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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации Федеральное агентство по образованию

Южно-Уральский государственный университет Кафедра лингвистики и межкультурной коммуникации

Ш143.21 Ф534

ИСТОРИЯ ЯЗЫКА И ВВЕДЕНИЕ В СПЕЦФИЛОЛОГИЮ

Планы семинарских занятий

для студентов III курса факультета лингвистики

Челябинск Издательство ЮУрГУ

2006

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ББК Ш143.21-0

История языка и введение в спецфилологию: Планы семинарских занятий для студентов III курса факультета лингвистики /Сост. Е.А. Филиппенко, Л.В. Семянникова. – Челябинск: Изд. ЮУрГУ, 2006. – 40 с.

Семинарские и практические занятия по истории английского языка предусмотрены в количестве 38 часов и направлены на ознакомление студентов с историей развития английского языка как части истории германских языков, на формирование умений наблюдать различные языковые изменения и устанавливать между ними связь, на выработку у студентов умений давать исторический анализ и объяснять явления современного английского языка.

Рекомендации предназначены для студентов III курса факультета лингвистики, специальностей 031201 – «Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур» и 031202 – «Перевод и переводоведение».

Одобрено учебно-методической комиссией факультета

лингвистики.

Рецензент Федотова М.Г.

© Издательство ЮУрГУ, 2006.

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ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данные методические рекомендации существенно помогут студентам, изучающим курс «История английского языка и введение в спецфилологию», в практическом овладении основами этой дисциплины и будут способствовать их серьезной самостоятельной работе. Каждая из 18 тем курса включает:

– перечень проблем, выносимых на обсуждение; – список рекомендуемой литературы; – практическое задание; – упражнения по теме. Практические задания подобраны в соответствии с принципом от простого

к сложному. Так, на начальных этапах составляются различные таблицы, иллюстрирующие изучаемые явления. В дальнейшем предлагается сделать морфологический анализ и перевод на современный английский язык отрывков из произведений древнеанглийского периода.

Изучение текстов разных исторических периодов, особенно их лингвистический анализ, значительно облегчается и ускоряется, если обучающиеся выполняют ряд специальных упражнений. Использование на семинарских занятиях подобного рода заданий объясняется тем, что студентам легче дается наблюдение над отдельными явлениями языка с последующим переходом к анализу этих явлений в связном тексте.

При отборе упражнений автор-составитель исходил из тех трудностей, которые встречаются в практической работе над прослушанным курсом лекций по истории английского языка. Чаще всего эти трудности связаны с объяснением фактов фонетического, грамматического строя, словарного состава современного английского языка в историческом плане.

В завершение предлагаются темы для самостоятельной подготовки, написания письменной работы и выступления с докладом.

Стуктура данных рекомендаций, система упражнений и заданий направлены на развитие творческого научного мышления студентов, на выработку умений наблюдать и анализировать языковые явления, а также на формирование умений самостоятельно извлекать и усваивать информацию.

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SEMINAR 1 Old Germanic Languages

Questions

1. Internal and external factors of language evolution. The laws of language development.

2. Old and modern Germanic languages and their classification. 3. The importance of the Gothic language. 4. Chronological divisions in the history of English. Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 24–33,

49–55. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 9–11, 34–

39. 3. Арсеньева М.Г., Балашова С.П. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.: ГИС,

1998. – С. 5–27, 91–96, 166–176. 4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

С. 7–11. 5. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского

языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1996. – С. 22–24.

Practice Assignment Compile a table representing the classification of old and modern Germanic languages.

SEMINAR 2 Linguistic Peculiarities of Old Germanic Languages

Questions

1. Word stress. 2. The consonantal system (Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law). 3. The vocalic system. 4. The morphological system in old Germanic languages:

– nouns and adjectives; – strong and weak verbs.

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5. Vocabulary.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 34–48. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 12–30. 3. Арсеньева М.Г., Балашова С.П. Введение в германскую филологию. – М.:

ГИС, 1998. – C. 38–80. 4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 8, 46–52, 98–100, 133–135. 5. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского

языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1996. – C. 25–82.

Practice Assignment Compile a table demonstrating Grimm’s Law, Verner’s Law.

Exercises 1. Explain the correspondences of vowels and consonants in the following pairs of

words taken from Germanic and non-Germanic languages: Russ. боль OE balu (mischief) Lat. gustāre OE cēōsan (to choose) Russ. соль Germ. Salz (salt) Lat. homo OE Zuma (man) Russ. мочь OE maZan, Goth. magan (to be able, may) (могу, может) Russ. приятель OE frēond (friend) Lat. gena OE cin (chin) Russ. пена OE fām (foam) Russ. нагой OE nakod, Germ. Nakt Russ. дерево Goth. triu, OE trēo (tree) 2. We can learn a lot about the culture of the people, their social life, geographical

conditions from the words of their language. What can you say about the life of the Teutons from the following list of English words, whose cognates are found in other Germanic languages?

