jeä u

wdÞhï jd¾;d msysg jQ bkaÈhdkq

Ñ;%mgh f,i ie,flkafka

zì,ajd ux.,aZ kue;s Ñ;%mgh hs'

1935 jif¾ th m%o¾Ykh jQfha

urÞfka t,a*skaiagka iskudyf,a' tu

Ñ;%mgfha ksIamdolhd jQfha o uÞka

Ñ;%mg iud.u hs'

tjl YS% ,xldfõ Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykfha tAldêldrh ysñjQfha

uÞka Ñ;%mg iud.ug hs' 1928 jeks

ld,fha Ñ;a;ïm,ï tA' .däk¾

iy tA' t,a' ;ïnhshd kue;s

jHdmdßlhka fofokd c¾udkq

Ñ;%mg m%o¾Ylhl= jQ ,sfhda ,xvka

iuÕ tla j urÞfka T,sïmshd

iskudYd,dj noaog f.k Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykhg tla jQ w;r miqj Tjqka

fofokd 1930 § zisf,daka ;shg¾iaZ

iud.u msysgqjd fld<U mdikaia

mdf¾ Í.,a iskudy, wdrïN

l<d' ^fld<U fldgqfõ f,alayjqia

wdh;kh bÈßmsg we;af;a 1930

wdrïN l< tu iskudy, hs'& tys

m%:u jrg m%o¾Ykh jQfha zvkalka

isiag¾iaZ kue;s Ñ;%mgh hs' isf,daka

;shg¾ia iud.fï m%:u ksIamdokh

jQfha wfYdalud,d Ñ;%mgh hs'

th 1947 ud¾;= ui t,a*skaiagka

iskudyf,a ;sr.; jqKd'

l,la uÞka Ñ;%mg iud.fï

l<ukdldrjrhd jQ t*a' iS *erla

tu iud.fuka bj;a j urÞfka

gj¾ iskudYd,dj noaog f.k 1932

jif¾§ ksy~ bkaÈhdkq Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykh wdrïN l<d' gj¾

iskudyf,a m<uqjrg l;dkdo

Ñ;%mghla m%o¾Ykh jQfha 1936

jif¾§' l%ufhka furg Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Yk iud.ï ìysjkakg jqKd'

isf,daka ;shg¾ia iud.ug miq

fla' .=Kr;akï úiska 1948 jif¾

§ ziskudiaZ iud.u wdrïN l<d'

1960" 70 oilj, furg Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykfha tAldêldrh mej;=fKaa

iskudia yd isf,daka ;shg¾ia iud.ï

fol w;r hs' miqj cî¾ tA' ldo¾

úiska isf,daka tkag¾fÜkaukaÜia

kñka o ;j;a jHdmdßlhl= úiska

ksõ bïmSßh,a fgdalSia kñka o

Ñ;%mg m%o¾Yl iud.ï wdrïN

l< w;r we;eï iud.ï Ñ;%mg

ksIamdokhg o tla jqKd' miqld,Sk j

Ñ;%mg m%o¾Yl iud.ï /ila Ñ;%mg

m%o¾Ykhg tla jQ w;r 1983 cQ,s

w¾nqofhka miq iskudYd,d /ila

úkdY ùu fya;=fjka we;eï m%o¾Yk

iud.ï jeiS .shd'


fcdai*a fjiaÜ ßÊfõ Ñ;a;ïm,ï tA .däk¾ kQ¾ndhs


ì%;dkHfha w.ue;sksh f;f¾id

fï miq.sh 7 jeks Èk trg

wdKavq mCIh jk fldkai¾fõáõ

mCIfha kdhl;ajfhka b,a,d

wiaùu cd;Hka;r foaYmd,k

fCIa;%fha úYd, wjOdkhla Èkd.;a

isÿùula jqKd' fkdfnda Èklska

tu mCIh kj kdhlhl= fyda

kdhsldjl fyda m;a lr .ekSug

kshñ; hs' thska miq f;f¾id

w.ue;s Oqrfhka o iuq.kq we;s'

2016 jif¾ cq,s udifha w.ue;s

moúhg m;a jQ wehg tu Oqrfha

lghq;= lsÍug yels jQfha jir

;=klg wdikak ld,hla muK hs'

