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Food Chains, Food Webs and Human Interaction in the Cayman Islands by Courtney Stafford

Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

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Page 1: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Food Chains, Food Webs  and

Human Interaction

in the

Cayman Islandsby 

Courtney Stafford

Page 2: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

“When we try to pick out anything by itself,

we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe."

John Muir, naturalist, explorer, and writer (1838-1914)

Paraphrased:

When one tugs at a single thing in nature,

he finds it attached to the rest of the world.

Page 3: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

What is the difference between a food  web and a food chain?

• A food chain only follows just one path as animals find  food.

• For example:

Flower Nectar  Butterfly  Lizard

Plants Insects  Frogs

Leaves  Caterpillars  Birds

Page 4: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food
Page 5: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food
Page 6: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Monarch caterpillar (primary consumer)  eating Red Top (producer)

Page 7: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Paper Wasp (secondary consumer) eating  caterpillar (primary consumer)

Page 8: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Producers• Producer –

usually a green plant that makes it’s

own food by photosynthesis.• Photosynthesis is the process by which green

plants make food in their leaves. During photosynthesis, water

and carbon dioxide

are

converted into glucose

(a sugar) and oxygen. Glucose is the plant’s food. Plants do not need all the oxygen gas that they make during photosynthesis and some of it goes back into the air. Photosynthesis is powered by energy from the sun. CHLOROPHYLL, the green substance in the plant’s leaves, absorbs energy from sunlight and converts it into a form of chemical energy that can be used during photosynthesis.

Page 9: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Primary Consumers

• Primary consumers – animals that consume plant  matter. They are Herbivores.

• For example: snails

Page 10: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Primary Consumers ‐

Herbivores

• Aphids are insects that eat the sap of leaves.

Page 11: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Primary Consumer ‐

Herbivore• Bee eating

flower nectar. • Bees also eat

pollen. They are pollinators. When they visit flowers, they transfer pollen from one flower to another. 

Pollinators make flowers produce fruit. Bees make honey from nectar.

Page 12: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Primary Consumers ‐

Herbivores

• A caterpillar turns into a pupa and then into an adult  butterfly. Butterflies eat flower nectar.

Page 13: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Secondary Consumers• Secondary 

consumers – animals that eat 

herbivores  (primary 

consumers).• This assassin bug 

has just killed a  bee.

Page 14: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Secondary Consumer

• Secondary  consumers are 

carnivores.

• A

carnivore is an  animal that eats  other animals.

• Dragonflies eat  other insects.

Page 15: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Secondary Consumers

• Frogs are carnivores, they mainly eat insects, spiders,  and also slugs, snails and worms.

Page 16: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Tertiary Consumers

• Tertiary consumers –

animals that eat secondary consumers. They are carnivores that feed on other carnivores.

This Cayman Racer Snake eats frogs and lizards.

Page 17: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Omnivores• Eat both plants and animals

• Hickatees

are omnivores. They live in fresh or brackish water, 

including ponds and mangrove swamps. They eat aquatic 

vegetation, insects and baby water birds

Page 18: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Detritivores• Also known as detritus feeders, consume detritus 

(decomposing organic matter). Examples are millipedes,  woodlice, and termites.

Page 19: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Scavengers

• A carnivore or omnivore that eats dead animals.

• Solider Crabs eat fruits, seeds, vegetables, meat and  dead insects.

Page 20: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Saprotrophs

• Are organisms that absorb soluble organic nutrients  from inanimate sources.

• For example, from dead plant or animal matter, from  dung etc.

Page 21: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Nitrogen Cycle• Horses and cows are herbivores, they eat grass and some 

other plants. Plant protein is converted into animal protein. 

Their dung goes into the earth and the ammonia in it 

becomes part of the nitrogen cycle. Plants cannot take 

nitrogen directly from the air. It has to be converted from 

nitrites to nitrates, which fertilize plants.

Page 22: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Guano• Is the droppings of sea‐birds and bats. Guano is used as 

fertilizer. Bats are Cayman’s only native mammals, there are 

ten different bat species here. Some eat insects, such as 

mosquitoes and some eat fruits. Cayman Phosphate 

companies used to export guano for fertilizer.