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borough, broth, calf, cliff, earl, east, fox, house, king, north, sea, sheep, ship, south, time, tin, west, whale, wheat, year.

SEMINAR 3

Old English Dialects. Written Records Questions 1. Pre-Germanic Britain. 2. Germanic settlement of Britain. 3. Anglo-Saxon Britain. The old English kingdoms. 4. Old English dialects. 5. Old English written records: – old English poetry; – old English prose. Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 55–71. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 40–43. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 11–15. 4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории английского

языка. – СПб, 2000. – C. 67–68.

Practice Assignment Compile a summary table representing the OE kingdoms, OE dialects and OE written records.

SEMINAR 4 Old English Phonetics

Questions 1. Old English alphabet and rules of reading.

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2. Word stress in old English. 3. Old English vowels. 4. The phonetic processes in the old English vocalic system:

− independent changes (development of monophthongs and diphthongs); − assimilative changes: • breaking, diphthongisation • mutation • lengthening, contraction, narrowing.

5. Old English consonants. 6. The phonetic processes in the old English consonantal system:

− voicing and devoicing of fricatives, hardening, rhotacism; − palatalization, assimilation, loss of consonants, metathesis.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 74–90. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 44–53. 3. Арсеньева М.Г., Балашова С.П. Введение в германскую филологию. – C. 177–

179. 4. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –


языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 4–25. 6. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского


Practice Assignment 1. Compile a table of the phonetic processes of OE vowels. 2. Read the extract from King Alfred’s translation of the World History by Orosius (9th c.): “Ōhthere sǽde his hlāforde, Ælfrēde cyninZe, þæt hē ealra Norðmanna norþmest būde. Hē cwæð þæt hē būde on þǽm lande norþweardum wiþ þā Westsǽ. Hē sǽde þeah þæt þæt land sīe swīþe lanZ norþ þonan; ac hit is eal wēste, būton on fēawum stōwum styccemǽlum wīciað Finnas, on huntoðe on wintra and on sumera on fiscaþe be þǽre sǽ”

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(Ohthere said to his lord Alfred, the king, that he lived (had lived) to the North of all Northmen (Scandinavians). He said that he lived on that land to the North of the Atlantic ocean. He said also that the land was (OE is) very far (long) north from there; but it was (OE is) all uninhabited, but on few places here and there lived (OE live) the Finns hunting in winter and fishing in summer by that sea). Exercises 1. Read the words paying attention to the stress:

modor (n) mid-niht (n) mis-dǽd (n) ā-risan (v) Zerestan (v) offaran (v) onZinnan (v) tō-weard (adj) wrītan (v) tima (n) talu (n) forweorþan (v)

2. Say, what sounds are expressed by the letters F, Z, S, Þ, Y, C in the following OE

words: īc ‘ I ’ Zeþiode ‘language’ ofer ‘over’ cūþon ‘(they) knew’ enZlisc ‘English’ bysgu ‘business’ cynerice ‘kingdom’ siZlan ‘to sail’ þēah ‘though’ bōc ‘book’ hæfde ‘(he) had’ faran ‘to go’ AnZelcynn ‘England’ Zefeoht ‘fight’ secZan ‘to say’

3. Compare the pronunciation of the NE sounds expressed by ‘Z’ in the following OE words:

OE NE OE NE Zaderian to gather Zyldan, Zylden gild [gIld], gold Zealla gall [gLl] Zylt guilt Zēar year hēZ hay Zeong, ZunZ young dæZ day Zyfan to give Zyrnan (Ziernan) to earn

4. State OE and Gothic words. Point out the phonetic features on the basis of which some of the words are OE, others are Gothic:

hardus – heard, mete – matis, fairra – feor, slēan – slahan, eall – alls, mah – meaht, lēas – laus, augo – ēaZe, wōpjan – wēpan.

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5. What peculiarities of OE consonants can account for the difference in the sound values of the underlined letters in the following modern words:

sand; to rise (OE rīsan); other (OE oðer); heaven (OE heofon); to choose (OE cēōsan); North (OE Norþ); to think (OE þyncan); horse (OE hors); path (OE pæð); to bathe (OE baþian).

6. What phonetic processes are illustrated by the following pairs of words: Goth. maiza – OE māra (NE more); Goth. kunþian – OE cŷðan (NE to inform); Goth. dauþs – OE dēad (NE dead); *finf – OE fīf (NE five); Goth. saljan – NE sellan (NE to sell); OGerm. isarn – OE īren (NE iron); *bridda – OE bird (NE bird); Goth. silba – OE seolf (NE self).

SEMINAR 5 Old English Morphology. The Noun

Questions

1. Parts of speech and grammatical categories in old English. 2. The grammatical categories of old English nouns:

– the category of gender; − the category of case, the use of cases; − the category of number.

3. Morphological classification of old English nouns. Declensions: − the strong declension; − the weak declension; − the minor types of declension.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 92–101. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 63–73. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 100–108.

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4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 26–34.

5. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского языка. – М.: Высшая школа, 1996. – C. 111–117.

