70

 · fq21*e0(' < m*,hq':+10 55 5 5 55 5 55 5 55 5 5 55 5 55 5 5 55 5 55 5 d = > 5?5@ ab)+ % @c d0 e 5 f

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    89

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

������������� �������������� ��������� �

!#"

$&%(')%(*,+.-/+1032

46587�5:9<;>= '?0321%#@(*BA�0<':CEDGF = ':H " 9JI %('?0<* 9 KMLELEL

N ;�O/7 $#PQ$R$&A/S 4 P ;�;�7UT P�V�W N/X ; P N�Y[Z A Y\Z P Y]Y 4^7 V ;�_ Z

;�O/7 X 7a` A�P X 7U4b7 V ; $ Z _ X ;�O/7cT�7 - X 7d7e_ Z

fhgjilkEm(npo�qBrts3uvm<wUs&m

')0

;�O/7 Z&N I A Y ;yxz_ Z - X>N T A N ;�7 $ ; A T P 7 $

{ T DG|<*,FQHQ}~DM0 H�+E� I +1}~|<@3H�DGF/$&�G'?DM0(��Dl�

� D�*E�G��DG|(H>HQ%(' = HQ%3D = ' = * = ��+103��+EF�}~'?032H�+~HQ%3D�FQDM�#@(':F�DM� = HQ*E0(�(*,F��

� �B������Q�����j� ���&�������������j�Q� �����/���������Q�

� *E0#@(*,F "R�,�E�1�

�  $3%('?%(*,+.-/+1032 9 �,�E�1�

� � ���������

4 *E}.}�+EHQ% ' = * CEDGF = ':+10(DM� |�DGDGF �vH�+��v|�DGDGF = H�+EF�*,2ED = " = H�DM} � ':HQ% * H�F�*E�('?HQ':+10(*������:D = " = H�DM}'?0H�DGFQ� *E��D 5 Z '��:D = *,F�D�FQDG|��)'?�G*,H�DM� = D��?DM��HQ':CED�� " +10 = DGCEDGF�*�� 03+#�(D = ! * = DM�^+10^| DGF������:D�| +��?'?�G':D =H�+ |(FQ+EH�DM��H�*,21*E'?0 = H = ':H�D�� *E'��?@(FQD 5 N = DGH�+E��')0 H�DGFQD = H�DM�b03+&�3D = }~* " �G*E��%3DBHQ%3D����:D��(*,HQ* H�+FQDM*E� *E0(� � F�':H�D 5�; +�')0(��FQDM* = D HQ%3DR*MC,*E'��?* ! '��?':H " �<@3F�'?032 03DGH � +EF �[|<*,FQHQ':HQ'?+10 9�4 *E}~}~+EHQ%*����:+ � = ! F�*E0(��% H�+ +#�G�G@(F 5/I +10 = ' = H�DM0(� " ' = *E��%('?DGCEDM� !#" = DG|<*,F�*,HQ'?032����:D�%(' = H�+EF " �:+E2 = *E0(����:D��(*,HQ* 5 N �������?D��<*,HQ*�*,FQD��EDG|(H�* = '?}.}�@3HQ* ! �:D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 Z '��?D/}�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ*.' = |(FQ+E|J*,21*,H�DM�DM*,2EDGF�� " *E}�+10(2.'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM� 03+&�3D =G5

O + � DGCEDGF 9 �EDGDG|J'?032 *����:D CEDGF = ':+10e'?0�':H = DM0HQ':FQDGH " }~* " %#@3FQH HQ%3D | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D� %3DM0^CEDGF = ':+10<'?032~*E0(�bFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ'?032 �?*,FQ2ED!���:D = � ':HQ% }~')03+EF>}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ'?+10 =G5�; %#@ = * ��+E| " �+10#� � F�':H�D { I�_%$ �>}~DM��%(*E0(' = } ' = '?0H�DG2EF�*,H�DM� � '?HQ% 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%&���:D = " = H�DM} 5 P H/|(FQD = DGFQCED =*���� HQ%3D���DM*,HQ@3F�D = +E� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%(' = +EF�'?21'?0(*��j�3D = '?210 5

; %3D ! * = '?�B'?�(DM* +E� I�_%$ ' = H�+ @ = D�*E0 '?0#� ��+EFQD ! '?HQ}~*,|pH�+RFQDM��+EF�� � %(')��% ! �:+&� � =*,FQD�}�+&�('"�(DM� �(@3F�'?032�*E0 @3|j�(*,H�D = D =Q= '?+10 5)$ %(DM0 CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2�HQ%3D*���:D 9 +10+� " HQ%3D�03D � �(*,HQ*+E� ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = {�,.-0/21�3 ��' = ��+E|<':DM�^'?0 H�+~* ,�45/"- *E0(�RHQ%(D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �6�?' = H�' = � F�':H�H�DM0H�+ *E0�7 45/�- 58$ %3DM0[@3|j�(*,HQ'?032 *b��+E| " +10 *bFQDM}�+EH�DR03+&�3D 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} = �G*E0 = HQ%3DR'"���:D =��FQDM*,H�DM� �(@(F�'?032~HQ%<' = ')0 H�DGFQC,*�� *E0(�^2EDGH = * ��+1}�|��:DGH�D9�)' = H>+E�U��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� =M5/; %(DM0^+10+� "HQ%3D��3D��:HQ*�' = = DM0 H HQ%3FQ+1@(21%BHQ%3D�03DGH � +EF � 5 Z '��:DUF�D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10~' = *E��%(':DGCEDM� !#" *,|<|�� " '?032��(D��:HQ* =FQDGCEDGF = D�� " 5

$ D��('?��*���+1}�|J*,F�' = +10�H�D = H ! DGH � DGDM0 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�*E0(� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: 5 P H = %3+ � = HQ%(*,H4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: FQDM�(@(��D = CEDGF = ':+10(')032�+ CEDGF�%(DM*E� *E0<�RFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10R+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�b�(F�*E}~*,HQ'?�G*���� " � +EF�?*,FQ2ED;���:D = � ':HQ%c* = }~*�����@(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD 5 Z +EF D>=&*E}~|��:D 9 � %3DM0 +10+� "@?�A Sh��%(*E032EDM� '?0 *B ? 4 SC���:D 9 HQ%3D�CEDGF = '?+10('?032�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� +E� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%b' = ?.D B D HQ'?}~D = +E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: 9 *E0(�HQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b+E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%b' =�KFE�G&K � HQ')}�D = +E� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%�: 5

'?'

� ��� ��� � � �

������ ������ ���

�������������� �����

� ���� ��!#"$���&%��� '(�

� ���� ��!*)+��,.- ��� '(���

����/0���12%��43&,��657������ '(�����

8 9 ���� :�;3<-(���:����� 8K,5?K 4 +EHQ':C *,HQ'?+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 K

K,5 � I %(*����:DM032ED = � +EF I�_%$ ')0 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 �

K,5 � 4 DGHQ%3+#�(+��:+E2 " 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ?K,5 ? ; %3D = ' =>_ FQ21*E0('�<M*,HQ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D

= > ��5?5@����AB)+��%��@C�D0E����5 F� 5?K Z '��:D 4 DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 B� 5 � Z '��:DHGtDGF = ':+10('?032 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 L

� 5 � Z '��:D X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 KEK

� 5 ? $ " = H�DM} N F���%(':H�DM��HQ@3FQD 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 KEK

')'?'

� � � �:/;,� :�.-&�(3 �.!�� �6%����?���.5��& ��������.� 8��� 5?K T D��:HQ* I %(*E'?0 = 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 K ?� 5 � T D��:HQ* -�DM03DGF�*,HQ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 K D� 5 � T D��:HQ* ; F�*E0 = }~' =Q= '?+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 K B

� � �����,.� 8��? 5?K _ CEDGFQC&':D � 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 KML

? 5 � Z '��:DHGtDGF = ':+10('?032 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � K

? 5 � 5?K -/F�*E0@+�)*,F�':H " +E� T D��?HQ* I +1}�|<FQD =Q= ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � K

? 5 � 5 � T D��:HQ* I %(*E'?0(')032 T ':FQDM��HQ'?+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � K

? 5 � 5 � Sy':HQ}~*,|^C =G5 S �?+#��� Y ' = H 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 �E�

? 5 � 5 ? I F�DM*,HQ'?032~*~V�D � GtDGF = ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � ?? 5 � Z '��:D X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � E

? 5 � 5?K X DM*E�('?032 Z '��:D O ' = H�+EF " 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � G? 5 � 5 � I *��)�G@+�?*,HQ'?032 I %<*E032EDM� S �:+&� � =�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � K

? 5 � 5 � T ' = �G@ =Q= ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 �E�

? 5 ? Z '��:D X D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � ?? 5 D I +1}~} @(0(')�G*,HQ':+10 W�F�+EH�+#��+�� 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ��D? 5 B $&@(}.}~*,F " 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � B

' ��%�-(� �����.� ���

D 5?K W DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D�+E� Z '��:DHGtDGF = ':+10('?0(2 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � L

D 5 � Z '��:D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ?.DD 5 � Z '��:D X D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10bW\DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 DE�D 5 ? W + = H 4 *,F � SaDM0(��%(}.*,F �RW\DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D�DD 5 D $&@(}.}~*,F " 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D B

':C

F �����(�4%�-����.� �.�(3 )-(��- ���� �� :/ ��

B 5?K I +10(�0�)@ = ':+10 =�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D EB 5 � Z @3HQ@(FQD $ +EF � 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D G

� ���&%�����,. �� �<A�D F��

C

� � �@� ��� � �� �$� �

� 5?K I +1}~}~+10 ���:D�}�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ* 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 G� 5 � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10 �:+E2�DM0H�F " 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 L

? 5?K I +1}�|J*,F�' = +10 ! DGH � DGDM0 � +EF � *,F�� *E0(� ! *E� � � *,F��^�3D��:HQ* 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 �E�

? 5 � _ | DGF�*,HQ':+10���+ = H�+E� ! ':HQ}~*,|~*E0(� ! �:+#���9�)' = H 5�� ' = HQ%(D�0@(} ! DGFt+E� ! �:+#��� = ')0HQ%3D ���:D 9� ' = HQ%3D/0#@(} ! DGFd+E�]��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � =G9� ���B}�DM*E0 = 0(+EHU*,|(|��)'?�G* ! �:D 5 �E�

? 5 � N �(�3DM� �(D��)� = H�+~HQ%3D���+1}~}~+10 ���:D�}�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ* 5j5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � E? 5 ? 4 D =Q= *,2EDB%3DM*E�3DGF�� +EF�H�F�*E0 = ��DGFQF�'?032��(*,HQ*~*E0(� ! �:+#��� �)' = H 5<5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � B

D 5?K ; %3D�')0 H�DGF��?DM*MCED��(DG|(HQ% 5j5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ?1�D 5 � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032B+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 5 ���~}�DM*E0 = 03+EH�*MC,*E'��?* ! �?D 55�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ? KD 5 � X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10R+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�^+10RHQ%3D = DM0<�('?032�03+&�3D � ':HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5�5�5�5�5 ? ED 5 ? X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10R+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�^+10RHQ%3D = DM0<�('?032�03+&�3D � ':HQ%R*~��+��)� �G*E��%3D 5�5�5�5�5�5 D,�D 5 D Z '��:D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 HQ')}�D 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D ?

C#'

� � �@� � � � ����� � � �

� 5?K ; %3D �)* " +1@3H�+E�\HQ%3D����:D = " = H�DM} 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 E� 5 � ; %3D = " = H�DM} *,F���%<':H�DM��HQ@3FQD�+E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 K �

? 5?K ; %3D�0(D � �?* " +1@(H�+E� HQ%3D ���:D = " = H�DM} 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ��D? 5 � T D��:HQ* ���:D���+EF�}.*,H 5R5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 � B? 5 � $#+EFQHQ')032 ���:D�%(' = H�+EF " 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 �,�

D 5?K Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032B+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�bC =G5 @(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD�+EF%���?D = '"<GD 5d5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ? �D 5 � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032B+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b��+EF B ?�A S ���:D =G5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ? �D 5 � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032B21*E'?0 ��+EF I>_ $ + CEDGF/03+10#� I�_%$�5>5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ?�?D 5 ? _ CEDGF�%(DM*E� +E� �G*��?�G@+�?*,HQ'?0(2�HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM� ! �?+#��� = � '?HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5�5�5�5 ? GD 5 D X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10R+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� � ':HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 ? LD 5 B _ CEDGF�%(DM*E� +E� �G*��?�G@+�?*,HQ'?0(2�HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM� ! �?+#��� = � '?HQ%R*~��+��?� �G*E��%3D 5d5�5�5�5 D,�D 5 E X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10R+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� � ':HQ%R*~��+��?�^�G*E��%3D 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D KD 5 G Z '��:D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 5 5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5�5 D ?

C&'?'

� �� � ��� �$��� � ��� � � � �

Z ':F = Ha+E�]*���� 9 P � +1@+�?� �?'"�ED�H�+BHQ%(*E0 � T '?}~* SaFQ+&� = � " 9 � %3+ � +EF �EDM� � FQ+1}�HQ%3D ! DG21'?0<0('?032�+E�HQ%3D 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% |<FQ+���DM��H�*E0<� ' = ��+10 HQ')0@(')032 � +EF �&'?032 +10�'?H 5 O D~%3D��:| DM�p}�D~@(0(�(DGF = HQ*E0(�HQ%3D�|(F�+���DM��H�*E0(� ')0 = |<':F�DM� HQ%(' = HQ%(D = ' =G5 ; %3DB|(FQDGC&':+1@ = � +EF �b+E� � +&� " W +1} �E+ = �#'d+10pHQ%(' =|(FQ+���DM��H>*�� = + ! @('��:HaHQ%3D�� +1@(0(�<*,HQ':+10 +E� HQ%(' = � +EF � 5

; %(*E0 � = �3D0�J0(':H�D�� " 2E+ H�+[} " = @3| DGFQC&' = +EF 9UT F 5�4 ')��%(*,D�� Z DGD��:D " 5�$ ':HQ%3+1@3H %(' == @3| DGFQC&' = '?+10 9 ':H�' = '?}�| + =Q= ' ! �:D>H�+��<0(' = % HQ%(' = � +EF�� 5 PaD = | DM�G'?*���� " *,|(|(F�DM�G'?*,H�D�%(' = |J*,HQ':DM0(��D*E0(�RDM0<��+1@3F�*,2EDM}�DM0H>HQ%3F�+1@321%3+1@3H�HQ%(' = � +EF � 5

Py*E}�*�� = +�2EF�*,H�DG� @+��H�+ T F 5 V>+EF�} O @(HQ��%('?0 = +10 9 ��+EF�%(' = C,*��?@(* ! �:D���+1}~}~DM0 H =G5

� ������������ �

��� -���� 7�� - �"! 7 1$#&%('*)+� 7 1 7 ! �-, %�//.1032 7 34 35�6.+35�7#&8:9;95<

C#'?')'

� ��������� �

� ��� � � � �� � ���

����� � ���j�����a� ����

$ ':HQ%6HQ%(D '?0(��F�DM* = D.+E���(' = � �G*,|<*E�G':H " *E0(� 0(DGH � +EF � ! *E0(� � '?�3HQ% 9 H � +bH�FQDM0<� = *,|<|�DM*,F '?0

���:D = " = H�DM}��3D = '?210 5�_ 03D�H�FQDM0(�^' = H�+ FQDGHQ*E'?0^} @+�:HQ'?|��:D�CEDGF = ':+10 = +E� HQ%3D = *E}�D����?D�+10^�(' = �H�+�|(FQ+EH�DM��H�'?HU� FQ+1}h@ = DGF�}~' = HQ*��ED =G5d; %(D�+EHQ%3DGF�' = H�+�F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�D�HQ%3D = *E}�D�+ ! ��DM��H�+EF�DM0HQ':FQD���:D = " = H�DM} +10 = DGCEDGF�*��j0(DGH � +EF � 0(+#�3D = H�+�|(F�+EH�DM��H�*,21*E'?0 = H = ':H�D�� *E'��?@3F�D 9 ! *��)*E0(��D��:+1*E� 9 +EF'?0(��F�DM* = D�*MC,*E'��?* ! '��?':H " 5

O + � DGCEDGF 9 �(' = �.+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 = *E0(� 0(DGH � +EF � ! *E0(� � '?�3HQ% *,FQD = HQ'�����HQ%3D ! +EH�H �:DM0(DM� � H�+*����?D = " = H�DM} ��+1}�|<*,FQDM�.H�+ I WdA�*E0(��}�DM}~+EF " = | DGDM� 5 ; F�*E�('?HQ':+10(*�� ! *E� �&@3|~H�DM��%(03+��:+E21'?D ={ H�DGFQHQ'?*,F " = H�+EF�*,2ED ! *E� �&@3|��t*,F�D���+1@<0(�~@ = DG� @+�3H�+�FQDM�(@(��D��(' = � = H�+EF�*,2ED�*E0(�.03DGH � +EF�� ! *E0(�#�� '?�(HQ% @ = *,2ED 5 I %3DM� �#| +1'?0HQ'?0326���:D = " = H�DM} =�� KFE#9 E�� +10�� "b! *E� ��@3|�HQ%(+ = D ���:D = +EF ! �:+&� � =��%<*E032EDM� ! DGH � DGDM0 H � + ��%3DM� �#| +1'?0H =G5 Y *,H�DGF = " = H�DM} =�� �,� � * =Q= '?210 �<03DGF �v2EF�*E'?03DM� ! *E� �&@3|| +��?'?�G':D = H�+.')0(�(':C&'?�(@(*������:D = +EF�CE+��?@(}�D =G5

4 + = H = " = H�DM} = D>=&|��:+1'?H , %�� #�� %5������� 7 1 -R{ I�_%$ ��H�DM��%(0('?�#@3D = H�+ 2EDM03DGF�*,H�D ��%(DM� � �| +1'?0H =G9 HQ%@ = 03DGCEDGF�+ CEDGF � F�':HQ'?032pHQ%3D +EF�'?21'?0(*��a��+E| " 5 4 @��:HQ':|��:D.CEDGF = ':+10 = �G*E0 = %(*,FQD HQ%3D

= *E}�D ! �:+&� � = '?��HQ%(D = D ! �:+#��� = *,FQD�03+EHU}�+&�('"�<DM�~'?0~HQ%(D/��FQDM*,HQ'?+10.+E��HQ%(D = D>CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 $ %3DM0

K

* ! �?+#���b' = }~+#�('��(DM� 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} }.*��ED = * ��+E| " +E�UHQ%3D.+EF�':21'?0(*�� ! �?+#��� *E0(�p+lCEDGF � F�'?H�D =

HQ%3D>0(D � ! �:+&� � 9 HQ%#@ = *����?+ � '?0(2�*����3|(FQDGC&':+1@ = CEDGF = ':+10 = H�+ ��+10 HQ'?0#@3D�H�+ = %(*,FQD�HQ%3D>+��?� ! �:+&� � 5X DM��DM0H � " * , ->/ 1�3��"%50 � � -7! ! 7 % � *��:2E+EF�':HQ%(} � � � %(* = ! DGDM0c@ = DM� � +EF ! *E���#@(| *E0(� �<' = H�F�' �! @3HQ'?+10 5 P H�DM0(��+&�3D = * ���:D.CEDGF = ':+10�* = HQ%3D �('�� DGFQDM0(��D {�,.-0/21�3 ��� FQ+1}�*E06D>=&' = HQ'?032RCEDGF = ':+10*,H !#" H�D �:DGCED���*E0(� ' = D���DM��HQ':CED.��+EF ! +EHQ% ! '?0(*,F " ���:D = *E0(� H�D>=&H ���:D =M5 $&+E��H � *,FQD FQDGC&' = ':+10��+10H�FQ+�� = " = H�DM} = � �E� 9JKML � |(FQ+ C&'?�3D/* � * " H�+B}~*E0(*,2ED�} @+�:HQ':|��?D�CEDGF = ':+10 = *E0(� FQDM�(@(��D�HQ%3DM':F= H�+EF�*,2ED�FQDM�#@(':FQDM}�DM0H 5

W�FQDGC&':+1@ = � +EF�� = @32E2ED = H = HQ%(*,HaFQDM�(@<�G'?032�HQ%3D�*E}�+1@(0Ha+E���(*,HQ* = H�+EFQDM� +10 �(' = �~*E0(�H�F�*E0 = }~':H�H�DM�[+ CEDGF HQ%3DR03DGH � +EF � '?0 * �<' = H�F�' ! @3H�DM��CEDGF = ':+103DM� ���:D = " = H�DM} ' = '?}~|�+EF�HQ*E0 H 5

N FQDM��DM0H.| DGDGF��vH�+��v| DGDGF����?D = " = H�DM} { 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%J� � KE9>K B �v9 �3DGCED��:+E| DM� *,H A�0<':CEDGF = ':H " +E�

SaF�':HQ' = % I +��?@(} ! '?* 9 �G*���� = � +EF�D��.�G':DM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 ��+1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 *E0<� �(' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10 5�; %3+1@321%

���:D>�v2EF�*E'?0.F�DGH�DM0 HQ':+10R*E0<� F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +��?'?�G'?D = *,FQD = @3|<|�+EF�H�DM� '?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 93= H�+EF�'?032�*E0(�

H�F�*E0 = }~':H�HQ'?032&���:D CEDGF = ':+10 = '?0 HQ%3DM'?F DM0HQ':FQDGH " ' = @(0(�3D = ':F�* ! �:D.D = | DM�G'?*���� " � +EF��?*,F�2ED ���:D =G5$#HQ@(�<':D = � � B � '?0<�('?�G*,H�D�HQ%(*,H%���:D = '"<GD�' = '?0(��FQDM* = ')032~*E0(� }�+ = H>*E�G��D =Q= D = H�+��?*,FQ2ED����:D = +10+� "'?0CE+��:CED.* = }~*����t*E}�+1@(0H�+E���(*,HQ* � � B 9dK ? �v5 $#+RHQ%3DGFQD.' = 2E++&��+E|<|�+EF�HQ@(0(':H " H�+^'?0<��FQDM* = D

�?*,FQ2ED����:D�| DGFQ��+EF�}~*E0(��D�� FQ+1}hCEDGF = '?+10R��+1}�|(FQD =Q= ':+10 5

P 0[HQ%(' = HQ%3D = ' =G9 � D |(F�D = DM0 HB* ��+E| " �v+10#� � F�'?H�D { I>_ $ � }�DM��%<*E0(' = } HQ%(*,H�' = � @+��� "'?0H�DG2EF�*,H�DM� � ':HQ% 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5 $ D�DGC,*��?@(*,H�D %3+ � CEDGF = ':+10b��FQDM*,HQ':+10 *E0(�^�<' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10 �G*E0

! DM03D0�(H�� FQ+1} HQ%(' = *,|(|(FQ+1*E��% 5

����� �e�B�����Q�U>��� �M�������� ���� ��� � ��� �

N �:HQ%3+1@321%c|(FQDGC&':+1@ = � +EF � +10 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% ! @('��:H�HQ%3D^� +1@(0(�<*,HQ':+10 � +EF CEDGF = ':+10c��+1}�|<FQD = �= ':+10b*E0(� �(' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10 9 '?0H�DG2EF�*,HQ'?0(2 I�_%$ '?0b* �(' = H�F�' ! @(H�DM�6���:D = " = H�DM} �?'"�ED 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%

'?0H�FQ+&�(@(��D =�= | DM�G'?*��j��%(*����:DM032ED =M5; +/|(FQ+EH�DM��H �(*,HQ*���FQ+1}�@ = DGF }~' = HQ*��ED =G9 DGCEDGF " CEDGF = '?+10�' = �EDG|(H +10�HQ%(DU��FQDM*,HQ':+10B03+&�3D

{ %�����- � � %�,.- � '?0 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% 5 $ ':HQ%(+1@3H\F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 91I>_ $ ��+1@��?� ! Dy'?}�|��?DM}�DM0 H�DM� '?0�HQ%3D= *E}�D � * " * = '?0 7 �:DG|J%(*E0 H � �,� �v5�O + � DGCEDGF 9j4 *E}~}�+EHQ% F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�D = * ���:D�' = �(*,HQ* ! * = DM�R+10* @ = DGF�� = | DM�G'"�<DM� FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10b|�+��)'?� " H�+ ')0(��FQDM* = D *MC,*E'��?* ! '��)':H " *E0(� = @ = HQ*E'?0(* ! '��)':H " 5>; %3D = D| +��?'?�G':D = @ = @(*���� " = DGH @(| *E0B@3|(| DGF ! +1@<0(� ! DGH � DGDM0BH � +�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10�| +1'?0H =G5 Z @3FQHQ%3DGF�}�+EFQD 9���:D �(*,HQ*^�G*E0[*�� = + ! D �G*E��%3DM�[+10[* = DGH�+E��03+#�(D = { 7 ��1 - � -7!>1 - , � %�,.-7! ��H�+ D>=&|��:+1':H�*E�G��D =�=�:+&�G*��?':H " 5�; %(' = '?}~|��?':D = HQ%(*,H>*BF�DG|��?'?�G*B03+&�3D�+EF>*E0b'?0 H�DGF�D = H�DM� 03+&�3D�}~* " 0(+EH���+10 HQ*E'?0b*����+E�yHQ%3D.CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 ; +;�EDGDG| * ���:D�' = �(*,HQ*^@3|+�vH�+�� �(*,H�D 9 HQ%3D~+ � 03DGF 0(+#�3D = %3+1@+�?����+1}~|<@3H�D

HQ%3D �3D��?HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0 *,F ! ':H�F�*,F " CEDGF = ':+10 =M5 Z +EF~D>=3*E}�|��?D 9 HQ%3DR+ � 03DGF~03+&�3DR��+10 HQ*E'?0 = �(CED��+10 = DM�G@(HQ':CED~CEDGF = '?+10 = � +EF�*6���:D = HQ*,F�HQ'?032R� FQ+1} HQ%3D �(F = H�CEDGF = ':+10 9 *RFQDG|��?')�G* 0(+#�3D = H�+EF�D =HQ%3D%�<F = HtCEDGF = '?+10~+E� HQ%3D = *E}~D%���:D 9 *E0<�.*E0.')0 H�DGFQD = H�DM�.03+&�3D��G*E��%(D = HQ%3D = DM��+10(�~CEDGF = ':+10~+E�HQ%3D = *E}�D ���?D 5 ; + ! F�'?032�*����3+E� HQ%3DM}z@3| �vH�+�� �(*,H�D 9 HQ%3D�+ � 03DGFa03+#�(D = %3+1@+�?� = DM0(�~HQ%3D��3D��:HQ*! DGH � DGDM06HQ%(D �(F = H�*E0<��HQ%3D �<��HQ% CEDGF = ':+10�H�+^HQ%3D.FQDG|��?'?�G*R03+&�3D 9 *E0<� HQ%3D.�3D��?HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0HQ%3D = DM��+10(� *E0(�RHQ%(D��(��HQ% CEDGF = ':+10RH�+.HQ%3D�'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM�^0(+#�3D 5

P ��*����tCEDGF = ':+10 = *,F�D.*MC,*E'��?* ! �?D�+10�HQ%3D~+ � 03DGF 03+#�(D 9 HQ%3D.�(D��:HQ* �G*E0 ! D~��+1}�|J@3H�DM�

�:+&�G*���� " 5 O + � DGCEDGF 9 HQ%(' = ' = 03+EHt*�� � * " = HQ%(Dy�G* = D 5 P�0 4 *E}.}�+EHQ% 9 * ���:D�' = + � 03DGFt' = FQD = | +10 = ' �! �:D�� +EFdDM0 = @3F�'?0(2/HQ%(D>��+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " +E�����:D��(*,HQ* 9 !" @ = ')032�*�} @+�:HQ':|��?D>�vFQDM*E�3DGF�� = ')032��:D>� � F�'?H�DGF�:+&� � 5 ; +�'?0<��FQDM* = D � F�'?H�D | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D 9 ���:D + � 03DGF = %('?| ' = H�F�*E0 = � DGFQFQDM� � ':HQ% HQ%(D � F�':H�D

�:+&� � 5 $ %3DM0^H�F�*E0 = � DGFQF�')032B+ � 03DGF = %(':| 9 HQ%(D = " = H�DM} +10�� " 21@(*,F�*E0H�DGD = HQ%3D 03D � + � 03DGF/%(* =

HQ%3D�}�+ = Hy@(| �vH�+�� �(*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 +10R':H 5 P �]HQ%(' = 03D � + � 03DGF>�(+D = 03+EH�%(* CED�HQ%3D�CEDGF = '?+10 HQ%(*,H

' = *��:F�DM*E� " FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM�B+10~*�FQDG|��?'?�G*�03+&�3D 9 ':Ht}~* " 0(DGDM��*���+����?* ! +EF�*,HQ':CEDyD�� +EFQH�H�+���+1}~|<@3H�DHQ%3D��(D��:HQ* 5

Z +EF�D>=3*E}�|��?D 9 '?0<':HQ'?*���� " 03+#�(D N ��F�DM*,H�D = * ���:D � ++ �b*E0(� FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�D = '?H�H�+b03+&�3D

S 5t; %3DM0[':H���FQDM*,H�D = HQ%3D = DM��+10(� *E0(�6HQ%<':F���CEDGF = ':+10[+E� � ++ � 5 Y *,H�DGFB0(+#�3D I FQDM�@(D = H =

+ � 03DGF = %('?|RH�+ @3|j�(*,H�D � ++ � 5 V�+#�3D N H�F�*E0 = � DGF = HQ%3D��(*,HQ*�+E� HQ%3D�HQ%('?F��RCEDGF = '?+10RH�+ 03+&�3D

I/5 V>+&�3D I ��FQDM*,H�D = HQ%3D���+1@(FQHQ%~CEDGF = ':+10 ! * = DM�.+10 HQ%3D�HQ%(':F��.CEDGF = ':+10 5 V�+ � 9 ! * = DM�.+10 HQ%3D

FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +��?'?� " � +EF ��+#+ �R03+&�3D I �3DM�G'?�3D = H�+RFQDG|��)'?�G*,H�DBHQ%3D���+1@(FQHQ% CEDGF = ':+10pH�+ 03+&�3D

S 5 $&'?0(��D�HQ%3D�}�+ = H�@3| �vH�+�� �(*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 +E� ��+#+ �B+10 03+&�3D/S�' = HQ%3D*�(F = HUCEDGF = ':+10 9 0(+#�3D I03DGDM� = H�+ ��+1}~|<@3H�D�HQ%(D��3D��:HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0bHQ%3D!�(F = H>*E0<� � +1@3FQHQ% CEDGF = ':+10 5�O + � DGCEDGF 9 03+#�(D I�G*E0b+10+� " ��+1}�|<@3H�D�HQ%(D���%<*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = ! DGH � DGDM0bHQ%3D�HQ%(':F��R*E0(�^��+1@(FQHQ%RCEDGF = '?+10;�:+&�G*���� " 5; %#@ =G9 03+#�(D I = DM0(� = *RFQDM�#@3D = H�H�+ 03+&�3D N H�+b��+1}�|<@(H�D~HQ%3D.��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ! DGH � DGDM0HQ%3D!�(F = H>*E0<�^HQ%('?F��RCEDGF = '?+10 5�; %3DM0^0(+#�3D I ��+1}�|J@3H�D = HQ%(D��3D��:HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0^HQ%3D!�(F = H/*E0(�� +1@3FQHQ%RCEDGF = ':+10 5

����� � � � �B�������Q� ��

; %(' = HQ%3D = ' = � @+��� " '?0H�DG2EF�*,H�D =�I�_%$ � ':HQ% 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5�; %(D�03D � = " = H�DM} ' = �G*����:DM� 4 *E} �}�+EHQ%�: 5 P H�D>=&|��:+1':H = *�| DGF������:D>� ! * = DM� ! �:+&� � �:DGCED��J�3D��:HQ*���+1}�|<FQD =Q= ':+10.}�DM��%(*E0<' = } H�+ = @3| �| +EFQH�� * = H�CEDGF = '?+10('?032~*E0(� FQDM�(@(��D�HQ%3D ! *E0(� � ')�3HQ% ��+10 = @(}�DM� � %3DM0RH�F�*E0 = }~':H�HQ'?0(2B�(D��:HQ* =HQ%3FQ+1@(21%RHQ%3D�03DGH � +EF � 5

; %3D�}~*E'?0 2E+1*���+E� HQ%(' = � +EF �R' = H�+ = *,HQ' = � " HQ%3D�� +����:+ � '?032���+10(�('?HQ':+10 =��

� Z @+��� " '?0 H�DG2EF�*,H�D���+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D � '?HQ% 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% 5

� X DM�(@(��D = H�+EF�*,2ED = |J*E��D � %3DM0 = H�+EF�'?032~* = DGH�+E� ���?D/CEDGF = ':+10 =G5

� X DM�(@(��D�CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 9 HQ%@ = '?}�|(F�+ CED��0�?':DM0H�FQD = | +10 = D/HQ')}�D 5

� $3@3|(| +EFQH\*,F ! ':H�F�*,F " FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10�| +��?')�G':D =G5 _ 0�� " ��%<*E032ED = }~*E�3D ! DGH � DGDM0�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10| +1'?0H = *,FQD�H�F�*E0 = }.':H�H�DM� H�+�HQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G* 03+&�3D =G5t; %#@ = '?}�|(FQ+lCED�03DGH � +EF � @ = *,2ED�*E0(�F�DM�(@(��D��(' = �.+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 5

� $3@3|(| +EFQH>�G*E��%('?032 '?0^*,F ! ':H�F�*,F " 03+&�3D =G5 V>+&�3D = �G*E0 FQDM�@(D = H/*E0 " CEDGF = ':+10b*E0<�^+10+� "��%(*E032ED = *,FQD�H�F�*E0 = ��DGFQDM� 5

?

