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FRAKTUR
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FRAKTUR UMUM
DR. WAHYU EKO W, SPOTORTHOPAEDI DAN TULANG BELAKANG
RS BINA HUSADA
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Laporan operasi•Pasien posisi supine dalam spinal anastesi•Prosedur steril dan driping•Debridement pada sendi•Amputasi cruris dekstra dengan arteri vena besar diligasi + potong tajam saraf •Cuci luka dan kontrol perdarahan •Jahit dengan satu buah dripingOperasi selesai.
FRAKTUR
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Putusnya hubungan kesinambungan/ diskontinuitas tulang dan atau tulang rawan
Fraktur tertutup :Bila kulit sekitar intakFraktur terbuka :Bila ada luka,
sehingga kemungkinan terjadi kontaminasi atau infeksi
KLASIFIKASI
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I. Berdasarkan hub dengan dunia luar :
1.Fraktur tertutup
2. Fraktur terbuka
KLASIFIKASI
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Gustillo – Anderson :I. Luka < 1 cmII. Luka 1 – 10 cmIII. Luka > 10 cm
A. Soft tissue coverageB. Bone exposedC. Neurovascular injury
Fractures due to a traumatic incident
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Caused by sudden and exessive force, which may be tapping, crushing, bending, twisting or pulling.
Direct violence : blow on the arm which shatters the ulna at the point of impact
Indirect violence: forcible traction by a tendon or ligament which literally pulls the bone apart
Fatigue or stress fractures
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Due to repetitive stress Most often seen in the tibia or fibula
or metatarsals, especially in atheletes, dancers and army recruits.
Pathological fractures
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Fractures may occur even with normal stresses if the bone has been weakened (by a tumor) or if it is excessivelly brittle (paget’s disease)
How fractures are disposed
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Complete fracturesThe bone is compeletely broken into 2
or more fragments. Transverseoblique or spiral, Impacted fractureComminuted fracture
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•Incomplete fracture
The bone is incompeletely divided and the periosteum remains in continuity.
•Greenstick fracture
•Compression fracture
KLASIFIKASI
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IV. Arah garis patah
1. Transversal
2. Oblique 3. Spiral 4. Kompresi
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V. Lokasi 1. Tulang Panjang
• 1/3 proksimal• 1/3 tengah • 1/3 distal
2. Tulang Melintang• 1/4 medial• 1/4 lateral
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VI. Dislokasi Fragmen Undisplaced Displaced
Fragmen tlg searah (ad latus) Fragmen tlg membentuk sudut (ad
axim) Fragmen distal memutar (ad
periferum)
How fractures heal
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Tissue destruction and haematoma formation
Inflamation and cellular proliferation Callus formation Consolidation Remodelling
Healing by direct repair
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Fractures of cancellous bone Fractures treated by rigid internal
fixation
The time factor
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Rate of repair depends upon : the type of bone (cancellous bone heals
faster than cortical bone. type of fracture (transverse fracture takes
longer than spiral fracture) Blood supply (poor circulation means
slow healing) General constitution (healthy bone heals
faster Age (healing is almost twice as fast in
children as in adults)
Time table
Upper limbUpper limb Lower limbLower limb
Callus visible Callus visible on x-rayon x-ray
2-3 weeks2-3 weeks 2 - 3 weeks2 - 3 weeks
Union Union (fracture (fracture firm)firm)
4-6 weeks4-6 weeks 8 - 12 8 - 12 weeksweeks
Consolidation Consolidation (bone secure)(bone secure)
6-8 weeks6-8 weeks 12 - 16 12 - 16 weeksweeks
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Fractures that fail to unite
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Causes of non union Distraction and separation of the
fragments Interposition of soft tissue between
the fragments Excessive movement at fracture line Poor blood supply
Most fracture will unite provide the bone fragments are
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Placed in contact with each other and
Held more or less immobile until new bone formation is apparent
ANAMNESIS
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- Umur, jenis kelamin - Pekerjaan- Pendidikan - Lingkungan
rumah- Riwayat trauma:
• Arah• Jenis
- Lokalisasi nyeri - Gangguan fungsi
Examination
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General signsA broken bone is part of a patient. It is
important to look for evidence of : (1) shock or haemorrhage; (2) associted damage to brain, spinal cord or viscera; and (3) a prediposing cause
Feel
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Local tenderness Examine distal to the fracture in
order to feel the pulse and test the sensation
Compartement syndrome ?