Practice Assignment

1. Compile a table of the declensions of OE nouns. 2. Learn by heart the extract from King Alfred’s translation of the World History by

Orosius (see Seminar 4). Exercises

1. Give the forms of the Nom. pl. of the following OE nouns: dæZ (n.m.a.), horn (n.n.a.), bōc (n.f.cons.), hūs-bonda (n.m.n.), word (n.n.a.), heall (n.f.ī.), rīce (n.n.ja.), ecZ (n.f.jō.), mere (n. m. i.), lamb (n.n.s.), ēāZe (n.n.n.).

2. State the type of the declensions and complete the table:

sg. sg. sg. sg. N. word N. brōþor N. bōc N. heorte G. wordes G. brōþeres G. bēc, bōce G. ? D. ? D. ? D. ? D. ? Ac. ? Ac. ? Ac. ? Ac. ? pl. pl. pl. pl. N. word N. ? N. bēc N. ? G. ? G. ? G. ? G. ? D. ? D. ? D. ? D. ? Ac. ? Ac. ? Ac. ? Ac. heortan 3. Explain the use of the ending of the Genetive case in the names of the week:

Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and the absence of this ending in Sunday, Friday, Monday.

SEMINAR 6 Old English Morphology.

The Pronoun. The Adjective. The Adverb. The Numeral

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Questions 1. Pronouns:

− personal pronouns; − demonstrative pronouns.

2. Other classes of pronouns. 3. The adjective:

− the strong declension; − the weak declension; − the degrees of comparison.

4. The adverb. 5. The numeral. Cardinal and ordinal numerals.


C. 112–116, 124–128, 131–132, 132–133. 4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории английского

языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 26–40.

Practice Assignment 1. Compile a table of the declension of OE personal and demonstrative pronouns. 2. Compile a table of the declensions of OE adjectives.

Exercises

1. Decline the pronoun īc. 2. Give the forms of Acc. sg. and Dat. sg. of the pronouns hēo, sēo, þæt. Compare

them with the forms of the pronouns which have been preserved in ModE and explain the origin of the modern forms.

3. What forms of adjectives (strong or weak) should be used in the following

sentences? Fill in the blanks with the appropriate endings:

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and þā ātuZon þone hāliZ__ mann ūt of his hūse ‘and they drove that holy man out of his house’; Īc eom Zōd__ hierde ‘I am a good shepherd’. 4. Define the case, number and gender of the nouns:

Zōdne mann, blinda dēor, blindena dēora, hira manna, blæcum wulfum, cyninZes secZa, þone here, þā swīn, þā bōc, þā bēc, Zōdra tunZan, sceorte tala, blæcum wulfe.

5. Decline the adjective Zōd. 6. Give the comparative and the superlative degrees of the adjectives:

Zōd, lanZ, lŷtel, eald, blæc, micel, swēte, earm, ZeonZ. 7. Explain the interchange of the root vowels in the forms of the degrees of

comparison: smæl smælra smalost ‘slender’ hēah hīerra hīehst ‘high’ brādra brādost

brād ‘broad’ brædra brædest

8. Count in OE. 9. Decline the cardinal numeral ān.

SEMINAR 7 Old English Morphology. The Verb

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Questions 1. General characteristics of the old English verb. Its grammatical categories. 2. Old English strong verbs. The system of ablaut in strong verbs. 3. Old English weak verbs. Peculiarities of the three classes. 4. Preterite-present, anomalous (irregular and suppletive) verbs. 5. Non-finite forms of the old English verb.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 108–

124. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P.74– 84. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –


языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 40–60. 5. Хлебникова И.Б. Введение в германскую филологию и историю английского


Practice Assignment Read the text: Syððan hē underZeat þæt eall folc him tō ZeboZen wæs, þā bēād hē þæt man sceolde him ǽZhwylc tellan; and hē ðā wende syððan sūðweard mid fulle fyrde... When he understood that folk had submitted, he ordered that they should tell him everything; and then he went southwards with all his army... – Identify the forms of the verbs underZietan and bēōdan. – Find in the text weak, preterite-present, suppletive verbs. Analyse their forms. – Find other verbal forms in the text. Analyse them.

Exercises

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1. Group the following verbs in the classes and the four principal forms (the infinitive, Past sg., Past pl., Part.II). In the list below there are all forms for each verb:

stāh, fluZon, scēat, stiZen, lēac, wurdon, helpan, flēoZan, scoten, feallen, coren, locen, weorðan, hulpon, namon, cēōsan, flēah, scēotan, lūcan, wearð, nōmen, stīZan, worden, niman, healp, sāwon, stiZon, sewen, bunden, cēas, nam, fēoll, band, fēollon, curon, scuton, holpen, seah, locon, bindan, bundon, sēon, feallan, floZen.