� $3@3|(| +EFQH�*,F ! ':H�F�*,F " H " |�D = +E� ���:D ��+EF�}~*,H 5 P H�' = 03+EH ! +1@(0(�bH�+ *E0 " = | DM�G'"�<� *,|(|��?' ��G*,HQ'?+10 5

� P H>*E'?} = H�+.'?}�|(F�+ CED��?*,F�2ED����:D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D�*E0(� %<* = �:D =Q= ')}�|<*E��H�+10 = }.*���� ���:D =G5

� $3@3|(| +EFQHyFQDM��+10 = H�F�@(��HQ':+10R+E� *,F ! ':H�F�*,F " CEDGF = ':+10 =G5

����� � �B��� �Q� � � >������t�a� ����

; %3D�FQD = H�+E�\HQ%(' = HQ%(D = ' = ' =�= H�F�@(��HQ@3FQDM� * = � +����:+ � =��dI %(*,|(H�DGF � �(D = ��F�' ! D = HQ%3D ! *E���2EFQ+1@<0(�+E�(HQ%3D 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% |(FQ+���DM��H 5 P 0 I %(*,|(H�DGF � � Dy�(' = �G@ =Q= FQD��?*,H�DM� � +EF ��'?0��3D��:HQ*/��+1}�|(FQD =�= ':+10 5$ Dy|(FQD = DM0H]HQ%(Da�3D = ':210�+E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�:c')0 I %(*,|<H�DGF ? 5t; %3DU| DGFQ��+EF�}~*E0(��Dd+E� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:' = |<FQD = DM0H�DM�6'?0 I %(*,|(H�DGF D 5 P 0 I %(*,|(H�DGF B 9 � D~|(FQD = DM0 H�+1@(F���+10(�0�?@ = ':+10 = *E0(��|�+ =�= ' ! �:D� @3HQ@3FQD � +EF � 5

D

� ��������� �

� � � � ��� � � �$� ��� �@�����

SaDG��+EF�D>|(FQ+&��DGDM�('?0(2�H�+��(' = �G@ =Q=UI�_%$ '?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 � D%�(F = HdFQDGC#'?D � 4 *E}.}�+EHQ% � ':HQ%3+1@3H

I�_%$ 5j4 *E}~}�+EHQ% ' = * | DGDGF��vH�+��v| DGDGF 9 %<':DGF�*,F���%('?�G*�� ���:D = " = H�DM} HQ%(*,H = @3|(| +EFQH = ���?D>�v2EF�*E'?0FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 5 7 *E��% �(':FQDM��H�+EF " *E0(� ���:D�' =U= H�+EFQDM� +10 *,H%�:DM* = Ha+103D�03+#�(D/*E0(� }~* ".! D/FQDG|��?' ��G*,H�DM� +10 +EHQ%(DGF.03+&�3D = ! * = DM� +10 | DGF�+ ! ��DM��H~| +��?'?�G'?D =G5[I +10 = ' = H�DM0(� " ' = DM0 = @3F�DM�[@ = '?032

�:+&� � = �(@3F�')032�03+EF�}~*�� ��+10(03DM��HQ':C&':H " *E0(� = � '?HQ��%3D = H�+~*E0 +E|(HQ')}~' = HQ'?��*,|(|(FQ+1*E��% � %3DM0 � *E'�� �@3FQD = +&�G�G@3F 5 V>+&�3D = *,FQD�*����:+ � DM�RH�+.*E�G��D =Q= � %(*,H�DGCEDGF/�(*,HQ*BHQ%(*,H>*,FQD��G@(FQFQDM0H � " * C *E'��)* ! �:D 57 CEDM0HQ@(*��/��+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " ' = = '?}�|��)'"�(DM� !" = H�+EF�'?032[�(':FQDM��H�+EF " *E0<� ���:D }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* * = �:+E2 =*E0(� !#" = H�+EF�'?0(2 ���:D~�(*,HQ*^* = * ��+����:DM��HQ':+10�+E��'?}.}�@3HQ* ! �:D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 $ F�':H�D ��+10��<'?��H = *,FQDFQDG|(F�D = DM0 H�DM� ')0pHQ%3D�}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* * = CEDGF = ':+10 %(' = H�+EF " ! F�*E0<��%3D =G9 *E0(� }�@ = H ! DBFQD = +��:CEDM� !"

%(':21%(DGF�� �:DGCED�� = +E� H � *,FQD�+EF>HQ%3D�@ = DGF 5

� ��� � ���Q��� � � � ���a���

Z '��:D��(*,HQ*R' =�= H�+EFQDM��* = * ��+1@3F�0(*�� +E�y'?}~} @3HQ* ! �:D9���:DBCEDGF = ':+10 = '?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% H�+ |<FQ+EH�DM��H

� FQ+1}z%#@(}~*E0 }~' = HQ*��ED = * = '?0 7 �:DG|J%(*E0 H � �,� �v5 N ���:D�' = }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* H�F�*E��� = HQ%(D = D�CEDGF = ':+10 =a= +HQ%(*,H�HQ%(D " �G*E0 ! D �:+#�G*,H�DM� � %3DM0 03DGDM�(DM� 5 Sa+EHQ% ���?D��(*,HQ*~*E0(� }~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*.*,FQD�FQDG��DGF�DM0(��DM�

B

= " } ! +��?')�G*���� " = + HQ%(*,HyHQ%3D " �G*E0 ! D/FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM� = DG|<*,F�*,H�D�� " 5d; %3DGF�DG��+EFQD���+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " ' =�= @3D =*,FQDB��+10 �<03DM�bH�+ HQ%3D9���:D�' = }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* 5�; %3D9�?* " +1@3H�+E�5���:D��(*,HQ* *E0(� }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*R' =/= %3+ � 0

'?0 Z ':21@3F�D � 5?K,5

shgong RE

Paper

thesis.tex

Paper

SH root.dir.md

root.dir.pol

thesis.tex.ver

thesis.tex.file.md

thesis.tex.file.pol

thesis.tex.nd1-t1

thesis.tex.nd1-t3

thesis.tex.nd2-t2

paper.dir.pol

paper.dir.md

thesis.bib.ver thesis.bib.nd1-t1'

thesis.bib.nd1-t2'

thesis.bib

thesis.bib.file.md

thesis.bib.file.pol

Z '?21@3FQD � 5?K �U; %3D �?* " +1@(H�+E�\HQ%(D ���:D = " = H�DM} 5

Z +EF�DM*E��% ���:D�'?0 HQ%3D����?D = " = H�DM} 9 HQ%3DGF�D�*,FQD�H � + }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* ���:D = *E0(�^*.�(':FQDM��H�+EF "

H�+ = H�+EFQD6���:D CEDGF = '?+10 = '?06HQ%(D = %(*E�3+ � �('?FQDM��H�+EF " {���� � 5 Z '��:D = HQ%(*,H�%(* CEDRHQ%3D = @ � =�� 0 ,= H�+EFQDRHQ%(D ��+1}.}�+10 }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*�*E0<� HQ%(D ���:D CEDGF = ':+10 �:+E2 5 Z '��:D = HQ%(*,HBDM0(�('?032 � ':HQ%�� �1%�/= H�+EFQD/HQ%3D/'?0 H�DGF�D = H = DGH 9 HQ%3D�FQDM*E�3DGF �:+&� � =G9 HQ%(D�FQDG|��?'?�G* = DGH 9 *E0(� HQ%3D>| +��?')�G':D = { �3D = ��F�' ! DM�~'?0$#DM��HQ':+10 � 5 � ��� +EF�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 5�T ':FQDM��H�+EF�':D = � ':HQ%^HQ%(D DM0<�('?032�� � - � = H�+EFQDBHQ%3DBCEDGF = ':+10 = � +EFHQ%3D ���:D 5t; %3D�}�+ = H>FQDM��DM0 H>CEDGF = ':+10 ' =�= H�+EFQDM� ')0 HQ%3D�� �('?FQDM��H�+EF " 5

E

N ���?D�' = }~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*~��+1}�|(F�' = D = H � +�|<*,FQH =M5�; %3D*�(F = Hy|<*,F�Hy' = �G*����:DM� , %50 0 % ��� 7 /�-� -�1�3�,�3�1�3 9 � %('?��% = H�+EFQD = 2EDM03DGF�*�� ���:D = HQ*,H�DB'?03� +EF�}~*,HQ'?+10 F�*,HQ%3DGF�HQ%(*E0 * = | DM�G'"�<��CEDGF = ':+10+E�j**���:D 5t4 *E}.}�+EHQ%~FQD��)':D = +10�HQ%3D�@<0(�3DGF�� " '?032 ���:D = " = H�DM} H�+�}~*E0(*,2ED%���:D�*,H�H�F�' ! @(H�D = �?'"�ED|(FQ+EH�DM��HQ'?+10 '?0(��+EF�}.*,HQ':+10 9 A�P T�9 -/P T�9 *E0(� *E�G��D =Q= HQ'?}�D 9 DGHQ� 5 _ 0+� " 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% = | DM�G'"�<�'?03� +EF�}~*,HQ'?+10 9(= @(��%^* = � %3+.' = HQ%(D��G@3FQF�DM0 H�+ � 03DGF�+E�tHQ%3D ���:D 9 HQ%3D��?* = H �#03+ � 0 CEDGF = ':+10 +E�HQ%3D����?D 9 *E0(� � %3DGHQ%3DGF�HQ%3D����?D/' = @3|RH�+~�<*,H�D 9 ' =�= H�+EFQDM�R'?0 HQ%3D , % 0 0 %5��� 7 /"- � -�1�3�,�3�1�3 5; * ! �:D � 5?K = %3+ � = HQ%3D6�(D��)� = *E0(� HQ%3DM':FB|<@(FQ| + = D 5 ; %<' =B= H�F�@(��HQ@3F�D ' = |�DGF = ' = H�DM0H�*E0(� ' =

= H�+EFQDM�^* = HQ%3D�%(DM*E�3DGF�+E� HQ%3D ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10 �:+E2 5

� ��5@� � - � �.���G@3F + � 03DGF I @3FQF�DM0 Hy+ � 03DGF�+E� HQ%3D ���?D�3D��?DGH�DM� � O * = HQ%3D ���:D ! DGDM0R�3D��?DGH�DM�+ � 03DGF � P = HQ%(' = 03+&�3D�HQ%3D�+ � 03DGFF��?+#��� � O * = *�FQDM*E�;�?+#��� ! DGDM0 *E�G�#@(':FQDM��G@3F�FQDM0 H � P = HQ%3D����:D��(*,HQ*.@3|RH�+.�(*,H�DCEDGF��<':F � O * = HQ%3D�CEDGF = '?+10 �(':FQDM��H�+EF " ! DGDM0R��FQDM*,H�DM�= " } �?')0 � � P = ':H�* = " } �?'?0 ��?* = H 03+&�3D I FQDM*,HQ':+10^03+#�(D/+E�)�?* = H�CEDGF = ':+10�?* = H HQ'?}~D I FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D�+E� �?* = H�CEDGF = '?+10�?* = H = DM� $#DM�#@3DM0(��D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E�)�?* = H�CEDGF = ':+10! F�*E0(��% 03+&�3D I FQDM*,HQ':+10^03+#�(D/+E�)�?* = H ! F�*E0(��%! F�*E0(��% HQ'?}�D I FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D�+E� �?* = H ! F�*E0<��%���?DM%(' = H � V�@<} ! DGF�+E� ���:D�%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D =

; * ! �:D � 5?K ��I +1}~}�+10 ���:D�}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* 5

; %3D = DM��+10(� |<*,FQH�+E�/HQ%3D^}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*6' = �G*����:DM� HQ%(D � 7 /�-���- �"! 7 %5���%� 5 ; %3D ���:DCEDGF = '?+10 �?+E2 +E| DGF�*,H�D = * = *E0 *,|(| DM0(� +10+� " �:+E2 *E0<� DM*E��%RHQ'?}�D�*9���:D�' = }�+&�('"�(DM� *E0 DM0 H�F "� ':HQ%bHQ%3D '?03� +EF�}~*,HQ':+10 '?0 ; * ! �:D � 5 � ' = *,|<|�DM0<�3DM� H�+ HQ%3D9���:D�' = CEDGF = ':+10&�:+E2 5�7 *E��%pDM0 H�F "

' = |<*,FQHQ'?�G@��?*,FdH�+�*�CEDGF = ':+10 +E�]*9���:D 5 N 0.DM0H�F " �3D = ��F�' ! D = HQ%(D/��FQDM*,H�DM� CEDGF = ':+10 9 � %3DM0 *E0(�� %3DGF�D/':H � * = ��FQDM*,H�DM� 9 HQ%3D�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 HQ%(*,H���FQDM*,H�DM�^':H 9 � %('?��% %(' = H�+EF "~! F�*E0(��% ':H ! D��:+1032 =H�+ 9 HQ%3Dy2EDM03DGF�*,HQ':+10�0@<} ! DGF '?0�'?H = ! F�*E0(��% 9 *E0(�B*E0 " *E�(�(':HQ':+10<*�� '?03� +EF�}~*,HQ'?+10�HQ%(*,Ht}~* "�! D

G

03DM��D =Q= *,F " 5 Z +EFaD>=&*E}�|��:D 9 � '?HQ%BHQ%3D�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 9 HQ%3D>*E�(�<':HQ':+10(*��3�(*,HQ*���+10 HQ*E')0 =HQ%3D�P T +E� HQ%3D�FQDG|��?')�G* 0(+#�3D 5

� ��57� � - � ����+E| H " | D ; " | D�+E� +E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 { D 5 2 5:9 ��FQDM*,H�D 9 @3|j�(*,H�D 9 F�DM}�+ CED 9 FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10J���F 03+&�3D I FQDM*,HQ')032~03+&�3D�+E�\HQ%<' = CEDGF = '?+10��F HQ'?}~D I FQDM*,HQ')032�HQ'?}�D�+E� HQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10��F 0#@(} $#DM�#@3DM0(��D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E�\HQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10! F 03+&�3D I FQDM*,HQ')032~03+&�3D�+E�\HQ%<' = ! F�*E0<��%! F HQ'?}~D I FQDM*,HQ')032�HQ'?}�D�+E� HQ%(' = ! F�*E0(��%! F 0#@(} $#DM�#@3DM0(��D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E�\HQ%(' = ! F�*E0(��%�<*,HQ*��:DM0 Y DM0(2EHQ% +E� *E�(�(':HQ':+10<*����<*,HQ*�<*,HQ* N �(�(':HQ':+10<*����<*,HQ*

; * ! �:D � 5 � � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10 �:+E2�DM0H�F " 5

N ���?D�' = 7 ��1 - ��- ! 1 !0-01 ' = * �?' = HU+E� 03+&�3D = HQ%(*,H = H�+EFQD�HQ%3D�}�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ*�+E�\HQ%(D ���:D 5d_ 03D03+&�3D�'?0BHQ%3D�')0 H�DGFQD = H = DGHd' = HQ%(D%���:D�' = %���� - � *E0(�~' = HQ%3D�+10+� " 03+&�3D�*����:+ � DM��H�+�}�+#�<':� " HQ%3D���:D 5�; +.D>=&|��:+1':H�@3|j�(*,H�D��:+&�G*��?':H " 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} *����?+ � = + � 03DGF = %(':| H�F�*E0 = � DGF 5�; %3D���+10<��DG|(H+E�]+ � 03DGF = %(':| = " 0<��%3FQ+10<'"<GD = HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = H�+B* ���:D 5 $ %3DM0 HQ%(D/+ � 03DGF�' = @(0(* C *E'��?* ! �:D��(@3DH�+R� *E'��?@3FQD 9 *R0(D � + � 03DGF�' = D��:DM��H�DM� 5 P�0pHQ%(' = �G* = D 9 ':�d@3|j�(*,H�D���+10��<')��H = +#�G�G@(F 9 HQ%3D " *,FQD

= H�+EFQDM� * = * ! F�*E0(��% '?0~HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10 %<' = H�+EF " +E�\HQ%3D ���:D 5�4 *E}~}~+EHQ% �:DM*MCED = HQ%3D/FQD = +��)@3HQ':+10+E�t��+10��<'?��H = H�+.%(':21%3DGF � �:DGCED�� = +E� H � *,FQD�+EF�HQ%(D�@ = DGF 5

; +[DM0 = @3F�D }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* ��+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " 9>4 *E}.}�+EHQ%c|<FQ+E|<*,21*,H�D = }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*[@3|j�(*,H�D =

DM*,2EDGF�� " H�+ HQ%(D/'?0H�DGFQD = H = DGH 5 P Ha@ = D = *�H � +B|<%(* = D*�?'"�ED�|(FQ+&��D =Q=G9 8�� , 9 H�+ DM0 = @3FQD�DGCEDM0 HQ@<*����+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " 5

� ��� � ���Q��� ���j���������

P�0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 * ���:DUCEDGF = ':+10 ' = �3D0�<03DM� !" *E0 %�� - � *E0<� ��/ %5!0- �G*���� 5 $ %3DM0B* ���:D����J' = �(F = H��FQDM*,H�DM� 9 HQ%3D~H � + }�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*;���:D =G9����� � � �� � � ���� *E0(� ����� � � �� � � ����� 9 *,FQD.')0 = HQ*E0HQ'?*,H�DM� 5

L

N 0RDM0 H�F " ' = *E�<�3DM�RH�+�HQ%3D ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10R%(' = H�+EF " 5 P H = %�� - � 3�1 7 %5� �(D��?�R' =�= DGH�H�+������������ ���

*E0(��'?H = !0-�� �6.10 ' =�= DGH�H�+ K,5 ; %(D � � - 3�1 - � %�,.- *E0(� 2 � 35� � � � %F,.- *,FQD = DGH�H�+bHQ%3D.03+&�3D

*E�(�3F�D =Q= +E�dHQ%3D��G@3FQF�DM0 H�03+&�3D 9 � � - 3�1 - 1 7 0�- *E0(� 2 � 35� � � 1 7 0�- *,FQDBHQ%3DB|<% " = ')�G*��\�0�:+&� � *,HHQ%(' = HQ')}�D 5d; %3D ��� � � � ������ � ' = 03+EH���FQDM*,H�DM�^*,H�HQ%<' = HQ'?}�D 5

$ %3DM0p* ���:D�' = }�+&�('"�<DM� *,��H�DGF���FQDM*,HQ'?+10 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} �(F = H���%(DM� � = ':�t':H�%(* = ! DGDM0CEDGF = '?+103DM� ! DG� +EFQD 5 P �d03+EH 9 HQ%3D��(':FQDM��H�+EF " ����� � � �� � � ������ � ' = ��FQDM*,H�DM� �(F = H 5�; %3DM0 4 *E} �}�+EHQ%~��+E|J':D = HQ%3D ���?D ����H�+ ����� � � �� ��� ������ � ��� ���� �� � � %3DGFQD ��� ' = HQ%3D�03+&�3DyHQ%(*,Hd�G@3F�FQDM0 H � "+ � 0 = � � *E0(� 1$0 ' = HQ%3D���FQDM*,HQ'?+10�HQ'?}�Dy+E���)* = HtCEDGF = ':+10 5 P �<HQ%3D %��+- � ' = �G*����:DM� � ':HQ%�� � �������

HQ%3DM0�� � ' = }�+lCEDM� *E0(� *E0 DM}�|(H " ���:D>' = ��FQDM*,H�DM�R'?0.':H = |��?*E��D 5 $&@ ! = DM�#@3DM0H � F�'?H�D = *,FQD�*,| �|��?'?DM�.�(':F�DM��H � " H�+ � � 5)$ %3DM0 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% F�DM��DM':CED = * �0/ %�!0- �G*�����':Hy��FQDM*,H�D = *E0(� *,|(| DM0(� = *E0DM0H�F " H�+BHQ%3D*���:D/CEDGF = '?+10 �?+E2 5�; %3D/DM0 H�F " %�� - � 3�1 7 %5� �(D��?� ' =a= DGH�H�+����� ��!�"���� 9 }~DM*E0('?032

HQ%(*,HaHQ%3D ���:D � * =y= '?}�|�� " ��%(*E032EDM� 5U; %3D �<D��?� � � �6.10 ' = '?0<��FQDM}�DM0H�DM� !#" +103D�*E0(� +EHQ%3DGF

�(D��?� = *,FQD = DGH�* = ���?D���FQDM*,HQ':+10 D>=3��DG|(H���+EF�HQ%3D�H � + ! F�*E0(��%;�(D��?� =M5 P � 03+ ! F�*E0(��%(D = +&�G�G@3F 9HQ%3D = D�H � + �<D��?� = *,FQD D>=3*E��H � " HQ%3D = *E}�D�* = ':H = |J*,FQDM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10 5�_ HQ%3DGF � ' = D 9 HQ%3D " *,FQD = DGH* = HQ%(D = *E}�D�* = HQ%3D�|<*,FQDM0H�CEDGF = '?+10(' = � � - 3�1 - � %�,.- *E0(� � � - 3�1 - 1 7 0�- 5

X DM}�+lC#'?0(2b* ���:D.' =�= '?}~'��)*,F�H�+b}�+&�(':� " '?032R*E0(� CEDGF = ':+10(')032 * ���?D~D>=&��DG|<H�HQ%(*,HB*03D � ���:Dy' = 03+EHt��FQDM*,H�DM�~*E0<��HQ%(D ���:Da' = F�DM}�+ CEDM��H�+�HQ%(D = %(*E�3+ � �('?FQDM��H�+EF " 5t; %3D %�� - � 3�1 7 %5��(D��?�R' =�= DGH�H�+#���������%$'&(�� 5

; %3D ��- ��350�- +E| DGF�*,HQ':+10[' = HQ%3D }~+ = H ��+1}~|��:D>=6+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 5 ; %(D = " = H�DM} ! FQDM*�� =':H/@3|b'?0H�+ * = +1@3F���D *E0(�b* �(D = HQ'?0(*,HQ':+10^+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 5>; %3D = +1@(F���D�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 ' =/= '?}~'��?*,F�H�+HQ%3D � - 0 % � - +E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 5B; %3D %��+- ��3�1 7 % � �(D��)� ' =�= DGH�H�+)���� *�&�(�� +%�-, 5 ; %3D��3D = HQ')0(*,HQ':+10

+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10p��+10 = ' = H = +E��HQ%3FQDGDB| + =Q= ' ! �:D��G* = D =G5 P �d* ���:D D>=&' = H = *,H/HQ%(D �3D = HQ'?0(*,HQ':+10bHQ%3DM0p':H

' = CEDGF = ':+103DM�R* = ':� ':H � * = F�DM}�+ CEDM� 5 P � * ���:D�%(* = 03DGCEDGF�D>=3' = H�DM�R*,H>HQ%3D��3D = HQ'?0(*,HQ'?+10 9 HQ%3DM0HQ%3D.}~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*;���:D = *,FQD '?0 = HQ*E0HQ'?*,H�DM�6* = '?0 HQ%(D.��FQDM*,H�D �G* = D 5 P ��* ���:D�D>=&' = H�DM� ! @(H�%(*E�

! DGDM0 �3D��:DGH�DM� 9 HQ%(D = ��DM0(*,F�':+ ' = H�F�DM*,H�DM�6'?0 HQ%3D = *E}~D � * " * = *R��F�DM*,H�D 5 P 0 *���� �G* = D = HQ%3D

K �

%�� - � 3�1 7 %5� �(D��)�R' =�= DGH�H�+ ���� *�&�(�� "���+ � 5

� ��� � ���Q� � �U�������t�a�j�Q�/

N 0 '?}�| +EFQHQ*E0H/2E+1*���+E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�' = H�+RDM0 = @3FQD�%(':21%p* C *E'��)* ! '��?':H " *E0(�pH�+R|(F�+EH�DM��H��(*,HQ*

� FQ+1}�*����>� +EF�} = +E��� *E'��?@3FQD 5 P H @ = D = = D��:DM��HQ':CED FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 H�+ |(FQ+EH�DM��H @ = DGF = � FQ+1} = ':H�D

� *E'��?@3FQD =M5 $3'?0(��D�03+EH^*����*���:D = *,FQD ��FQDM*,H�DM��DM�#@(*�� 9 03+EH^*�����FQDM�#@(':FQDpHQ%3D = *E}�D �:DGCED���+E�|(FQ+EH�DM��HQ'?+10 *,21*E'?0 = H�� *E'��?@(FQD 5 N | DGF ���:D ! * = DM�RFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 |�+��)'?� " ' = �3D = ':2103DM� H�+.*E�(�(FQD =Q=HQ%(' = |<FQ+ ! �:DM} 5 ; %3DR| +��?'?�G':D = %(* CED^HQ%3DR2EDM03DGF�*���� +EF�} +E��|��?*E�G'?0(2p*E0c@3|(| DGF ! +1@(0(�[+10

HQ%3D�%3+1@3F = +E� � +EF��^HQ%(*,H���+1@+�?� ! D �:+ = H���+EF�* 21':CEDM0p� *E'��?@(FQD 5�; %(' = *MCE+1'?� = FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10^+E�

*���� CEDGF = '?+10 = *E0(�p� @+��� ���:D = " = H�DM} ! *E� �&@3| 5 ; %3D = " = H�DM} HQ%3DM0 ')}�|��:DM}�DM0H = HQ%3D�+ ! ��DM��H0' =FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +��?'?� " @ = '?032�* ! *E���2EF�+1@(0(� |<FQ+#��D =�= HQ%(*,H�H�F�*E��� = FQDM��DM0H � " }�+#�<'"�(DM� + ! ��DM��H =H�+.�3DGH�DGF�}~'?03D � %(DM0 HQ%3D " = %3+1@+�?� ! D�FQDG|��)'?�G*,H�DM�R*E0(�RH�+ � %(*,H�03+&�3D =G5

P 0�*�03+10#� ��+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D�'?}~|��:DM}�DM0HQ*,HQ':+10 9 ���?DUFQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10B' = CEDGF " = '?} �|��:D 5 ; %3D = DM0(�('?032�03+#�(D = DM0(� = HQ%3Dd� @+��� ��+E| " +E�(*>CEDGF = ':+10�H�+>HQ%(DUFQDG|��?'?�G*�03+&�3D 5�_ 0 = @<�G��D =Q=':H�@3|j�(*,H�D = HQ%(D �?* = H�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D�� +EF�HQ%3D ���?D�*E0<�R*E�(� = *E0RDM0H�F " H�+~HQ%3D����:D�CEDGF = ':+10�:+E2 5d; %3D�DM0 H�F " ' = %��+- ��3�1 7 % � �(D��)�R' =y= DGH�H�+���������� !�����,����*E0<� HQ%3D�FQDG|��?')�G*#' = 03+#�(D/P T ' =

|<@3H�'?0 H�+.HQ%3D ,�3�1�3 �<D��?� 5�_ 0 HQ%3D�FQDG|��?')�G*�03+#�(D 9 HQ%3D ���:D�CEDGF = '?+10('?032�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10b' = *��)}�+ = HHQ%3D = *E}�D~* = +10 HQ%(D~+ � 0(DGF�03+&�3D � ':HQ%p+103D.D>=&��DG|(HQ'?+10 5 $&'?0<��D HQ%(D ���:D�' = H�F�*E0 = ��DGF�DM��'?0

':H = DM0HQ':FQDGH " 9 '?H = ')}�|�� " FQDM}�+lCED = HQ%3D�+��?� CEDGF = ':+10 H�+BHQ%3D = %(*E�3+ � �(':FQDM��H�+EF " *E0(� ��FQDM*,H�D = *

03D � +10(D�'?0 HQ%3D��G@3F�FQDM0 H ���:D��(':FQDM��H�+EF " 5

� ��� � ���<���U� ��]����� ��� � �B�j�

; %3D = " = H�DM} ' = ��+1}�| + = DM� +E� = ' = }~*E'?0e��+1}~|�+10(DM0 H = * =R= %3+ � 0e')0 Z '?21@3FQD � 5 � 5h; %3D

� � %5��1 � ��, *E�G��DG|<H = �0�?':DM0H FQDM�@(D = H =G5 P HR'?0 H�DGF�*E��H = � ':HQ%�HQ%3D�� 3 0 -���- � �F7 � - 9 ��- �"! 7 %5�

KEK

, %5��1$� %�/ 9 *E0<� � -01�3�,�3�1�3 � 35��3 - � ��+1}�| +103DM0H = H�+ � @+���������0�?'?DM0 H FQDM�#@3D = H =G5 ; %3D � 350�-��- � � 7 � - | DGFQ� +EF�} = 0(*E}�DRF�D = +��?@3HQ':+10 � +EF 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5 ; %(*,H~' =G9 21':CEDM0c*p� @+��� " �@<*��?'"�(DM�|<*,HQ%�0(*E}�D 9 '?H.FQDGHQ@3F�0 = HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGFR0(*E}~D � %3DGF�D^HQ%3D + � 0(DGF +E��HQ%(DbFQDM�#@3D = H�DM� ���:Db+EF

�(':F�DM��H�+EF " FQD = '?�(D =G5�� - ��/ 7 ��3 , %5��1$� %�/ ' = FQD = | +10 = ' ! �:D�� +EF ���:D>FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5 ��- � ! 7 %5� , %5��1$� %�/| DGFQ� +EF�} = HQ%3D^� @(0<��HQ':+10 = � +EF CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 5 ; %3D � -01�3.,�3�1�3 � 3 ��3 - � ' = F�D = | +10 = ' ! �?D � +EF|(FQ+E|J*,21*,HQ'?032�}~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*�@(| �<*,H�D =G9 HQ%3DGF�D !" }~*E')0 HQ*E'?0<'?032���+10 = ' = H�DM0(� " '?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5�; %3D

� 7�� -0/ 7 ��- ! ! � %5� 7 1 %5� *E��HQ':CED�� " }�+10(':H�+EF = HQ%3D = HQ*,HQ@ = +E��+EHQ%(DGF 03+&�3D =G9 |(FQ+lC#')�('?032p� *E'��?@3FQD�3DGH�DM��HQ':+10^��+EF>HQ%3D = " = H�DM} 5d; %(DGFQD�' = *�� = +~* , /�- 3 ��- � HQ%3F�DM*E� { 03+EH = %3+ � 0 '?0 Z ':21@(FQD � 5 � � 9

� %(')��% | DGF�':+&�('?�G*���� " FQDM}�+ CED = @(0 � *E0H�DM� CEDGF = ':+10 = *E0(�^��+1}�|<*E��H = CEDGF = ':+10 %(' = H�+EF�':D =G5

Fro

nt E

nd

Name Service

Replica Control Version Control

Liveness Monitor

Metadata Manager

Z ':21@3FQD � 5 � �U; %3D = " = H�DM}�*,F���%(':H�DM��HQ@(FQD�+E� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% 5

; %3D>�G@3F�FQDM0 Hd|(FQ+EH�+EH " | D�+E� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%.' = *�@ = DGF � �:DGCED��(V Z $ � � �J= DGFQCEDGF 5�; %3D��0�?':DM0H' = }�+&�('"�(DM�bCEDGF = '?+10b+E�aV Z $bCEDGF = ':+10 � HQ%(*,H�*E�(� = D>=#|��?'?�G':H %�� - � *E0(� �0/ %�!0- �G*���� = H�+RHQ%3D= DGFQCEDGF 5 N CEDGF = ':+10p' = ��FQDM*,H�DM� DM*E��%�HQ'?}�D � %3DM0 HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF�FQDM��DM'?CED = * ��/ %5!0- �G*���� *,� H�DGF�*���:D�%(* = ! DGDM0 +E|�DM0(DM�R��+EF � F�':H�D =G5

K �

� ��������� �

� ��� � � � � � � ��� � � �)���

� � � � � � � � � ���

N = �3D = ��F�' ! DM��'?0 HQ%3D.|(FQDGC&':+1@ = ��%(*,|(H�DGF 9 HQ%3D~+EF�':21'?0(*����(D = ':210 +E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% = H�+EFQD = *E0(�

H�F�*E0 = }~':H = *���� ���:DyCEDGF = ':+10 = '?0BHQ%3DM':F�DM0HQ':FQDGH " 5�; %(' = %<* =�= DGCEDGF�*��J�3F�* � ! *E� � = � +EF �?*,FQ2ED ���:D =G5Z ':F = H 9 ':H�%@(FQH = | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D � %(DM0 = H�+EF�'?0(2~HQ%3D�� @+����CEDGF = '?+10 +10^�<' = � 5 $#DM��+10(� 9 '?H � * = H�D =03DGH � +EF � ! *E0(� � '?�(HQ% � %3DM0�H�F�*E0 = }~':H�HQ'?032�*�CEDGF = ':+10 5 ; %<':F�� 9 ':H � * = H�D =a= H�+EF�*,2ED = |<*E��D 5t; +DM0(%(*E0<��Dy'?H = | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��Da*E0(� = H�+EF�*,2ED�@3HQ'��?'"<M*,HQ'?+10 9 */��+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D { I�_%$ � }�DM��%(*E0<' = }

' = '?}~|��:DM}�DM0H�DM�R'?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5

; %(' = �3D = ':210 ' = �?*,FQ2ED�� " ')0��<@3DM0(��DM� !" |(FQDGC&':+1@ = � +EF �^+10 �(D��:HQ* ��+1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 5 P H'?0(�0�)@(�3D = = H�+EF�'?032 * �)' = H +E��CEDGF = ':+10 = * = * �3D��?HQ*[��%(*E'?0�*E0<� H�F�*E0 = }~'?H�HQ'?032 �3D��:HQ* = +lCEDGFHQ%3D.0(DGH � +EF � 5R; %<' = ��%(*,|<H�DGF�|(F�+ C&'?�3D = *E06+ CEDGFQC&':D � +E�a|<FQDGC#'?+1@ = � +EF��p')0 HQ%(' = *,F�DM* 5 P H

�(F = H��(' = �G@ =�= D = HQ%3D.�<':FQDM��HQ':+10 = +E���3D��?HQ* ��%(*E')0 =G5 ; %3DM0�':H�FQDGC&':D � = �('�� DGFQDM0 H�*,|<|(FQ+1*E��%(D =

H�+ 2EDM03DGF�*,H�D * �(D��:HQ* 5 Z '?0(*���� " 9�= DGCEDGF�*�� = " = H�DM} = HQ%(*,H = @3|(| +EFQH��(D��:HQ* H�F�*E0 = }~' =Q= ':+10[*,FQD

|(FQD = DM0 H�DM� 5

K �

� ��� � �d��� � �e�B����B�

_ 03D�+E�tHQ%3D�|(F�'?}~*,F " 2E+1*�� = +E�tCEDGF = ':+10b��+10 H�FQ+�� = " = H�DM} = ' = H�+ = H�+EFQD }�@+�?HQ':|��:D�CEDGF = ':+10 = +E�* ���:DBD��.�G':DM0H � " 5 $#+1@3F���D���+&�3D���+1}~}�+10pH�+ }�+EFQDBHQ%(*E0p+10(D�CEDGF = ':+10p' = 03+EH��(@(|��?'?�G*,H�DM� 5; %3D�$#+1@(F���D I +&�3D I +10 H�F�+��\$ " = H�DM} { $ I�I $(� � KML��\= H�+EFQD = HQ%(D��(F = HyCEDGF = '?+10R* = *�� @+������+E| "*E0(� = @ ! = DM�@3DM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 = * = �3D��?HQ* = ! DGH � DGDM0 H � + *E�5��*E��DM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 =M5 Z +EF�D>=&*E}�|��:D 9 � D%(* CED�* = DGF�'?D = +E� ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10 = * = � +����:+ � '?032 9

���������� � � ��� ��� � ��� � ��� ��� ��� � �

� �t�3DM03+EH�D = *�� @+��� ��+E| " +E� CEDGF = ':+10 7 5 P H � '����J|<FQ+#�<@(��D�HQ%3D�� +����:+ � '?032B��%(*E'?0

��������� ��� ��� � � � ����� ��� ��� � � ����� � � ��� ��� � � �

��� ��� ��� � � �3DM03+EH�D = HQ%(D��('�� DGFQDM0(��D ! DGH � DGDM0 � ��� � *E0(� � � 5 P H>' = *���+EF � *,F��^�3D��:HQ*~��%(*E'?0 5�; +FQDM��+10 = H�F�@(��Hd*E0~*,F ! ':H�F�*,F " CEDGF = ':+10 � � 9 HQ%3D>*��?2E+EF�':HQ%(} } @ = H���+E| " HQ%3D%�(F = H CEDGF = ':+10 ��� *E0(�HQ%3DM0 *,|(|�� " *������3D��:HQ* = � FQ+1} � H�+ 7 5�; %(D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ'?+10 HQ')}�D>2EFQ+ � = �?'?03DM*,F � " ')0.HQ%3D/0@<} ! DGF+E�t'?0H�DGF�}�DM�('?*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 $&+�FQDM��+10 = H�F�@<��HQ'?032~*~}�+ = H�FQDM��DM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10^' = ��+ = H � " 5

_ HQ%3DGF CEDGF = ':+10B��+10H�FQ+�� = " = H�DM} = � �E� � @ = Dy*�FQDGCEDGF = D��3D��:HQ*���%(*E'?0 H�+ = +��:CEDaHQ%3D�* ! +lCED|(FQ+ ! �:DM} 5t; %3DM':F��3DM�G' = ':+10R' = ! * = DM�R+10 HQ%3D�+ ! = DGFQC *,HQ'?+10 HQ%(*,H>}�+ = H�*,|<|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 = H�DM0<�RH�+*E�G��D =Q= HQ%3DR}�+ = H�FQDM��DM0HBCEDGF = ':+10 = }�+EF�D � FQDM�#@3DM0H � " HQ%(*E0[+��?�3DGF CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 ; %3D.FQDGCEDGF = D

�3D��:HQ*���%(*E'?0 ' = �?'"�ED�HQ%3D�� +����:+ � '?032

� � ������� ��� ��� � ��� � � � ��� � � � ��� ��� ��� � ��� ��� � � � � � ���!