Page 23: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Mangroves• Cayman has Red, Black, White Mangroves and Buttonwood. They have

different ways of coping with salt. 

• Red Mangroves grow closest to the sea and can be easily recognized by their 

prop roots. They are a nursery and a safe haven for juvenile marine animals 

such as: lobsters, angel fish and snappers.

• White mangroves usually grow furthest away from the salty water and do not 

have prop roots. These trees have small, rounded leaves and are closely 

related to the buttonwood. 

• The black mangrove can be easily identified by its numerous breathing tubes, 

which look like pencils sticking up from the surrounding soil. These tubes 

allow the tree to take in oxygen from the salty water. White flowers that are 

rich in nectar appear year‐round on the tree. If you take a close look at one of 

the black mangrove’s leaves, you may find salt crystals glistening on them. 

Page 24: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Red Mangroves

Black Mangroves

White Mangroves

Buttonwood

Page 25: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Cayman Islands Native (Indigeneous)  Plants

• Maiden Plum is native to the Cayman Islands, Cuba and 

Hispaniola. In its natural state, it is not a common forest tree, 

but once land is cleared or the forest/woodland canopy has 

been removed and the sunlight has been let in, even along a 

footpath, it quickly colonizes the cleared area, especially 

pastures, old fields and the edges of trails.

• Learn to recognize and avoid touching this very common

small tree, It has distinctive, shiny, dark‐green compound 

leaves, with 11‐17 tooth‐edged leaflets. Its caustic, acrid‐

smelling sap

turns blackish on exposure to the air.

Page 26: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

• After contact, most people have an allergic reaction.  Itching usually starts 24 hours later. Scratching can spread 

the allergy to another area. Different remedies work with  different people. It clears up in about 10 days.

Courtney before her allergic reaction to Maiden Plum.

My allergic reaction to Maiden Plum.

Maiden Plum

Page 27: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Endemic Species or subspecies• An endemic species or subspecies is one that has evolved in a 

particular place or region. It does not occur naturally 

anywhere else in the world.• The Blue Iguana is a Grand Cayman endemic species. It is a 

herbivore. It does not occur naturally anywhere else in the 

world. At the Botanic Park, they are a tourist attraction.

The Blue Iguana

Page 28: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Naturalized species• Some species introduced by human action to a location, area, or 

region where it did not occur naturally (i.e. is not native) 

becomes capable of establishing a breeding population in the 

new location without further intervention by humans, but it does

not become a pest. 

• The Green Iguana has been introduced from Central America. It 

has become naturalized and is invasive. It is a tree‐dweller and a 

herbivore.

The Green Iguana

Page 29: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Invasive Plants• Cow itch belongs to the Pea & Bean family.

• It is pantropical

and has become naturalized in Grand  Cayman. This vine grows over other vegetation.

• When land is cleared, sometimes hundreds of  seedlings will sprout and become invasive.

• The distinctive compound leaf has 3 leaflets, the mid‐ veins of the 2 side leaflets are off‐center.

• When ripe, the velvety‐brown seed pods are covered  with stinging hairs which cause intense itching. They 

cannot be washed off.

Page 30: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food
Page 31: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Human Interactions• Human Interaction has occurred in the Cayman Islands since 

they were first settled in the 1730’s. In 1973 the population 

was 12,000. In the last 35 years it has increased at least five 

times over. Land has been cleared for buildings: houses, 

apartments, hotels, offices, schools, churches, recreational 

facilities and so on. Marl pits have been dug to get marl to 

build up low‐lying areas. Natural buffers such as mangroves 

have been cut down. Dry forests have been destroyed to make 

way for development. Land is completely cleared, the building 

is built and then its surroundings are landscaped with 

imported plants because people want instant gardens. 

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied which may 

cause pollution to our ground water and the sea. 

Page 32: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Land is being cleared.

Page 33: Food Chains and Food Webs in the Cayman Islands · PDF fileWhat is the difference between a food web and a food chain? • A food chain only follows just one path as animals find food

Photo credits

P. A van B. Stafford and  Jennifer Godfrey