2. State the class of the following strong verbs, supply the missing forms: Inf. Past sg. Past pl. Part. II meaning stelan ? ? ? to steal ? scān ? ? to shine ? ? æton ? to eat ? ? ? sunZen to sing ceorfan ? ? ? to carve ? wearð wurdon worden to become ? sanc ? ? to sink ? ? ? Zliden to glide ? wōc ? ? to wake ? ? ? bacen to bake 3. Explain why some OE weak verbs build the Past form with the help of the dental

suffix only and others use the connecting vowel. How does this peculiarity influence the further development of this or that group of verbs? For example: cēpan – cēpte (NE to keep), lōcian – lōcode (NE to look), ferian – ferede (NE to carry).

4. Define which verbs of those listed below belong to the 1st and which to the 2nd class

of weak verbs. Pay attention to the suffix of the infinitive: begnornian (to deplore), sendan (to send), forspendan (to spend), timbrian (to build), baþian (to bathe), cēāðian (to buy), dēman (to deem), fæstan (to fasten).

5. Conjugate the verb bēon.

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SEMINAR 8 Old English Syntax

Questions 1. The phrase. 2. The simple sentence. Parts of the sentence. 3. Word order. 4. The composite sentence

− the compound sentence, means of connection between clauses; − the complex sentence, types of clauses and means of connection between them.



языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 60–66. Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: The description of Britain “Brittannia þæt īZland... þǽr syndon lyþran wedera þonne on Brittannia.”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 319. Exercises

1. Determine the type of the predicates in the following sentences and the means of their expression:

(1) Hēr syndon Zēfērede feorran cumene Gēata lēode. (2) Īc hŷrde niht... (3) HīZ hæfdon heora lufsang Zesungene. (4) Sē here ne com oftor. (5) ... oð hīe Zegān hæfdon.

(6) Īc eom HiZelaces mæZ ond maZo-þeZn; hæbbe ic mǽrða fela ongunnen on ZeoZoþe.

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2. Mark the subjects and determine the ways of their expression. Explain the forms of the agreement between the subject and the predicate:

(1) Swǽ clǽne hīo wæs oþfeallen on AnZelcynne, þæt swīðe fēawa wǽron behionan Humbre...

(2) Sēo is brādre þonne ǽniZ man ofersēon mæZe. (3) ... hē lēt him þā of handon lēofne flēoZan hafoc wið ðǽs holtes and tō þǽre hilde stōp...

(4) ... ond īc wēne, ðætte nōht moniZe beZiondan Humbre nǽren. (5) ... ond wæs sē cynZ þā þiderweardes on fære... . (6) Đǽr wǽron bollan stēāpe boren. 3. Define the structure of the following sentences: (1) Mē ðyncð betre, Zif ēōw swǽ ðyncð (it seems better for me, if it seems so also for you). (2) Hīē ðā swā dydon: worrhton þā tū Zeweorc on twā healfe þǽre ēās. (3) Bēōð Zē on sǽlum. 4. Define the type of word order: (1) Ic Zehāte hit þē. (2) ... ðæt wē þā on þæt Zeðīōde wenden. (3) Đǽr wǽron bollan stēāpe boren. (4) Hæfde sē cyninZ his fierd on tō tōnumen. (5) ... Zif wē þā stilnesse habbað. 5. State the syntactic function of the underlined words: (1) Sum man hæfde twēZen suna.

(2) Ond ic bebīode on Zodes naman, ðæt nān mon ðone æstel from ðǽre bēc ne niman cann...

(3) Is þæt sǽd, þæt hī fērdon and nēalēcton tō þǽre ceastre... 6. Mark objects, attributes and adverbial modifiers in the following sentences. Point out

the peculiarities of their expression as compared with ModE: (1) Đǽs ymb III niht Æþelred cyninZ and Ælfred his broþur þǽr micle fierd tō RēādinZum Zelǽddon.

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(2) Gewāt him þā sē æðelinZ ond his āZen sunu tō þǽs Zemearces, þe him metod tǽhte, wadan ofer wealdas... (3) Đonne naman ānne wē hæfdon, ðætte wē cristne wǽren, ond swīðe fēawe ðā ðēawes...

7. Determine the type of the sentence, mark the main and subordinate clauses, state the

type of the subordinate clause and means of connection between them: Ac ic þā sōna eft mē selfum andwyrde ond cwæð: hīe ne wēndon, þæt ǽfre menn sceolden swǽ reccelēase weorðan ond sīo lār swǽ oðfeallan, for þǽre wilnunZa hīe hit forlēton ond woldon, þæt hēr þŷ māra wīsdom on londe wǽre, þŷ wē mā Zeþēoda cūðon.

SEMINAR 9 Old English Vocabulary

Questions 1. The structure of the old English vocabulary. Etymological layers of native words in

old English. 2. Borrowings from Celtic. 3. Borrowings from Latin before the Anglo-Saxon invasion. 4. Word-formation in old English: – word derivation (sound interchanges, word stress, affixation); – word-composition. 5. Stylistic stratification of the old English vocabulary. Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 131–

147. 4. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 56–63. 5. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –


языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 67–69.