7 *E��% HQ')}�D � %(DM0.* 03D � CEDGF = ':+10 ��FQDM*,H�DM� 9 ':Ha��+1}�|<@3H�D = HQ%3D��3D��:HQ*�*E0(� *�� = + = H�+EF�D =HQ%3D�� @+��� ��+E| " +E� HQ%3D�0(D � CEDGF = ':+10 5�; +~F�DM��+10 = H�F�@(��H�*E0 +��?�3DGF�CEDGF = ':+10 9 ':H = HQ*,FQH = ��F�+1}hHQ%3D

�?* = H�CEDGF = ':+10 *E0(�^*,|(|��?':D = HQ%3D��3D��:HQ* = '?0 F�DGCEDGF = D 5O + � DGCEDGF 9 H�F�*MCEDGF = ')032 = DGCEDGF�*����3D��?HQ* = H�+ FQD = H�+EFQD�*[CEDGF = '?+10e' = HQ'?}�D>� ��+10 = @<}~'?032

D = | DM�G'?*���� " � %3DM0.HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10 = *,FQD = H�+EFQDM�.+10.* ! *E� �&@3| }�DM�<'?* 5 N CEDGF = ':+10 �Q@(}�|<')032��3D��:HQ*

K ?

��%<*E'?0 � � � ' = �3DGCED��:+E| DM�.� +EF ���:D = " = H�DM} ! *E� �&@3| 5 P Hd+&�G�G* = ':+10<*���� " '?0 = DGFQH = * � %3+��:D ���:D>'?0H�+HQ%3D�FQDG| + = '?H�+EF " *E0(� HQ%(D��3D��:HQ*�' = ��+1}�|J@3H�DM� ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D�F�DG��DGFQDM0<��D����:D�*E0(� HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10':H�FQDG|<FQD = DM0H =G5 Z +����?+ � '?0(2B' = HQ%3D�+EFQ21*E0('�<M*,HQ':+10 +E� HQ%(' = ��%(*E'?0 9

��� ��� � ��� ��� ��� � ��� � � � ��� � ��� ��� ��� ��� � ��� � � � �� ��� �

P 0 = +1}�D = " = H�DM} =G9 *�����FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D&���:D = *E0(���3D��:HQ* = *,FQD = H�+EFQDM� '?0 +103D&���:D � ':HQ%

= | DM�G'?*�� ���:D = H�F�@(��HQ@(FQD = � �E� 9>KML��v5e_ HQ%(DGF = �Q@ = H = H�+EFQDbDM*E��% FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D ���?D^*E0(� �3D��?HQ*�* =

= DG|<*,F�*,H�D ���:D = � K � 9 � �v5

� ��� � �d��� ���z�UB���j�a� ����

N �3D��?HQ* ' = @ = @(*���� " 2EDM03DGF�*,H�DM� *,H/+103D�+E�dHQ%3FQDGDB�('�� DGFQDM0 H/2EF�*E0#@+�?*,F�'?HQ':D =G5 $#+1}~D �(*,HQ* ! * = D= " = H�DM} = � ��D � *E0(� ���?D ! *E� �&@3| = " = H�DM} = � �,� � +E| DGF�*,H�D�*,H�HQ%(D ! �:+&� �6�:DGCED�� 5�; %(D ! �:+&� � = '"<GD' = @ = @(*���� " HQ%3D ! �:+&� � = '"<GD�+E�jHQ%3D�@<0(�3DGF�� " '?032 ���:D = " = H�DM} 5 N ! ':HQ}~*,| ' = @ = DM�~H�+ FQDG|(FQD = DM0H

� %(')��% ! �:+#��� = *,FQD ��%(*E032EDM� �(@(F�'?032RHQ%3D }�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ':+106+E��HQ%3D����:D 5 Sa+EHQ%6� +EF � *,F��[�3D��:HQ*��%<*E'?0 = *E0(�~FQDGCEDGF = D>�(D��:HQ*���%(*E')0 = �G*E0 ! D�@ = DM� 5 Z +EFUHQ%3D�� +EF � *,F��~�3D��:HQ* 9 *�� @����&��+E| " +E� HQ%3D+EF�':21')0(*��.���:Da' = ��+E|<'?DM� 5 $3@ ! = DM�#@3DM0H @3|j�(*,H�D = *,FQD�*,|(|��?':DM��')0�|��)*E��D 5 $ %3DM0 CEDGF = '?+10('?032/HQ%3D

���:D 9 +10�� " HQ%3D�}�+&�('"�<DM� ! �:+#��� = *,F�Dy��+E|J':DM��'?0H�+�HQ%3D�03D � �3D��:HQ* 5 ; %3D�'?�(DM*�+E��FQDGCEDGF = D��3D��:HQ*' = � %3DM0~*E0~+��)� ! �:+&� �B' = +lCEDGF � F�':H�H�DM0.HQ%3D = " = H�DM}z*E��HQ@(*���� " *����:+&�G*,H�D = *�03D � ! �?+#��� 9 ��+E|J':D =HQ%3D~+��)� C *��)@3D~*E0(� HQ%3DM06+ CEDGF � F�':H�D = HQ%(D.03D � � " *����:+&�G*,H�DM� ! �?+#��� 5 ; %3DM0�':H�}~+#�('��(D = *E0'?03+&�3D>� �?'��ED = H�F�@(��HQ@(FQDdH�+/| +1'?0 H]H�+�HQ%3Dy03D � ! �:+&� � 5 ; +/|(FQD = DGFQCEDUHQ%3Dy'?03� +EF�}~*,HQ':+10�03DM��D =Q= *,F "H�+~��+10 = H�F�@(��HyHQ%3D�� @+���<%(' = H�+EF " 9 HQ%3DGFQD�' = *E�(�(':HQ'?+10(*��J}~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* = H�+EFQDM� = +1}~D � %3DGFQD�D�� = D 5 N| +EH�DM0 HQ')*��a�(F�* � ! *E� �6+E��HQ%(' = *,|(|(F�+1*E��% ' = HQ%(*,H~':H FQDM�(@(��D = HQ%3D D�� DM��HQ':CEDM03D =Q= +E� ! @ � DGF���G*E��%(D � F�':H�D>* ! = +EF�|(HQ':+10 9 HQ%#@ = '?0(��FQDM* = ')032�HQ%3D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E�j�(' = � � F�':H�D = � �,� 9JKFE��v5 N = '?}~'��?*,F'?�3DM*R' = @ = DM��'?0pC&':FQHQ@<*��t}�DM}�+EF " }~*E0(*,2EDM}�DM0H � D 9UK�G �v5.T '�� DGFQDM0 H�|<FQ+#��D =�= D = �G*E0 = %(*,FQD

HQ%3D = *E}�DB|<% " = '?�G*��\}~DM}�+EF " '?0 * I�_%$ � * = %(':+10 5�_ 0+� " � %3DM0p* � F�':H�D�+&�G�G@3F = �3+#D = HQ%3D

K D

= " = H�DM}�}.*��ED�*~��+E| " +E� HQ%3D�+EF�':21'?0(*���|<*,2ED 5N � D � = " = H�DM} =� �E� 9tK � � @ = D�%(* = %('?0(2.H�+R'?�3DM0HQ':� "R! �:+&� � =G5 P ��HQ%(DB%<* = % C *��?@(D = +E�

H � + ! �:+&� � = *,FQDaDM�@(*�� 9 HQ%3DM0 HQ%3DyH � + ! �:+#��� = ��+10HQ*E'?0BHQ%3D = *E}�Dy�(*,HQ* 5 X = " 0<� � �E� � ! FQDM*�� = *���:D�'?0 H�+!� =&DM�#� = '"<GD ! �:+#��� =M5 Y S Z $ � K � � ! FQDM*�� = *����:D>'?0H�+�C,*,F�'?* ! �:D>� = '"<GD ! �:+#��� = !" = DGH�HQ'?032! �:+&� � ! +1@(0<�(*,F�':D = ! * = DM�b+10 ���:D���+10H�DM0 H =M5 SU+EHQ%p+E�dHQ%3DM} *MCE+1'?� = DM0 = ':HQ':C&':H " H�+ = %(':� HQ'?032

���:D�+ � = DGH =G5; + '?}�|(FQ+lCED�HQ%3D�2EF�*E0#@+�?*,F�':H " 9(= +1}~D = " = H�DM} = 2EDM0(DGF�*,H�D��3D��?HQ* = '?0 HQ%3D�2EF�*E0@��?*,F�':H "

+E�jFQDM��+EF�� = � � KE9 �E� 9 B �v5�; %(' = ' = 0(*,HQ@3F�*��(��+EFy�(*,HQ* ! * = D = " = H�DM} =G5t; D>=#H ���:D = �G*E0 ! D�H�F�DM*,H�DM�* = F�DM��+EF�� = +E�)�?')03D =G5dO + � DGCEDGF 9 ':H��3+#D = 03+EH � +EF � � D���� � '?HQ% ! '?0(*,F " ���:D =M5 $#+1}�D = " = H�DM} ='?0H�DM0(� H�+ ! F�DM*�� HQ%(DM':F�'?03|<@(Hy')0 H�+ �?')03D>� �3D��?'?}.':H�DM�.F�DM��+EF�� =G9 ! @(H�|�DGF���+EF�} | +#+EF�� " � G��v5

$#+1}�D�FQDM��DM0H � +EF � = � � 9(KEK � *,H�H�DM}�|(H�H�+�*E��%(':DGCED ! DGH�H�DGFa��+1}�|(FQD =�= ':+10�*,H�HQ%3D>2EF�*E0#�@+�?*,F�':H " +E� !" H�D =G5B; %3D " }~*��ED~03+R* =Q= @(}~|(HQ':+10 = +E�dHQ%(D = H�F�@(��HQ@3F�D�+E�aHQ%3D ���:D ! DM'?032 CEDGF��= ':+10(DM� 5 Sy@3HtHQ%(D " 0(DGDM��H�+ = �G*E0 ! +EHQ%BHQ%(D�FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D ���:D�*E0<��HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH ���:D { 03D � CEDGF = ':+10

+E��HQ%3D ���:Dl�/H�+p��+1}�|<@3H�D HQ%3D �(D��:HQ* 5 ; %3D = D = " = H�DM} = � +EF � � D�����+10 ! '?0(*,F " ���?D = D>=3��DG|(H�?*,FQ2ED����:D =G5a; %3D " *,FQD�}~*E'?0�� " @ = DM� H�+ ! *E���#@(|b'?0RH�DGF�HQ'?*,F " = H�+EF�*,2ED *E0(�RFQDM�(@<��D�03DGH � +EF �H�F�* �.� 5

� ��� � �d��� � � �j��B��� �Q��������

$#DGCEDGF�*��]*,H�H�DM}�|(H = %<*MCED ! DGDM0R}~*E�3D�H�+.H�F�*E0 = }~'?Hy*��(D��:HQ*�'?0 = H�DM*E� +E� *B� @+��� ��+E| " +E�t* ���:D+EF����:D = " = H�DM} 5 I G�$&@(| � K D � ' = �3D = ':2103DM� H�+ = @3|(| +EFQH I G�$ HQ%(FQ+1@321%p* 03DGH � +EF � 5�$ %3DM0

@3|j�(*,H�D = +#�G�G@(F 93I G�$&@(|.D>=&H�F�*E��H = 03D � �3D��:HQ* = �(':FQDM��H � " � FQ+1}zHQ%3D X I $ ���:D = +10 HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF*E0(�BDM�('?H = HQ%3DM} '?0H�+�HQ%3D��0�?':DM0H0' = X I $!���:D =M5 N �0�?':DM0H��G*E0~*�� = +�FQDM�#@3D = H�* = | DM�G'"�J�dCEDGF = ':+10*E0(��HQ%(D = DGFQCEDGF�+10+� " = DM0<� = HQ%3D��('�� DGFQDM0(��D ! DGH � DGDM0�HQ%(D�D>=&' = HQ'?032�CEDGF = '?+10~*E0(�BHQ%3D��3D = ':FQDM�CEDGF = '?+10 5

; %3D O/;�; W T ' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10 *E0(� X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 WdFQ+EH�+&��+�� { T X Wa� � � ? � ' = H�+�D��.�G'?DM0 H � "

K B

FQDG|��)'?�G*,H�D�*�%(':DGF�*,F���%('?�G*�� = DGH�+E� ���:D = H�+.* �?*,F�2ED�0@(} ! DGF�+E� �0�)':DM0 H =M5 V>+.* =�= @(}�|(HQ'?+10 = *,FQD}~*E�3D * ! +1@3H�HQ%3D ��+10 H�DM0H�+EF/H " | D�+E�tHQ%3D!���:D =G5 P H/@ = D = ��+10 H�DM0H/')�3DM0 HQ'��(DGF = H�+ FQDG|(FQD = DM0H�('�� DGFQDM0H)���:D = *E0(�~HQ%3DM':F�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 N �<*,HQ* = H�F�@<��HQ@3FQD��G*����:DM��*E0 7 ��, -�� ' = @ = DM�BH�+ �3D = ��F�' ! DHQ%3D = HQ*,H�D.+E�a* = DGH�+E�y�(*,HQ*6���?D =G9 D 5 2 5:9 CEDGF = ':+10 9�= '"<GD 9 *E0(�pH " | D�+E�UDM*E��% ���:D 5 ; %3D��0�?':DM0H�G*E0R�3DGH�DGF�}.'?03D � %('?��% ���:D = *,F�D���%(*E032EDM� +10 HQ%(D = DGFQCEDGF�HQ%3FQ+1@321% HQ%3D�'?0<�3D>= 5 $ %3DM0R*9���:D' = ��%(*E0(2EDM�p+10bHQ%(D = DGF�CEDGF 9 HQ%3DB�0�?':DM0H/�G*E0p' =Q= @3D�* �('�� DGFQDM0HQ'?*���� ��RFQDM�@(D = H�� +EF�HQ%3D ���:D 5; %3D = DGFQCEDGFB�G*E0 ��+1}�|J@3H�D.HQ%3D �('�� DGFQDM0(��D ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +bCEDGF = ':+10 = *E0(��FQDGHQ@(F�0 HQ%3D �3D��:HQ*F�*,HQ%3DGF�HQ%(*E0�HQ%(D~DM0 HQ'?FQD ���:D 5 ; %(' = |(FQ+EH�+&��+��d�3+#D = 03+EH = | DM�G':� " HQ%3D = H�+EF�*,2ED +E���(' ��DGFQDM0H

CEDGF = '?+10 = +10RHQ%3D�@(0(�3DGF�� " '?0(2����:D = " = H�DM} 5Y S Z $ � K � � ' = * 03DGH � +EF�� ���:D = " = H�DM}��3D = ':2103DM� � +EF �?+ � � ! *E0<� � '?�3HQ%c03DGH � +EF � =G5

P HRD>=#|��?+1':H = ��FQ+ =Q= �����:D = '?}~'��)*,F�':HQ':D =G5 ; %3D Y S Z $ = DGFQCEDGF^�<':C#')�3D = HQ%3D ���:D = '?0H�+ ��%#@(0 � =*E0(��')0(�3D>=&D = HQ%3D.��%@(0+� = !#" %(* = % C,*��?@3D 5 ; %3D Y S Z $p�0�)':DM0 H = '?}~'��)*,F�� " '?0(�(D>=#D = *;�?*,FQ2ED| DGF = ' = H�DM0 H%���:D��G*E��%3D 5 $ %3DM0bH�F�*E0 = � DGFQF�')032.* ���:D ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF�*E0(�^�0�?'?DM0 H 9 Y S Z $+10+� " = DM0(� = ��%#@(0 � = +E�d�(*,HQ* HQ%(*,H�*,FQD�03+EH = H�+EFQDM�p+10 HQ%3DBFQDM�G':|<'?DM0 H/*E0(�p'?�3DM0HQ'"�(D = HQ%(+ = D��%#@(0 � = HQ%(*,H��G*E0 ! D���+1@(0<�R'?0 +EHQ%3DGF ���:D = +10 HQ%3D�F�DM�G':|<':DM0H 5

; %3D N T $ 4 ! *E� �&@3| = " = H�DM} � � � ��+1}�|<@(H�D = �(D��:HQ* = *,HaHQ%3D !" H�D��:DGCED���'?0~HQ%3D��0�?':DM0H= '?�(D 5 P H�@ = D = CEDGF = ':+10 ��@(}~|<'?032�H�+~*E��%(':DGCED���+10 = HQ*E0 H�F�D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}~D 5�; %3D��0�?':DM0H �EDGDG| =��+E|<':D = +E� |<FQDGC#'?+1@ = ! *E� �EDM�b@3| ���?D = '?0R* ���:D = H�+EFQD 5 P H>��+1}�|<@3H�D = HQ%3D��3D��:HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0^HQ%3D

FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D ���:D *E0(� HQ%3DB�G@3FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = ':+10p*E0(�b+10+� " HQ%3DB�3D��:HQ* ' =�= DM0H�H�+ HQ%3D = DGF�CEDGF 5�; %3D= DGFQCEDGF = '?}~|�� " = H�+EFQD = HQ%(D��3D��:HQ*.+10^':H 5 Sy@3H>':H�}~* " 0(DGDM� H�+��EDGDG| = DGCEDGF�*��\FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D!���:D =*E0(�R+10�� " �3D��?DGH�D�HQ%3DM} � %(DM0 03+~�0�?':DM0H = %(* CED�*�FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D�H�+~HQ%3DM} 5

�/T Z $ � K � � '?0H�DG2EF�*,H�D = �3D��?HQ*���+1}�|(FQD =�= ':+10 � '?HQ% * ���:D = " = H�DM} 5 P H~' = +EF�':DM0H�DM�

H�+ � *,F�� = D��.�G':DM0H = DM��+10(�(*,F " = H�+EF�*,2ED 5 P H~�(+D = 0(+EH~'?0 H�DG2EF�*,H�D � ':HQ% * �3D��?HQ*pH�F�*E0 = | +EFQH

}�DM��%(*E0(' = } 9 ! @3H�'?0(�0�)@(�3D = HQ%3D�* ! '��?':H " H�+~D>=&H�F�*E��H�*~�(D��:HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0^*E0 *,F ! ':H�F�*,F " |<*E':F�+E�

CEDGF = '?+10 = � FQ+1} = H�+EF�*,2ED 5 N |(FQ+EH�+EH " | D = " = H�DM}z0(*E}�DM� =3W�F�+�= " %<* = ! DGDM0~'?}�|��:DM}�DM0H�DM��+10

KFE

H�+E|^+E� ��T Z $RH�+.'?}�|��?DM}�DM0 H��3D��?HQ* � ��+1}�|(FQD =Q= DM� O�;>; W H�F�*E0 = | +EFQH 5

$#+1}�D��(' = H�F�' ! @3H�DM� = %(*,F�DM� }~DM}�+EF " { T $ 4 � = " = H�DM} = *�� = +�D>=#|��:+1':Ht�3D��:HQ*/H�F�*E0 = }~' = �= ':+106H�+bF�DM�(@(��D 0(DGH � +EF ��H�F�* �.� 5b; + FQDM�(@(��D HQ%3D ')}�|<*E��H�+E��� *�� = D = %(*,F�')032 9 * }�@��:HQ':|��:D>�� F�'?H�DGF�|(FQ+EH�+&��+���' = @ = DM�6'?0 4 @(0<'?0 � ? � *E0(� ; FQDM*E� 4 *,F � = � K � �v5 P�0(':HQ'?*���� " * = %(*,F�DM�p|<*,2ED

' = � F�':H�D>�v|(FQ+EH�DM��H�DM� 5 N H�HQ%3D �(F = H � F�':H�D 9 HQ%3D T $ 4 = " = H�DM} }.*��ED = *~��+E| " +E�\HQ%3D�|J*,2ED { *1 � 7 � � 9 *E0(� FQDM}~+ CED = HQ%(D � F�':H�D�|(FQ+EH�DM��HQ'?+10 = +BHQ%(*,H�� @3FQHQ%3DGF � F�':H�D = *,|(|�� " �(':FQDM��H � " H�+~HQ%3DH � '?0 5�; %3D�H � '?0b*E0(� HQ%3D�+EF�':21'?0<*�����+E| " �G*E0 �?*,H�DGF ! D���+1}�|<*,F�DM� H�+ ��FQDM*,H�D * �3D��:HQ* 9 *E0(�|(FQ+E|J*,21*,H�DM� H�+.*���� +EHQ%(DGF���+E|<':D = +E� HQ%(D�|<*,2ED 5

K�G

� ��������� �

� � � ��� �

� ��� � �/��� �����t�

; %(' = ��%(*,|(H�DGFU|(FQD = DM0H = HQ%3D��(D = ':210�+E� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%�: ! * = DM��+10 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5t; %(D�D>=#H�DM0 = ':+10' = ��+103� +EF�}~* ! �:D H�+ HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�*,F���%(':H�DM��HQ@(FQDB+E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%p* = �3D = ��F�' ! DM�b'?0 I %(*,|(H�DGF � 5

4 + = HU+E�jHQ%(D>}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ':+10 = � *���� � ':HQ%<'?0BHQ%3D ��- �"! 7 %5� , %5��1$� %�/ 9 *E0(� � -���/ 7 � 3 , %5��1$� %�/ ��+1} �| +103DM0H =G5�; %3D�� +EF�}�DGF���+1}�| +103DM0H�' = F�D = | +10 = ' ! �?D/� +EF/2EDM03DGF�*,HQ'?032 �3D��:HQ* = *E0(�^}~*E0<*,21'?032

CEDGF = '?+10 = H�+EF�*,2ED 5d; %3D*�?*,H�H�DGF�' = FQD = | +10 = ' ! �:D�� +EFyD>=#H�F�*E��HQ'?032��3D��:HQ* = ! DGH � DGDM0R*E0 *,F ! ':H�F�*,F "|<*E':F�+E� CEDGF = ':+10 = *E0(�RH�F�*E0 = }~':H�HQ')032BHQ%3D = D��3D��?HQ* = HQ%3FQ+1@321% HQ%3D�03DGH � +EF � 5

N � +EF � *,F����3D��?HQ* ��%(*E')0�' = @ = DM� H�+b*,F���%(':CED~HQ%(D��?' = H�+E��* ���?D�' = CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 4 *E} �}�+EHQ%�: }~*��ED = * � @+������+E| " +E�tHQ%3DB�G@3FQFQDM0H>CEDGF = ':+10^+E�U* ���:D @3| +10 HQ%3D!�(F = H � F�':H�D 5 $&@ ! �= DM�#@3DM0H � F�'?H�D = *,FQDp*,|(|��?'?DM� H�+6HQ%3Dp��+E| " *E0(�cCEDGF = ':+103DM� * = *[�3D��:HQ*6H�+6HQ%3Db|(FQDGC&':+1@ =

CEDGF = '?+10 5�; +R�G*,|(HQ@3F�D HQ%(D }�+&�('"�J�G*,HQ':+10^H�+R* ���:D 9j4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�:�@ = D = *E0p'?0 � ��+EFQD ! ':HQ}~*,|H�+ FQDM��+EF��p��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+#��� = �(@3F�'?032~*E0p@3|j�(*,H�D = D =�= ':+10 5 $ %3DM0bHQ%3DB@3|j�(*,H�D��J0(' = %3D =M9 HQ%3D= " = H�DM} ��+E|<':D = HQ%3DB03D � C,*��?@3D�+E�d��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = '?0H�+ * �3D��?HQ* ���:D {�, 45/�- ��*E0(� � F�':H�D = *

= +EFQH�DM� �?' = H�+E�y}�+#�<'"�(DM� ! �:+&� �p0@<} ! DGF = '?0 *E0(+EHQ%3DGF ���:D { 7 45/�- � 5 N = '?0 = HQ*E0<�(*,F�� 4 *E} �}�+EHQ% 9 *�CEDGF = '?+10~DM0H�F " ' = *,|(| DM0(�3DM�BH�+�HQ%3D%���:D�%<' = H�+EF " �:+E2�'?0<�('?�G*,HQ'?032�HQ%3D�03D � CEDGF = '?+10(' =

KML

��FQDM*,HQ':+10 0(+#�3D 9 ��F�DM*,HQ':+10pHQ'?}�D 9 ! F�*E0(��%(')032 ')03��+EF�}~*,HQ':+10 9 DGHQ� 5B4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�:�*E�(� = * 03D ��(D��?� '?0H�+ HQ%3DBDM0 H�F " H�+R'?0(�('?�G*,H�D HQ%3D ���:D �:DM032EHQ% +E�UHQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 5 N � D � 0(D � �<D��?� = *,FQD*�� = + *E�(�3DM�.H�+�HQ%3D/��+1}~}�+10 ���:D�}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* H�+�'?0<�('?�G*,H�D�HQ%3D*�?*,H�D = HUCEDGF = ':+10 = H�+EFQDM� +10 HQ%(' =03+&�3D 9 HQ%(D.0@<} ! DGF�+E�yCEDGF = '?+10 = +106HQ%(' = 03+&�3D 9 DGHQ� 5 ; %3D = D.*,FQD @ = DM�6')08���:D~FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10*E0(�RF�D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 5

$ %3DM0 FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?032�*����?D 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} }�@ = HU��+1}�|J@3H�D/*B�3D��?HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +BFQDG|��?' ��G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H = *E0(� = DM0<��HQ%3D��(D��:HQ*�+ CEDGFyHQ%3D/03DGH � +EF � 5�; %3D = " = H�DM} = �G*E0 = HQ%3D%���?D>%(' = H�+EF "�:+E2~H�+ 2EDM03DGF�*,H�DB*��?' = H�+E�t*����]'?0H�DGF�}�DM�<'?*,H�D�CEDGF = '?+10 = ! DGH � DGDM0^HQ%(D�H � +.CEDGF = ':+10 = '?0 �#@3D = �HQ':+10 5t; %(D = " = H�DM}�HQ%3DM0 FQDM*E� = HQ%3D�'"���?D = ��+EFQF�D = | +10(�('?032�H�+ HQ%(D/'?0H�DGF�}�DM�<'?*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 = H�+2EDM03DGF�*,H�D�* ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+#��� �?' = H ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H =G5 P �t+ � 0(DGF = %(':| ��%(*E0(2ED =

�(@3F�'?032^HQ%<' = |�DGF�':+#� 9 * FQDM�#@3D = H�' =B= DM0HBH�+ HQ%3D |(FQDGC&':+1@ = + � 03DGF�03+#�(D H�+ �G*��?�G@��?*,H�DRHQ%3D��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = ! DG��+EFQD^H�F�*E0 = � DGFQF�'?0(2 HQ%3D^+ � 03DGF = %<':| 5 Z ')0(*���� " 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} FQDM*E� = HQ%3D

��%<*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = '(�<*,HQ*���F�+1}hHQ%3D��G@3F�FQDM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10 *E0(� = DM0(� = HQ%3DM} H�+~HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*B03+&�3D 5; +~F�D = H�+EFQD�*E0^+��?� CEDGF = ':+10 9<4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�: FQDM*E� = ! +EHQ%RHQ%3D�'"���?D = *E0(�RHQ%3D�� ���:D = '?0

FQDGCEDGF = D�+EF��3DGF>+E� HQ%(D��3D��:HQ*.��%(*E'?0 9 HQ%(*,H�' = ��FQ+1}�HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10^H�+.HQ%3D��(F = H�CEDGF = ':+10 5; %3D��<*,HQ*~' = FQDM*E�^��FQ+1} HQ%3D�� ���:D�*E0(�^��+E|<':DM� '?0H�+�HQ%3D�F�D = H�+EFQDM� ���?D 5

4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:�� +����:+ � = HQ%(D���+1}~}�@<0('?�G*,HQ':+10�}�+&�3D��#+E�<HQ%(D�+EF�':21'?0(*��#�3D = '?210B+E� 4 *E} �}�+EHQ% 5�; %3D }.* ��+EF~}�+&�('"�J�G*,HQ':+10 ' = HQ%<*,H9���:D �(*,HQ* ' = 03+EHBH�F�*E0 = }~':H�H�DM� '?0[':H = DM0 HQ'?FQDGH "

�(@3F�'?032~FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5�_ 0+� " HQ%3DB�3D��:HQ* ' = H�F�*E0 = }.':H�H�DM� ! �:+&� � !#" ! �:+&� � 5 P H�*����:+ � = 0(+EF�}~*�����:D�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 = �(@3F�')032�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5