ì%;dkHfha ó<Õ uyd

ue;sjrKh meje;aùug kshñ; j

we;af;a 2022 jif¾' tA olajd

wehg w.ue;s Oqrh ±Ífï

yelshdj ;snqKd' tfy;a zfn%laisÜZ

(Brexit) fyj;a ì%;dkHh hqfrdamd

ix.ufhka bj;aùu flaJø lrf.k

wehg tfrys j úYd, úfrdaOhla

iy mSvkhla j¾Okh ùug mgka

.;a;d' ì%;dkH b;sydifha fojeks

ldka;d w.ue;sjßh jQ f;f¾id

fïg ish Oqrfhka iuq .ekSug isÿ

jQfha fï miqìu u; hs'

úfoaY ú;a;súfoaY ú;a;s

;k;=r yer.sh ldka;d y`v f;f¾id fï

fï w¾nqoldÍ ;;a;ajhg n,mE

fya;= ldrKd .ek ieflúka i,ld

ne,Su fuys§ jeo.;a' ì%;dkHh

hqfrdamd ix.ufha ^hqfrdamd rgj,a

27& m%n, idudðlfhla' tfy;a

ì%;dkHh hqfrdamd ix.uh ;=< isàu

trg cd;sl wdrCIdjg ;¾ckhla h

hk u;hla lf,l isg u tA rfÜ

ckms%h fjñka ;snqKd' hqfrdamd

ix.ufha lghq;= i|yd ì%;dkHh

o hï m%;smdok m%udKhla fjka

lrk w;r th ì%;dkH wd¾Ólhg

nrla f,i hs fï fn%laisÜjd§ka

fmkajd ÿkafka' tfuka u wd¾Ól

iy fjf<| lghq;=j,§ hqfrdamd

ix.ufha fldkafoaisj,g hg;a

ùug isÿùu o ish wd¾Ólhg

wys;lr n,mEula lrk nj hs

Tjqkaf.a woyi' fï fn%laisÜjd§ka

l,amkd lrkafka hqfrdamd

ix.ufhka fjka j iajdëk j

;u wd¾Ól iy fjf<| lghq;=

yeisrùfuka rfÜ wd¾Ól ksoyi

fuka u ixj¾Okh o fuhg jvd

;yjqre l< yels nj hs' tfuka u

úúO rgj, isg miq.sh ld,fha

,CI .Kkska ixl%u‚lhka iy

irKd.;hka ì%;dkHhg we;=¿ùu

o úYd, m%Yakhla njg m;a jqKd'

hqfrdamd ix.ufha lghq;= i|yd ì%;dkHh o hï m%;smdok m%udKhla fjka lrk w;r th

ì%;dkH wd¾Ólhg nrla f,i hs fï fn%laisÜjd§ka fmkajd ÿkafka' tfuka u

wd¾Ól iy fjf<| lghq;=j,§ hqfrdamd

ix.ufha fldkafoaisj,g hg;a ùug isÿùu o

ish wd¾Ólhg wys;lr n,mEula lrk njhs Tjqkaf.a woyi' fï

fn%laisÜjd§ka l,amkd lrkafka hqfrdamd ix.ufhka fjka j

iajdëk j ;u wd¾Ól iy fjf<| lghq;=

yeisrùfuka rfÜ wd¾Ól ksoyi fuka u ixj¾Okh o fuhg jvd ;yjqre l<

yels nj hs'


fuh o trg wd¾Ólhg iy

ixialD;shg n,mEï l<

ldrKhla f,i ie,l=Kq w;r

fï ixl%u‚lhka w;r ieÕù

wka;jd§ka o rgg we;=¿ùu

wdrCIdj iïnkaO ;¾ck o we;s

lrkakg mgka .;a;d' ì%;dkHh

hqfrdamd ix.uh ;=< isàu fï

wdldrfhka ixl%u‚lhka meñŒu

myiq lrjk ldrKhla f,ihs

ie,l=fKa' thg fya;= jQfha hqfrdamd

ix.ufha rgj,a w;r mj;sk

,sys,a foaYiSud m%;sm;a;sh hs' fï

miqìu ;=< fï ixl%u‚lhka

ms<sn| .eg¨j úi£ug o hqfrdamd

ix.ufhka fjkaùu wjYH njg

u;hla f.dv ke.=Kd'

fï iïnkaOfhka ck;djf.a

leue;a; wlue;a; úuiSu i|yd

2016 jif¾ cqks 23 jeks Èk cku;