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Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Ohthere’s and Wulfstan’s Story “Ōhthere sǽde þæt... þone man hǽt ScirinZes heal”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 317. Exercises 1. Using the list of OE words borrowed from Latin, explain what kind of contacts the

OE people had with Rome at different historical stages: ynce ‘inch’ cytel ‘kettle’ plante ‘plant’ weall ‘wall’ bēte ‘beet’ pipor ‘pepper’ pytt ‘pit’ copor ‘copper’ ciste, cest ‘chest’ cealc ‘chalk’ enZel ‘angel’ cyrice, cirice ‘church’ 2. Determine the part of speech and the meaning of the words in the right column

derived from the words in the left one: leornian v. ‘to learn’ leornere, leorninZ, leornunZ frēond n. ‘friend’ frēondlēas, frēondscipe, frēondrǽde stranZ adj. ‘strange’ stranZian, stranZlic, stranZlice eald adj. ‘old’ ealdian, ealdunZ, ealddōm scearp adj. ‘sharp’ scearplic, scearplice, scearpnis sorZ n. ‘sorrow’ sorZian, sorZlic, sorZful fæst adj. ‘firm, fast’ fæste, fæstan, fæstlic, fæstlice, fæstnis Zeorn adj. ‘eager’ Zeornful, Zeorne, Zeornan, Zeornlice,

Zeornfulnes, Zeornfullic

3. Add negative prefixes to the following words and explain the meaning of the derivatives:

rot ‘glad’ – un-...; hāl ‘healthy’ – wan-...; spēdiZ ‘rich’ – un-...; cūþ ‘to know’ – un-...; līcian ‘to please’ – mis-...; limpan ‘to happen’ – mis-... . 4. What words listed below, compound by their origin, and cannot be referred to as

compounds already in OE? Why? frēondlīc ‘friendly’ (frēond ‘friend’+ līc ‘body’; Ze-līc ‘alike’) Zēarlīc ‘yearly’ (Zēar ‘year’+ līc) swelc ‘such’ (swā ‘so’+ līc)

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hwelc ‘which’ (hwā ’who’+ līc) hlāford ‘lord’ (hlāf ‘bread, loaf’+ weard ‘guard’) weorold ‘world’ (wer ‘warrior’+ ealdi ‘age, generation’) munuchād ‘monk life’ (munuc ‘monk’+ hād ‘rank, state’) Zaderscīpe ‘matrimony, wedlock’ (Zaderian ‘to gather’+ scīpe ‘state, rank’) wīsdōm ‘wisedom’ (wīs ‘wise’+ dōm ‘doom, fate’) yrfenuma ‘heir’ (yrfe ‘inheritance’+ niman ‘to take’). 5. What spheres of the science can be named by the compound words:

lǽce-cræft (lǽce – a leech), tunZol-cræft (tunZol – a heavenly body, planet), rīm-cræft (rīm – a number), bōc-cræft (bōc – a book).

6. What meanings of the word weorold are realised in the OE words:

weorold-ende, weorold-līf, weorold-bearn, weorold-dryhten, weorold-snotor, weorold-fæder.

7. Define the meaning of the following compound words typical of OE poetry with an

ornamental component: ŷð-henZest – ‘a water-horse’, sǽ-wudu – ‘a sea-tree’, beadu-lēōma – ‘a battle-ray’, hrān-rād – ‘a whales’ road’, Zūþ-beorn – ‘a battle man’, Zūþ-wine – ‘a battle friend’.

SEMINAR 10 Middle English Morphology. The Nominal System

Questions

1. Word stress in middle English. 2. The system of vowels: changes of unstressed vowels. 3. Quantitative changes of stressed vowels. 4. Qualitative changes of stressed vowels. Monophthongization of old English

diphthongs and the development of new diphthongs. 5. The system of consonants (growth of sibilants and affricates, development of

fricatives, loss of consonants). 6. Changes in the alphabet and spelling. Rules of reading.

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Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P.184–200,

209–218. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. –L.:Prosvesheniye, 1973. –P.160–173. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –


языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 70–78, 100–112. 5. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый

период). – М.: Добросвет, 1998. – C. 52–94.

Practice Assignment Read the extract from Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (The Prologue): “Whan

that Aprille with his shores sote... That slepen al the night with open ye”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 366–367.

Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Ōhthere’s and

Wulfstan’s Story “Đyder hē cwæþ... Īralande and þissum lande” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 317.

Exercises 1. Explain the phonetic changes in the following OE words which took place in ME:

OE rād – ME rod ‘road’ OE Zōs – ME goos ‘goose’ OE hyll – ME hill ‘hill’ OE hlāf – ME lof ‘loaf, bread’ OE heofon – ME hevn ‘heaven’ OE lufian – ME loven ‘to love’ OE sēcan – ME seken ‘to seek’ OE nama – ME name ‘name’ OE dæZ – ME day ‘day’ OE pleZian – ME pleyen ‘to play’ OE cild – ME child ‘child’ OE ecZe – ME edge ‘edge’ OE hlysten – ME listen ‘to listen’ OE fisc – ME fish ‘fish’ OE clǽne – ME clene ‘clean’ OE fŷr – ME fir ‘fire’.