�,�

� ��� � ���Q��� ���j���������

��������� � n1gjw�� g�nu k� o]q�� m��vk,g�� o����dn1mJi i,u o]w

Z '��:D = *,FQD��(':C&'?�3DM� '?0H�+ ! �?+#��� = '?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: 5 P �]*B| +EFQHQ':+10 +E�\* ! �?+#���.' = }�+&�('"�(DM� 9 HQ%3D� %3+��?D ! �:+#����' = ��+E|J':DM�BH�+�HQ%3D��3D��?HQ* 5 $3'?0(��D 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%~' = *�2EDM03DGF�*�� ���:D = " = H�DM} 9 '?H %<* = 03+* =Q= @<}�|(HQ':+10b+E��HQ%3D9���:D ��+EF�}~*,H = H�+EFQDM�p+10p':H 5 X DM��+EF��#� �?DGCED��\2EF�*E0@+�)*,F�':H " ' = 0(+EH�* C&'?* ! �:D��%(+1'?��D 5 S " H�D>� �:DGCED��\��+1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 %(* = 2E+#+#�b��+1}�|(FQD =�= ':+10 FQD = @��:H =G9 ! @3H�'?H�DM':HQ%3DGF>03DGDM� = H�++E| DGF�*,H�D�+10�H � +�� @����#CEDGF = ':+10 = +E��*����:D { D 5 2 5:9 =3�3D��:HQ* � KEK � � 9 +EF ! F�DM*�� HQ%(D ���:D�'?0H�+�C *,F�'?* ! �:D>��:DM032EHQ%(DM� = DG21}�DM0H = { F�DM��+EF��('?0326HQ%3D^��%<*E032EDM� !#" H�D>�vF�*E032ED = �(@3F�'?0(2 @3|j�(*,H�D = � 5 Sa+EHQ%c+E�

HQ%3DM} '?0(��FQDM* = D.HQ%3D ��+1}�|��:D>=&'?H " +E���3D��:HQ*R2EDM03DGF�*,HQ':+106D = |�DM�G')*���� " � %3DM0�HQ%3D����:D~' = �?*,FQ2ED 5Z +EF 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 DGCEDGF " CEDGF = ':+10 ' = �EDG|(HB+10 HQ%3D + � 0(DGF~03+#�(D � +EF�FQDM��+ CEDGF�'?032p��F�+1} @ = DGF

}~' = HQ*��ED =G5�; %3D���+1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 *��:2E+EF�':HQ%<}�} @ = H ! D�� * = H�DM03+1@321% H�+ }~'?0(')}~'"<GD�HQ%3D�')}�|<*E��H+E���0�?':DM0H�FQD = |�+10 = D HQ'?}�D 5 S �:+&� � � �:DGCED���+E| DGF�*,HQ'?+10 '?0 H�F�+#�(@<��D = +10�� " * = }~*����a*E}~+1@(0 H�+E�+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� ��+EFaCEDGF = ':+10<'?032 5 P Ha�G*E0 *�� = + = '?}�|��?'?� " HQ%(D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10~*E0<�.FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 |(FQ+&��D =Q=G5

��������� ��m�� kEg����dgju wdu w�����uvn m<s#k1uvo]w

; %3D���%3+1'?��D�+E�&� +EF � *,F����3D��:HQ*>��%(*E'?0<'?032y��+EF I�_ $ %(* =\= DGCEDGF�*�� ! DM0(D0�(H =G5]T @3F�')032�*E0�@3|j�(*,H�D= D =Q= ':+10 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�+10+� " 03DGDM� = H�+ F�DM��+EF�� � %('?��% ! �:+&� � = *,FQDB��%(*E032EDM�p*E0(�p@3|j�(*,H�D�HQ%3D

���:D�'?0#�v|��?*E��D 5 A>| +10 �<0(' = %('?032�*E0R@3|j�(*,H�D 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} }~*��ED = *B��+E| " +E� *�����HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = '&C,*��?@3D�'?0H�+ HQ%(D��3D��:HQ* 9 HQ%#@ = FQDM}�+lC#'?0(2 HQ%(D���+ = H � " ��+E| " ��F�+1} HQ%3D���F�':HQ'?�G*�� |<*,HQ% +E��0�?':DM0H�*E�G��D =Q=G5 P H�}~* " *�� = +�D>=#|��:+1':HyHQ%3D��G*E��%<'?032�D�� DM��H>'?0 HQ%(' = �G* = D 5a; %3D*���:D�H�F�@<0(�G*,HQ':+10+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 ' = CEDGF " � * = H = '?0(��D�HQ%3DGFQD�' = 03+.03DGDM� H�+.�3+~*~��+E| " 5

; %3D�}~*E'?0 �3F�* � ! *E� �.+E�]� +EF � *,F�� ��%(*E'?0(')032�' = HQ%(*,HyFQD = H�+EF�'?032B*E0 +��)� CEDGF = ':+10 }~* "FQDM�#@(':FQD �:+10(2EDGFRHQ'?}�D 5 $&'?0(��D * �(D��:HQ*[+10+� " = H�+EFQD = HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +

CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 FQD = H�+EF�'?032 *E0 +��?�cCEDGF = ':+10���+1@+�?�c|�+EH�DM0HQ'?*���� " C&' = '?H.*����>�(D��:HQ* = � FQ+1}�HQ%3D&�(F = H

� K

CEDGF = '?+10RH�+~HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 5 X DGCEDGF = D��3D��:HQ*���%<*E'?0('?032 = +��?CED = HQ%(' = |<FQ+ ! �:DM} !#" = H�+EF�'?032

+��?� ! �:+&� � = ')0cHQ%3Dp�3D��:HQ* 5 X D = H�+EF�'?032[*E0 +��)�cCEDGF = ':+10c+10�� " 03DGDM� = H�+[FQDM*E��HQ%3D �(D��:HQ* =� FQ+1}�HQ%3D�HQ*,F�2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10bH�+ HQ%3D �G@(FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 5�I +10 = ')�3DGF�'?032�HQ%(D � *E��H�HQ%(*,H/HQ%3D�}�+ = H

FQDM��DM0H~CEDGF = '?+10 = *,FQD *E�G��D =Q= DM� � *,F.}�+EFQD � FQDM�#@3DM0H � " HQ%(*E0 +��?�3DGF�CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 HQ%<' =�= ��%(DM}�D� +EF � = ! DGH�H�DGF�HQ%(*E0 HQ%3D ��+EF � *,F�� = ��%3DM}~D � +EF����?D~FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ'?+10 5 X DGCEDGF = D �3D��?HQ* ��%(*E')0('?032*�� = +pD��?')}~'?0(*,H�D = HQ%3DR03DGDM�[H�+�}~*��EDR* � @+���U��+E| " +E��HQ%3D6�(F = H CEDGF = ':+10[HQ%(*,H = �?+ � = �3+ � 0HQ%3D���FQDM*,HQ':+10 +E��HQ%3D = DM��+10(� CEDGF = ':+10 ')0~HQ%3D/��+EF � *,F�� �3D��:HQ* ��%<*E'?0('?032 5 ; %3D ���:D�*,|(| DM0(�('?032+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 ' = � * = H�'?0 HQ%(' = �G* = D = '?0(��D�HQ%3DGF�D�' = 03+.0(DGDM�RH�+.��+E| " +��)�RC *��)@3D =G5

O + � DGCEDGF 9�= DGCEDGF�*����3F�* � ! *E� � = +E�/FQDGCEDGF = D �(D��:HQ*p��%(*E'?0<'?032p}~*��ED^':HB@(0(�3D = ':F�* ! �:D 5Z ':F = H � " 9 ��+E| " ')032 HQ%(D�+��?� ! �?+#��� ' = ')0^HQ%3DB��F�':HQ')�G*��]|<*,HQ% +E�5���:D�@3|j�(*,H�D 5 P H�' = �?'��ED�� " HQ%(*,HHQ%3DB+��?� C,*��?@3D�' = 03+EH�'?0bHQ%3D~�G*E��%(D 5�I +E| " '?032 +��?� ! �:+&� � = ��FQ+1} �<' = � = ':210<'"�<�G*E0H � " = �:+ � =�3+ � 0 �0�)':DM0 HUFQD = | +10 = D 5 $#DM��+10<�+� " 9 HQ%3D/��+E| " +E��+��)� ! �:+&� � �(*,HQ*�} @ = H ! D�}~*E�3D/| DGF = ' = H�DM0 H! DG��+EF�DR+ CEDGF � F�':HQ'?032 HQ%(' = ! �:+&� � 5�_ HQ%3DGF � ' = DR*�����|<FQDGC#'?+1@ = CEDGF = ':+10 = }~* " ! D �:+ = H � %3DM0� *E'��?@3FQD = +&�G�G@3F 5�; %(' = %(*,|(| DM0 = � %3DM0 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} � F�':H�D = HQ%3Db03D � C,*��?@3DRH�+[�(' = � ! @3H

� *E'�� = H�+ }~*��ED.HQ%3D �3D��:HQ*R| DGF = ' = H�DM0H ! DG��+EFQD.HQ%3D~� *E'��?@3FQD 5 P 06HQ%(' = �G* = D 9 HQ%3DGFQD.' = 03+ � * "

H�+ FQD = H�+EFQDB*E0 " +E�dHQ%3D�|(F�DGC#':+1@ = CEDGF = '?+10 = DGCEDM0 HQ%3+1@321% }�+ = H/+E�tHQ%3D �3D��:HQ* = *,FQD�+10 �(' = � 5; +.|(FQDGCEDM0H�*E0^+#�G�G* = ':+10(*��\� *E'��)@3FQD 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�03DGDM� = H�+ �G*���� ' !7#5� � DM*E��% HQ'?}�D � %(DM0 *E0

+ CEDGF � F�':H�D~%(*,|<|�DM0 =G5�; %<' =�= " 0<��%3FQ+10(+1@ = +E|�DGF�*,HQ':+10 '?0(��FQDM* = D = CEDGF = ':+10(')032 + CEDGF�%3DM*E� *E0(�

= �:+ � = �3+ � 0 �0�?':DM0H�FQD = | +10 = D 5 Z '?0(*���� " 9 � %3DM0 * ���:D�' = H�F�@(0(�G*,H�DM� 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�0(DGDM� = H�+

��+E| " *���� +E� HQ%(D�H�F�@(0(�G*,H�DM� ! �:+&� � = @(0+�:D =�= '?H�' = H�F�@(0<�G*,H�DM�RH�+ � 5; %3D���+1}�|<*,F�' = +10R+E� HQ%3D = D�H � + = ��%(DM}�D = ' =�= %3+ � 0^'?0 ; * ! �:D ? 5?K,5

��������� � uvk � g ����i ��� �vots����u ilk

; � +�*��:H�DGF�0(*,HQ'?CED �(*,HQ* = H�F�@(��HQ@(FQD = � DGF�D ��+10 = '?�3DGF�DM� H�+ �EDGDG|cH�F�*E��� +E����%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � =�(@3F�'?032~*E0 @3|j�(*,H�D = D =Q= ':+10 5�_ 03D�' = HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 9 HQ%3D�+EHQ%3DGF/' = HQ%3D ! �:+&� � �?' = H 5y; * ! �:D ? 5 �

�E�

Z +EF � *,F��b�3D��:HQ* Sy*E� � � *,F�� �3D��:HQ*V/@(} ! DGF�+E� '"!"#5� � �G*���� = �:D =Q= }�+EFQD

I *E��%3D�%(':H�F�*,H�D CEDGF " %('?21% }�+&�3DGF�*,H�D�+EF �:+ �Z '��?D�H�F�@(0(�G*,H�D � * = H = �:+ � +EF�� * = HZ '��:D�+lCEDGF � F�':H�D � * = H = �:+ �Z '��:D�*,|(| DM0(� = �:+ � � * = H

-/DM03DGF�*,H�D = DM��+10(� CEDGF = ':+10 = �:+ � � * = HI �)':DM0 HyFQD = |�+10 = D � * = H = �:+ �

X D = H�+EFQD�FQDM��DM0H>CEDGF = ':+10 = �:+ � � * = H

; * ! �?D ? 5?K �yI +1}�|J*,F�' = +10 ! DGH � DGDM0 � +EF � *,F�� *E0(� ! *E� � � *,F��^�3D��:HQ*

|(FQD = DM0 H = HQ%3D ��+ = HB+E� = +1}�D ��+1}~}�+10[+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 = ! DGH � DGDM0[HQ%3D = D H � +��(*,HQ* = H�F�@(��HQ@(FQD =G5

Sy':HQ}~*,|�' =�= @(|�DGF�':+EF/')0 }�+ = H�+E�UHQ%(D +E| DGF�*,HQ'?+10 =G9 ! @3H�%(* = *6�+=#DM� ��+ = H�|<FQ+E| +EFQHQ':+10(*��\H�+HQ%3D ���?D = '�<GD���+EF !���35� *E0(������� 51; %(' = +lCEDGF�%3DM*E�.' =t= ':210('"�J�G*E0 H � %3DM0BHQ%3D�0#@(} ! DGF +E� ! �:+&� � =��%<*E032EDM� ! DGH � DGDM0 H � + CEDGF = ':+10 = ' =�= }~*���� 9 '?0 � %('?��%R�G* = D�HQ%(D ! �:+&� �6�?' = H � +EF � = ! DGH�H�DGF 5

_ | DGF�*,HQ':+10 Sy':HQ}~*,| S �:+&� � �?' = H { @<0 = +EFQH�DM�J� S �:+#��� �?' = H { = +EFQH�DM���= DM*,F���% � { K � � { � � � { �:+E2 � �'?0 = DGFQH � { K � � { K � � { � ��3D��:DGH�D � { K � � { � � � { �:+E2 � �%:�� { � �= +EFQH � � { � �:+E2 � � �= �G*E0 � { � � � { � � � { � �P � _ � { � � � { � � � { � �

; * ! �:D ? 5 � � _ | DGF�*,HQ':+10 ��+ = H�+E� ! ':HQ}~*,| *E0(� ! �?+#��� �?' = H 5 � ' = HQ%3D~0#@(} ! DGF�+E� ! �:+&� � = '?0HQ%3D ���:D 9 � ' = HQ%3D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E� ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � =G9 ��� }�DM*E0 = 03+EH�*,|(|��?'?�G* ! �:D 5

N ��+1}�|(FQ+1}~' = D = +��?@3HQ'?+10�' = *E�3+E|<H�DM� '?0 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�: 5 P H = H�+EFQD = *E0<��H�F�*E0 = }~':H =

HQ%3D ! �:+&� � '?0(�(D>= * = *@�)' = H�+E� ! �:+&� � 0#@(} ! DGF =G9 D>=#|��?+1':HQ'?032�HQ%(D^� *E��H HQ%(*,H }�+ = H +E��HQ%3D

HQ'?}�D +10+� " * = }~*������ F�*E��HQ':+106+E��* �)*,FQ2ED����?D � '����t��%(*E032ED � K ? �v5p_ 0�HQ%3D +EHQ%3DGF�%(*E0(� 9 ':H

@ = D = *E06'?0 � ��+EFQD ! ':HQ}.*,|�H�+b�3+^HQ%3D.��+1}�|<@(HQ*,HQ':+10 5 $ %3DM06HQ%3D.'?0<�3D>=p' =�= H�+EFQDM�6+106�(' = �+EF�H�F�*E0 = }.':H�H�DM� +lCEDGF�HQ%3D 0(DGH � +EF � 9 ':H/' = H�F�*E0 = � +EF�}�DM� '?0H�+ * ! �:+&� � �?' = H 5%$ %(DM0bF�DM*E�('?032

�E�

� FQ+1}z�<' = ��+EFaFQDM��DM':C&'?032�� FQ+1}�HQ%3D�03DGH � +EF � 9 HQ%3D ! �:+#��� �?' = Ha' = ��%(*E032EDM� ! *E���~H�+�* ! ':HQ}~*,| 5; %3D�+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10<*�� + CEDGF�%3DM*E�^' = � { � �a*E0(� � { � �UFQD = | DM��HQ':CED�� " 5 $&'?0(��D/P � _ +E|�DGF�*,HQ':+10R*,FQD

}�+EFQD���+ = H � " 9 HQ%(' = +103D�HQ'?}�D�H�F�*E0 = � +EF�}~*,HQ':+10R+E| DGF�*,HQ'?+10 ��+EF�DM*E��%^P � _ ' = 03DG2��?':21' ! �:D 5

������� � � n1m(g�k1u w���g�� m����.m(n i,u o]w

N ���:D^CEDGF = ':+10 ' = ��FQDM*,H�DM� � %(DM0c* ���:D^' = �0�:+ = DM��*,��H�DGF }�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ':+10 5�$ %3DM0�* ���?D^' =

}�+&�('"�(DM�~��+EFUHQ%3D �(F = H�HQ'?}�D 9 HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF�}~*��ED = *�� @����(��+E| " +E�jHQ%3D>+EF�'?21'?0(*��3CEDGF = ':+10.'?0.HQ%3D= %(*E�(+ � �<':FQDM��H�+EF " 5 P H>HQ%3DM0^+ CEDGF � F�':H�D = HQ%(D ���:D�*E0<� FQDM��+EF�� = HQ%3D ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ')0RHQ%3D'?0#� ��+EF�D ! ':HQ}~*,| 5 $ %3DM0BHQ%(D ���:Da' = �0�?+ = DM� 9 HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF = *MCED = HQ%(D ! ':HQ}~*,|�* = * = +EFQH�DM� ! �:+&� �0#@(} ! DGF%�?' = H�'?0R*E0^')0(�3D>= ���:D { 7 4 /"- � 9 *E0(� ��+E|J':D = HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = '<�(*,HQ*~')0 H�+.*.�3D��:HQ*���:D {�, 45/�- ��'?0�HQ%3D +EF��3DGF�+E� ! �:+&� � 0#@(} ! DGF =M5 N � H�DGF *����U��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+#��� = *,FQD.|<FQ+#��D =�= DM� 9HQ%3D = DGF�CEDGF �<@ = %(D = HQ%(D '"���:DR*E0(� � ���:D +10H�+6�(' = � 5 N = HQ%3D = HQ*E0(�<*,F�� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ% �3+#D =G9

*^%<' = H�+EF " DM0 H�F " ' = *�� = +b*E�(�3DM� H�+bHQ%3D����?D�' = %(' = H�+EF " �?+E2 9 '?0<�('?�G*,HQ'?032R':H = ��FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D 9

��FQDM*,HQ':+10 03+&�3D 9 *E0(� ���:D �?DM032EHQ% 9t= DM�#@3DM0(��D 0@(} ! DGF 9 DGHQ� 5 $&@ ! = DM�#@3DM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10 = FQDG| DM*,H

HQ%3D�|(F�+#��D =Q= +E�y@3|j�(*,HQ'?032 HQ%3D ! ':HQ}.*,| 9 2EDM03DGF�*,HQ'?032RHQ%(DB'����:DB*E0(� � ���:D 9 *E0(� �?+E2E21'?032 HQ%3D���:D�%(' = H�+EF " 5

$#| DM�G'?*��3�G*,FQD>' = 0(DM��D =Q= *,F " � %3DM0BFQDM��+EF��('?032�HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = � %3DM0�*����?D�' =t= '"<GD��%<*E032ED =G5 P ��*����:D>2EFQ+ � =G9 *����JHQ%3D ! �:+&� � = ! D " +10(� HQ%3D/+EF�':21'?0<*��(DM0(� +E��HQ%3D ���:D/*,FQD�H�F�DM*,H�DM�* = ��%(*E032EDM� 5 P �a*6���:DB' = H�F�@(0<�G*,H�DM� 9 03+ ! �:+&� � = 03DGDM�pH�+ ! DBFQDM��+EF��3DM� * = ��%(*E032EDM� 5 P H�' =

DM* = " H�+��<0(�BHQ%(D�H�F�@(0(�G*,H�DM� ! �:+#��� = HQ%3FQ+1@321%���+1}�|J*,F�'?032�HQ%3D%���:D = '"<GD�+E��HQ%3D�H � +�CEDGF = '?+10 =G5$#+�HQ%3D = " = H�DM}h+10+� " 03DGDM� = H�+��EDGDG|^HQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD�+E� DM*E��%^CEDGF = ':+10 ')0 HQ%(' = �G* = D 5

; %3D�0(D � �?* " +1@3H�+E�tHQ%(D��G@3FQF�DM0 H%���:D�*E0(�bCEDGF = ':+10(DM� ���:D�' =>= %(+ � 0b'?0 Z ':21@3FQD ? 5?K,5; %3D����:D = '?0RHQ%(D� R�('?FQDM��H�+EF " *,FQD�� @+���j��+E|<':D = +E� HQ%3D�}�+ = H>FQDM��DM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10 = *MC,*E'��?* ! �:D�+10HQ%(' = 03+&�3D 5�; %3D�'"���:D = *E0(�b� ���:D = *,F�D = H�+EFQDM� '?0 = DG|<*,F�*,H�DB�(':FQDM��H�+EF�'?D = � ':HQ%^HQ%3D = HQ*E0<�(*,F��

4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 0(*E}~'?032 = ��%3DM}~D%�\HQ%(D��G@3FQF�DM0 H ���:D>0(*E}~D���+����:+ � DM� !#" HQ%3D���F�DM*,HQ':+10 0(+#�3D/*E0(�

� ?

shgong RE

Paper

thesis.tex

Paper

SH root.dir.md

root.dir.pol

thesis.tex.ver

thesis.tex.file.md

thesis.tex.file.pol

thesis.tex.nd1-t1

thesis.tex.nd1-t3

thesis.tex.nd2-t2

paper.dir.pol

paper.dir.md

thesis.tex.blk thesis.tex.nd1-t1

thesis.tex.nd1-t3

thesis.tex.nd2-t2

thesis.bib

thesis.bib.file.md

thesis.bib.file.pol

Z ':21@3FQD ? 5?K �U; %3D�03D � �)* " +1@3H�+E� HQ%3D����:D = " = H�DM} 5

��FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ')}�D 5 Z +EF~D>=3*E}�|��?D 9 � ����� !������ ������+ ��+�� ���� ' = HQ%3DR}�+ = HBFQDM��DM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 +E�

�� !�����������+ ��+� ���� 5 � � ���� !������ ������+ ��+�� ������ (������������+ ��+� ���� ����"���� ���.' = HQ%3D � ���:D� +EF HQ%(D CEDGF = ':+10 ��FQDM*,H�DM� !#" 03+&�3D ��,�� *,HBHQ'?}�D 1�� 5�; %3D '"���?D.� +EF HQ%(D = *E}~D CEDGF = ':+10 ' =

��� ���� !����� ������+ ��+�� �������������� ������+ ��+�� ����������"���� ��� 5

$#H�+EF�'?032pDM*E��% CEDGF = ':+10 * = *E0 '����:D *E0<� * �+���:D ��FQDM*,H�D = }~*E0 " = }.*���� ���:D = '?0[HQ%3D

= " = H�DM} 5 N 0�*��?H�DGF�0(*,HQ':CEDd' = H�+�|<@3Hj*����E�(D��:HQ* = '?0�+103D ���:D 5]O + � DGCEDGF 9 HQ%(' = *,|<|(FQ+1*E��%�'?0CE+��:CED =�3DGCED��:+E|J'?032B* = |�DM�G')*������?D>� +EF�}~*,H�*E0(� D��.�G':DM0H = DM*,F���%<'?032�*��:2E+EF�':HQ%<} 9 HQ%#@ = ��+1}�|��)'?�G*,HQ'?032HQ%3D^�(D = ':210 5 P H ' = @(0(�0�?DM*,F � %3DGHQ%(DGF~HQ%3D = " = H�DM}��G*E0 ! DM03D0�<H���FQ+1} HQ%(' = �(D = ':210 5�; %3D

��D

�G@3FQF�DM0 H�'?}�|��:DM}�DM0HQ*,HQ':+10 ')0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: �:DM*MCED = HQ%(D�@<0(�3DGF�� " '?032����:D = " = H�DM} H�+~}.*E0(*,2ED

HQ%3D = H�+EF�*,2ED�*E0(� ���:D �:+#+��#@3| 5 P Hd*�� = +���+10(��+EF�} = H�+�HQ%3D�'?0(':HQ'?*��#�3D = '?210�+E� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% 5 V>+ �HQ%3D�|<*E'?F�+E� '"���:D/*E0<�R� ���:D/FQDG|(FQD = DM0 H�* ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10 { �3D��?HQ* � 5 P H�' = DM* = " H�+.HQ@3F�0 + � I�_ $= @(��%RHQ%(*,H�HQ%(D�� ���:D�':H = D��:�\' = *E��HQ@<*���� " *�� @���� ��+E| " +E�t*BCEDGF = ':+10 5

; %3D>� ���:D�' = +EFQ21*E0('�<GDM�~'?0�*���+1}~|<*E��H�� +EF�} = %(+ � 0~')0 Z '?21@3FQD ? 5 � 5�; %3D ! �:+&� � = *,FQD*,FQF�*E0(2EDM�6'?0�')0(��FQDM* = '?0(2R+EF��3DGF�+E�yHQ%3D ! �:+&� � 0@<} ! DGF 5 ; %3D ! �?+#���p0#@(} ! DGF = '?0 HQ%3D '"���:D= DGFQCED�HQ%(D~}~*,|(|<'?0(2 ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D��3D��?HQ*R*E0(�pHQ%3D�*E��HQ@(*��)���?D +E�UHQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 5 $3'?0(��DBHQ%3D= '"<GD�+E�jHQ%3D��+���:D>�3+#D = 0(+EHdFQD �(DM��HaHQ%3D/*E��HQ@(*�� = '"<GD�+E�jHQ%(' = ���:D>CEDGF = ':+10 9 HQ%3D ���:D>%(' = H�+EF " �:+E2FQDM��+EF�� = HQ%(D9���:D = '�<GD�+E��DM*E��% CEDGF = '?+10b� +EF�FQDM��+10 = H�F�@(��HQ':+10 5�; %3D 03D � �(D��?� *E�(�3DM� H�+ HQ%3D

CEDGF = '?+10 �:+E2�DM0H�F " ' = 45/�- /"- � �1 � 5P H�' = | + =Q= ' ! �?D~H�+ |(FQD = DGF�CED HQ%3D6���?D �:DM032EHQ% '?0 HQ%3DR� ���?D *E0(� ��+E| " HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM�

! �:+&� � = '?0~HQ%3D = *E}�D/|��?*E��D/* = HQ%3D�*E��HQ@(*���CEDGF = ':+10 5 Z ':21@3FQD ? 5 � { � � = %3+ � = HQ%3D/+EFQ21*E0('�<M*,HQ':+10+E�jHQ%(' = *��:H�DGF�0(*,HQ':CED 5�; %3+1@321%�HQ%3D/� ���:D�}.*,HQ��%3D = �0�:+ = D�� " � '?HQ%~HQ%3D>*E��HQ@<*������?D 9 �:DM* C#'?0(2�HQ%3D� ���?D � ':HQ% %3+��?D = }.* " � * = H�D�HQ%(D�')03+#�(D = |<*E��D�*E0(�R')0(��FQDM* = D��(' = � = DGD0�#')032�HQ')}�D � %3DM0 HQ%3D0#@(} ! DGF�+E� ! �:+&� � = ��%<*E032EDM� ! DGH � DGDM0 H � + CEDGF = ':+10 = ' =�= }~*���� 5

�������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

������

���������� � � �����

������������������������������

��������������������

��������������������

�����������������������������������������������������������������

���������� � � � �

(a) the file being versioned

(c) delta with holes

(b) compact delta

unmodified block

modified block

block with no data

(a) (b) (c)

Z ':21@3FQD ? 5 � �aT D��?HQ* ���:D�� +EF�}~*,H 5

; + = @3|(| +EFQH���+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D 9 * ��D � 03D � �(D��?� = *,FQD^*E�(�3DM� H�+6HQ%3D^��+1}~}�+10 ���:D}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*^* =�= %3+ � 0 '?0 ; * ! �:D ? 5 � 5~; %3D �?* = H�F�DM*�� CEDGF = ':+10pFQDG� DGF = H�+ HQ%(D�CEDGF = ':+10p+E�aHQ%3D

� B

�G@3FQF�DM0 H ���:D 5 P H.' = '?}~|�+EF�HQ*E0 H�� +EF.*E0c')0 H�DGFQD = H�DM�c03+&�3DRFQDM�#@3D = HQ'?0(2�* = | DM�G'"�<� CEDGF = ':+10 5_ 0+� " � %3DM0 ! +EHQ%bHQ%(D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10p*E0(� HQ%3DBFQDM*�� CEDGF = '?+10 *,F�D |<FQD = DM0H��G*E0pHQ%(D = DGFQCEDGF

��+1}�|<@(H�D HQ%3D^�3D��?HQ* 5 �+%�! � ��- � - � ' = @ = DM� H�+ = @3|(| +EFQHBHQ%3D FQDGCEDGF = D FQDM*E�(')032p+E�/HQ%(D ���:DCEDGF = '?+10 �:+E2~�3D = ��F�' ! DM�R'?0^$#DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5?K,5

� ��57� � - � �.��! �"�&�(':F � O * = HQ%3D ! �:+&� �6�?' = Hy�<':FQDM��H�+EF " ! DGDM0R��FQDM*,H�DM��?* = H FQDM*��?0(� I FQDM*,HQ':+10^03+#�(D/+E�)�?* = H�FQDM*��jCEDGF = '?+10�?* = H FQDM*��:HQ} I FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D�+E� �?* = H�FQDM*��jCEDGF = ':+10�?* = H FQDM*�� = DM� $#DM�#@3DM0(��D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E�)�?* = H�F�DM*��jCEDGF = ':+10FQDM*��:CEDGF � V�@<} ! DGF�+E� FQDM*��jCEDGF = '?+10 = +10RHQ%(' = 03+&�3D|�+ = |(FQDGCEDGF W + = ':HQ':+10 +E� |(FQDGC&':+1@ = DM0H�F "

; * ! �:D ? 5 � � N �(�3DM�6�(D��)� = H�+~HQ%3D���+1}.}�+10 ���:D�}~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* 5

� ��� � ���Q� � �U�������t�a�j�Q�/

P�0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 * ���:D�' = FQDG|��?')�G*,H�DM� !" HQ%(D�+ � 0(DGF�03+&�3D�H�+ * = DGH�+E�tF�DG|��?'?�G*�03+&�3D = ! * = DM�+10 ':H = FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 |�+��)'?� " 5 P 0 = HQ*E0(�(*,F�� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} = '?}�|�� " = DM0(� = HQ%3D�}�+ = HFQDM��DM0H>CEDGF = ':+10 { �G@3FQF�DM0 H�CEDGF = ':+10J�aH�+ HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*B03+&�3D =G5 $ ':HQ% I>_ $�9�4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: �G*E0

+10+� " = DM0(�[HQ%3DR�('�� DGFQDM0(��D ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3DR�G@3FQFQDM0H CEDGF = ':+10 *E0(� HQ%3D �?* = H�FQDM*��yCEDGF = ':+10[+10

HQ%3D~F�DG|��?'?�G*R03+&�3D { �?* = H�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10p| +1'?0 H�� 5 O + � DGCEDGF 9 HQ%(D = " = H�DM}�} @ = H��EDGDG|[H�F�*E� � +E�HQ%3D �?* = H�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10�|�+1')0 H�� +EF�DM*E��%[FQDG|��?'?�G*^03+#�(D.*E0(�6��+1}~|<@3H�D.HQ%(D �3D��:HQ*b�(@3F�')032RHQ%3D

FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10R'?0H�DGFQC,*�� 5; %3D�� +����:+ � '?032�*,FQD�HQ%3D�}~* ��+EF = H�DG| = H�+~F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�D�*~�G@(FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = ':+10 � ':HQ% I�_%$ �

� $&H�DG| K,5 X DM*E�@���:D~%(' = H�+EF " 5 -/DGH *;�?' = H�+E� ���?D~%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D =�= HQ*,FQHQ'?032^��FQ+1}�HQ%3D

�)* = H�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H�H�+.HQ%3D��G@3FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = '?+10 { 03D � F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H�� 5

� $&H�DG| � 5zI *��?�G@+�?*,H�D HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � = ! '?HQ}~*,| 5 X DM*E� *�����HQ%3D ! �:+&� �c')0(�('?��D =

� E

��+EF�FQD = | +10(�('?0(2 H�+ HQ%3D�'?0H�DGF�}�DM�<'?*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 $#DGH>HQ%3D���+EFQFQD = |�+10<�('?032 ! ':H = ')0RHQ%3D

! ':HQ}~*,| 5

� $&H�DG| � 5 X DM��+EF�� HQ%3Db�G@3FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = ':+10c0@(} ! DGF~*E0(� HQ%3DM0cFQDM*E� *�����HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+#��� = '(�(*,HQ*�� FQ+1}hHQ%3D��G@(FQFQDM0H ���:D�*E0(� = DM0<� ':H�H�+~HQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*�03+&�3D 5

� $&H�DG| ? 5UI %(DM� �~':� HQ%3D ���:D>' = +E| DM03DM�~� +EF � F�':H�D 5 P � " D =G9 }~*��ED�*���+E| " +E�jHQ%3D/�G@3FQFQDM0H! ':HQ}~*,|.+E�jHQ%<' = CEDGF = '?+10 5t; %3DM0.��%3DM� �.HQ%3D ���?D>}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*�H�+ = DGD�':� 03D � CEDGF = ':+10 = *,FQD

��F�DM*,H�DM� �<@3F�'?032�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5 P � " D =G9 �G*��?�G@+�)*,H�D>HQ%3D/��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = @ = '?032�HQ%3D = *E}�D}~DGHQ%3+#�^* =>= H�DG| K *E0(� � 5

� $&H�DG| D 5>I *��?�G@��?*,H�D�HQ%3D�@(0(':+10R+E�tHQ%(D ! ':HQ}.*,| = +E� = H�DG| � *E0(� = H�DG| ? 5 P � HQ%3D����?D�' =0(+EH�}�+&�('"�(DM�^�(@3F�'?0(2�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 9 HQ%3DM0^2E+ H�+ = H�DG| B 5�_ HQ%3DGF � ' = D 9 FQDM*E�b*E0(� = DM0(�

HQ%(D�+��?� ! �:+&� � = � FQ+1}hHQ%3D�03D � FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H�@<0 HQ'���HQ%3D!�?* = H�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H 5

� $&H�DG| B 5 A>|j�(*,H�D�HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0Ha*E0(� *E�(�R*E0 DM0H�F " H�+�HQ%3D�%(' = H�+EF " �:+E2BHQ%(*,H*.��+E| " +E� HQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 ' = +10RHQ%(D�FQDG|��?')�G* 0(+#�3D 5

_ 0BHQ%3DyFQDG|��?')�G*�03+&�3D 9 HQ%3Dy|(F�+#��D =Q= '?032�' = = '?}~'��)*,F � ':HQ%9���?DUCEDGF = ':+10('?032�* = �(' = �G@ =Q= DM�'?0 HQ%3D�|(FQDGC&':+1@ =y= DM��HQ':+10 5

Z +EF�*.03+10 �vFQDG|��?'?�G*.03+#�(D�HQ%(*,H/FQDM�#@3D = H = * 03D � CEDGF = '?+10 9 ':H/}�@ = H = |�DM�G'?� " HQ%3D9�?* = HFQDM*��\CEDGF = ':+10b+10 ':H�'?0^HQ%3D�F�DM�@3D = H 5�; %3D�|(FQ+&��D =Q= '?032 ' = �#@(':H�D = '?}~'��)*,F�D>=&��DG|<H�HQ%3DGF�D ' = 03+03DGDM�RH�+ �3DM*�� � ':HQ% HQ%(D�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H 5

��������� � m(g��Uu w�����u �vm��[u ilkEo�n

; %3DbFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ'?032603+&�3D { F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF �.03DGDM� = * ��+1}~|��:DGH�D8�?' = H~+E��HQ%3Db'"���:D = ! DGH � DGDM0�H � +

FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10p| +1'?0H = H�+^��+1}�|<@3H�D.HQ%3D.��%<*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� =G5 N = }~DM0 HQ':+10(DM� '?0 $#DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5 ? 9*E0�'"���:D ' = 0(*E}�DM� !#" HQ%(D~��FQDM*,HQ':+10�03+&�3D~*E0(� ��F�DM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D 9 *E0(� HQ%3D ���?DB%<' = H�+EF " �:+E2 =

� G

HQ%(' = '?03� +EF�}~*,HQ':+10�� +EFdDM*E��% CEDGF = ':+10 5t; %(D�FQDG|��?')�G*,H�+EFU03DGDM� = H�+��<0<�~*����3HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10.DM0 H�F�':D =! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D�H � +~FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H =M5

N CEDGF = ':+10&�:+E2.DM0H�F " '?0<�('?�G*,H�D = HQ%(D���FQDM*,HQ':+10 03+&�3D 9 ��F�DM*,HQ':+10^HQ')}�D�*E0(� = DM�#@3DM0(��D

0#@(} ! DGF � +EF HQ%<' = CEDGF = ':+10 5 P H *�� = +���+10 HQ*E'?0 = HQ%3D = *E}�D�'?03� +EF�}~*,HQ':+10�+E�<HQ%(DaCEDGF = ':+10 { ! F�*E0(��%CEDGF = '?+10J����F�+1} � %('?��% * ! F�*E0(��% +&�G�G@3F =G5 P �U03+ ! F�*E0(��%(D = +#�G�G@(F 9 *���� CEDGF = ':+10pDM0H�F�':D = ! D>�H � DGDM0pHQ%3D ��FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D�+E�tHQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10^| +1'?0 H = ��+10 = HQ':HQ@(H�D�* CEDGF = ':+10 ��%(*E')0 5%$ %3DM0

! F�*E0<��%3D = D>=3' = H 9 HQ%3DyFQDG|��?')�G*,H�+EF 03DGDM� = H�+*�<0<��*����HQ%3DaDM0 H�F�'?D = ! D��:+10(2>H�+�HQ%3D��3D = ':F�DM����%<*E'?0 5; %3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF%�<F = H���FQDM*,H�D = *E0 *,FQF�* " +E� �)'?0 �EDM� �?' = H�'?0(�3D>=&DM� !" HQ%3D = DM�@3DM0<��D�0@<} ! DGF 5; %3D9�?'?0 �EDM� �?' = H/' = ��+1}~|�+ = DM�b+E�dHQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10bDM0 H�F�'?D = � '?HQ%^HQ%3D = *E}�D = DM�#@3DM0(��DB0@<} ! DGF 5

; %3DM0[HQ%3D FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF = �G*E0 = HQ%3DR*,FQF�* " ')06FQDGCEDGF = DR+EF��3DGFBH�+ �<0(� HQ%3D ! F�*E0<��%('?0(2b��%<*E'?0 5

N CEDGF = ':+10(' = |<*,FQDM0H�' = �3DGH�DGF�}~')03DM� !" = DM*,F���%('?032�HQ%3D �)'?0 �EDM� �?' = H � '?HQ% = DM�@(DM0(��D�0@<} ! DGF+103D �:D =Q= HQ%<*E0pHQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 5 P �d*E0pDM0 H�F " %(* = HQ%(D = *E}�D ! F�*E0(��% CEDGF = ':+10p+EF�':H = ��F�DM*,HQ':+10

03+&�3DR' = HQ%3D = *E}�D * = HQ%3D ! F�*E0(��% CEDGF = ':+10 +E��HQ%3DRCEDGF = '?+10 '?0 �@3D = HQ':+10 9 HQ%(DM0 ':H�' = HQ%3D

|<*,FQDM0H 5 N ! F�*E0(��%<'?032R��%(*E')0�D>=3*E}�|��:D~' =�= %3+ � 06'?0 Z ':21@3F�D ? 5 � 5 V�+EH�D HQ%(*,H�}�+EFQD.HQ%(*E0+103D~DM0H�F " ��+1@+�)����+EFQFQD = | +10(��H�+^+103D~CEDGF = ':+106�<@3D�H�+b�(@(|��?'?�G*,H�D = +EF�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10pDM0 H�F�':D =

{ FQDM��+EF��<'?032.* FQDG|��?')�G*B+E�tHQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 +10b+EHQ%3DGF�03+&�3D = � 5 P H�' = | + =Q= ' ! �:D�H�+ = +EFQH>HQ%(D���%<*E'?0!#" HQ%3D ��+1} ! '?0(*,HQ'?+10 +E�/��FQDM*,HQ'?+10 03+#�(D *E0<� ��FQDM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}~D 5 Sy@3HBHQ%(' = *,|<|(FQ+1*E��%c*E�(� =

}�+EFQD�+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�^HQ%(*E0RHQ%3D�+103D�'?}�|��?DM}�DM0 H�DM� 5; %3D %(' = H�+EF " �?+E2 ' = = �G*E0(0(DM� '?0 FQDGCEDGF = D +EF��3DGF �<@3D.H�+pHQ%3D � *E��HBHQ%(*,HBHQ%3D6�:+E2p' =

*,|(| DM0(�#�v+10�� " *E0(��@ = @<*���� " *�� D � FQDM��DM0 HdCEDGF = ':+10 DM0H�F�':D = *,FQD�03DGDM�(DM� 5t; %3DyFQDG|��?')�G*,H�+EF @ = D =HQ%3D �1%�! � � - � - � �(D��)��'?0 HQ%3D �:+E2�DM0H�F " H�+��:+&�G*,H�DyHQ%3Dy|(FQDGC&':+1@ = FQDM��+EF���'?0�HQ%3D �:+E2 ���:D 5 $&'?0(��D}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*�@(| �<*,H�D = }~* " *,FQF�'?CED>+1@3H �v+E� �v+EF��3DGF�H�+�*E0 '?0 H�DGF�D = H�DM� 03+#�(D 9 HQ%3D�%(' = H�+EF " DM0 H�F�':D ='?0RHQ%(D��:+E2 *,F�D�03+EH�+EF��3DGFQDM� !#" HQ%3D���F�DM*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}~D�+EF = DM�@3DM0<��D�0@<} ! DGF 5 A>| +10 F�DM*E�('?032HQ%3D�DM0H�F " ��+EFQF�D = | +10(�('?032�H�+�HQ%3D��?* = HyFQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 |�+1')0 H 9 HQ%3D�FQDG|��?')�G*,H�+EFaH�F�':D = H�+ �<0(� HQ%3D��+1}�|��?DGH�D ! F�*E0(��%(')032^��%<*E'?0 * = �3D = ��F�' ! DM��'?0�HQ%(D |(F�DGC#':+1@ = |<*,F�*,2EF�*,|<% 5 P ��HQ%3D ��%(*E'?0[' =

� L

{(nd1, 1), (nd1, 1)}

{(nd3, 5), (nd1, 2)}

{(nd2, 4), (nd1, 1)} {(nd3, 4), (nd1, 2)}

{(nd3, 3), (nd1, 2)}

{(nd3, 4), (nd1, 2)}

{(nd2, 3), (nd1, 1)}

{(nd1, 2), (nd1, 1)}

{(nd1, 1), (nd1, 1)}

Note: {(nd3, 4), (nd1, 2)} means version 4 created by node nd3 is branched from version 2 created by node nd1.

Z ':21@3F�D ? 5 � � $#+EFQHQ')032 ���:D�%(' = H�+EF " 5

'?0(��+1}~|��:DGH�D 9 HQ%3D FQDG|��)'?�G*,H�+EF~FQDM*E� = *�� D � *E�(�(':HQ'?+10(*��yDM0 H�F�':D = *E0(� ��%3DM��� = *,21*E'?0 5�; %(' =

|(FQ+&��D =Q= ':H�DGF�*,H�D = @<0 HQ'�� HQ%(D���%<*E'?0 ' = ��+1}~|��:DGH�D 5 $&'?0(��D�}�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ* @3|j�(*,H�D = *,FQD�*,|(|��)':DM�R'?0+EF��3DGF�}�+ = H�+E� HQ%3D�HQ'?}~D 9 HQ%3D�}~' =�= '?032 DM0 H�F�':D =�= %3+1@��?� ! D�� +1@(0(� � ':HQ%('?0 *�� D � ! �:+&� � =G5

; � +R*��:H�DGF�0(*,HQ':CED = � DGFQD���+10 = '?�(DGFQDM�^H�+ %<*E0(�+�:D�HQ%(' =�= ':HQ@(*,HQ'?+10 5�_ 03D = '?}�|��:D � * "' = H�+6FQDM*E�c*�����+E�/HQ%(D^%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D = *E0<� HQ%3DM0 +EF��3DGF~HQ%3DM} 5�; %(' = }.* " *E�(� = ':210('"� ��G*E0H�+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� � %3DM0bHQ%3D�%(' = H�+EF " �:+E2 ' = CEDGF " �:+1032 *E0(� +10+� " HQ%3D �?* = H/��D � CEDGF = ':+10 = *,FQD

03DGDM�3DM� 5�; %3D�+EHQ%3DGF�' = H�+ = +EFQH/HQ%3DB%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D = *E0(� � F�':H�D�HQ%3DM} ! *E� �bH�+ �(' = � � %3DM003DM��D =Q= *,F " 5 $#+ HQ%3D����?D�%(' = H�+EF " �?+E2 ' = ��+1}�| + = DM� +E�tH � + |<*,FQH =M5�; %3D �(F = H�|<*,FQH/' =>= +EFQH�DM�%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D =M5 ; %3D = DM��+10(��|<*,F�H�' = @(0 = +EFQH�DM��%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F�':D =M5 ; + FQDM*E��HQ%(D��?* = H�� D �CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} �:+&�G*,H�D = HQ%(D = HQ*,FQH�| + = '?HQ':+10 +E��%(' = H�+EF " DM0H�F " '?0 HQ%3D �<F = H�|<*,F�H>*E0(�

�,�

FQDM*E� =>= DM�@(DM0 HQ'?*���� " @(0HQ'���FQDM*E��%<'?032�HQ%3D��3D = ':FQDM� CEDGF = '?+10 5�; %3DM0R':H = �G*E0 = HQ%3D = DM��+10(� |<*,FQH�?'?0(DM*,F�� " 5 N �:HQ%3+1@(21%�HQ%(' = }�DGHQ%3+&�6*MCE+1')� = HQ%(D��?'?03DM*,F = �G*E06+E�yHQ%3D � %3+��:D %(' = H�+EF " �:+E2 9 ':H*E�(� =>= ':210('"�J�G*E0 Hy+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� � %3DM0 � F�':HQ')032 ! *E� � HQ%3D = +EF�H�DM� %(' = H�+EF " �:+E2 5

��������� � g � s �� gJk1u w���� ��gjw���m � � �vots��ti

P �jHQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF���+10HQ*E'?0 = *����(HQ%(D�CEDGF = ':+10 = ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +BFQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H =M9 HQ%3DGFQD�' = *E0'"���?D���+EFQFQD = |�+10<�('?032�H�+�DM*E��%RCEDGF = ':+10 +10 HQ%(' = 03+&�3D 5�; %3D/FQDG|��?')�G*,H�+EF = '?}�|�� " F�DM*E� = *�����HQ%3D'"���?D = *E0(� = DGH = HQ%3D~��+EFQFQD = | +10(�<'?032 ! ':H�'?0 * ! ':HQ}~*,| 5~; %(DM0�*����t��%<*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = �<@3F�'?032HQ%(' = '?0H�DGFQC,*��#*,F�D �)* ! D��?DM��'?0�HQ%3D ! ':HQ}.*,| 5\O + � DGCEDGF 9 '?H ' = | + =Q= ' ! �:D�HQ%(*,H HQ%3DaFQDG|��)'?�G*,H�+EFt%(* =+10+� " * = @ ! = DGHU+E�]HQ%3+ = D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G9 *E0(� }~* " 03+EHy%(*MCED�HQ%(D/CEDGF = ':+10 +E��HQ%3D��?* = HyFQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10| +1'?0H 9 D 5 2 5:9 � %3DM0 + � 03DGF = %(':| ��%(*E032EDM�p+EF � %3DM0^HQ%(D F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF�' = 03+EH�HQ%3D + � 03DGF 5�; %3D'"���?D^'?0 HQ%<' = �G* = D = H�+EFQD = HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+#��� �?' = H ! DGH � DGDM0�H � + �0�:+ = D = H CEDGF = '?+10 = +10 *

= | DM�G'"�<��03+&�3D 5�; %(D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF�}�@ = H �<0(�R*���� HQ%3D�'"���:D = '?0R*~�(D��:HQ*���%(*E')0 5; %3D FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF��(':C&'?�3D = HQ%3D ! F�*E0(��%('?032 ��%(*E'?0 { �3D = ��F�' ! DM�^'?0 $#DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5?K �/'?0H�+

= DGCEDGF�*��\��%#@(0 � = * = � +����:+ � =G5� � � � � ��� � �� ��� �

� � ���! �� ��� �

� � � ��� � � � ��� �� ��� �

03+&�3D � � 03+&�3D � � 03+&�3D

7 *E��%b��%#@(0 � ��+10 = ' = H = +E� * = }~*���� �3D��?HQ*���%(*E'?0 +10 HQ%(D = *E}�D�03+&�3D 5 V>+&�3D ' = HQ%3D

FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ'?032 03+#�(D/*E0(� ':Hy��+10HQ*E'?0 = *E0R'?0H�DGF�}�DM�('?*,H�D/CEDGF = '?+10 ��� *E0(� HQ%3D�03D � FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10| +1'?0H�CEDGF = ':+10 � � 5 V�+&�3D � � ��+10HQ*E'?0 =�= +1}�D~+EHQ%(DGF�'?0H�DGF�}�DM�(')*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 = � *E0(� � � 5V�+#�3D � � ��+10HQ*E'?0 = HQ%3D �?* = H�FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10�| +1'?0H � � *E0(�.HQ%3D>'?0H�DGF�}�DM�(')*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 � � 5 Z +EF*B03+&�3D/��+10HQ*E'?0(')032 * = | DM�G'"�J�>CEDGF = ':+10 9 ':Hy' = DM':HQ%3DGFyHQ%3D���FQDM*,HQ':+10R03+&�3D/+E�]HQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 9 +EF*E03+EHQ%3DGF 03+&�3D.'?0 HQ%(D.'?0H�DGFQD = H � = DGH�+EF�FQDG|��?'?�G* � = DGH�HQ%<*,H�%(* = *b��+E| " +E�yHQ%(' = CEDGF = ':+10 5 N =

�3D = ��F�' ! DM�~'?0 $#DM��HQ'?+10 � 5?K,9 HQ%3D �?+E2�DM0 H�F " *�� � * " = FQDM��+EF�� = HQ%3D/��FQDM*,HQ':+10 03+&�3D�+E��*�CEDGF = ':+10 5Z +EF.0(+#�3D = +EHQ%(DGF�HQ%(*E0 HQ%3D ��FQDM*,HQ':+10c03+#�(D HQ%(*,H~%<*MCED^* ��+E| " +E�/* = | DM�G'"�<� CEDGF = ':+10 9 *

� K

= | DM�G'?*�� �#')0(�^+E� �:+E2 DM0 H�F " FQDM��+EF�� = HQ%3D�03+&�3D�P T '?0bHQ%3DBDM0 H�F " ' = ,�3�1�3 �(D��?� *E0(� = DGH = HQ%3D

DM0H�F " ' = %�� - � 3�1 7 %5� �(D��?� * = �������� ! � ��,��� { = DGD $#DM��HQ':+10 � 5 � � 5 ; %3D ! F�*E0(��%<'?032R��%(*E')0�' =

= �G*E0(0(DM� '?0~FQDGCEDGF = D/+EF��3DGF 5t; %(D = " = H�DM}zH�F�':D = H�+9�<0(�.HQ%3D�}.* =&'?} @(}z0@(} ! DGF�+E��CEDGF = ':+10 =

+10�+103Da0(+#�3D 5 P �3HQ%(D = }.*����:D = H�CEDGF = ':+10 { *>CEDGF = ':+10 � ':HQ% = }.*����:D = H = DM�@(DM0(��Da0#@(} ! DGF ��� +1@(0(�= + � *,F�' = 03+EH/HQ%3D9�)* = H�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10^| +1'?0 H 9 HQ%3D FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF/|<'?��� = *E03+EHQ%3DGF�03+&�3D�F�*E0(�3+1} � "*E}�+1032�HQ%(D�03+#�(D = HQ%(*,H�%(*MCED�*~��+E| " +E� HQ%3D = }~*����?D = HyCEDGF = ':+10R*E0(�6�J0(� = *���� HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10 =+10RHQ%(*,H�03+#�(D 5�; %(' = |(F�+#��D =Q= FQDG| DM*,H = @(0HQ'��j':H�FQDM*E��%3D = HQ%3D!�?* = H�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H 5

_ 0(��D�HQ%3D ! F�*E0(��%<'?032���%(*E')0 ' = �(':C&'?�3DM� 9 HQ%3D�'"���:D = '?0 DM*E��%b��%@(0+� *,FQD�C#' = ':H�DM�R*E0(�*���%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ! ':HQ}.*,| ' = 2EDM03DGF�*,H�DM� � +EF�DM*E��%b��%#@(0 � 5�; %3D�@(0('?+10 +E� *���� HQ%3D ! '?HQ}~*,| =FQD �(DM��H = *����yHQ%3D ��%<*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +6FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 | +1'?0H =G5 $&'?0(��D DM*E��%c��%#@(0 �FQD = ')�3D = +10p* �('�� DGFQDM0H/03+&�3D 9 +10+� " HQ%3D �?* = H���%#@(0 �b�G*E0 ! D�+E|�DGF�*,H�DM�b+10 HQ%3DBFQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?03203+&�3D 5�; %3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF = DM0<� = *BFQDM�#@3D = H�H�+~HQ%3D�%(+ = HQ'?032~03+&�3D = +E� +EHQ%3DGF>��%@(0+� = � ':HQ% HQ%3D= HQ*,FQH>CEDGF = ':+10 *E0<� DM0(�RCEDGF = '?+10R+E�\DM*E��%b��%@<0 � 5 $&+1}�D�+E� HQ%3D�%3+ = HQ'?0(2~03+#�(D = }~* " � *E'�� H�+FQD = | +10(�^HQ%3D�F�DM�@3D = H 5 N HQ'?}~DG+1@3H>C,*��?@3D ' =>= DGH � %3DM0b*.F�DM�@3D = H/' =�= DM0H�+1@3H 5 P �tHQ')}�DG+1@3H

+&�G�G@3F =G9 HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF = '?}~|�� " = @3|<|�+ = D = *���� ! �:+#��� = *,F�D���%(*E032EDM�^�(@3F�'?0(2�HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10'?0H�DGFQC,*���*E0(�R}~*��ED = *B� @�����CEDGF = ':+10RF�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5

$&'?0(��D�F�DM�@3D = HQ'?032�*E03+EHQ%(DGFa03+&�3D�H�+ ��+1}�|<@3H�D ! �:+&� ����%<*E032ED = � '����3�3D��)* " HQ%3D�FQDG|��?' ��G*,HQ':+10 |<FQ+#��D =�=G9 H � + +E|(HQ'?}.'"<M*,HQ':+10 = *,FQD�}~*E�3D�H�+ = *MCED~HQ%3DBFQDM}~+EH�D~FQDM�#@3D = H 5B_ 03DB+E|(HQ' �}~'"<M*,HQ'?+10�' = H�+���%3DM���~%3+ � }.*E0 " ! �:+&� � = *,FQD���%<*E032EDM�~� +EFtHQ%3D�CEDGF = '?+10 = +10�HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?03203+&�3D 5 P �yHQ%3D 0@(} ! DGF�+E����%(*E0(2EDM� ! �?+#��� = *,FQD %('?21%3DGF�HQ%(*E0 * HQ%3FQD = %3+��?� 9 '?H�' = %<*E0(�+�:DM�* = * � @+��� ���:DB��+E| " 5 N = DM��+10(� +E|(HQ'?}.'"<M*,HQ':+10p' = H�+ ��%3DM���pHQ%3D ! �:+&� � �)' = H/+E�dHQ%3D = }.*����:D = HCEDGF = '?+10.'?0.HQ%3D �?* = HU��%#@(0 � { ��� '?0.HQ%3D�* ! + CED/D>=3*E}�|��:Dl� 5 P �j':Hd+10+� " *E�<� = *���D � 0@<} ! DGFd+E�

��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = H�+�HQ%(D ! ':HQ}.*,|~+E� �?* = Hd��%@<0 � 9 HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�+EFa�G*E0 *E�<�~HQ%3+ = D ! �:+&� � = '?0H�+HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 5d; %(' = ' = ! DM�G*E@ = D�HQ%3D�'"���:D�+E� HQ%(D = }~*����?D = H�CEDGF = ':+10 FQDG|(FQD = DM0H = HQ%(D���%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D = }~*����:D = H�CEDGF = ':+106*E0<�6* CEDGF = ':+10�2EDM0(DGF�*,H�DM� ! DG� +EFQD~HQ%(D��?* = H�FQDG|��?' �

�E�

�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H 5�; %3D�0#@(} ! DGF>+E� ! �:+&� � = '?0 HQ%(' = '"���?D�' = HQ%(D @3|<|�DGF ! +1@<0(�R+E��HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%(D = }~*����:D = H�CEDGF = ':+10 *E0<� HQ%3D��?* = H�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H 5

��������� �6u i,s di,i,uvo]w

_ @3Fy�3D = '?210 = %(+ � = HQ%(*,HyH�+���+1}�|<@(H�D�HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = �(@3F�')032�* FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 ')0 H�DGFQC,*�� 9HQ%3D = " = H�DM} �(F = Hd03DGDM� = H�+�FQDM*E� *E0(� = +EF�HdHQ%3D ���:D�CEDGF = '?+10~DM0H�F�':D =G9 �(':C&'?�3DyHQ%3D��(D��:HQ*���%<*E'?0'?0H�+ = DGCEDGF�*��a��%#@(0 � =G9 ��+1}�|<@3H�D ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = '?0�DM*E��%[��%#@(0 � 9 *E0(� }~*��ED *^@(0(':+10 +E�

*����UHQ%3D = D ! �:+&� � =G5 P�0 HQ%(' = |(FQ+&��D =Q=G9t= DGCEDGF�*��y03+&�3D = }~* " ! D '?0CE+��:CEDM� *E0<� = DGCEDGF�*��y'"���:D =C&' = ':H�DM� 5

; %(' = |(FQ+&��D =Q= }~* " *E�(� = ':210('"�J�G*E0 H�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� H�+/FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 � %3DM0�* �?*,FQ2EDa0@<} ! DGF+E�]'?0H�DGF�}�DM�<'?*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 = D>=3' = H ! DGH � DGDM0 H � +BFQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0 H =M5�_ 03D�| + =Q= ' ! �:D = +��)@3HQ':+10' = H�+��EDGDG|~*E0�*E�G�G@(} @+�?*,H�DM�~��%(*E032EDM� ! �?+#���!�?' = H]� +EFtDM*E��%�FQDG|��?'?�G*�+10BHQ%3Dy+ � 03DGF�0(+#�3Da� FQ+1}HQ%3D �?* = HtF�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10�| +1'?0H 5 $ %3DM03DGCEDGFd*�03D � CEDGF = ':+10�' = ��FQDM*,H�DM� 9 HQ%3Dy+ � 0(DGF�@3|j�(*,H�D = HQ%3D

*E�G�G@(} @+�?*,H�DM� ! �:+&� �8�?' = H 5 P�0 HQ%(' = �G* = D 9 *����t��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � = *,FQD '?}~}�DM�<'?*,H�D�� " * C *E'��?* ! �:D� %3DM0 FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?032 5 O + � DGCEDGF 9 @3|j�(*,HQ')032.HQ%3D~*E�G�G@<}�@+�)*,H�DM� ! �:+&� �&�?' = H�'?0CE+��:CED = H � + �(' = �+E| DGF�*,HQ':+10 = { FQDM*E�<'?032�*E0(� � F�':HQ')032� 9 HQ%3D���+1} ! ')03DM� + CEDGF�%3DM*E�.H�+�*E�G�G@(}�@��?*,H�D�HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = ' = DGCEDM0B%(':21%3DGF]HQ%(*E0�HQ%(Dd+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� H�+���+1}�|<@(H�DUHQ%3Da��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �?+#��� = '?0�+1@3F �G@3FQFQDM0H'?}�|��:DM}�DM0HQ*,HQ':+10 5 N 03+EHQ%(DGFU�3F�* � ! *E����+E�jHQ%3D>*E�G�G@(} @+�?*,HQ'?0(2�*,|(|(FQ+1*E��% ' = HQ%(*,HdHQ%(D>+ � 03DGF03DGDM� = H�+ �EDGDG| *E0 *E�G�G@(} @+�?*,H�DM� ! �:+&� � �?' = HB� +EF�DM*E��% FQDG|��?'?�G* { FQDM�G*����yHQ%(*,H~FQDG|��)'?�G* = *,FQD03+EH�DM�#@(*���� 5 P H�' = *^%(DM*MC " ! @3F��3DM0 � %(DM0�* ���:D~%<* = * �?*,F�2ED~FQDG|��?')�G* = DGH 5 ; +^}~')0('?}~'"<GDHQ%3D/+ CEDGF�*����J+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 9 � D��3DM�G'?�3DM� HQ%(*,HaHQ%3D = " = H�DM} +10+� " ��+1}�|<@(H�D = HQ%(D/��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � =�(@3F�'?032 FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 5

P 0b+1@3F��G@3FQFQDM0H�'?}~|��:DM}�DM0HQ*,HQ':+10 9 FQDM�@(D = HQ'?032 +EHQ%3DGF�03+#�(D = H�+R��+1}�|<@3H�D ��%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = �3D��)* " = HQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 |<FQ+#��D =�=G5 N = *E0 *��:H�DGF�0(*,HQ':CED 9 HQ%(D�+��?�R+ � 03DGF>�G*E0^H�F�*E0 = � DGF

HQ%3Dy��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� ���?' = H�H�+�HQ%3D�03D � + � 03DGF � %(DM0�H�F�*E0 = ��DGF�F�'?032�+ � 03DGF = %(':| 5\; %(' = *,|(|(FQ+1*E��%

�E�

D��?'?}.'?0(*,H�D = HQ%(D 03DGDM�bH�+ FQDM�@(D = H�HQ%(D���%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � �?' = H 9 ! @(H>}~*��ED = H�F�*E0 = ��DGFQF�'?032~+ � 0#�DGF = %<':| %(DM*MC " � DM':21%H 5 P �dHQ%(DB0(D � + � 03DGF�%(* = *R��+E| " +E�dHQ%(D�CEDGF = ':+10 ��+EFQF�D = | +10(�('?032 H�+

HQ%3D��)* = H�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10p| +1'?0H 9 ':H��G*E06��+1}~|<@3H�D.HQ%(D~��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �8�?' = H � ':HQ%3+1@3H�HQ%3D %3D��:|� FQ+1} HQ%3D�|(FQDGC&':+1@ = + � 03DGF 5�; + = ')}�|��?':� " HQ%3D��3D = '?210R*E0(� FQDM�(@(��D�HQ%(D�03DGH � +EF � H�F�* �.� 9 � D��%(+ = D�HQ%3D��(D = ':210 HQ%(*,H�HQ%(D = " = H�DM}h+10+� " ��+1}�|<@(H�D = ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � = +10 �(DM}~*E0(� 5

� ��� � ���Q� � �d�(� �>�j�a� ����

N �:HQ%3+1@321% 03+R@ = DGF/H�+#+�� = *,F�DB* C *E'��?* ! �:DBH�+ *E�G��D =Q= *E0p+��?�pCEDGF = ':+10p*,H�HQ%(DB�G@(FQFQDM0H = HQ*,2ED 9

���:D.FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10[' =�= @3|(| +EFQH�DM��')0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: 5 ; %3D = " = H�DM} *,|(|��?'?D = �3D��:HQ* = '?0 FQDGCEDGF = D

+EF��3DGF�H�+~HQ%3D �G@3FQFQDM0H%���:D 5 $&'?0(��D�HQ%(D��G@3FQFQDM0H%���?D�' = *~� @+��� ��+E| " +E�tHQ%3D��?* = H�FQDM*��jCEDGF = ':+10{ HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10���+EFQFQD = | +10(�<'?032/H�+�HQ%3D��G@3FQFQDM0H)���:Dl� 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} D>=#|��:+1':H = HQ%3D�� *E��H�HQ%(*,Ht+10+� "|<*,FQHy+E�\HQ%3D ! �:+&� � = ��%(*E032EDM� ! DGH � DGDM0RHQ%3D��?* = HaF�DM*��JCEDGF = ':+10 *E0(� HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 { HQ%3D

CEDGF = '?+10RH�+ ! D�FQD = H�+EFQDM��� 5d; %3D = " = H�DM}h+10�� " *,|<|��?':D = HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ��F�+1} � ���:D =M5Z +����:+ � '?032�*,FQD�HQ%3D = H�DG| = ��+EF�FQD = H�+EF�'?032B*E0 +��?� CEDGF = ':+10 �?+#�G*���� " 9 HQ%(*,H�' =G9 � %3DM0 HQ%3D

HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 ' = FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM� +10RHQ%3D�FQDM�#@3D = HQ'?0(2~03+#�(D 5

� $&H�DG| K,5dI FQDM*,H�D�* ! ':HQ}.*,| � +EF�HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� =M5 P �<HQ%3D%�)* = H FQDM*��&CEDGF = ':+10�' = +��?�3DGFHQ%<*E0�HQ%3D HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 9 = DGH�*�����HQ%3D ! ':H = '?0 HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 5R_ HQ%3DGF � ' = D 9 �G*��)�G@+�?*,H�DHQ%(D���%(*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = ��F�+1}zHQ%(D/HQ*,F�2EDGHaCEDGF = ':+10 H�+BHQ%3D��?* = HaFQDM*���CEDGF = ':+10 *E0(� = DGHyHQ%3D��+EF�FQD = | +10(�('?0(2 ! ':H = '?0 HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| * = �3D = ��F�' ! DM�R'?0^$#DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5

� $&H�DG| � 5 -/DGH�HQ%3D �?' = H>+E�5���?D�CEDGF = '?+10^DM0H�F�':D = HQ%(*,H���+10 = HQ':HQ@(H�D = HQ%3D �(D��:HQ* ��%(*E'?0b+10

HQ%<' = 03+&�3D 5 P H�'?0CE+��:CED = F�DM*E�('?032�*E0(� = +EF�HQ'?032�HQ%3D ���?DaCEDGF = ':+10�DM0H�F�':D = � ':HQ% = DM�#@3DM0(��D0#@(} ! DGF = �:D =Q= HQ%<*E0�+EF�DM�#@(*��3H�+�HQ%3D>HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = '?+10 { = DGD�$&DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5?K � 9 *E0(��D>=3*E} �')0('?032 � %('?��% CEDGF = ':+10 = FQD = '?�3D/+10 HQ%3D�FQDM�@(D = HQ'?032B03+&�3D�*��:+1032BHQ%3D ! F�*E0(��%('?032B��%<*E'?0 5P ��HQ%3D6�?* = H FQDM*��UCEDGF = ':+10 ' = +��?�3DGF HQ%(*E0[HQ%3D HQ*,FQ2EDGHBCEDGF = ':+10 9 CEDGF = ':+10 DM0 H�F�':D = � ':HQ%

� ?