úpdrKhla meje;s w;r tys§

nyq;rhla mjid isáfha hqfrdamd

ix.ufhka bj;a úh hq;= nj hs'

fï wkqj fï zÈlalidohZ g wÞ<

.súiqï flgqïm;a lsÍfï l%shdÞuhla

ì%;dkHh iy hqfrdamd ix.uh

w;r wdrïN jqKd' thg ì%;dkHh

me;af;ka kdhl;ajh ÿkafka

w.ue;sks f;f¾id fï' w.ue;skshg

wjidkfha ish Oqrh yerhdug

isÿjk ;;a;ajhla we;s jQfha fï

.súiqï flgqïm; iïnkaOfhka

Woa.; jQ w¾nqohla' fomd¾Yajh w;r

§¾> ld,hla ;siafia l< idlÉPd

ls%hdÞuhlska miq .súiqï flgqïm;la

ilia lr.kakd ,o w;r thg

ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;=fõ wkque;sh

,nd .; hq;= jqKd' tfy;a trg

md¾,sfïka;=fõ uka;S%jreka nyq;rhla

flgqïm;g leue;a; ±lajQfha keye'

fldáka u f;f¾id fï wh;a jk

fldkai¾fõáõ mCIfha u we;eï

uka;S%jreka mjd md¾,sfïka;=fõ§

Pkaoh ÿkafka flgqïm;g úreoaO

j hs' fuh f;f¾id fï yuqfõ

±jeka; w¾nqohla ks¾udKh l<

ldrKdjla njg m;a jqKd'

fï flgqïm;g úreoaO j woyia m<

l< uka;S%jreka ;¾l /ila bÈßm;a

l< w;r Tjqkaf.a m%Odk ;¾lh jQfha

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;rfï ksoyila WÞ

lr .ekSug fï .súiqfuka fkdyels

jkq we;s nj hs' fuh ;jÿrg;a

ì%;dkHh iQCIau wdldrfhka hqfrdamd

ix.uh iuÕ .eg.id ;nk .súiqula

h hkak Tjqka ±ä f,i úYajdi l<d'

.súiqu ilia lsÍfï§ weh jqjukdjg

jvd hqfrdamd ix.uhg hgy;amy;a

njla fmkajd we;s nj hs we;euqkaf.a

woyi jqfKa'

flfia fj;;a f;f¾id fï jßka

jr hqfrdamd ix.ufha kdhlhka

yuq ù fï .súiqï flgqïmf;a hï

hï ixfYdaOk we;s lr .ekSug

fjfyi ±rej;a ì%;dkH uka;S%jreka

n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;rï fjkila

lsÍug weh iu;a jqfKa keye'

tA ksid flgqïm; lsysm jrla u

md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< mrdchg

m;a jqKd' tA wkqj fï ls%hdÞuh

bÈßhg f.k hd yels fjk;a iqÿiq

kdhlhl=g bv foñka f;f¾id

fï g w.ue;s Oqrfhka bj;a ùug

n, flfrk ;;a;ajhla we;s jqKd'

miq.sh cqks 7 jeks Èk weh ks,

jYfhka mlaI kdhl;ajfhka bj;a

jQfha tA wkqj hs' fldkai¾fõáõ

mCI kdhl;ajh iy w.ue;s Oqrh

i|yd fï jkúg werö we;af;a

WKqiqï ;r.hla' fï ,smsh ,shk

wjia:dj jk úg fldkai¾fõáõ

uka;S%jre 11 fokl= fï ;r.hg

bÈßm;a j isákjd' tA w;ßka

bÈßfhka u isákafka fndßia

fcdkaika uka;%Sjrhd hs' f;f¾id

2016 cq,s udifha w.ue;s Oqrhg

m;a jQ wjia:dfõ wehf.a úfoaY

f,alï f,i m;a lrkq ,enqfõ Tyq'

tfy;a úúO u;fNao ksid fndßia

miqj tu Oqrfhka bj;a jqKd' Tyq

f;f¾id fïg jvd ±ä u;OdÍ

mqoa.,hl= f,i hs ie,flkafka'

flfia fj;;a cq,s 22 jeks Èk

jkúg fldkai¾fõáõ mCIfha kj

kdhlhd fyda kdhsldj fyda fuka u

ì%;dkHfha kj w.ue;sjrhd fyda

w.ue;sjßh fyda ljqrekao hkak

±k.; yels jkq we;s'

f;f¾id fï jßka jr hqfrdamd ix.ufha kdhlhka yuq ù fï .súiqï flgqïmf;a hï hï ixfYdaOk we;s lr .ekSug fjfyi ±rej;a