2. Speak on the change of the OE palatalised plosives in ME: scacan, cēāp, secZan, cēōsan, sceort.

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3. Explain the appearance of the letter ‘v’ in the following ME words: loven (<OE lufian), haven (<OE habban), five (<OE fīf), seven (<OE seofon).

4. State which words are OE and which are ME. Give your reasons: sōna – sone nefa – neve mous – mūs child – cild Zŷt – yet mydnyght – mid-niht

5. Read the following ME words: open, weke, child, wisdom, doore, yvel, blak, that, taughte, knowen, may, bowe, night, herd, queen, hous, my, snow, now, thief, edge, what, love, foul.

6. Restore the OE spelling of the following ME words:

se wulves with gift seven ston over thousand doughter

SEMINAR 11 Middle English Morphology. The Nominal System

Questions

1. The development of the noun: – changes in the grammatical categories; – the decay of declensions.

2. The pronoun: – changes in personal pronouns; – the development of possessive pronouns; – changes in demonstrative pronouns, the development of the article system; – interrogative, indefinite, relative pronouns.

3. The adjective: – the decay of declensions; – degrees of comparison.

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C. 108–110, 116–124, 128–130. 4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории английского

языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 78–80. 5. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый


Practice Assignment Learn by heart the extract from Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales (The

Prologue): “Whan that Aprille with his shores sote... That slepen al the night with open ye”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 366–367.

Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Beowulf “Beowulf maþelode ... ǽfter sēlest”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 333.

Exercises

1. Give the forms of the plural of the following ME words: man, mous, goos, foot, tooth.

2. Classify the nouns in the plural given below into the group including words with the

old inflection of the plural and the group of nouns, the plural inflection of which is a new formation:

applen, sunnen, brothren, children, lamber, vers, eyes, oxen, bokes, horsen, hundes, wordes, tides, earen, winter, scipen, shep, brethren, deden, chyrchen, lawes, honden, wummen, spechen, yer.

3. Account for the use of the Genetive case expressed by the inflection -(e)s and the

of-phrase. In what sentences are the old norms of the usage the Genetive preserved? (1) ... of alle oþre folies vertues ... (2) ... on Edwardes kinges deZe.

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(3) ... þa com ure drihten of hevenriche to heom on Đunres sleZe... (4) ... from every shires ende of Englond. (5) ... vor Cristes fif wunden þu Zif me... (6) ... He had madd ful many a marriage of yunge wommen. (7) ... of mannes hearte.

4. Determine the number and case of the underlined pronouns in the following word

combinations: (1) ... me thincth ic lede; (3) that Crist us shilde alle fro helle; (2) that ye mowen nou yhere; (4) we eow wulleth; (5) and geven hem mine kinetheode; (8) that we moten comen him to...; (6) ... that ich you wile telle; (9) ful michel thank kan i you...; (7) at the beginning of ure tale; (10) thei hidden hem alle and helden hem. 5. Speak of the formation of ME adverbs:

(1) OE frēōndlice > ME frendliche (NE friendly); (2) OE lonZe > ME longe (NE long); (3) OE siððan > ME sithens (NE since); (4) OE oon > ME ones (NE once).

SEMINAR 12 Middle English Morphology. The Verbal System

Questions

1. The development of the verb: – strong verbs; – weak verbs; – preterite-present verbs; – anomalous verbs.

2. Changes in the grammatical categories of the verb: – simplifying changes in the existing grammatical categories; – the growth of new forms in the verbal categories; – the development of new grammatical categories (Voice, Time Correlation, Aspect).

3. The verbals.

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4. The analytical way of form building. The growth of analytical constructions.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 220–222,

241–273. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 189–204. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –


языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 81–93. 5. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый


Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: The Anglo–Saxon

Chronicle: “On þŷ ŷlcan Zēre ... and sume fēower cyninZes þeZnas ofslēZene.” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 313.

Exercises

1. Give the forms of the Past tense of the following ME verbs: writen, drinken, been, deemen, spreken, looken, haven, knowen, finden.

2. Give ME forms of the following preterite-present verbs:

OE sceal – scolde, OE mæZ – mihte, OE cann – cūðe, OE mōt – mōste, OE dearr – dorste, OE āZan – āhte.

3. Determine the peculiarities of the meaning and usage of the ME verb mayen in the

following sentence: Shepe that haue longe taylles may worse wyth winter been than those that haue

brode taylles.

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4. Determine the peculiarities of the meaning and usage of the ME verb shall in the following sentences:

(1) Nay, he schall nat that don (No, he shall not do that). (2) ... heer schall he nat preche (he must not preech here).

5. Determine the peculiarities of the meaning and usage of the ME verb do(n) in the following sentences. Compare them with the meaning and usage of the modern verb to do – did – done:

(1) That he be tan and don in band. (2) If I do not the workis of my fadir, nyle ye bileue to me.