= DM�@3DM0<��D�0@<} ! DGF%�:D =Q= HQ%(*E0R+EF�DM�#@(*��jH�+~HQ%(D��?* = H�FQDM*���CEDGF = ':+10 *,F�D�D>=&�0�)@(�3DM� 5

� $&H�DG| � 5a_ | DM0 HQ%3D�'����:D�*E0(�R� ���?D/+E� HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = '?+10 5

� $&H�DG| ? 5 Z +EF�DM*E��% ! �:+&� � 0@<} ! DGF�'?0 HQ%3D�'"���:D 9 ��%(DM� � � %3DGHQ%3DGF�HQ%3D���+EFQF�D = | +10(�('?032! ':H>' =�= DGH�'?0^HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 5 P � '?H�' =�= DGH 9 ��+E| " HQ%3D�+��?� C,*��?@3D�+E�tHQ%<' = ! �?+#��� � FQ+1} HQ%3D

�+���:D�'?0H�+~HQ%3D��G@3FQF�DM0 H ���?D�*E0(� �0�:DM*,F�HQ%(D���+EFQFQD = | +10(�<'?032 ! ':H�'?0 HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 5

� $&H�DG| D 5 P �a03+ ! ':H = *,FQD = DGH�'?0pHQ%3D ! ':HQ}.*,| +EF�03+RCEDGF = ':+10pDM0H�F�':D = *,F�D��:DG� H�@<03|(FQ+����D =�= DM� 9 2E+~H�+ = H�DG| E5

� $&H�DG| B 5 -�DGHaHQ%(D/03D>=&HaCEDGF = ':+10 DM0 H�F " ��F�+1}zHQ%(D/�3D��?HQ*���%<*E'?0 { '?0~FQDGCEDGF = D�+EF��3DGF �d*E0(�

+E| DM0RHQ%(D�'"���:D�*E0(� �+���:D�+E� HQ%(' = CEDGF = '?+10 5 -/+~H�+ = H�DG| ? 5

� $&H�DG| E5 $#DGH�HQ%(D��?* = H�FQDM*���CEDGF = ':+10 * = HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 *E0<� = H�+E| 5

P H0' = | + =Q= ' ! �:DBHQ%(*,H�HQ%(D.HQ*,FQ2EDGHBCEDGF = '?+106' = 03+EH�|<FQD = DM0H�+10 HQ%3D.FQDM�#@3D = HQ')032^03+&�3D 5

P�0 HQ%(' = �G* = DB*.FQDM�#@3D = H/'?0(�(')�G*,HQ'?032�HQ%3D9�?* = H>F�DM*���CEDGF = '?+10b*E0(�^HQ%3D�HQ*,F�2EDGH/CEDGF = ':+10^' =>= DM0H

H�+p*^03+&�3D~HQ%(*,HB%(* = * FQDG|��?'?�G*R+E��HQ%3D HQ*,FQ2EDGHBCEDGF = ':+10 5 P �yHQ%(*,HB03+&�3D.�G*E0[03+EH ��+1}~|<@3H�D

HQ%3D���%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ! DGH � DGDM0RHQ%3D = D�H � +�CEDGF = '?+10 = { '?0 = H�DG| K � 9 ':Hy}~* " FQDM�#@3D = H ! �:+&� � �?' = H� FQ+1}�+EHQ%(DGF�03+#�(D = * = �(' = �G@ =Q= DM�b'?0p$&DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5 � 5�; %3D�+��)� ! �?+#���^�(*,HQ* *,FQD = DM0 H/H�+ HQ%3D

FQDM�#@3D = HQ'?0(2~03+#�(D 5

� ��� � ������������t�a�j�Q�/��c�j����� �t�/�

P�0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 *����J'?0H�DGF�� 03+&�3D���+1}~} @(0(')�G*,HQ':+10 = *,F�D ! * = DM�.+10 *E0 DGCEDM0 H��#@3DM@3D � K B �v5�; %3D}�D =Q= *,2EDa%3DM*E�(DGF\��+10HQ*E'?0 = * �(D��?��')0(�('?�G*,HQ'?0(2�HQ%3D�H " | Dd+E�&DGCEDM0H 5�; %3Dd@(0<�3DGF�� " '?032a|(FQ+EH�+&��+��' = *�}~'"=#HQ@3F�D�+E� ;�I W[*E0(� A T W 5#; %3D � 7 � ->/ 7 ��- ! ! 0 %5� 7 1 %5� *E0(� 8�� , *,FQD>+10 H�+E| +E��A T W 5

N ����+EHQ%3DGF�FQDM�#@3D = H = *E0(� ���:D/FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 *,FQD�'?}�|��?DM}�DM0 H�DM� +10 H�+E| +E� ;�I W 5(4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:

��D

� +����:+ � = HQ%3D = *E}~D~��F�*E}�D � +EF�� 5 P H�*E�(� = * 03D � F�DM�@3D = H�H�+ H�F�*E0 = ��DGF�HQ%(D.��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� ��?' = H ! DGH � DGDM0^H � +.CEDGF = '?+10 =G5

; + = @3|(| +EFQH +10+�?'?03D FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 9 HQ%3DRF�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF�H�F�*E0 = }~':H = DM*E��% ! �:+&� �[0@<} ! DGF

� +����:+ � DM� !" HQ%3D��(*,HQ*�+E��HQ%(' = ! �:+&� � 5t; %@ =G9 � %3DM0.*E0 @3|j�(*,H�D>+&�G�G@3F = �(@3F�'?032�FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 9HQ%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,H�+EF �G*E0�DM* = '�� " F�D = DM0(��HQ%3Da��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �?+#��� = � FQ+1} HQ%3Dd� ���?D =G5 V�+EH�DdHQ%(*,H ! DM�G*E@ = D�3D��:HQ* = *,FQD�|(F�+#��D =Q= DM�.'?0���%3FQ+103+��:+E21')�G*��(+EF��3DGF 9 ! �:+&� ��0#@(} ! DGF = }~* "�! D = DM0Hd+1@3Hd+E��+EF��3DGF 5P H\' = '?03� DM* = ' ! �:DtH�+ = DM0(��HQ%3DU��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � �?' = H]*E0(��HQ%3DU��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = ' �(*,HQ* = DG|<*,F�*,H�D�� " 5; %(' = *,|(|(FQ+1*E��% *�� = +.*,|<|��?':D = H�+~FQDM�#@3D = HQ')032~*E0R+��?�RCEDGF = ':+10 � FQ+1}h+EHQ%3DGF/03+#�(D =G5

Z '��:DRFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 '?0CE+��:CED = |<@ = %('?032p�(*,HQ* � FQ+1} HQ%(D + � 0(DGF.03+&�3DRH�+�HQ%3D F�DG|��?'?�G*03+&�3D 5.; %(D�+ � 03DGF�03+#�(D �#03+ � = HQ%3D �?* = H�FQDM*���CEDGF = ':+10 +10�HQ%3D~FQDG|��)'?�G* 03+#�(D~*E0(� � %(')��%

CEDGF = '?+10 � '���� ! D FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM� 5/; %<' = '?0(��+EF�}.*,HQ':+10b' =�= DM0H/H�+ HQ%(D F�DG|��?'?�G* 03+#�(D�@3| +10bFQDG|��?' ��G*,HQ':+10 5�$ %3DM06*E0�'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM�60(+#�3D~' = FQDM�@(D = HQ'?032 ���?DB�<*,HQ*R+EF�HQ%3D~��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �8�?' = H 9':H>} @ = H>|(FQD = DM0H�HQ%(' = '?03� +EF�}~*,HQ':+10 5U; %3D�}~* ��+EF �<D��?� = +E�t*~}�D =�= *,2ED %(DM*E�3DGF�' =>= %3+ � 0 '?0; * ! �:D ? 5 ? 5

� ��57� � - � �.�����:D |<*,HQ% ; %3D�|<*,HQ% +E� HQ%(D�FQDM�@(D = H�DM� ���:D+E| H " |�D ; " | D�+E�\+E| DGF�*,HQ'?+10 { D 5 2 5:9 F�DM�@3D = H��(*,HQ* 9 FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 9 FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10J�FQDM*�� CEDGF Y * = H>FQDM*��jCEDGF = '?+10R+10RHQ%3D�F�DM�@3D = HQ'?032�03+&�3D�+EF�FQDG|��)'?�G*B03+#�(DFQDM�#@3D = H CEDGF ; %3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10�(*,HQ* �:DM0 N �<�(':HQ':+10(*�� �(*,HQ*��:DM032EHQ%�(*,HQ* N �<�(':HQ':+10(*�� �(*,HQ* { D 5 2 5:9 ! �:+&� �6�?' = H��

; * ! �:D ? 5 ? �y4 D =�= *,2ED�%3DM*E�(DGF���+EF>H�F�*E0 = � DGFQF�'?0(2B�<*,HQ*~*E0(� ! �?+#��� �?' = H 5

� ��� � ��� � ��� �

; %(' = ��%(*,|(H�DGF^�3D = ��F�' ! D = HQ%(D��3D = ':210�+E� I>_ $ '?0�HQ%3D���+10 H�D>=&H +E��HQ%3D 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%����:D= " = H�DM} 5 Z +1@3F�* = |�DM��H = *,FQDB|(F�D = DM0 H�DM� � ���:D CEDGF = ':+10<'?032 9 ���:D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 9 ���:D FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10

� B

*E0(�RHQ%(D���+1}~}�@<0('?�G*,HQ':+10R|<FQ+EH�+#��+�� 5; %3D ! * = '?��'?�3DM*.' = H�+ = H�+EFQD�DM*E��%^CEDGF = ':+10^* = *.�3D��:HQ* 5 Z +EF � *,F�� �3D��:HQ*~��%(*E'?0(')032~' =

= D��:DM��H�DM�6H�+b}~')0('?}~'"<GDB�0�?':DM0H�FQD = | +10 = D~�3D��?* " 5 Z '��:D��3D��:HQ* ' = ! �:+&� � � *��?':2103DM� 5 N 0�')0#� ��+EFQD! ':HQ}.*,|^' = @ = DM�RH�+.FQDM��+EF��^��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� =M5 $ %3DM0^*E0b@3|j�(*,H�D�' = �J0(' = %3DM� 9 HQ%(D���%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = '(�(*,HQ*�' = ��+E|<':DM� H�+.*��+���:D�*E0(� HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,|R' =�= * CEDM�^'?0 *E0 '����:D�* = * �?' = Ha+E� ! �:+&� �0#@(} ! DGF =M5

$ %3DM0�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ')032 * ���:D 9 +10+� " HQ%(D��3D��:HQ* ! DGH � DGDM0eH � +cF�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10�| +1'?0H = ' =

H�F�*E0 = }~':H�H�DM�p+ CEDGF�HQ%3D�03DGH � +EF � 5�; %3D = " = H�DM} ��+1}�|<@(H�D = HQ%3D~��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = � FQ+1} HQ%3D

'"���?D = +E�>*����UHQ%3D '?0H�DGF�}�DM�('?*,H�D CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 *E0(� FQDM*E� = HQ%3D *E��HQ@(*��y�(*,HQ* ��FQ+1} HQ%3D �G@3FQFQDM0H

���:D 5 P � = +1}�D�+E�aHQ%3D~'"���:D = FQD = '?�3D +10�*E03+EHQ%(DGF�03+&�3D 9 * FQDM�#@3D = H�' =�= DM0H�H�+^�G*��?�G@��?*,H�D�HQ%3D��%<*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = �<@3F�'?032 HQ%(*,H>')0 H�DGFQC,*�� 5

Z '��:D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ'?+10�' = *�� = + = @3|(| +EFQH�DM� � ':HQ% I>_ $�5]; %3D = " = H�DM} *,|(|��?':D = �3D��?HQ* = '?0FQDGCEDGF = D +EF��3DGF 5 P �U*����?D �G*E0p03+EH ! D�FQD = H�+EFQDM� �:+&�G*���� " 9 * F�DM�@3D = H/' =/= DM0H�H�+ * 03+&�3D�HQ%(*,H%(* = HQ%(D�CEDGF = ':+10^'?0R�@(D = HQ':+10 5

; %(' = �3D = '?210�� +����:+ � = HQ%3DyDGCEDM0Hd�@(DM@3D�}�+#�(D��&+E� = HQ*E0(�<*,F�� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%�H�+��3+�'?0H�DGF��= DGFQCEDGF ��+1}~}�@<0('?�G*,HQ':+10 5 P H~}~*��ED = }.'?03+EF�}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ':+10 = H�+6HQ%3D }�D =Q= *,2ED^��+EF�}.*,H.*E0(�

*E�(� = H � +603D � FQDM�#@3D = H�H " | D = { FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 *E0(� ! �:+&� � �?' = H�� 5 $ %3DM0 H�F�*E0 = }~'?H�HQ'?0328���:D�(*,HQ*.+ CEDGF�03DGH � +EF � 9 ':H �(F = H = DM0(� = HQ%3D ! �:+&� �R0@<} ! DGF>*E0(�^HQ%3DM0 HQ%(D��(*,HQ*~+E�tHQ%<' = ! �:+&� � 5; %3D�@<0(�3DGF�� " '?032 ��+1}~} @(0('?�G*,HQ':+10 |(FQ+EH�+&��+��j��+EF I�_ $ ' =�;/I W 5

� E

� ��������� �

� � � � � � � � ���

; %(' = ��%(*,|(H�DGF�DGC *��)@(*,H�D = HQ%3D.|�DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D�+E����+E| " �v+10#� � F�'?H�D.'?0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: 5 ; %3D�D>= �| DGF�'?}�DM0H = *,FQD �3D = '?2103DM�[H�+ = %3+ �h� %3DGHQ%3DGF I�_%$ *E��%(':DGCED = ! DGH�H�DGF�|�DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D HQ%(*E0

03+10#� I>_ $ *E0(� H�+ � %<*,H�D>=#H�DM0H 5 S " 03+10#� I>_ $ � � D�}�DM*E0bHQ%3D = HQ*E0(�(*,F��b@(0(}�+&�('"�(DM�4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5

; %3D�D>=&|�DGF�'?}�DM0HQ*��&DM0 C&':FQ+10(}~DM0 H���+10 = ' = H = +E� � B�B 4^O <�W DM0HQ'?@(} P�P\W I�= * = �0�?':DM0H =*E0(� K,5 E - O <BW DM0HQ'?@(}�P G W Iy= * =�4 *E}~}~+EHQ% = DGFQCEDGF/0(+#�3D = ! +EHQ%^F�@(0(0('?0(2 Y '?0#@#= 5�; %3D�0�?':DM0H>}~*E��%('?03D = %(*MCED K � GE4 S X�N 4 *E0(�^HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF = %<*MCED ��D B 4 S X>N 4�5�; %3D�@<0(�3DGF��� " '?032 ���:D = " = H�DM} ' =�7 �/; � +10 �0�)':DM0 H = *E0(� 7 �/; � +10 = DGFQCEDGF =G5 N ���]HQ%(D = D�}~*E��%(')03D = *,FQD��+10(03DM��H�DM� !#" * K �E� 4 ! = � ':HQ��%3DM� 7 HQ%3DGF�03DGH>0(DGH � +EF � 5y; %3D�%<*,F�� �(' = �.+10 HQ%(D = DGFQCEDGF = ' =4 * =#H�+EF D ; ��?1� O ? 5�; %3D�D>=#| DGF�'?}~DM0 H = *,FQD ��+10<�(@(��H�DM� � ':HQ%^0(+ +EHQ%3DGF�*,|(|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 = F�@(0#�0('?0(2.+10pHQ%3+ = D�03+&�3D = *E0(�p03+ +EHQ%3DGF�H�F�* �.�B+10 HQ%3D �:+&�G*�� 03DGH � +EF � 5�; %3D�}�DM* = @3FQDM}�DM0H =+E� I�_%$ *,FQD ! * = DM�b+10 ?1� L B ! �:+#��� = '"<GD 5 A/0+�:D =�=�= | DM�G'"�<DM�RD>=#|��?'?�G':H � " 9 *����\}~+#�('��<�G*,HQ':+10 =H�+b*;���:D~*,FQD + CEDGF � F�':HQ'?032b*^��+10HQ':21@3+1@ =�= DM�@(DM0(��D.+E� ! �:+&� � =G5 N ����0@<} ! DGF = D>=3��DG|(H HQ%3D! DM0(��%<}~*,F �.| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D�FQDG| +EFQH�DM� %3DGFQD�*,F�D�HQ%3D�}�DM�(')*E0R+E� *.�3+�<GDM0RF�@(0 =G5

; %3D�F�DM}~*E'?0(�3DGF�+E�tHQ%(' = ��%(*,|(H�DGF�' = +EFQ21*E0('�<GDM�b* = ��+����:+ � = � $&DM��HQ':+10 D 5?K }�DM* = @(FQD =HQ%3DB| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D +E�d��FQDM*,HQ'?0(2 ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 $#DM��HQ'?+10 D 5 � �(D = ��F�' ! D = HQ%3DB|�DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D�+E�

� G

H�F�*E0 = }~':H�HQ'?032 *6CEDGF = ':+10cH�+ *�F�DM}�+EH�D 03+#�(D 5 $#DM��HQ':+10 D 5 � = %3+ � = HQ%3Db| DGFQ��+EF�}~*E0(��D^+E�

FQD = H�+EF�'?032 * |(FQDGC&':+1@ = CEDGF = ':+10 5 $#DM��HQ':+10 D 5 ? |(F�D = DM0 H = * ! DM0(��%(}~*,F � F�D = @+�:H 5 $&DM��HQ':+10 D 5 D21':CED = * ! F�':DG� = @(}~}~*,F " 5

� ��� �[���j�M����� �� �t����� � �������c�d�j���������

N = �3D = ��F�' ! DM�R'?0RHQ%3D�|(FQDGC&':+1@ = ��%(*,|(H�DGF 9 ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032~' = | DGFQ��+EF�}�DM�R+10 HQ%(FQDGD �&'?0(� = +E�03+&�3D =�� HQ%3D�+ � 03DGFU0(+#�3D 9 '?0 H�DGF�D = H�DM�.03+&�3D =G9 *E0(��FQDG|��?'?�G*�03+&�3D =G5 P 0 ��+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D>}�+&�3D 9*����\HQ%3D = D�03+&�3D = }~*��ED�* ��+E| " +E�dHQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� |<*,F�H�+E�a*����?D *,� H�DGF�*E0 @(| �<*,H�D 5 P�0 03+10#�I�_%$ }�+&�3D 9 +10�� " HQ%3Dy+ � 03DGFd03+&�3Dy}~*��ED = *���+E| " +E�JHQ%3D � %3+��:D ���:D ! DG��+EF�Dy}~+#�('��<�G*,HQ':+10 9� %3DGF�DM* = HQ%3D�'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM�R03+&�3D = *E0(� FQDG|��)'?�G*�0(+#�3D = F�DM0(*E}�D�HQ%3D����:D ! DG��+EF�D�}~+#�('��<�G*,HQ':+10 5N = *�FQD = @��:H 9 � D�+10�� " ��+1}~|<*,FQD ���?D/CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D�+10RHQ%3D�+ � 03DGF>03+&�3D 5

; +�}~')0('?}~'"<GDdHQ%3D�'?}�|<*E��H +E�<+EHQ%(DGF���+1}�| +103DM0 H = ')0 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 +10+� " +103D�'?0 = HQ*E0(��D+E�aHQ%3D 4 *E}~}~+EHQ% = DGFQCEDGF�' = F�@(0(0('?0(2 5�; %3DGFQD�*,FQD~03+R03+&�3D = '?0p* ���:D�' = ')0 H�DGFQD = H = DGH�*E0(�FQDG|��)'?�G* = DGH D>=&��DG|(H � +EF HQ%3Db+ � 0(DGF 5 $&'?0(��Db* ���?D^' = CEDGF = ':+103DM� '?}~}�DM�(')*,H�D�� " *,� H�DGF HQ%3D

}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ'?+10 = D =�= ':+10e'?0 I�_%$ 9 HQ%3D8���?D �(*,HQ* ' = ')0 HQ%(Dp�G*E��%3D 5 Z +EF^03+10 � I�_ $�9 ���:DCEDGF = '?+10('?032 +#�G�G@(F = ! DG��+EFQD HQ%3DR}�+&�('"�J�G*,HQ':+10 = D =Q= ':+10 9 HQ%3D6���:DR�(*,HQ* }~* " 03+EH�F�D = '?�3D '?0

}~*E'?0.}�DM}�+EF " 5�; %#@ = ! +EHQ% � *,F�}z�G*E��%3D�*E0(�~��+��?� �G*E��%3D/�G* = D = *,FQD>H�D = H�DM� 5�O DGFQD 9 � *,F�}�G*E��%(D � }~DM*E0 = ! +EHQ%6HQ%3D ���:D�' = �(*,HQ*b*E0<� }�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ*bF�D = '?�3D.')06}�DM}�+EF " 5 �I +��?�[�G*E��%(D �

}�DM*E0 = HQ%(*,HBHQ%3D = " = H�DM} 03DGDM� = H�+pFQDM*E�[HQ%3D6���?D�' = �<*,HQ* *E0<�[}~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*p��F�+1} �<' = � 5 P�0

HQ%(' =y= DM0 = D 9JI�_%$ �G*E0 ! D�C#'?D � DM�R* = * � *,F�}h�G*E��%(D��G* = D 5 $ %3DM0 FQDM*E�<'?032 ��FQ+1}h�<' = � 9 � D�G*E060(+EH�+ CEDGF��?++�� HQ%3D �(' = � = DGD0�&'?032RHQ'?}�D 5R_ @3F�D>=&| DGF�'?}�DM0H�H�F�':D = H�+;�EDGDG|6HQ%(D = DGD0�&'?032HQ'?}�D���+10 = ' = H�DM0H !#" ')0 H�DGF��?DM*MC&'?0326���:D = +10 �(' = � 5 Z +EF�D>=&*E}�|��:D 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} �(F = H���F�DM*,H�D =D,�E� ���?D = +E�aHQ%3D = *E}�D = '"<GD { ?�Ah!" H�D = � = DM�#@3DM0HQ'?*���� " = @(��%�HQ%(*,H�*���� HQ%3D ���:D = *,FQD = |(FQDM*E�DGCEDM0+� " 5 ; %3DM0e��FQDM*,H�D = HQ%3D = DM��+10<�eCEDGF = ':+10 = ��+EFb*�����HQ%3D = D ���:D =R= DM�#@3DM0 HQ')*���� " { ')0eHQ%3D

��FQDM*,HQ':+10 +EF��3DGF � 5�; %#@ = HQ%3D��(' = � = DGD0�#')032BHQ'?}�D���+EFyDM*E��% ���:D�' = *,|(|(F�+�=3'?}~*,H�D�� " HQ%(D = *E}�D 5

� L

; %3D = " = H�DM}���FQDM*,H�D = DM0(+1@321% ���:D = H�+^DM0+�?*,FQ2ED~HQ%(D = DGD0�#')032RHQ'?}�D 5~; %(D~0@(} ! DGF�+E� ���:D =G97 ��1 - � /"-�3 � - ,.- ��1 � 9 ��+EF DM*E��% ���:D = '"<GD^' =~= %3+ � 0 '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5?K,5�$ %3DM0 � F�':HQ')032pH�+ �(' = � 9HQ%3D '"!"#5� � �G*���� FQDGHQ@3F�0 = '?}~}~DM�('?*,H�D�� " +10<��D.�(*,HQ* ' = H�F�*E0 = � DGFQFQDM� H�+^�<' = � 5B; %@ = � D~+10+� "}�DM* = @(FQD�HQ%3D>�<*,HQ*�H�F�*E0 = � DGF�HQ'?}~D�H�+�* �?'?21% H � " �:+1*E�3DM� �(' = � 5\; %<' = ' = *E��%(':DGCEDM� !" *����:+ � '?032* = @ �.�G'?DM0 H/HQ'?}�D�'?0H�DGFQC,*�� ! DGH � DGDM0 }�+&�('"�J�G*,HQ':+10 = H�+RH � + �('�� DGFQDM0 H ���:D =M5 P 0 HQ%3D � *,F�}

�G*E��%(D��G* = D =G9 � D�+10�� " ��F�DM*,H�DM�^*~�3+�<GDM0;���:D = *E0(�^@3|j�(*,H�DM� HQ%3DM} = DM�#@3DM0HQ'?*���� " 5

)+��%�� ���� � ? � K B � B ? � ��D B � KM4 ? 4 K B 4 B ? 49 ������ %����4'.� 3&� �(��A D,�E� D,�E� D,�E� �,�E� K �E� �,� G ?

; * ! �:D D 5?K �U; %3D�'?0 H�DGF �:DM*MCED �3DG|(HQ% 5

N = �3D = ��F�' ! DM� '?06$&DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 9 '?0 I�_%$ }�+&�3D�HQ%3D~+ � 03DGF�0(+#�3D = DGH = HQ%3D.��+EF�FQD>�= | +10(�(')032 ! ':H = �(@3F�'?0329���:D�}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ'?+10 5 N ��H�DGF/':H�FQDM��DM':CED = * �0/ %�!�- �G*�������FQ+1} HQ%3D��0�?':DM0H 9':H���+10CEDGFQH = HQ%3D ! '?HQ}~*,| '?0 H�+R* �?' = H�+E� ! �:+&� � 0@(} ! DGF = *E0(� � F�':H�D = HQ%(DM} H�+ *E0 '"���:D 5 P H*�� = + ��+E|J':D = HQ%3D~03D � C,*��?@3D�+E�a��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = H�+ *R� ���:D 5 Z '?0(*���� " *6���:D CEDGF = ':+10�DM0 H�F "

' = *E�(�(DM�bH�+^HQ%3D�}�DGHQ*E�(*,HQ* ���:D 5 P�0 03+10#� ��+ � }�+&�3D 9 HQ%3D�+ � 03DGF�03+&�3D�}~*��ED = *R��+E| " +E�

HQ%3D~+EF�':21'?0(*�� ���?D +10 �(' = � ! DG��+EFQD�HQ%(D.@3|j�(*,H�D = D =Q= ':+10 5 N ��H�DGF ':H�FQDM��DM':CED = HQ%3D~�0�:+ = D �G*���� 9':H�*E�<� = *E0 DM0H�F " '?0H�+^HQ%3D �:+E2 { }�DGHQ*E�<*,HQ* ���:Dl� 5 $&'?0(��D.HQ%3D ! '?HQ}~*,| '?0 I�_ $ }~+#�3D ' =

*E0['?0#� ��+EFQD.�<*,HQ* = H�F�@<��HQ@3FQD 9 HQ%3D.+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�[+E� = DGH�HQ'?032 ! ':H = �<@3F�'?032 @(| �<*,H�D.' = 03DG2��)':21' ! �:D��+1}�|<*,F�DM�6H�+p�(' = �pP � _ 5 ; %@ = � D �('?� 03+EH�')0(�0�?@(�3D�HQ%<' = +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� '?06+1@3F�H�D = H�FQD = @+�:H =G5Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10��?+E2E21'?032�' = *��?}�+ = HdHQ%3D = *E}�D�')0 ! +EHQ% I�_%$ *E0(� 03+10#� I�_%$�5; %(' = + CEDGF�%(DM*E�

' = *�� = + D>=&�0�)@(�3DM� ��F�+1}�+1@3F�H�D = H 5 Z +EF I�_ $�9 � D +10+� " FQDG| +EFQH>HQ%3DB+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�p+E�U��F�DM*,HQ'?032

HQ%3D '"���:D�*E0(�b� ���:D 5 Z +EF�03+10#� I>_ $�9 � D�FQDG| +EFQH>HQ%3D�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� +E�t��FQDM*,HQ'?032 HQ%3D���+E| " +E��*

���:D 5; * ! �?D D 5 � = %3+ � = HQ%3DyCEDGF = ':+10('?032/+ CEDGF�%3DM*E��+10 HQ%3Dy+ � 0(DGF�03+#�(D 5 ; %(D �(F = H ��+��)@(}~0

' = HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD � +EF I�_%$ *E0<� ���:D = '"<GDp��+EF 0(+10#� I�_%$ 5 $ D +10+� " }�DM* = @(FQDM� HQ%3D

?1�

� � 3&� ��� �� � � ��� � � �.���E��� � � �.���E��� �� )+��%�� ���� � 1 � 5 � ���:A� � �.%�3 � � � A(�

{ A S�� { } = � { } = � { } = �? K,5 � ? � 5 B E � KG K,5 �,� � �K B K,5 � L � 5 E�G �E��E� K,5 B K � �? G K,5 L � � �B ? � 5 B�B K,5 G � �,�KML � ? 5 E�E � ���D B B 5?KEK D 5 ? � D BE B G K B � �K �1� ? � K �,� K � K�,� E � K �1� � �?1� L B K ?1� KEK B �E� LK DE� B � B � E � �K B � G ? B DE� B � K K ? �,�B K ?�?1� D,� E � � �B ?.D K � D E D,� � �B D�DE� B B � E � D B�B � B �,�E�

; * ! �:D D 5 � � Z '��?D�CEDGF = ':+10(')032B+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� 5 ���~}�DM*E0 = 03+EH>* C *E'��)* ! �:D 5

| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��Dy+E� @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD = HQ%(*,H�*,FQD�} @+�:HQ'?|��:D = +E�JHQ%3D ! �:+#��� = '�<GD ! DM�G*E@ = D 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:%(* = ! �:+&� � � �:DGCED���2EF�*E0#@+�?*,F�':H " 5 N = D>=&| DM��H�DM� 9 HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10<'?032�+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�p'?0(��FQDM* = D = �?'?03DM*,F � "� ':HQ% @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GDa��+EF I�_%$ *E0(�!���:D = '"<GDa��+EFt03+10#� I>_ $ { = %3+ � 0B'?0 Z ':21@3FQD D 5?K � 5 P 0 � *,F�}�G*E��%(D��G* = D =G9JI�_%$ ' = *�� � * " =y= �?+ � DGFaHQ%<*E0 0(+10#� I�_%$ � %3DM0 HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD>DM�#@(*�� = HQ%3D���:D = '"<GD 5d; %(' = ' = �(@3D�H�+~HQ%(D�D>=#H�F�* � F�'?H�D/+E� HQ%3D�'"���:D 5t; %3D�|�DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D��3DG2EF�*E�(*,HQ':+10b' =

= ':210<'"�<�G*E0H/� +EF = }.*���� ���:D =G9 D 5 2 5:9)G D�� � +EF ?�A S ���:D =M59$ ':HQ% HQ%(D~'?0(��FQDM* = D�+E� ���:D = '�<GD 9 ':H! DM��+1}�D = '?0 = ':210('"�J�G*E0 H 9 D 5 2 5:9 E � ��+EF B ? 4 S����:D =G5BO + � DGCEDGF 9 � %3DM0 ��+1}�|<*,FQDM� � ':HQ%pHQ%3D

��+��?� �G*E��%3D �G* = D.+E�a03+10 � I�_ $�9\I�_%$ | DGFQ� +EF�} = CEDGF " � D���� = '?0(��D~'?H = *MCED = �<' = �^F�DM*E�('?032

HQ'?}�D��(@3D�H�+��G*E��%('?032�D���DM��H 5 X DM�G*����<HQ%(*,H � D�@ = DM�.*��?*,FQ2ED�'?0 H�DGF �:DM*MCED/�3DG|(HQ%~H�+ }~* =3'?}~'"<GD�(' = � = DGD0�#'?0(2�HQ'?}�D 9 HQ%3D ? HQ%���+��?@(}~0 '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5 � 03DM*,F�� " F�DG|(FQD = DM0H = HQ%(D � +EF = H �G* = D

? K

| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��DR� +EF.03+10#� I>_ $�5 P�0 HQ%(' = �G* = D 9�I>_ $ +1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 03+10 � I�_ $ � %(DM0 HQ%3D

@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD�' = �:D =Q= HQ%<*E0R+EF�DM�#@(*��jH�+~HQ%3D����:D = '"<GD 5

0.1 ms

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

10 s

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size (for COW) or file size (for non-COW)

File versioning overhead

non-COW warmnon-COW cold

COW

Z '?21@3FQD D 5?K � Z '��?D�CEDGF = ':+10(')032B+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�^C =M5 @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�+EF ���:D = '"<GD 5

$&'?0(��D ��+��?@(}~0 � '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5 � = %3+ � = HQ%(D ! D = H/�G* = D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D�+E�d03+10 � I�_ $�9

� D��3+�*�� @3FQHQ%(DGFy��+1}~|<*,F�' = +10 � ':HQ% I�_ $ { ��+��?@(}~0 � '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5 � �UH�+ = %3+ � HQ%3D ! DM03D0�(H+E� I�_%$ 55$ %3DM0cHQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD ' =~= }.*����:DGF�HQ%(*E0 K B A S 9 HQ%3D ! D = H~�G* = D { @3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD^' =

?�A S��yCEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� +E� I�_%$ ' =�K,5 � ? } = *E0(�RHQ%3D � +EF = H/�G* = D { ���:D = '"<GD�' =�K B A S��CEDGF = '?+10('?032�+ CEDGF�%3DM*E� +E�\03+10#� I>_ $ ' = � 5 E�G } =G55$ %3DM0 HQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD/FQDM*E��%3D = B ?�A S 9 HQ%3DGFQD' = 0(+ ! ':2 �('�� DGFQDM0(��D ! DGH � DGDM0 I�_%$ *E0<��03+10#� I�_%$ { = DGD Z ':21@3F�D D 5 � � 5 $ %3DM0�HQ%(D ���:D= '"<GD ' = 2EFQDM*,H�DGF HQ%(*E0 ��D B A S 9�I�_%$ ! DG21'?0 = H�+ = %3+ � ':H = }�DGF�':H 5 Z '?21@3FQD D 5 � = %3+ � = HQ%3D| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D�21*E')0.� +EF I>_ $ +lCEDGFy0(+10#� I�_%$ HQ%(*,Ha' = �3D0�<0(DM� !#" HQ%3D>� +����:+ � '?032�� +EF�} @+�?* �

21*E'?0���CEDGF = ':+10('?032B+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b��+EF>0(+10#� I�_%$ ��CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b��+EF I�_ $

? �

; %3D = }.*����:DGF�HQ%(D.@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD 9 HQ%3D �?*,FQ2EDGF�HQ%3D.| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D.21*E'?0 5R; %3D��)*,FQ2ED = H21*E'?0 � +EF I�_%$ { ?�A Sh@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GDl� ' = ? 5 ? { ��D B A S ���:Dl��+EF ?.D B D { B ? 4 S ���:Dl� 5c_ 0�� "� %3DM06HQ%3D.@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD ' = 2EFQDM*,H�DGFBHQ%(*E0 E D�� +E��HQ%3D����:D = '�<GD.�3+#D =BI�_%$ | DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D

! DG21'?0bH�+ �3DG2EF�*E�3D { 21*E'?0�� K � 5 $ %3DM0pHQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GDBDM�#@(*�� = HQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD 9\I>_ $ %(* =

HQ%3D = }~*����:D = H�CEDGF = ':+10(')032�| DGFQ��+EF�}~*E0(��D�21*E'?0 9 D 5 2 5:9 � 5 GEL *E0(� � 5 L � � +EF ��D B A S *E0(� B ? 4 S

FQD = | DM��HQ':CED�� " 5

0.1 ms

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

4KB 8KB 16KB 32KB 64KB

Tim

e

Update size

File versioning overhead

non-COWCOW

Z '?21@3FQD D 5 � � Z '��?D/CEDGF = ':+10('?0(2 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b��+EF B ?�A S����:D =M5

? �

0.25

1

4

16

64

256

1024

1007525 50

Per

form

ance

gai

n

Percentage of file change

COW file versioning gain

256KB file1MB file4MB file

64MB file

Z ':21@(FQD D 5 � � Z '��:D�CEDGF = ':+10('?032B21*E'?0 ��+EF I>_ $ + CEDGF�03+10#� I�_%$�5

?�?