ì%;dkH uka;S%jreka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ ;rï fjkila lsÍug weh iu;a jqfKa keye'

ksyd,a mSßia


wfma m%n, wi,ajdiSka jk

bkaÈhdj iy mdlsia;dkh

w;r ld,hla ;siafia u mj;sk

tÈßjdÈlï .ek wuq;=fjka u;la

l< hq;= fkdfj hs' fuhg udi

lsysmhlg fmr o Tjqka fomd¾Yajh

w;r weúf,kakg .sfha hqoaOhla'

fï hqo WKqiqu we;s jQfha

ldYaórfha§ bkaÈhdkq wdrCIl

fin¿ka .uka .;a jdyk fm<lg"

mdlsia;dkfha isg ls%hd;aul jk

nj lshk igkaldó ixúOdkhla

úiska m%ydrhla t,a, lsÍu;a

iuÕ hs'

thska bkaÈhdkq fin¿ka 46

fokl= urKhg m;a jQ w;r

bkaÈhdj ;=< úYd, wdfõ.hla we;s

lsÍug th fya;= jqKd' bkaÈhdkq

.=jka yuqÞfõ hdkd mdlsia;dk

foaY iSudjg we;=¿j by; lS

igkaldókaf.a l|jqre b,lal

lr .=jka m%ydr t,a, l< w;r

wjidkfha bkaÈhdkq .=jka kshuqjl=

mdlsia;dk yuqÞ hg;g m;ajqKd'

tfy;a ;;a;ajh ÿrÈ. hdug bv

fkd;nd mdlsia;dkh fï .=jka

kshuqjd ksoyia lsÍug mshjr .;a;d'

hï fyhlska fï isoaêh miqìï

lrf.k fï forg w;r hqoaOhla

we;s jqfha kï th" Tjqka w;r we;s

jQ miajeks hqoaOh njg m;ajkq we;s'

fuhg fmr jir 1947" 1965" 1971

iy 1999 hk jirj, forg w;r

hqo .egqï we;s ù ;sfnkjd'

flfia fj;;a fï ol=Kq

wdishdkq i;=rka fofokd w;r

h<s;a jrla iduh we;s ùfï iqn

,l=Kq ±lsh yels hs' fuhg wÞ< hï

hï f;dr;=re udOH Tiafia jd¾;d

ùug mgka .;af;a w.ue;s kf¾Jø

fudaÈ miq.sh Þ trg meje;s uyd

ue;sjrKfhka ±jeka; ch.%yKhla

ysñ lr.ekSu;a iuÕ hs' Tyqf.a

ch.%yKh ms<sn| iqn me;=ï

tla l< f,dal kdhlhka w;r

mdlsia;dk w.ue;s bïrdka Ldka

o isáhd' fudaÈf.a ch.%yKfhka

miq bïrdka Ldka tla jrla fkdj

lsysmjrla u bkaÈhdkq w.ue;sjrhd

iuÕ Üúg¾ udOH" ÿrl;kfhkq;a

,sms u.skq;a iïnkaO j we;s nj

udOH jd¾;d l<d' uq,ska u Tyq

fudaÈ w.ue;sjrhdg iqn me;=fõ

Üúg¾ m‚úvhla u.ska' zNdr;Sh

ck;d mCIh ,enQ ch.%yKh

ms<sn|j ud w.ue;s fudaÈg iqn

me;=ï msßkukjd' ol=Kq wdishdkq

l,dmfha iduh" fi!Nd.Hh"

ÈhqKqj fjkqfjka Tyq iuÕ tla

j jev lsÍug wfmaCId lrkjdZ

hehs bïrdka m‚úvfhys i|yka

lr ;snqKd' thg ms<s;=re foñka

kf¾Jø fudaÈ o fujeks igykla

tla lr ;snqKd' zTnf.a iqn me;=ï

.ek uf.a lD;{;dj m< lrkjd'

bkaÿ - mlsia:dk ñ;=ou;rjk ,l=Kq

forg w;r iduhla

we;s lr .ekSfï§ uq,ska

u m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr

mßirhla we;s lr .ekSu;a tA

wfkHdakH úYajdih ;yjqre

lr .ekSu;a jeo.;a nj hs

fuys§ fudaÈ m%ldY lr isáfha'


wmf.a l,dmfha ixj¾Okh" iduh

fjkqfjka ud o ks;r u m%uqL;dj

,nd § ;sfnkjdZ' fï zÜúg¾

.kqfokqfjkaZ Èk lsysmhlg

miq bïrdka kej;;a fudaÈ

w.ue;sjrhdg ÿrl;k weu;=ula

,nd foñka iDcqj u Tyqg iqn m;d

we;s nj;a tys§ o fudaÈ iuÕ tla

j lghq;= lsÍug we;s wfmaCIdj

ms<sn| j h<s;a jrla isysm;a lr

we;s nj;a mejiqKd'