Move
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Crepitus and abnormal movement may be present, but it is more important to ask if the patient can move the joint distal to injury
First aid
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Make sure that the airway is clear If there is a wound, cover it with clean
material Stop bleeding by local compression Give something for pain If the neck or the bak is injured, prevent
flexion which may damage the spinal cord
If there is fracture,prevent movement
Assesment in hospital
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Examine the airway and treat asphyxia Make sure the patient can breathe Note the obvious haemorrhage and stop it Assess the degree of blood loss and shock Check for spinal cord injury Look for injuries of abdominal or pelvic viscera Examine for the presence of fractures or
dislocation Look for soft tissue complications, especially
nerve and vascular injury Arrange for an x-ray
Definitive treatment of closed fracture
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Manipulation to improve the position of the fragments, followed by splintage to hold them together until they unite; meanwhile joint movement and function must be preserved
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Fracture involving an articular surface; this should
be reduced as near to perfection as possible
because any irregularity will
predispose to degenerative arthritis
Closed reduction
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The distal part of limb is pulled in the line of the bone
As the fragment disengage, they are repositioned
Alignment is adjusted in each plane
Reposisi
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Keberhasilan dinilai dari : Alignment Contact > 50 % Rotation (-) Discrepancy (-) Sudut < 15 °
Indikasi konservatif
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Anak dalam masa pertumbuhan Impending infeksi Jenis fraktur tidak cocok untuk ORIF Toleransi operasi tidak baik Pasien menolak operasi
Indikasi Operasi
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Sukar reposisi tertutup Fraktur multipel Fraktur patologis Fraktur intra artikular
HOLD REDUCTION
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In order to unite, a fracture must be imobilized
We splint most fractures, not to ensure union but (1) to alliviate pain and (2) to ensure that union takes place in good position
Immobilisasi (mempertahankan reposisi)
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Fiksasi eksterna Gips Roger Anderson
Fiksasi interna Plate + Screw K-nail
ORIF ; indications
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# that cannot be reduced except by operation
# that inherently unstable and prone to redisplacemaent after reduction (#mid shaft forearm)
# that unite poorly and take long time (# femoral neck)
Pathological # Multiple # # in patients who prsent nursing
difficulties (paraplegics, multiple injuries and very elderly
OREF (open reduction external fixation) ; indications
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# associated wih severe soft tissue damage
# associated with nerve or vessel damage
Severely comminuted and unstable # # pelvis Infected #
OREF ; Complication
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Overdistraction Reduced load transmission trough
bone, which delays fracture healing causes osteoporosis (EF shoul be removed after 6-8 wo,and replace)
Pin tract infection
OPEN FRACTURE; assesment
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Is circulation intact ? Peripheral nerve intact ? State of skin arround the wound Does the wound communicate with
# ?
Fraktur Terbuka
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Perbaiki KU Debridement, kultur/resistensi ATS-Toxoid, Antibiotik Tutup luka dengan kasa bersih Reposisi Imobilisasi
ANTIBACTERIAL
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Antibiotics : asap, combination ampicilline and cloxacillin, given 6ho; if wound heavily contaminated, give gentamycin or metronidazole for 4-5 do
Tetanus prophylaxis
TREATMENT OF WOUND
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To cleanse the wound of foreign material
Remove devitalized tissue (debridement)
4 C : ColourConsistencyContractilityCapacity of bleeding
Complications of fractureGeneral complication
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Shock Crush syndrome Venous thrombosis and pulmonary
embolism Tetanus Gas gangrene Fat embolism
Complication involving # bone
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Infection Delayed union and non union Malunion Growth disturbance Avascular necrosis
Complication involving soft tissue
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Vascular injury Compartement syndrome (Volkmann”s
ischaemia) Nerve injury Visceral injury Myositis osificans
Compartement syndrome
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Arterial ischaemia reduced painful
Damage blood flow pale
pulseless
paresthetic
paralysed
Direct oedema
Injury fasciotomy
incr comp pressure