Z FQ+1} HQ%(D�* ! + CED�*E0(*�� " = ' =G9 � D��G*E0 �3F�* � HQ%3D�� +����:+ � '?032���+10(�0�?@ = ':+10 =��

� I>_ $ CEDGF = '?+10('?032B+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�^'?0<��FQDM* = D = �)'?03DM*,F�� " � ':HQ% HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 5

� V�+10#� I�_%$ CEDGF = ':+10<'?032B+ CEDGF�%(DM*E�b'?0<��FQDM* = D = �?')03DM*,F�� " � ':HQ% HQ%3D ���?D = '"<GD 5

� Z +EF = }~*���� ���:D = { � B ?�A S�� 9 03+10#� I�_%$ %(* = �:+ � DGF/@3|j�(*,H�D���+ = H>HQ%(*E0 I�_ $�5

� Z +EF �)*,FQ2ED ���?D = {�� � ��D B A S�� 9(I�_%$ %(* = �:+ � DGFa@(| �<*,H�D>��+ = HaHQ%(*E0 0(+10#� I�_%$ � %3DM0

HQ%(D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�' = �:D =Q= HQ%(*E0 E D�� +E�tHQ%3D!���:D = '"<GD 5�; %3D = }~*����:DGF�HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 9HQ%(D �?*,F�2EDGF HQ%(D = * C#')032 = +E� I�_%$ 5�$ %3DM0�HQ%(Dy@(| �<*,H�D = '"<GDaDM�#@(*�� = HQ%3D ���:D = '�<GD 9I�_ $�(DG2EF�*E�3D = �?D =Q= HQ%(*E0 �,� � 5

� ��� � ���Q���j�U�������t�a�j�Q�/ � ���j�M�>������ �t�

X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10[' = H�D = H�DM� ! DGH � DGDM0 H � + 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 03+&�3D = � ':HQ%6C *,F " '?0(2b@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD *E0(����:D = '"<GD.'?0 ! +EHQ% � *,F�} � �G*E��%(D *E0(� ��+��?�#� �G*E��%3D ��+10<�(':HQ':+10 =M5 $ %3DM0 * ���:D ' = FQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM� 9HQ%3DGFQD ' = 0(+6FQDM*E�(')032�+EF � F�':HQ'?0(2 ��FQ+1}�HQ%3D �0�?':DM0H 03+&�3D =G5 $ %3DM0cH�D = HQ'?032 � ':HQ%c* ��+��?��G*E��%(D 9 � D/@ = DM�~HQ%(D = *E}�D�'?0H�DGF��:DM* CED/�3DG|<HQ%.* = '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5?K,5 Z +EF���+E| " �v+10#� � F�'?H�D 9&= DGCEDGF�*����+10 �(21@(F�*,HQ':+10 = *,F�D�H�D = H�DM� �

� I>_ $ K � X DG|��?'?�G*,H�D�DM*E��%^CEDGF = ':+10 5

� I>_ $ ? * � X DG|��)'?�G*,H�D�DGCEDGF " � +1@3FQHQ% CEDGF = '?+10 5�7 *E��% CEDGF = '?+10 %<* = HQ%3D = *E}�D~@3|j�(*,H�D

= '"<GD�*E0(� ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� �)' = H 5

� I>_ $ ?E! � X DG|��?')�G*,H�D�DGCEDGF " � +1@3FQHQ%bCEDGF = ':+10 5�7 *E��% CEDGF = ':+10p%(* = HQ%3D = *E}�D�@3|j�(*,H�D

= '"<GD ! @3H�*~�<'���DGF�DM0 H���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� �)' = H 5

� I>_ $ K B * � X DG|��?'?�G*,H�D�DGCEDGF " = ' =#H�DGDM0HQ% CEDGF = ':+10 5�7 *E��%pCEDGF = ':+10 %(* = HQ%3D = *E}�D�@3| ��<*,H�D = '"<GD�*E0<�R��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �6�?' = H 5

?.D

� I>_ $ K B ! � X DG|��?'?�G*,H�D�DGCEDGF " = ' =&H�DGDM0HQ%bCEDGF = ':+10 5>7 *E��% CEDGF = '?+10b%(* = HQ%3D = *E}�DB@3| ��<*,H�D = '"<GD ! @3H�*~�('�� DGFQDM0H���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �6�?' = H 5

N ��� HQ%(D = D�CEDGF = ':+10 = *,FQD~��FQDM*,H�DM��+10p+10(D~03+#�(DB*E0<�pFQDG|��?'?�G*,H�DM�pH�+ *E0(+EHQ%3DGF�03+&�3D 5

; %3DGF�DB*,F�DB0(+ ! F�*E0(��%(D = '?0p* ���:D�' = %(' = H�+EF " 5 $&'?0(��D9���:D FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10b+10pHQ%3D�FQDG|��?')�G* 03+&�3D' =/= '?}�|�� " FQDM��DM':C&'?032����:D��(*,HQ* *E0(� CEDGF = ':+10('?032 HQ%3D9���:D�@(|�+10 �<0(' = % 9 � DB+10+� " FQDG| +EFQH/HQ%3D| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��DU+10BHQ%3D = DM0(�('?032�03+#�(D 5 X DM�G*����#HQ%(*,Ht'?0 I�_%$ }~+#�3D ���:DUFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10�'?0<�0�?@(�3D =FQDM*E�(')032�HQ%(D ���:D/%<' = H�+EF " 9 �G*��?�G@+�)*,HQ'?032 HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� �?' = H 9 *E0<� = DM0(�('?032�HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = H�+ HQ%3D FQDG|��)'?�G* 5 P ��* ���:D ' = 03+EH.@(| �<*,H�DM� �(@3F�')032 '?H = FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 9 *�������%(*E0(2EDM�! �:+&� � = *,FQD~F�DM*E�p��FQ+1} HQ%3D~�G@3FQFQDM0H����:D 5 P�0p+1@3F�D>=&|�DGF�'?}�DM0H 9 � D~�(')� 0(+EH�@3|j�(*,H�D~*6���:D�(@3F�'?032~':H = FQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 5 P�0^03+10#� I>_ $ }�+&�3D 9 HQ%3D = DM0(�3DGF ��@ = H>FQDM*E� = HQ%3D!���:D��(*,HQ* � FQ+1}HQ%3D��G@(FQFQDM0H ���:D�*E0(�RH�F�*E0 = }~':H = ':H�H�+.HQ%3D�FQDG|��)'?�G* 5

; * ! �?D D 5 � = %3+ � = HQ%3DRFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+106+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� � ':HQ% * � *,F�} �G*E��%3D { *���� ���:D �(*,HQ**,FQDp*MC,*E'��?* ! �?D '?0 }~*E'?0�}�DM}�+EF " � 5 P H = %3+ � = HQ%(*,H � %3DM0 HQ%3D @(| �<*,H�D = '�<GD^DM�#@(*�� = HQ%3D���:D = '"<GD 9 I�_ $ | DGFQ��+EF�}~*E0(��D��3DG2EF�*E�3D = 2EF�DM*,H � " � ':HQ% = }~*���� @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD = ��+1}�|J*,FQDM�pH�+

03+10#� I>_ $�5 Z +EF D>=&*E}�|��:D 9�I>_ $ K �3DG2EF�*E�(D = �,� � *E0(� I�_ $ K B *6�(DG2EF�*E�3D =�G � � � ':HQ%

?�A Se@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 55$ ':HQ%RHQ%3D�')0(��FQDM* = D�+E�t@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD�*E0(� ���:D = '"<GD 9JI�_%$ }.*,HQ��%3D = HQ%3D

| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D�+E�j03+10 � I�_ $�5 P HU�3DG2EF�*E�3D = �:D =�= HQ%(*E0~+10(D>| DGF���DM0H � ':HQ% B ? 4 Sc@(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD{ I�_%$�K B * � 5�; � +.}.*E'?0 ��+10H�F�' ! @3H�+EF = H�+~HQ%3D�D>=&H�F�*.+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�b+E� I�_%$ *,F�D�FQDM*E�(')032�HQ%3D

���:D�%<' = H�+EF " *E0(� �G*��?�G@��?*,HQ'?032�HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� �6�?' = H 5d; %3D�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b+E� FQDM*E�('?032�HQ%(D ���:D%(' = H�+EF " ' = � G���=G9 B � ��=G9 *E0(� K D�D ��= ��+EF I>_ $ K,9&I�_%$ ? * { +EF I�_%$ ?E! � 9 *E0(� I�_%$�K B * { +EFI�_%$�K B ! �/FQD = | DM��HQ':CED�� " 9 FQDG21*,F��+�:D =�= +E�UHQ%(D~@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 5~; %3DB+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� +E�a�G*��?�G@��?*,HQ'?032HQ%3D/��%(*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� �?' = Hd' =d= %3+ � 0 '?0 Z ':21@3FQD D 5 ? 5 P HU'?0(��F�DM* = D = � ':HQ% ! +EHQ%~HQ%(D/@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD*E0(� HQ%3D�0#@(} ! DGFy+E� '?0 H�DGF�}�DM�('?*,H�D�CEDGF = '?+10 =G5�; %3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�'?0 Z ':21@3F�D D 5 ? ' = HQ%3D�H�+EHQ*��@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD ! DGH � DGDM0pH � + FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H =G5�; %#@ =G9]I�_%$ ?E! { +EF I�_ $ K B ! ��%<* = �:D =Q=+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�^HQ%<*E0 I�_%$ ? * { +EF I�_%$�K B * � 5

? B

� � 3&� ��� �� � � ��� � 8 ��� � � � ��� � � � ��� � 8 F�� ��� � 8 F�� � �.���E��� �� )+��%�� �� � �

{ A S�� { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = �? � 5 ? G � 5 D�D � � 5 E � � � 5 ?1�K � K,5 D K � � � � �K B K,5 B � K,5 B G K,5 B G K,5 G�G � K,5 D B�E� � 5 DE� � � � � �? G ? 5 �E� � � � � �B ? D 5 �E� D 5 � G D 5 � E D 5 D E D 5 D E D 5 ��DKML � K B � � � � ���D B �E� �E� �E� �E� �E� � KE B G GEL � � � � �K �1� ? K �E� K � ? K �E� K � ? K �E� K �E��,� E � � L � � � � � �?1� L B DE�,� DE�,� DE�,� DE� K DE� K D KEKK DE� B � KML�G � � � � � �K B � G ? � K �,� � K �,� � K �,� � K �,� � K �,� �,� G �B ?.D K � G D,�E� � � � � �B D�DE� B G B �,� G B �,� G B �,� G B �,� G B �,� G D�D,�

; * ! �:D D 5 � � X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10R+ CEDGF�%(DM*E� +10RHQ%3D = DM0(�('?0(2B0(+#�3D � '?HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5

N 03+EHQ%(DGFaH�F�DM0(� ' = HQ%(*,HaFQDG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10~+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� '?0(��FQDM* = D = � ':HQ%~HQ%3D/@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD>� +EFI�_%$ *E0(� HQ%3D ���:D = '�<GD�� +EFa0(+10#� I�_%$ 5&7 =3��DG|(Ha��+EFyCEDGF " = }~*����<@(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD = +EF ���:D = '"<GD ={ � � K B�� � 9 HQ%3D^FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E��' = �?'?0(DM*,F � ':HQ% @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD { I>_ $ � +EF����:D = '"<GD{ 03+10#� I>_ $ � { Z ':21@3FQD D 5 D � 59$ %3DM0p+10�� " * |<*,FQH�+E�a*6���:DB' = ��%(*E032EDM� 9 I�_%$ '?0(�G@(F = �:D =Q=FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10B��+ = H�HQ%(*E0.03+10#� I�_%$ 51; %3D�'?}�|(F�+ CEDM}�DM0H�' = *��?}�+ = H5�?'?03DM*,F � '?HQ%�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 5; %3D = }~*����:DGFtHQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD 9 HQ%(D�� * = H�DGFUHQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10B|(F�+#��D =Q= ��+EF I>_ $�5 ; %3D%�)*,FQ2ED = H21*E'?0R� +EF>* B ? 4 ���?D�' =�KFE�G&K � { @(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD�' = ?�A S�� 5

; * ! �?D D 5 ? = %3+ � = HQ%(D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D � ':HQ%^* ��+��?� �G*E��%3D 5 Z +EF I�_ $�9 HQ%3D = DM0(�('?032

03+&�3D 0(DGDM� = H�+bFQDM*E�[HQ%3D ���:D %(' = H�+EF " 9 '����:D = *E0<�@���:D �(*,HQ*b� FQ+1} �<' = � 5 Z +EF~03+10 � I�_ $�9

HQ%3D = DM0(�<'?032 0(+#�3D 03DGDM� = H�+RFQDM*E� HQ%3D ���:D �(*,HQ* ��F�+1}��<' = � 5 $ D�'?0H�DGF��:DM* CEDM�8���:D = '?0bHQ%3D

= *E}�D � * " * = �3D = ��F�' ! DM��')0 $#DM��HQ':+10 D 5?K,5^; %(*,H ' =G9 � D �(F = H���FQDM*,H�DM� *^��DGFQHQ*E'?0 *E}�+1@(0H

? E

1 us

10 us

100 us

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size

Overhead of calculating block list

COW1COW4a

COW16aCOW4b

COW16b

Z ':21@3F�D D 5 ? �y_ CEDGF�%(DM*E�R+E�t�G*��?�G@+�?*,HQ'?0(2 HQ%(D���%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � = � '?HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5

{ HQ%3D '?0H�DGF��:DM* CEDp�(DG|(HQ% '?0 ; * ! �:D D 5?K �.+E�����?D = � '?HQ%cHQ%3D = *E}~D = '�<GD 5 ; %3DM0 + CEDGF � F�+EH�D

HQ%3DM} = DM�#@3DM0 HQ')*���� " � ':HQ% HQ%3D = *E}�D @(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD H�+ ��F�DM*,H�D HQ%(D = DM��+10<�6CEDGF = ':+10 = ��+EFB*����+E��HQ%3DM} 5 ; %3D HQ%<':F�� CEDGF = '?+10 � * = ��FQDM*,H�DM� '?0 HQ%3D = *E}�D � * " * = HQ%3D = DM��+10(� CEDGF = ':+10 5

; %3D/|(FQ+&��D =Q= � * = FQDG| DM*,H�DM�R@(0 HQ'�� � D�2E+EH�HQ%3D��3D = ':FQDM� 0#@(} ! DGFa+E�]CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 Z +EF I>_ $ ?E!*E0(� I�_%$�K B ! 9 HQ%3D�'?0 H�DGF �:DM*MCED��3DG|(HQ% � * = ! * = DM� +10 HQ%3D�H�+EHQ*��j@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD ! DGH � DGDM0RH � +FQDG|��)'?�G*,HQ':+10 | +1'?0H =G5

N = '?H = %3+ � = ')0 ; * ! �?D D 5 ? 9 ���:D/FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E�b'?0(��FQDM* = D = � ':HQ% @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD'?0 I>_ $ *E0(�c'?0(��FQDM* = D = � ':HQ% ���:D = '"<GDb'?0 03+10#� I>_ $�5 $ %3DM0 HQ%(Db@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD^DM�#@(*�� =HQ%3D9���:D = '"<GD 9]I�_%$ '?0(�G@(F = }~+EFQD�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� HQ%<*E0 0(+10#� I�_%$ 5�$ '?HQ% }~+EFQD ')0 H�DGF�}~DM�('?*,H�D

CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 HQ%(D = DM0(�<'?032.03+&�3D�0(DGDM� = H�+ FQDM*E� }�+EFQD�'����:D = H�+ �G*��?�G@+�?*,H�D HQ%3D ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� ��?' = H 9 HQ%#@ = *E�(�<'?032 }�+EFQD.+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�[� +EF�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5 Z ':21@3FQD D 5 B = %3+ � = HQ%(D~+ CEDGF�%(DM*E� +E�

? G

0.1 ms

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

10 s

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size (for COW) or file size (for non-COW)

File replication overhead

non-COWCOW1

COW4aCOW16a

COW4bCOW16b

Z '?21@3FQD D 5 D � X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 + CEDGF�%3DM*E� � ':HQ%R* � *,F�} �G*E��%3D 5

�G*��?�G@+�)*,HQ'?032 HQ%3D���%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � �?' = H 5t; %3D/+ CEDGF�%3DM*E�^�3+#D = 03+EH�'?0(��F�DM* = D � ':HQ% HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D

= '"<GD 5U; %(' = ' = �<@3D�H�+~HQ%3D��?*,F�2ED�'?0H�DGF��:DM*MCED��3DG|(HQ% � +EF = }~*���� ���:D =G5t; %3D��<' = � = DGD0�#'?0(2�HQ'?}�D! DM��+1}�D = �3+1}~')0(*E0 H '?0�HQ%(' = �G* = D 5 N = */FQD = @��:H 9 +1@3F D>=#| DGF�'?}~DM0 H ' = * � +EF = Ht�G* = Dy� +EF I>_ $�5

$ %3DGFQDM* = HQ%3D~D>=&|�DGF�'?}�DM0H�' = * ! D = H��G* = D.� +EF�03+10#� I>_ $ = '?0<��D~HQ%3D = DM0<�('?032R03+&�3D~+10+� "03DGDM� = H�+^F�DM*E�6HQ%3D ���:D.�<*,HQ*^� FQ+1} HQ%(D �G@3F�FQDM0 H����:D � '?HQ% �:DM* = H = DGD0�&'?032^HQ')}�D 5 7 CEDM0['?0

HQ%(' = D>=#H�F�DM}�D = ':HQ@(*,HQ':+10 9tI�_%$ = HQ'������G*E0[+1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�}�03+10 � I�_ $ � %3DM0�HQ%(D ���?D = '"<GD ' =�?*,FQ2ED~*E0<� HQ%3D.@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD~' =�= }~*���� 5 N =�= %3+ � 06'?0 Z ':21@3FQD D 5 E9 � %3DM0pHQ%3D @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD' = �:D =Q= HQ%<*E0 ��D | DGF���DM0H�+E�]HQ%(D ���:D = '"<GD 9JI�_%$�K +1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 03+10#� I>_ $ ��+EF ���?D = �)*,FQ2EDGFHQ%(*E0 ��D B A S 9�I>_ $ ? * +1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 03+10#� I�_%$ � +EF����:D = �?*,FQ2EDGF�HQ%(*E0 KM4 S 9tI�_%$ K B *+1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 03+10#� I>_ $ ��+EF����?D = �)*,FQ2EDGF�HQ%(*E0 ? 4 S 5\; %3D �?*,FQ2ED = H�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��DB21*E'?0p+E�

I�_%$ + CEDGF�0(+10#� I�_%$ ' = B�B G { I�_%$�K � 5

? L

� � 3&� ��� �� � � ��� � 8 ��� � � � ��� � � � ��� � 8 F�� ��� � 8 F�� � �.���E��� �� )+��%�� �� � �

{ A S�� { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = �? K � ��D � D G � � 5 ? BK B K�G � G �,� K � G � � 5 �E�B ? � G ? � � E K D,� E#K E5 E�G��D B B�B G B G � �,�1� K ��D � LK �1� ? KFE � KML � KML&K � B G �E� ? K ?�??1� L B D G�G B �1� B �E� B E#K B �E� D ? EK B � G ? �E� ?1� �E��D,� �E��D,� �E�E�,� �E� E � � K D,�B D�DE� B G�E ?1� G�E D,� G�E D,� G�E�E � G DE�,� G B�B �

; * ! �:D D 5 ? � X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?+10 + CEDGF�%3DM*E�^+10 HQ%3D = DM0(�('?032�03+&�3D � '?HQ%R*���+��?� �G*E��%(D 5

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size

Overhead of calculating block listCOW1

COW4aCOW16aCOW4b

COW16b

Z ':21@3FQD D 5 B ��_ CEDGF�%3DM*E� +E� �G*��)�G@+�?*,HQ'?032�HQ%(D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � = � ':HQ%R*.��+��?� �G*E��%(D 5

D,�

0.1 ms

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

10 s

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size (for COW) or file size (for non-COW)

File replication overhead

non-COWCOW1

COW4aCOW16a

COW4bCOW16b

Z ':21@(FQD D 5 E � X DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� � ':HQ%R*~��+��?�^�G*E��%3D 5

D K

� ��� � ���Q� � �d�(� �>�j�a� ���� � ���j� �>��� �� �t�

P�0.03+10#� I>_ $ }�+&�3D 9 ���:D�F�D = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 ' =U= '?}�|�� " ��+E| " '?0(2!���?D>�(*,HQ*���FQ+1}z*E0.+��)�3DGFdCEDGF = ':+10{ HQ*,FQ2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10J�UH�+�HQ%(D��G@3FQFQDM0H ���:D 5 N = �3D = ��F�' ! DM� '?0^$&DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 ? 9 '?0 I>_ $ }�+&�3D 9 HQ%3D

= " = H�DM} �(F = Ht�G*��?�G@+�?*,H�D = ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = � FQ+1} HQ%3D�HQ*,F�2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10BH�+�HQ%3D%�?* = H FQDM*��&CEDGF = ':+10{ HQ%3D�CEDGF = '?+10 ��+EFQF�D = | +10(�('?032�H�+ HQ%(D/�G@3F�FQDM0 H ���:Dl� � ':HQ% * ! ':HQ}~*,| 5 ; %3DM0 ':HUD>=&*E}.'?03D = HQ%3D'"���?D�+E��HQ%3D~HQ*,FQ2EDGH CEDGF = ':+10 5 P �yHQ%3D '����:D~��+10HQ*E'?0 = * ! �:+&� � 0#@(} ! DGF '?0 HQ%3D ! ':HQ}~*,| 9 HQ%3D

C,*��?@3D~+E�yHQ%(' = ! �:+&� �p' = ��+E|J':DM� � FQ+1} HQ%3D ��+EFQFQD = | +10(�<'?032R� ���:D�H�+bHQ%3D �G@(FQFQDM0H ���:D 5 ; %3D= " = H�DM}�FQDG| DM*,H = H�+/D>=3*E}~'?0(Dd+EHQ%3DGF�'"���:D = *E0(� � ���?D = '?0�*/FQDGCEDGF = Dy��%3F�+103+��:+E21'?�G*��#+EF��3DGFt@(0HQ'��*�������%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+&� � = *,F�D�FQD = H�+EFQDM� 5 P�0.+EF��3DGFyH�+B�G*��)�G@+�?*,H�D���%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = *E0(�6�:+&�G*,H�D�HQ%3D'"���?D = *E0(�^�+���:D =G9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�03DGDM� = H�+ = �G*E0 HQ%3D!���:D�%<' = H�+EF " �:+E2 { }~DGHQ*E�(*,HQ*����:Dl� 5 $&'?0(��D���:D.FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10[%(*,|(| DM0 = �:D =Q= � FQDM�#@3DM0H � " *E0(�6HQ%#@ = |(FQDGC&':+1@ = CEDGF = ':+10 = *,FQD }�+ = H!�?'"�ED�� "03+EH�'?0 HQ%3D��G*E��%3D 9 � D�+10+� " �<' = �G@ =Q= HQ%3D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D � '?HQ% *���+��)�R�G*E��%3D 5a; %3D*���:D = � DGFQD'?0H�DGF��:DM* CEDM��'?0 HQ%3D = *E}�D � * " * = HQ%3D���+��?�B�G*E��%3D�F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10�H�D = H�'?0 HQ%3Dy|(F�DGC#':+1@ = = DM��HQ':+10 5

; %3FQDGD���+10 �<21@3F�*,HQ':+10 = +E� I�_%$ *,FQD�H�D = H�DM� �

� I>_ $ K � N ��� +��?� C,*��?@3D = *,F�D�FQDM*E�R� FQ+1}h+103D�� ���:D 5

� I>_ $ ? � _ �)� C *��?@(D = *,FQD�FQDM*E�R� FQ+1}h� +1@3F>�+���:D =G5

� I>_ $ K B � _ �)� C *��?@(D = *,FQD�FQDM*E� ��FQ+1} K B � ���:D =M5

Z +EF I�_%$ ? *E0(� I�_%$�K B 9 HQ%3DR��%(*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = *,FQD �(':C&'?�3DM�6DM�@(*���� " *E0(�[��+10#�HQ':21@3+1@ = � " *E}~+1032~HQ%3D��3D��?HQ* =G5�; %#@ =G9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM}�FQDM*E� = HQ%3D = *E}�D�*E}�+1@(0H�+E� �(*,HQ*�� FQ+1}

DM*E��% '"���?D/*E0(� HQ%3D = *E}�D�*E}~+1@(0 H>+E� �<*,HQ*���F�+1}hDM*E��%b� ���:D 5; * ! �?D D 5 D = %(+ � = HQ%3D + CEDGF�%(DM*E� +E��FQD = H�+EF�'?0326HQ%(D = DM��+10(� �?* = H CEDGF = ':+10�+10�HQ%3D

+ � 03DGF 03+&�3D 5 $ %3DM0 HQ%(D ���:D = '�<GD '?0(��FQDM* = D =M9 HQ%3D^FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10cHQ'?}�D^')0(��FQDM* = D = ')0 03+10#�I�_%$ }�+&�3D 5 S " ��+10 H�F�* = H 9 HQ%3D FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 HQ'?}�D '?0(��F�DM* = D = � ':HQ% HQ%3DR@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD '?0

DE�

I�_%$ }�+&�3D 5 $ %3DM06HQ%3D @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD~DM�#@(*�� = HQ%(D����:D = '"<GD 9tI>_ $ ' = � +EF = D.HQ%(*E0 03+10#�I�_%$ 9 *E0(� � ':HQ%�}~+EFQD��3D��:HQ* = ')0 CE+��:CEDM� I�_ $ *E�(� = }�+EFQD�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 5U_ 0(D�FQDM* = +10.' = HQ%(*,H

I�_%$ 03DGDM� = H�+~F�DM*E� HQ%3D ���:D�%(' = H�+EF " �:+E2.*E0<�RFQDM*E�RHQ%3D�'"���:D�� +EF�DM*E��%bCEDGF = ':+10 5 N 0(+EHQ%3DGF

FQDM* = +10e' = HQ%3D �(' = � = DGD0�#'?0(2[HQ')}�D �(@3D H�+ +1@3F '?0H�DGF��:DM*MCED = ��%3DM}�D 5 ; %3D }�+EF�Dp�(D��:HQ* ='?0CE+��:CEDM� 9 HQ%3D.}�+EF�D.�(' = � = DGD0�&'?032 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 5 Z F�+1} Z ':21@3F�D D 5 G � D �G*E0 = DGD.HQ%(*,H � %3DM0

HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�' = ��D�� +E�]HQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD 9<I�_%$ K +1@(H�|�DGF���+EF�} = 0(+10#� I�_%$ ��+EF ���:D = �)*,FQ2EDGFHQ%(*E0 ��D B A S 9JI�_%$ ? +1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 03+10#� I>_ $ � +EF ���:D = �?*,FQ2EDGFyHQ%(*E0 ? 4 S 9 *E0<� I>_ $ K B+1@3H�| DGFQ� +EF�} = 0(+10#� I�_%$ ��+EF ���:D = �?*,F�2EDGFdHQ%(*E0 K B 4 S 5&; %3D�F�DM* = +10.%3DGF�D�' = HQ%<*,H � %3DM0.HQ%3D

H�+EHQ*���@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD>' = HQ%3D = *E}~D 93I�_%$ ? *E0(� I>_ $ K B 03DGDM�.H�+�FQDM*E� }�+EFQD>'����:D = *E0(�~�+���:D =HQ%(*E0 I�_%$�K,9 HQ%#@ = '?0(�G@3FQF�'?032�}�+EFQD��(' = � = DGD0�&'?032�+ CEDGF�%(DM*E� 5 $&'?0<��D�':Ha' = }~+EFQD �?'��ED�� " HQ%(*,H*E0p+��?� ! �:+&� � ' = ��+1@<0(� � ':HQ%('?0 * ��D � CEDGF = ':+10 = +��?�3DGF�HQ%(*E0 HQ%3D�HQ*,F�2EDGH�CEDGF = ':+10 9\I>_ $ K B�G*E0 ! D ��+10 = '?�3DGF�DM��* = HQ%(D � +EF = H��G* = D.� +EF I�_%$�5\; %#@ =G9 � D �3+b*R� @3FQHQ%(DGF���+1}�|<*,F�' = +10

! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%3D � +EF = H>�G* = D�+E� I�_%$ *E0(� 03+10 � I�_ $ %3DGFQDM*,� H�DGF 5 $ %3DM0^HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD�' =?�A S { +EF K B A S�� 9 � D�@ = D I�_%$�K { +EF I�_%$ ? �y* = *~��+1}�|<*,F�' = +10 H�+.03+10#� I>_ $�5+$ %3DM0 *

���:D�' =d= }~*����:DGF�HQ%(*E0 K B A S 93I�_%$ ' = ?1� � H�+ E � � � +EF = D�HQ%(*E0 03+10#� I�_%$�5.$ %3DM0~HQ%3D ���:D= '"<GD ' = B ?�A S 9�I�_ $ | DGFQ� +EF�} = HQ%(D = *E}�D~H�+ � 5 B HQ')}�D = � +EF = D.HQ%<*E0603+10#� I>_ $�5 $ %3DM0

HQ%3D����?D = '�<GD�' = �)*,FQ2EDGF�HQ%(*E0 ��D B A S 9�I>_ $ FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 + CEDGF�%3DM*E� C *,F�'?D = ��FQ+1} �,� G HQ')}�D ={ B ? 4 S ���:D � ':HQ% ?�A S @3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GDl�*�:D =Q= HQ%<*E0�H�+ D 5 ? HQ'?}�D = { ��D B A S ���:D � '?HQ% ��D B A S@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GDl�U2EFQDM*,H�DGF�HQ%<*E0 03+10#� I�_%$�5

DE�

� � 3� ��� ���� � � )+��%�� �� � � ��� � 8 ��� � � � � � 8 F � � � �E��� �{ A S�� { } = � { } = � { } = � { } = �? � G � � K�GK B � G � ? � �,�B ? �E� D ? K �E� � G��D B B ? K ��D �E�,� D,�K �1� ? L�E K�G � ? � K L ??1� L B � K � ? KFE E DE� �,��DK B � G ? K �E�,� K ? �,� K B L � K � L �B D�DE� B D L�E � B � B � B � ?1� D G�E �

; * ! �:D D 5 D � Z '��:D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10RHQ'?}�D 5

1 ms

10 ms

100 ms

1 s

10 s

4KB 16KB 64KB 256KB 1MB 4MB 16MB 64MB

Tim

e

Update size (for COW) or file size (for non-COW)

File restoration overhead

non-COWCOW1COW4

COW16

Z ':21@(FQD D 5 G � Z '��:D�FQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10 +lCEDGF�%3DM*E� 5

D ?