flfia fj;;a forg w;r

iduhla we;s lr .ekSfï§ uq,ska

u m%pKav;ajfhka f;dr mßirhla

we;s lr .ekSu;a tA wfkHdakH

úYajdih ;yjqre lr .ekSu;a

jeo.;a nj hs fuys§ fudaÈ m%ldY

lr isáfha'

fudaÈ i|yka lrk fï

;%ia;jdoh ms<snò .eg¨jg

miqìï jkafka ldYaór m%foaYh

hs' ldYaórfha tla fldgila

mdlsia;dkh hgf;a mj;sk w;r

;j fldgila bkaÈhdkq md,kh

hgf;a mj;skjd' fuys jeä

jYfhka u Ôj;a jkafka

uqia,sï ck;dj hs' fï

;;a;ajh ;=< bkaÈhdj

hgf;a mj;sk fldgi

o bkaÈhdfjka

ksoyia lr.ekSu

i|yd tys fnÿïjd§

wr.,hla ls%hd;aul fjñka

;sfnkjd' tu fldgi bkaÈhdfjka

ksoyia lrf.k mdlsia;dkhg

tla lr.ekSfï ie,iqula we;s

njg;a woyia m<fjkjd' flfia

fj;;a ldYaórh ;=< igka lrk

fnÿïjd§kag mdlsia;dk yuqÞfõ

iy nqoaê wxYj, iyh ,efnk

nj ±ka l,l isg u bkaÈhdj

t,a, lrk fpdaokdjla' bkaÈhdj

ks;r u lshkafka fï fnÿïjd§

;%ia;jd§kaf.a ls%hdldrlï k;r

lsÍug mdlsia;dkh mshjr .; hq;=

nj hs' tf;la forg w;r iduhla

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdúh yels nj

bkaÈhdfõ woyi hs'

flfia fj;;a fï ish¨ .eg¨

iïnkaOfhka idlÉPd

lsÍug ;ud leu;s

nj okajñka

mdlsia;dk w.ue;s

bïrdka Ldka fudaÈ

fj; ,smshla hjd we;s

nj o miq.sh 8 jeks osk

jd¾;d jqKd' th fudaÈf.a

ue;sjrK ch.%yKfhka miq

bïrdka Tyq iuÕ ikaksfõokh

l< ;=kajeks wjia:dj hs' fï

miqìu ;=< fudaÈ iy bïrdka

w;r <Õ§ u zidu idlÉPdjla Z

meje;afjkq we;a o hk ldrKh

udOH ;=< l;dnyg ,lajkq ±lsh

yels jqKd' tjeks wkqudkhla

we;s ùug m%Odk fya;=jla jQfha

fï fofokd u iyNd.s jk

l,dmSh iuq¿jla cqks 13 iy 14

Èkj, ls¾.sia;dkfha w.kqjr§

meje;aùug kshñ; j ;sîu hs' fuh

Iex.ayhs iyfhda.s;d ixúOdkh

úiska mj;ajkq ,nk iuq¿jla' fï

iuq¿j w;r;=r o fudaÈ iy Ldka

w;r hï idlÉPdjla isÿúh yels

o hk ldrKh .ek wjOdkh

fhduqfjñka ;sfnkq ±lsh yels

jqKd' mdlsia;dkh me;af;ka tjeks

idlÉPdjla i|yd iQÞkï wdldrhla

fmkakqï l<;a fï igyk ,shk

wjia:dj jk úg kï bkaÈhdj

tjekakla iïnkaOfhka wjika

;SrKhla f.k keye'

mdlsia;dk w.ue;sjrhd

bkaÈhdj iuÕ iduhla we;s lr

.ekSu iïnkaOfhka fï ;rï

Wkkaÿùug úfYaI fya;=jla f,i

ie,lsh yelafla fï jkúg

mdlsia;dkh uqyqK § isák wd¾Ól

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jQ wkdjelsj,g wkqj bÈß ld,h

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Ökfha Iexyhs k.rfha§' tu ÿïßh

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fjkjd' ue.af,õ ÿïßh i|yd Ndú;

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pqïNl n,hla fhdÞ.ekSu fjkqjg