6. Study the analytical Perfect forms. Explain the reason for the use of the verbs ben

and haven. Compare them with the Perfect forms in ModE: (1) we ben entered in-to shippes bord... (2) every man hath told his tale. (3) he hadde half his cours y-seyled. (4) he hadde him knowe yeer by yeer. (5) Thys day is the messenger gon to the toun.

7. Speak of the analytical forms of the Future Tense. Compare them with ModE ones:

(1) Thou shalt na-more do me to sing... (2) Ne never-mo he shal his lady see...

8. Speak of the analytical forms of the Passive Voice in ME and ModE: (1) he was geven his lif. (2) Arcite is banished on his heed... (3) ther wordis of this bischop oughte to be taken hede to.

9. Determine the forms of the verbals: (1) That oon of hem, in sleeping as he lay, him mette a wonder dreem… (2) we haven deserved to be slayn. (3) he hadde schame to schrife him of many sinnis. (4) him spekinge thes thindis, many men believeden into him.

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(5) Withouten merci askinge wende he.

SEMINAR 13 Middle English Syntax

Questions

1. The phrase. 2. The simple sentence. Means of syntactic connection. 3. Parts of the sentence. 4. Word order in middle English. 5. The compound sentence. 6. The complex sentence.

Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English.– M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 277–294. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 212–227. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 224–236; 242; 252–270; 272; 274; 277; 281; 286; 291; 295–299; 309. 4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории английского

языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 93–99.

Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: The Anglo–Saxon

Chronicle: “On þām ǽftran Zēāre ... com SweZen cyninZ mid his flotan tō Sandwic” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 314.

Exercises

1. Compare the following ME sentences with their translation into ModE and point out peculiarities of the syntactic structure in both periods. Analyse changes of the syntactic structure and determine their causes:

(1) Mest al that me licede ar nu hit me mislichet.

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Most of what I loved before I don’t like now. (2) ... me thunketh that deth hath don us wrong...

...I think that death has done us wrong... (3) ...to late ic habbe me bithogt, bute god me don milce.

...too late I have bethought myself of that, but god has done me mercy. (4) Leir king wende on anne feld and reste hine on folden...

King Lear went to the field and rested there on the ground... 2. Point out the subject and the predicate. State the means of their expression:

Me thought I showed man luf, when I made hym to be alle angels abuf, like to the trynyte; and now in grete reprufe fulle low ligis he, in erth hymself to stuf with sin that displeasse me most of alle...

3. Mark direct and indirect objects and state their peculiarities as compared with the norms of ModE. What changes can be traced and what are their causes?

(1) ... ich hit thonkie the, mi leoue leifdi, and thonkie wulle, the hwule thet ich liuie.

(2) A ship he bad me ordayn to safe us oure fee... (3) Thanne spak him child Horn...

4. Point out attributes and define the means of their expression. What is the form and function of their ModE equivalents?

(1) Thu ert soule liht and mine heorte blisse. (2) ... mine heorte blod is thin. (3) Thou haves don a wicke dede. (4) Bruillant, the kyng of Mountmirree, of his stede him lijte adoun... (5) To the moost noble and worthiest lordes, moost rightful and wisest conseille

to owre ligelorde the king...

5. Point out peculiarities of word order which have appeared in ModE and have widely spread:

(1) Krist late us evere so for to do, that we moten comen him to... (2) Krist of hevene was him with. (3) Ich am i-com to speken the with...

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(4) He tellis, that a scolere at Pares had done many full sinnis, the whilke he hade schame to schrife him of.

SEMINAR 14 Development of the Vocabulary in Middle English

Questions

1. Changes in the vocabulary: losses of words or their meanings, replacements, additions.

2. Scandinavian influence. 3. French influence. 4. Word–formation: word derivation

− sound interchanges; − word stress; − affixation (native and borrowed prefixes, native and borrowed suffixes); − conversion in late middle English;

5. Word formation: word composition. Reference Material

1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 296–328. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 148–160. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 22–24. 4. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый


Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Cura Pastoralis

(Preface): “Ælfred cyninZ hāteð grētan ... ond hū ZesæliZica tīda ðā wǽron Ziond Angelcynn.” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 321.

Exercises 1. Compare the Scandinavian and French influence on the ME vocabulary (linguistic,

geographical and social factors; number, nature and spheres of borrowings). 2. Explain the appearance of the etymological doublets in ME:

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skyrt (skirt) – shirte; scateren (to scatter) – schateren (to shatter); skrichen (to screech) – schriken (to shriek) – skremen (to scream).

Give your examples.

3. Comment on the following ModE synonyms. Define their origin (native, Scandinavian, French): want – wish, search – look for, bloom – blossom, skill – craft, odour – smell.

4. Speak on the spheres of French borrowings:

court, clergy, coat, sport, armour, jury, nation, table, paradise, jewel, dance, honour, manner, scissors, dinner, painter, pleasure, lesson, count, sergeant.

5. State the difference in the origin between the following words: (a) cow – beef; swine – pork, bacon; sheep – mutton; (b) butcher, tailor – smith, shoemaker.