� ��� �[�>�<��� ����� ���U �]��� ����� �[���j�M����� �� �t�

$ D.F�*E0 HQ%3D.W + = H 4 *,F � � L � ! DM0(��%(}~*,F � +10 +1@3F = " = H�DM} H�+ DGC,*��?@(*,H�D ':H = +lCEDGF�*�����| DGFQ� +EF��}~*E0(��D 5 W + = H 4 *,F�� ' = *�03D � ���:D = " = H�DM} ! DM0(��%<}~*,F � �3DGCED��:+E| DM� !#" V�DGH � +EF � N |(|��?' �*E0(��D � L �v5 P H �(F = HU2EDM03DGF�*,H�D = *E0R'?0('?HQ'?*��<| +#+���+E�]F�*E0(�(+1} H�D>=#H ���?D = � ':HQ% ��+10 �(21@3F�* ! �:D = '"<GD! +1@(0(� =M5 N = DGF�':D = +E� H�F�*E0 = *E��HQ'?+10 = *,FQD�HQ%3DM0 ��+10(�(@<��H�DM� 5U; %(D�H�F�*E0 = *E��HQ':+10 = '?0(�0�)@(�3D���FQD>�*,HQ'?032/+EFt�3D��:DGHQ'?0(2�* ���:D 9 *E0(��FQDM*E�('?032�+EFt*,|(| DM0(�('?032�* ���?D 5\; %3Da*,|(| DM0(��+E|�DGF�*,HQ':+10 � F�':H�D =*~F�*E0(�3+1}�0#@(} ! DGF>+E� !#" H�D = H�+ HQ%(D�DM0(�^+E�tHQ%3D����?D 5 P � HQ%3D����:D�' = ! +1@(0(�^' = FQDM*E��%3DM� 9 HQ%3D

D>=&H�F�* !#" H�D = *,FQD �<' = �G*,F��3DM� 5 N � H�DGF*�<0(' = %('?032BHQ%3D H�F�*E0 = *E��HQ'?+10 =G9 ':H��3D��?DGH�D = *����]FQDM}.*E'?0('?032*E��HQ':CED*���:D =M5 N �<0(*��JFQDG| +EFQHa' = 2EDM03DGF�*,H�DM� 5d; %3+1@(21% ':Hy*E'?} = H�+ = '?} @+�?*,H�D/%3DM*MC " = }.*���� �����:D= " = H�DM} �:+1*E� 9 � ':HQ%R�G*,FQDG� @+�j��+10 �(21@(F�*,HQ':+10 9 ':H��G*E0 ! D�@ = DM�RH�+~}�DM* = @3F�D�HQ%3D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D+E� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ% '?0 ��F�DM*,HQ'?032 ���:D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5

_ @3F>W + = H 4 *,F �R��+10 �(21@3F�*,HQ':+10 ' = * = ��+����?+ � =��

� �,� '?0(':HQ'?*������?D = *E0(� K D,� H�F�*E0 = *E��HQ':+10 =M5

� Z '��?D = '"<GD�F�*E032ED = ��F�+1} B ?�A S H�+ K B 4 S !#" H�D =G5

� V�+~FQDM*E� +E|�DGF�*,HQ':+10 =G5d7 *E��%^H�F�*E0 = *E��HQ':+10^*,|(| DM0(� = *BF�*E0(�(+1} � " = D��:DM��H�DM� ���?D 5

� I FQDM*,H�D = *E0(�^�3D��:DGH�D = *,F�D�DM�@(*���� " �?'��ED�� " H�+~+&�G�G@3F 5

N ��� +EHQ%3DGF�W + = H 4 *,F � |<*,F�*E}~DGH�DGF = *,FQD!�:DG��H�* = �3DG� *E@��:H =G5; %3DyH�D = H�+10+� " '?0CE+��:CED = +103D��0�?':DM0Ht03+&�3D�*E0(� +103D = DGFQCEDGFd0(+#�3D 5 ; %3DaH�+EHQ*��(D��)*,| = DM�

HQ'?}�D ��+EF I�_%$ ' = � K D = DM��+10(� =M9 * � B � '?}�|<FQ+ CEDM}�DM0H + CEDGF~03+10#� I>_ $ � %('?��%6HQ*��ED = *H�+EHQ*�� ? � L.= DM��+10(� =G5>; %3+1@321% HQ%(D�H�+EHQ*�� *E}�+1@(0H>+E���(*,HQ* H�F�*E0 = }~':H�H�DM�b��FQ+1}�HQ%3D��0�)':DM0 H/' =HQ%3D = *E}�D 9\I�_%$ FQDM�#@(':F�D = �:D =�= |(F�+#��D =Q= '?032.HQ')}�D�+10bHQ%3D = DGCEDGF�03+&�3D 5�; %#@ = '?H�'?0(��F�DM* = D =

HQ%3D�HQ%(FQ+1@321%3|<@(Ha� FQ+1} � 5 E,4 S " H�D = � = DM��H�+ � 5 B E,4 !#" H�D = � = DM� 5

D�D

� ��� � ��� � ��� �

_ @3F\D>=#| DGF�')}�DM0 HQ*��FQD = @��:H =\= %3+ � HQ%(*,H I�_ $ FQDM�(@(��D = CEDGF = '?+10('?032�+lCEDGF�%3DM*E�B� +EF ���:D = �)*,FQ2EDGFHQ%(*E0 ��D B A S � ':HQ%bHQ%3DB@3|j�(*,H�D = '�<GD9�:D =�= HQ%<*E0 E D�� 5 P H�*E�G��D��:DGF�*,H�D = HQ%3DB�0�?':DM0H/FQD = | +10 = D*E0(�R'?0<��FQDM* = D = HQ%3D = DGFQCEDGF>HQ%3FQ+1@321%3|J@3H 5 V>DGH � +EF � H�F�* � ���G*E0 ! D�FQDM�<@(��DM� � %3DM0 +10+� " HQ%3D�3D��:HQ* ' = H�F�*E0 = }~':H�H�DM�[H�+ *E0 '?0 H�DGF�D = H�DM� 03+#�(D +EF~* FQDG|��)'?�G*^03+&�3D 5�; %(D ���?D FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10��+ = H F�*,HQ':+ ! DGH � DGDM0 I�_%$ *E0(�c03+10 � I�_ $ ' = �0�:+ = DbH�+6HQ%3D @3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD *E0(� ���:D = '"<GDF�*,HQ':+ � %3DM0 *����d�(*,HQ*b' = ')0�HQ%3D �G*E��%3D 5 $ %3DM0[�(*,HQ*b' = 03+EH *MC,*E'��?* ! �?D '?0 HQ%(D �G*E��%(D 9 HQ%3D

��+ = H�' = '?0 �<@3DM0(��DM� !#" HQ%3D��<' = �6�?* " +1@3H/*E0(� HQ%(D�0#@(} ! DGF�+E��')0 H�DGF�}~DM�('?*,H�D�CEDGF = ':+10 =G5 Z '��:DFQD = H�+EF�*,HQ':+10�� +EF I�_%$ ' = � * = H � %(DM0 HQ%3D.@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD.' = �?D =Q= HQ%(*E0 ��D�� +E�yHQ%3D ���?D = '"<GD� +EF �)*,FQ2ED*���:D = { D 5 2 5 � � ��D B � � +EF I>_ $ K � 5 $#+ � D = @32E2ED = H�* 2EDM03DGF�*�� F�@+�?D>H�+~�3DM�G'?�(D/%3+ �I�_%$ �G*E0 ! D�*,|(|��?':DM� �

� Z +EF = }~*���� ���:D = { � B ?�A S�� 9 �3+~03+EH>@ = D I�_%$ 5

� Z +EF �?*,FQ2ED����:D = {�� � ? 4 S�� 9 I�_%$ ' = *�� � * " = HQ%3D���%3+1'?��D 5

� Z +EF�}~DM�('?@(} � = '"<GDM� ���:D = { ! DGH � DGDM0 B ?�A S *E0(� ? 4 S�� 9]I�_%$ �G*E0 ! D�*,|(|��?':DM�^��+10#��<':HQ':+10(*���� " 5 Z +EF>D>=&*E}�|��:D 9 � %3DM0 HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�' = �:D =Q= HQ%(*E0 E D�� +E�\HQ%3D*���:D = '"<GD 9� DB�G*E0 @ = D I>_ $ H�+ '?}�|<FQ+ CED�HQ%3D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D�+E��CEDGF = ':+10b��F�DM*,HQ':+10p*E0(�^F�DM�(@(��D

HQ%(D�03DGH � +EF � H�F�* �.���(@3F�'?0(2�FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10 5

D B

� ��������� �

� ��� � � � � ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � �

� ��� � �� �����B� �Q�/B�

T D��:HQ*/��+1}�|(FQD =Q= ':+10�' = � '?�(D�� " @ = DM��')0�CEDGF = '?+103DM��+ ! ��DM��H = H�+EF�*,2ED�*E0(��H�F�*E0 = }~' =Q= ':+10 5\O + � �DGCEDGF 9 03+103D.+E�aHQ%(D.|(FQDGC&':+1@ = � +EF � '?0H�DG2EF�*,H�D �3D��:HQ*^��+1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 � ':HQ% CEDGF = ':+106��F�DM*,HQ':+10

*E0(� H�F�*E0 = }.' =Q= ':+10.'?0.* �(' = H�F�' ! @3H�DM� ���:D = " = H�DM} 5�; %<' = HQ%3D = ' = ')0 H�DG2EF�*,H�D = * ��+E| " �v+10#� � F�':H�D}�DM��%(*E0(' = } � ':HQ% *p|�DGDGF �vH�+��v|�DGDGF����:D = " = H�DM} �G*����:DM� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 5 ; %(D 0(D � = " = H�DM} ' =

�G*����:DM� 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�: 54 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:z@ = D = ��+EF � *,F�� �3D��:HQ* ��%(*E')0 = H�+ = H�+EFQD HQ%3D�CEDGF = ':+10 ��%(*E')0 5 P H/��F�DM*,H�D =

*.0(D � CEDGF = ':+10b*,��H�DGF/DM*E��%p}�+&�('"�J�G*,HQ':+10 = D =Q= '?+10 +E�t* ���?D 5 P H�@ = D = *E0^'?0 � ��+EFQD ! ':HQ}.*,| H�+FQDM��+EF��6HQ%3D~��%<*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = �(@3F�'?0(2 HQ%(' =�= D =Q= '?+10 5 N ��H�DGF�HQ%(D.}�+&�('"�<�G*,HQ':+10 = D =Q= ':+10 9 HQ%3D

= " = H�DM} = H�+EFQD = HQ%3D���%(*E032EDM� ! �?+#��� = +E���(*,HQ* *E0(�.HQ%(D/��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � �?' = H�+10 �(' = � 5 P HU@ = D =*E0['"���:D~H�+ = H�+EFQD HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM� ! �:+#��� �?' = H�*E0<� * � ���:D.H�+ = H�+EF�D HQ%3D ��%(*E0(2EDM�[�<*,HQ* ')06*

= %(*E�(+ � �('?FQDM��H�+EF " 5

P 0 ! +EHQ%cCEDGF = ':+10 = +E� 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% 9 * ���?Db�G*E0 ! D^FQDG|��)'?�G*,H�DM�c+10 = DGCEDGF�*���F�DG|��?'?�G*03+&�3D = � ':HQ%p�('�� DGFQDM0H�| +��?')�G':D =G9 D 5 2 5:9 * ��DGFQHQ*E'?0 *E}�+1@<0 H�+E�UHQ'?}�DB| DGF�':+&� 5 P H��G*E0�*�� = + ! D�G*E��%(DM� +10 = DGCEDGF�*��a'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM�60(+#�3D =M5 P ��* |(FQDGC&':+1@ = CEDGF = ':+10 { FQDG��DGF�DM0(��D.CEDGF = ':+10J��' = +10

D E

HQ%3D�FQDG|��?'?�G*�0(+#�3D = +EFU'?0H�DGFQD = H�DM� 03+&�3D =G9&4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:e+10�� " H�F�*E0 = }~':H = HQ%3D ! �:+#��� = +E�j�(*,HQ*��%<*E032EDM� ! DGH � DGDM0bHQ%3D�FQDG� DGFQDM0(��D�CEDGF = ':+10^*E0(� HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH>CEDGF = ':+10 � %3DM0 @3|j�(*,HQ'?0(2 HQ%(+ = D

03+&�3D =G5dI *��?�G@��?*,HQ'?032 ��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+#��� = +10+� " '?0 CE+��?CED = '"���:D = ! DGH � DGDM0 HQ%(D/F�DG��DGFQDM0<��D�CEDGF = ':+10*E0(�^HQ%3D�HQ*,FQ2EDGH/CEDGF = '?+10 5 X DM*E�('?032����:D��(*,HQ* ' = @ = @(*���� " ��FQ+1}�HQ%3D��G@(FQFQDM0H�CEDGF = ':+10^+E�tHQ%3D

���:D 5 $&'?0<��D�HQ%3D = " = H�DM} = @3|(| +EFQH = HQ%3DB}�+ CEDM}�DM0H�+E�5���:D�+ � 03DGF = %<':| 9 HQ%(DB��%(*E032EDM� ! �:+&� ��?' = Hy�G*E0 ! D��G*��)�G@+�?*,H�DM�^��+#+E| DGF�*,HQ':CED�� " !#" ��+10 = @+�:HQ'?032B|(F�DGC#':+1@ = + � 03DGF =G5

W\DGF���+EF�}.*E0(��D�FQD = @+�:H =a= %3+ � HQ%(*,H 4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: +1@3H�| DGFQ��+EF�} =U4 *E}~}�+EHQ% � +EF �?*,FQ2ED���:D = � %3DM0RCEDGF = ':+10('?0(2~*E0(� FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ'?032 ���:D =G5 Z +EF�}�DM�('?@(} � = '"<GDM� ���?D =G9J4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: �G*E0

*E��%<':DGCED�2E+#+#��| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0<��D � %3DM0BHQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�' =t= }~*����:DGF HQ%(*E0~HQ%3D ���:D = '"<GD 5 Z +EF ���:D =� ':HQ% * �)*,FQ2ED�'?0H�DGFQD = H � = DGH�+EF>* �)*,FQ2ED�FQDG|��?')�G* � = DGH 9 HQ%3D�+ CEDGF�*�����'?}�|<FQ+ CEDM}�DM0H�' = �3F�*E}~*,HQ'?� 5

� ��� � ��� �B�j� �����

N H�HQ%3D��G@3FQFQDM0H = HQ*,2ED 9\4 *E}~}�+EHQ%�: = '?}~|�� " *,|(|��?'?D =�I�_%$ H�+ DGCEDGF " ���:D 5 N = '?0<�('?�G*,H�DM�'?0 $&DM��HQ':+10 D 5 D 9<I�_%$ = %3+1@+�)��03+EH ! D>*,|(|��?':DM�BH�+ = }~*���� ���?D = { � B ?�A S�� 9 ��+1@+�?� ! D>*,|<|��?':DM���+10(�('?HQ':+10(*���� " H�+�}~DM�('?@(} � = '"<GDM� ���:D = { B ?�A S H�+ ? 4 ���?D = � 9 *E0(� ' = �3D = ':F�* ! �:D � +EF �?*,FQ2ED���:D = {�� � ? 4 � 5]_ 03D | + =Q= ' ! �?D�DM0(%(*E0(��DM}�DM0H�H�+ 4 *E}~}~+EHQ%�:z' = H�+R�(' ��DGFQDM0HQ'?*,H�D9���:D = !"HQ%3DM':Fy'?0('?HQ'?*�� = '�<GD 9 *E0<� +10�� " *,|(|�� " I>_ $ H�+ �)*,FQ2ED*���:D = *E0(� }�DM�('?@(} � = '"<GDM� ���:D =G5 $&'?0(��D�*���:D�' =/= '"<GD }~* " ��%(*E0(2ED � '?HQ%^HQ'?}~D�*E0(� I�_%$ �3DG2EF�*E�3D = ���?D�CEDGF = ':+10<'?032 *E0<�^FQDG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D � %3DM0~HQ%3D�@3|j�(*,H�D = '"<GD�' = }�+EF�D>HQ%(*E0 E D | DGF���DM0H�+E�jHQ%3D ���:D = '�<GD 9 HQ%3D/* ! +lCED*,|(|(F�+1*E��%�}~* " }~' =�= HQ%(DU+E|(| +EFQHQ@<0(':H " H�+�')}�|(FQ+lCEDU| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��D 5 P H � +1@+�?� ! Dy'?0 H�DGF�D = HQ'?032H�+b�(DGCED��:+E|6*E06*E�<*,|(HQ*,HQ':+106}~DM��%(*E0(' = } +EF�H�+ = @3|(| +EFQH�@ = DGF � �3D0�<03DM�p| +��?'?�G'?D = H�+ = � ':HQ��%

! DGH � DGDM0 I�_%$ *E0(� 03+10#� I>_ $�5 Z +EF>D>=3*E}�|��?D 9 HQ%3D = " = H�DM} }~':21%H�HQ@3F�0 + � I�_%$ � %3DM0

HQ%3D�@(| �<*,H�D = '"<GD�' = }�+EF�D�HQ%(*E0 E D | DGF���DM0H�+E� HQ%3D����:D = '"<GD���+EF�}�DM�('?@(} � = '"<GDM� ���:D =G5_ HQ%3DGF�+E|(| +EFQHQ@<0(':HQ':D = D>=3' = H�H�+ �<03D�HQ@<03D�HQ%3D�| DGFQ� +EF�}~*E0(��DB+E� 4 *E}.}�+EHQ%�: 5 N =

*E0 D>=3*E}�|��:D 9 HQ%(DGFQD ' = 03+ 03DGDM��H�+ ��F�DM*,H�D6* � ���:D *E0(� '"���:Db��+EF *E0 *,|(| DM0(�#�v+10�� " ���:D 5

D G

N ��HQ@(*���� " 9 +10�� " HQ%(D ���:D = '�<GD�+E� DM*E��%bCEDGF = ':+10 ' = 03DGDM�3DM�R� +EF>F�DG|��?'?�G*,HQ':+10R*E0<�RFQD = H�+EF�*,HQ'?+10 5N = *E03+EHQ%3DGF�D>=3*E}�|��:D 9 � %3DM0 FQDM�#@3D = HQ')032�F�DM}�+EH�D�03+&�3D = H�+~��+1}�|<@3H�D�HQ%3D���%<*E032EDM� ! �:+&� � =! DGH � DGDM0pH � + CEDGF = '?+10 =G9 HQ%3DBCEDGF = ':+10p��%(*E'?0p' = �(':C&'?�3DM�^F�*E0(�3+1} � " { $#DM��HQ':+10 ? 5 � 5 � � 5 P H�' =| + =Q= ' ! �:DBH�+b�(':C&'?�3D�':H�'?0 H�+^��D � D = HB��%#@(0 � =�= @(��%�HQ%(*,H�HQ%3D~� D � D = H�0#@(} ! DGF�+E��0(+#�3D = *,FQD

��+10HQ*E��H�DM� 5U; %(D>03+&�3D = �G*E0 *�� = + ! D>��%3+ = DM0 ! * = DM� +10~HQ%3D/03DGH � +EF �~��+10(0(DM��HQ':C#'?H " +EFaHQ%3DM':F� +EF � �?+1*E� 5

D L

� � � � � � � ��� � � �

� K � T }~'?H�F " SaFQ+&� = � " 9 N �?D>= SaFQ+&� = � " 9(� +&� " W +1} �E+ = �&' 9 $3%('?%(*,+.-/+1032 9<4 '?��%(*,D�� �35 Z DGD>��?D " 9 *E0(��V�+EF�}~*E0 I/51O @3HQ��%('?0 = +10 5 A = '?032 Z '��:D>� -/F�*E')0 I +10(03DM��HQ':C&':H " H�+�P�}�|��:DM}�DM0H�*W DGDGF��vH�+��v| DGDGF Z '��:D�$ " = H�DM} 5 P�0 � ��1 - �7��3�1 7 %5��3�/���%5��� ! � % � %5� � ->/ 7 3 2>/�- � - - � � 1 % � � - - �� 7 ! 1$� 7 2 . 1 - , �6#�! 1 - 0 ! 9�_�= *��,* 9J� *,|<*E0 9�_ ��H�+ ! DGF �,�E�1� 5

� � � X 5 Sy@3F�0 =G9 *E0(� T�5 Y +1032 5 7 �.�G':DM0H T ' = H�F�' ! @(H�DM� Sy*E� �&@3| *E0(� X D = H�+EFQD � ':HQ%T D��:HQ* I +1}~|(FQD =Q= '?+10 5 P�0 � %5��� ! � %�� % � ������7 � �%3 � 3�/ /�->/ 35��, � 7 !>1$� 7 2 . 1 - , �6#�! 1 - 0 !� � � ��� � � 9�KMLEL�E5

� � � SaFQDM0H I *����?*,21%(*E0 5 � ��� � / //.:!>1$� 3�1 -�, 5 N �(�<' = +10 $ D = �:D " Y +10321}~*E0 9�KMLELEL#5� ? �B� +1%(0.S 5(I *,FQH�DGF 93� +1%<0 A 5 SUDM0<03DGH�H 9#$ '���� "�� � *,DM03DG| +#D�� 5 P }~|��:DM}�DM0HQ*,HQ':+10.*E0<�.| DGF��

� +EF�}~*E0<��D>+E�j}�@<0('?0 5 P 0 � <�1 � � , � !7#50�� %�! 7 .10 %5� � � - ��3�1 7 � �6#�! 1 - 0 ! � � 7 � � 7 ��/�-7! 9_ ��H�+ ! DGF KMLEL&K,5

� D � X + ! DGFQH Z ':H�<G2EDGF�*��?� 9 X '?��%<*,F�� Z 5 X * = %('?� 5�; %3D P 0H�DG2EF�*,HQ':+10 +E��G/':F�HQ@(*�� 4 DM}�+EF "4 *E0(*,2EDM}�DM0H�*E0(� P�0 H�DGF�|(FQ+&��D =Q=�I +1}~} @(0('?�G*,HQ'?+10b'?0 N �G��DM0 H 5 � , � � ��35� !>3 ��1 7 %5� !% � , % 0�� .#1 - � �6#�!>1 - 0 ! 9 ? { � � �?K ? E� JKFE�E9 4 * " KML�G B 5

� B ��I�5+$ 5 Z F�* = DGF�*E0(� 7>5+$ 5�4 " DGF =M5 N 0 7 �<':H�+EF�� +EF X DGC&' = '?+10 I +10 H�F�+�� 5 � , � � � 3 � !��3 ��1 7 %5� ! %5� � �(%� � 3 0 0 7 � � 35� . 3 -7!!3 ��, �6#�! 1 - 0 ! 9JL { � � � � E�E� � L D 9 N |(F�'�� KML�G�E5

� E�� X @ =Q= D���� �35 -/FQDGDM0 9 N �?* = �(*E':F I/5 Sy*E':F�� 9 �(5 I %(F�' = H�+E|<%(DGF T *MC&':D =G5�T D = ':210('?032 * Z * = H 9_ 0#� �?'?03D Sy*E� �&@3| $ " = H�DM}���+EF * Y +E2�� = H�F�@(�G@3F�DM� Z '��:D $ " = H�DM} 5�� 7 7 1�3�/ � - � � � 7 ��3�/4 %5.1�7��3�/ 9�G { � � � �E� ?.D 9]_ ��H�+ ! DGF KMLEL B 5

� G �B� *E}�D =��(5JO @(0H 9 A ':DM} � Wd%3+1032 Gt+ 9�$ *��:H�DGF Z 5J; ')��% " 5yT D��:HQ* N �:2E+EF�':HQ%<} =�� N 0 7 } �|J':F�'?�G*�� N 0(*�� " = ' =G5 � , � � � 3 � !>3 �F1 7 % � !*%5� � %(' 1 � 3 ��- � � 7 ��- - � 7 � 93 ��, � -�1 � %�, %�/ %� # 9E { � � �?K D G� KML&K,9 N |(F�'�� KMLEL�G#5

� L �B� D���F�D " A *,HQ��%3DGF 5 W + = H 4 *,F � � N V�D � Z '��:D�$ " = H�DM}hSUDM0<��%(}~*,F�� 5t; DM��%(0(')�G*�� X DG| +EFQH; X �,�1�E� 9 V�DGH � +EF � N |(|��?')*E0(��D�P 0(� 5:9J_ ��H�+ ! DGF KMLEL�E5

B �

� K � � W DGH�D A D��:DM%3DGF 9 N �?*E0 Y 5UI +F= 9 $&*E0(�(% " * T � *,F�� *E�(* =M9 $ '���� " � � *,DM0(DG|�+#D�� 5 ; FQDM*E�#�}.*,F � = �^T ' = H�F�' ! @3H�DM� = %(*,FQDM� }~DM}�+EF " +10 = HQ*E0(�<*,F�� � +EF � = HQ*,HQ':+10 = *E0<� +E|�DGF�*,HQ'?032= " = H�DM} =G5 P 0 � � % � � %(' 1 � -�� � � � � � � 7 ��1 - � , %5� '0- ��- � � - 9�� *E0#@(*,F " KMLEL ? 5

� KEK �B� + = % 4 *E� T +10(*��?� 5 GtDGF = ':+103DM� Z '��:D N F���%(':C&'?032 9�I +1}�|(F�D =Q= ':+10 9 *E0(� T ' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10 5$ +EF �?� $ '?�3D $ D ! 9 �����!�� � ������� ��,�+��������������� � ��"� � ���%$ �, " � 5

� K � �B� + = % 4 *E� T +10(*��?� 5 Z '��?D/$ " = H�DM} $3@3|(| +EFQH ��+EF T D��:HQ* I +1}�|(FQD =Q= ':+10 5j4 * = H�DGFF' = HQ%(D = ' =G9A/0(':CEDGF = ':H " +E� I *��?':� +EF�0('?* *,H>SaDGF �ED��:D " 9 �,�E�E� 5

� K � � N HQ%<'?��%(* 4 @3HQ%(':HQ*E��%(*,FQ+#DM0 9 SaDM0��Q':D�S 5�I %3DM0 9 *E0(� T 5j4 *�<M'?DGFQD =G5 N �?+ � � ! *E0<� � '?�3HQ%0(DGH � +EF �!���:D = " = H�DM} 5 P�0 ����1 � � , � !"#50 �1%�! 7 .10 %5� � � - ��3�1 7 � �6#�! 1 - 0 !�� � 7 � � 7 ��/�-7! 9_ ��H�+ ! DGF �,�E� K,5

� K ? �B� +1%(0 A 5 _ @ = H�DGF�%3+1@3H 9 O DGFQC�' D T * I + = HQ* 9jT *MC&'?� O *,FQF�' = +10 9 � +1%(0 N 5 A @(0+<GD 9 4 '"�EDA @3|(� DGF 9 *E0(� � *E}�D = - 5]; %3+1}�| = +10 5 N ; F�*E��D>� T F�':CEDM0 N 0(*�� " = ' = +E�yHQ%3D~A/V>P � ? 5 �S�$ T Z '��?D $ " = H�DM} 5 P 0 � 9�1 � � , � �6#50 �1%�! 7 .10 %5� � � - � 3�1 7 � �6#�! 1 - 0 ! � � 7 � � 7 ��/�-7! 9|J*,2ED =�K D � ? 9�_ F��G* = P = �?*E0(� 9 $ N 9 A�$ N 9(T DM��DM} ! DGF KML�G D 5

� K D �B� +1%(0 T 5 W\+�� = H�F�* 5 N 0(03+1@<0(�G'?032 I G�$3@3| K B 5?K � 5�$ +EF��?� $ '?�3D $ D ! 9�� ��!�� � � � �! �� ����� � + "�� &���� � !� ������������ ��� �"���(�����& ! $'� ��� ���� � �! ����� ��&�� , � 5

� K B �B� +#� " W +1} �E+ = �&' 5 P�0H�DGF�� = DGFQCEDGF I +1}~} @(0('?�G*,HQ'?+10 '?0 HQ%3D 4 *E}~}�+EHQ% Z '��:Db$ " = H�DM} 54 * = H�DGF�' = HQ%3D = ' =M9 A�0('?CEDGF = ':H " +E� SaF�':HQ' = % I +��?@(} ! '?* 9 V>+lCEDM} ! DGF �,�E�1� 5

� KFE�� $&DM*E0 ` @<'?0+�?*E0 5 N I *E��%3DM� $ _ X 4 Z '��:D�$ " = H�DM} 5 � % ' 1 � 35� - � � � 3 �F1 7 � - 35��, � � � - �� 7 - � � - 9 � K { K � � �?K � GEL JK � LEL#9 T DM��DM} ! DGF KMLEL&K,5

� K�G � X '?��%<*,F�� X * = %('?� 9 N C *E�<' =�; DGC,*E0('?*E0 9d� F 5:9�4 '?��%(*,D�� x +1@(032 9�T *MC&'?� -/+��?@ ! 9 X + ! DGFQHSy*,FQ+10 9 T * C#')� S �?*E��� 9 $ '����)'?*E} Sa+��:+ = � " 9 *E0(� � +10(*,HQ%(*E0 I %3D � 5 4 *E��%(')03D>�P�0(�3DG| DM0(�(DM0 H G/'?FQHQ@(*�� 4 DM}~+EF " 4 *E0(*,2EDM}~DM0 H���+EF�W *,2EDM�^A/0(':|<FQ+#��D =�= +EF�*E0(� 4 @+�:HQ' �|<FQ+#��D =�= +EF N F���%(':H�DM��HQ@3F�D =G5 P 0 8 ��,�� , � �6#50 �1%�! 7 .10�%5� � ��� � 7 1 - �F1$.1� 3�/ �6. � �1%5�>1 ' %5�� �(% ��350 0 7 � � 35� .+3 - !!35��, � � - � 3�1 7 � � # !>1 - 0 ! 9 _ ��H�+ ! DGF KML�G�E5

� KML �B4 *,F�� �35 X +#��% �#')0(� 5�; %3D~$#+1@3F���D I +&�3D I +10 H�F�+��d$ " = H�DM} 5 � � � � � ��35� !03 ��1 7 %5� !&% �� %(' 1 � 3 ��- � � 7 ��- - � 7 � 9 $ 7 � K { ? � � � B ? � E � 9�T DM��DM} ! DGF KML�E D 5

� �,� � T +1@32��)* = $ 5 $3*E0 H�F " 914 ')��%(*,D�� �35 Z DGD��?D " 9 V>+EF�}.*E0 I/5 O @3HQ��%('?0 = +10 9 N �?' = HQ*E':F I/5 GtDM':HQ��% 9X + =Q= $�5I *,FQH�+10 9 *E0<� � *E��+ ! _ �<F 53T DM�G')�('?032 $ %3DM0BH�+ Z +EFQ2EDGHd')0BHQ%3D 7 �:DG|<%<*E0 H Z '��:D$ " = H�DM} 5 P�0 � ��1 � � , � �6#50 �1%�! 7 .10�%5� � � - ��3�1 7 � �6#�! 1 - 0 ! � � 7 � � 7 ��/�-7! 9&T DM��DM} ! DGFKMLELEL#5

B K

� � K � T DM0(0<' = - 5 $#DGCEDGF�*E0(��D~*E0<�6-�@ " 465 Y +1%(}.*E0 5�T '�� DGFQDM0HQ'?*�� Z '��:D =���; %3DM':F N |<|��?'?�G* �HQ'?+10^H�+ HQ%3D 4 *E'?0H�DM0(*E0(��DB+E� Y *,FQ2ED T *,HQ* ! * = D =G5 � , � � � 3 � !>3 �F1 7 % � !3%5� � 3�1�3;2�3�!0-� # !>1 - 0 ! 9\K { � � � ��D B � B E9 $#DG|(H�DM} ! DGF KML�E B 5

� �E� �!$ *��?H�DGF Z 5; '?��% " 5 X I $9� N $ " = H�DM} Z +EF GtDGF = ':+10 I +10 H�F�+�� 5 � %('>1 � 35��- ��� � 3 �F1 7 � - 35��,� � � - � 7 - � � - 9\K D { E � � B � E� B D ? 9\� @+� " KML�G D 5

� �E� � N 0(�3F�D � ; F�'?�(2ED���� 5 ��� � 7 - ��1 �*/ %5� 7 1 � 0 ! ' % � � %5�>1 7 � 3 ��, � #�� � � � %5� 7�� 3�1 7 %5� 5 Wd% THQ%(D = ' =G9 N @ = H�F�')*��?'?* V�*,HQ':+10<*���A�0<':CEDGF = ':H " 9 N |(F�'�� �,�E�E� 5

� � ? � N FQHQ%#@3F.C,*E0 O + � 9>� +1%(0 -�'?*E0(0<*E0(�3FQDM* 9�4 *,F � O *,|<03DGF 9 $#H�DGCED I *,FQH�DGF 9 *E0<� 4 '��:+4 DM�('?0 5 ; %3D O/;�; W T ' = H�F�' ! @3HQ':+10p*E0(� X DG|��?')�G*,HQ':+10 W�FQ+EH�+&��+�� 5 ; DM��%(0('?�G*��dFQDG| +EFQH 9$ +EF �?� $ '?�3D $ D ! I +10 = +EFQHQ'?@<} 9 N @321@ = H KMLEL�E5

� ��D �B� ++ = Ht$ 5,4�5 GtDGF�%3+E� = HQ*E� 5 X DM��+lCEDGF " ; DM��%<0('?�#@3D = � +EF T *,HQ* ! * = D�$ " = H�DM} =G5 , %50 � . 1 7 � � .:� � - #�! 9]K � { � � �?K B E� JKML D 9\� @(03D KML�E�G#5

� � B �!$ DGF�03DGF�Gt+E2ED�� =G5 Z '��:D $ " = H�DM} A = *,2ED '?0 $ '?0(�3+ � = V ; ? 5 � 5 P 0 � ��1 � � , � �6#50 �� %�! 7 .10 %5� � � - ��3�1 7 � �6#�! 1 - 0 ! � � 7 � � 7 ��/"- ! 9 |<*,2ED = K � JK D 9 A '?* � *E% P = �?*E0(� X D = +EFQH 9I %(*,F��:D = H�+10 9 $&+1@3HQ% I *,FQ+��)'?0(* 93T DM��DM} ! DGF KMLELEL#5

B �