úoHq;a pqïNl isoaOdka;h ^principle of electromagnetism& Ndú; lrñka

m%n, yd úYd, ;djld,sl pqïNl

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.uka lsÍfï§ wjYH pqïNl n,h

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430l fõ.fhka Odjkh l< yels hs'

mehg lsf,daógr 600l fõ.fhka

Odjkh lsÍug kshñ; kj ue.af,õ

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moaO;shg tla lsÍug kshñ; hs' th

m%:ufhka Ökfha fnhsðx kqjr isg

Iexyhs olajd Odjkfha fhoùug

Ök ÿïßh fiajh wfmalaId lrkjd'

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lsf,daógr 1068la' .=jkska tu ÿr

.uka lsÍu i|yd .uk wdrïNhg

iQÞkï ùug .;jk ld,h;a iuÕ

jeh jkafka meh y;r yudrla

muK' idudkH wêfõ.S ÿïßhlg

tA i|yd meh myudrl ld,hla

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ld,hla he hs laúka.avdfjda

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mehg lsf,daógr 600l fõ.fhka Odjkh lsÍug

kshñ; kj ue.af,õ ÿïßh 2021 jif¾§

Ök ÿïßh moaO;shg tla lsÍug kshñ; hs' th

m%:ufhka Ökfha fnhsðx kqjr isg Iexyhs olajd Odjkfha fhoùug Ök ÿïßh fiajh wfmalaId

lrkjd'

foi;shmqj;a iÕrdj 50/-

rcfha m%jD;a;s fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%ldYkhlawww.dig.gov.lk www.news.lk

Department of Government Informationnews.lkDepartment of Government Informationnews.lkDepartment of Government Informationnews.lkGFU Sri Lanka

iEu jirl u cqks ui 08 jeks Èkh

ieufrkafka c.;a id.r Èkh f,i' 1992

jif¾ n%iS,fha ßfhda o cefkhsfrda kqjr meje;s

ñysl; iuq¿fõ§ lekvdj úiska c.;a id.r

Èkhla ieuÍfï fhdackdj f.kd w;r 2008 jif¾

foieïn¾ udifha meje;s tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd

iuq¿fõ§ cqks ui 08 jeks Þ c.;a id.r Èkh f,i

kï flreKd'

tA wkqj iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK wêldßh úiska

fujr;a tu Èkh iurkq ,enqfõ ‘Gender and the OceanZ hk f;audj wkqj hñka' lsf,daógr 1"600l

fjr< ;Srhlska iy N+ñ m%udKh fuka wg .=Khl

úYd,;ajfhka hq;= id.r l,dmhlg ysñlï

lshk Y%S ,xldj j¾;udkfha uqyqKfok m%Odk;u

wNsfhda.hla jkafka fjr< iy id.rh iS>%fhka

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c.;a id.r Èkhg iu.dó j fjr< l,dmh

msßisÿ lsÍu iEu jirl u isÿ flfrkafka fï

ksid' fujr tys úfYaI;ajh jkafka iuDoaê

m%;s,dNska o tA i|yd iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu' 2018

iema;eïn¾ ui 16 jeks Èkg fhÿKq cd;Hka;r

fjr< msßisÿ lsÍfï Èkfha§ iuqøSh mßir wdrlaIK

wêldßh fï iïnkaOfhka iuDoaê ixj¾Ok

fomd¾;fïka;=j iuÕ wjfndaO;d .súiqulg

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iuDoaê m%;s,dNska 110 fokl= Èklg fmrjre

ld,fha mehla iy miajre ld,fha mehla tu

lghq;=j, ksr; fjkjd' tA i|yd f.ùu mehlg

remsh,a 100la' tuÕska uilg remsh,a 6000l

muK uqo,la Wmhd .; yels ksid wvq wdÞhï,dNs

mjq,aj,g iuDoaê ysñlug wu;r j ,efnk kj

wdÞhï W;amdok ud¾.hla f,i th b;d jeo.;a'

wfkla w;g Èkm;d isÿjk fï ld¾hh ksid

msßiqÿ fjr< ;Srhla wm rgg ysñ ùu iEu w;ska u

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Èúhg iúhhsmsú;=re fjr<hs

fjr< msßisÿ lsÍfï WmlrK fnÞ foñka

fjr< msßisÿ lrñka

.súiqug w;aika ;enQ Þ

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foi;sh...2019 cQks 15 05 foi;sh m%;s,dNSka wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl jYfhka Yla;su;a lsÍu hs wruqKq lf