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Fruit Morphology
What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a
What actually is a fruit?A fruit is a ripened ovary (=a mature ovary) of a
flower along with any adnate parts.
What is a seed?
- A seed is a baby in a box with its lunch. - Specifically, it is a ripened (fertilized) ovule containing an
embryo within a seed coat (protective covering) and oftembryo within a seed coat (protective covering), and often has additional storage tissues (food reserves).
FLOWER FRUIT
ovary fruit
ovary wall pericarp (the fruit wall)
ovule seedovule seed
integuments seed coat
zygote embryoyg y
fusion nucleus endosperm
funiculus seed stalk
Remember! The egg and one sperm nucleus fuse to form the zygote (which develops into the embryo). The two polar nuclei in the povule and a second sperm nucleus unite to form the fusion nucleus (which willfusion nucleus (which will eventually mature into the endosperm). Note: orange is empty space
Classification of fruits
Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:Fruits can be divided into several groups based on various criteria:
Whether they are dry or fleshy.
The pericarp (wall) of the fruit MAY be divided into three layers:
an external exocarp (), a middle mesocarp (), and an
internal endocarp ().
In a peach or an olive for example the endocarp is stony whereas theIn a peach or an olive, for example, the endocarp is stony whereas the
mesocarp is fleshy and edible. A tomato is not differentiated into these
three layersthree layers.
Whether they are dehiscent or indehiscent.
dehiscent: the pericarp splits open to release the seeds (i.e., the seed is
the unit of dispersal).
Indehiscent: the pericarp encloses the seed so that the entire fruit
disperses.
The taxonomic group to which they belong.
Many fruits are characteristic for particular families or subfamilies.
Are these true fruits (in the botanical sense)?
applebanana
squashcorn
coconutonion
carrotgreen beaneggplant
d
potatotomatocucumber
t
chestnutlettucecelery
avocado peanut
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits
Follicle (; ): derived from one carpel that opens along a single suture.
Magnolia () sp.
(Metaplexis )
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Dehiscent Fruits
Capsule (; ): derived from a syncarpous gynoeciumand contains few to many seeds. The most common and most variable of all fruit types.
Septum ()
Locule ()
SepticidalDehiscence
LoculicidalDehiscence
(Hibiscus )
Dehiscence
Dehiscence
Circumscissile; pyxis; py
Portulca () sp.
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits
Achene (; ): single-seeded with seed free from pericarp (thin and close-fitting).
Anemone () sp. Traxacum () sp.
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits
Nut (; ): large, single-seeded with a thick, bony pericarp; involucre () often present
Q ()
Corylus () sp.
Quercus () sp.
Are we nuts or what? Peanuts
Coconuts
(a legume)
(a drupe)
Almonds
W l t
(a d upe)
(a drupe)
(a dr pe) Walnuts
Pecans
(a drupe)
(a drupe)
Pistachio nuts (seeds from drupes)
No we're not!No, we re not!
Nutlet (; ): a small nut; involucre absent
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits
Schzocarp (; ): derived from a syncarpousgynoecium that splits into two or more one-seeded segments (mericarps; ; ).
Acer ()
mericarps
Fruit types based on morphology DRY FRUIT TYPESDRY FRUIT TYPES Indehiscent Fruits
Samara (; ): a winged achene. A maple fruit is a winged schizocarp (or samaroid schizocarp)
Ulmus ()
Acer ()
Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES Berry (; ): an indehiscent, fleshy fruit with few to many
seeds (rarely one seed); gynoecia variable.
tomatoes, bananas, grapes, blueberries, kiwis, peppers, eggplants, cranberries, avocados
NOT strawberry (nutlet)
(Vitis )
Fruit types based on morphology FLESHY FRUIT TYPESFLESHY FRUIT TYPES Drupe (): indehiscent and differentiated into exo-, meso-,
and endo-carp.Peaches, cherries, olives, ,
(Prunus )
Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Caryopsis (, ): Grass family; Poaceae(, ); aCaryopsis (, ): Grass family; Poaceae(, ); a
small, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thin wall surrounding and more or less fused to a single seed; corn, wheat, barley
(Oryza ) (Zea )
Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Hesperidium (; ): CitrusHesperidium (; ): Citrus
family; Rutaceae; A berry with a tough exocarp where the fleshy mesocarp is derived from glandular hairs; orange, lemon, lime, grapefruitgrapefruit
NOT Ebenaceae () sp.berry
(Citrus )
Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Legume (; ): Pea family; Fabaceae(); a dry frunitLegume (; ): Pea family; Fabaceae(); a dry frunit
derived from a single carpel that opens along two longitudinal sutures; beans, peas
(Glycine )(Desmodium )
Loment (; )(; )
Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Pome (): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(); anPome (): Apple subfamily, rose family; Rosaceae(); an
indehiscent, fleshy fruit in which in which the outer part is soft and the center contains papery or cartilaginous structure enclosing the seeds apple pearenclosing the seeds. apple, pear
(Malus) (Pyrus ) ( ) ( y )
Fruit types based on TAXONOMY Silique (; ): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(); aSilique (; ): Mustard family; Brassicaceae(); a
fruit drived from a two-carpellate gynoecium in which the two halves of the fruit split away from a persistent partition; includes the silicle; mustardthe silicle; mustard
(Capsella )
Special fruit type Aggregate fruits (; ): the product of an apocarpousAggregate fruits (; ): the product of an apocarpous
gynoecium. The ovary of each carpel matures into a fruit.
(Fragaria ) (Rubus)( g ) ( )
Special fruit type Multiple fruit (; ): the product of several separateMultiple fruit (; ): the product of several separate
flowers in an inflorescence. Other floral structure may become fleshy as well.
Cone (; ) Sorosis (; ) Syconium (; )
(Alnus)( )(Ficus )
(Morus)
.
Fruit types ( )