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Fruit Morphology

Fruit Morphology - amborella.netamborella.net/2011-PlantSystematics/Week06-Morphology-Fruit.pdfWhat actually is a fruit? A fruit is a ripened ovary ... (Multiple fruit (다화과;

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  • Fruit Morphology

  • What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a

    What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a

    flower along with any adnate parts.

    What is a seed?

    - A seed is a baby in a box with its lunch. - Specifically, it is a ripened (fertilized) ovule containing an

    embryo within a seed coat (protective covering) and oftembryo within a seed coat (protective covering), and often has additional storage tissues (food reserves).

  • FLOWER FRUIT

    ovary fruit

    ovary wall pericarp (the fruit wall)

    ovule seedovule seed

    integuments seed coat

    zygote embryoyg y

    fusion nucleus endosperm

    funiculus seed stalk

    Remember! The egg and one sperm nucleus fuse to form the zygote (which develops into the embryo). The two polar nuclei in the povule and a second sperm nucleus unite to form the fusion nucleus (which willfusion nucleus (which will eventually mature into the endosperm). Note: orange is empty space

  • Classification of fruits

    Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:

    Whether they are dry or fleshy.

    The pericarp (wall) of the fruit MAY be divided into three layers:

    an external exocarp (), a middle mesocarp (), and an

    internal endocarp ().

    In a peach or an olive for example the endocarp is stony whereas theIn a peach or an olive, for example, the endocarp is stony whereas the

    mesocarp is fleshy and edible. A tomato is not differentiated into these

    three layersthree layers.

  • Whether they are dehiscent or indehiscent.

    dehiscent: the pericarp splits open to release the seeds (i.e., the seed is

    the unit of dispersal).

    Indehiscent: the pericarp encloses the seed so that the entire fruit

    disperses.

    The taxonomic group to which they belong.

    Many fruits are characteristic for particular families or subfamilies.

    Are these true fruits (in the botanical sense)?

    applebanana

    squashcorn

    coconutonion

    carrotgreen beaneggplant

    d

    potatotomatocucumber

    t

    chestnutlettucecelery

    avocado peanut

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits

    Follicle (; ): derived from one carpel that opens along a single suture.

    Magnolia () sp.

    (Metaplexis )

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits

    Capsule (; ): derived from a syncarpous gynoeciumand contains few to many seeds. The most common and most variable of all fruit types.

    Septum ()

    Locule ()

    SepticidalDehiscence

    LoculicidalDehiscence

    (Hibiscus )

    Dehiscence

    Dehiscence

  • Circumscissile; pyxis; py

    Portulca () sp.

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits

    Achene (; ): single-seeded with seed free from pericarp (thin and close-fitting).

    Anemone () sp. Traxacum () sp.

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits

    Nut (; ): large, single-seeded with a thick, bony pericarp; involucre () often present

    Q ()

    Corylus () sp.

    Quercus () sp.

  • Are we nuts or what? Peanuts

    Coconuts

    (a legume)

    (a drupe)

    Almonds

    W l t

    (a d upe)

    (a drupe)

    (a dr pe) Walnuts

    Pecans

    (a drupe)

    (a drupe)

    Pistachio nuts (seeds from drupes)

    No we're not!No, we re not!

    Nutlet (; ): a small nut; involucre absent

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits

    Schzocarp (; ): derived from a syncarpousgynoecium that splits into two or more one-seeded segments (mericarps; ; ).

    Acer ()

    mericarps

  • Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits

    Samara (; ): a winged achene. A maple fruit is a winged schizocarp (or samaroid schizocarp)

    Ulmus ()

    Acer ()

  • Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES Berry (; ): an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with few to many

    seeds (rarely one seed); gynoecia variable.

    tomatoes, bananas, grapes, blueberries, kiwis, peppers, eggplants, cranberries, avocados

    NOT strawberry (nutlet)

    (Vitis )

  • Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES Drupe (): indehiscent and differentiated into exo-, meso-,

    and endo-carp.Peaches, cherries, olives, ,

    (Prunus )

  • Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Caryopsis (, ): Grass family; Poaceae(, ); aCaryopsis (, ): Grass family; Poaceae(, ); a

    small, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thin wall surrounding and more or less fused to a single seed; corn, wheat, barley

    (Oryza ) (Zea )

  • Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Hesperidium (; ): CitrusHesperidium (; ): Citrus

    family; Rutaceae; A berry with a tough exocarp where the fleshy mesocarp is derived from glandular hairs; orange, lemon, lime, grapefruitgrapefruit

    NOT Ebenaceae () sp.berry

    (Citrus )

  • Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Legume (; ): Pea family; Fabaceae(); a dry frunitLegume (; ): Pea family; Fabaceae(); a dry frunit

    derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures; beans, peas

    (Glycine )(Desmodium )

    Loment (; )(; )

  • Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Pome (): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(); anPome (): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(); an

    indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which in which the outer part is soft and the center contains papery or cartilaginous structure enclosing the seeds apple pearenclosing the seeds. apple, pear

    (Malus) (Pyrus ) ( ) ( y )

  • Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Silique (; ): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(); aSilique (; ): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(); a

    fruit drived from a two-carpellate gynoecium in which the two halves of the fruit split away from a persistent partition; includes the silicle; mustardthe silicle; mustard

    (Capsella )

  • Special fruit type Aggregate fruits (; ): the product of an apocarpousAggregate fruits (; ): the product of an apocarpous

    gynoecium. The ovary of each carpel matures into a fruit.

    (Fragaria ) (Rubus)( g ) ( )

  • Special fruit type Multiple fruit (; ): the product of several separateMultiple fruit (; ): the product of several separate

    flowers in an inflorescence. Other floral structure may become fleshy as well.

    Cone (; ) Sorosis (; ) Syconium (; )

    (Alnus)( )(Ficus )

    (Morus)

  • .

  • Fruit types ( )