6. Comment on the word derivation means in the following ME words:

beseechen, tale (n) – tellen (v), mislayen, rider(e), sleepish, sitten – setten, cleerness, love (n) – love (v), craftesman.

SEMINAR 15 Development of the Sound System in New English

Questions

1. General characteristics of the vocalic system. 2. Changes in short vowels. 3. Growth of long monophthongs and diphthongs due to the vocalisation of consonants. 4. The Great Vowel Shift (phonetic and graphical changes). 5. Changes in the system of consonants:

– development of consonants and associated vowel changes; – growth of sibilants and affricates; – loss of consonants in clusters.

6. Changes in the alphabet and spelling.

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Reference Material 1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 188–

192, 200–218. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 254–

273. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999.

– C. 81–97. 4. Иванова И.П., Беляева Т.М., Чахоян Л.П. Практикум по истории

английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 2000. – C. 113–124. 5. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый


Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Cura Pastoralis

(Preface): “For þŷ mē ðyncð betre ... wē swīðe ēāðe maZon mid Godes fultume.”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 321.

Exercises

1. Read the following ME and NE words. Explain the changes in the NE words: ME NE ME NE ME NE

of – of wasshe(n) – wash pass – pass his – his glas – glass wasp – wasp war – war water – water gras – grass is – is with – with fast – fast that – that thos – those palm – palm fur – fur warm – warm mast – mast calm – calm quack – quack thes – these floor – floor flour – flour there – there breeth – breath listen – listen knowen – know 2. What phonetic simplifications can be traced in the following NE words:

ME NE climbe(n) climb lamb lamb doumbe dumb

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autumne autumn

3. Explain the absence of diphthongization in the words: NE room (OE rūm), loop, stoop (OE stūpian), tomb (ME tumb), droop (ME droupen), group, wound, route if it is known that in the 15th century there was [u:], which usually turned into the diphthong [au].

4. Explain the absence of the vowel shift in the words:

redeem (Fr. redimer), esteem (Fr. estimer), canteen (Fr. cantine), breeze (Sp. brisa), genteel (Fr. gentil), shagreen (Fr. chagrin), tour, routine, rouge, soup, machine, vase, promenade.

5. State the phonetic processes which determined different pronunciation of

etymologically one and the same vowel in the roots of the following related words and their forms:

child – children wild – wilderness wise – wisdom keep – kept meet – met feed – fed house – husband sheep – shepherd listen – loud merry – mirth.

6. Give historical reasons, why one and the same letter ‘a’ expresses different sounds:

half [R], calf [R], blank [æ], grand [æ], walk [L], all [L], dance [R], branch [R], danger [eI], safe [eI], (Fr. sauf), gaunt [L], ancestor [æ], cant [æ], haunt [L].

7. Account for the mute letters in the following ModE words:

ate, know, climb, castle, glisten, Christmas, wrong, answer, solemn, muscle, handsome, Greenwich, grandmother.

8. Explain the pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ in the following words: son, possess, wisdom, busy, bookes (ME bookes ['bLkəs]), thousand, dresses, mouse, deserve, (ME deserven [də'servən]), resemble (ME resemblen [rə 'semblən]).

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9. Give ModE words which have appeared due to the certain phonetic and graphical changes:

OE hyran, spēdan, sceort, duru, scīnan, snāwan, hearm, sceal, wearm, butere, bōc, bāt, mete, mētan, hund, hundred, hwæt, tūn, stelan, smoca, drīfan, cōl, dēop.

10. Explain the appearance of mute letters in the following words:

NE thumb (OE þuma), NE house (OE hūs), NE delight (OE delite), NE horse (OE hors), NE limb (OE lim), NE whole (OE hāl).

SEMINAR 16 New English Morphology

Questions

1. The nominal system: − the development of the grammatical categories of the noun; − changes in the system of pronouns; − the modern standard usage of degrees of comparison.

2. The verbal system: − new grouping of verbs; − changes in the verb paradigm; − the further development of analytical constructions; − verbals.

Reference Material

1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 231–276 (§441–443; §445–447; §461; §473; §476–486; §495; §502–509; §512; §520).

2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 273–292.

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3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 110–112, 116–124, 130, 156–162, 184–191, 194–200, 206–215. 4. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый


Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Aelfric’s Grammar:

“Ælcum men Zebyraþ ... þæt hāliZe godspel seZð.” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 324–325.

Exercises 1. Give the historical reasons of the development of the Genetive case:

(1) þe kyng his land (13 c.); (2) the king ‘is land (15 c.); (3) the king’s land (18 c.).

2. Speak of the development of the modern pronouns this – that, these – those. 3. Explain the formation of the degrees of comparison of some adjectives in NE:

more better; it was the most unkindest cut of all. 4. Why is the ending -en preserved in such ModE words as drunken, bounden,

sunken, if it is known that in Participles II in “n+a consonant” the suffix is usually dropped (Cf. find – found – found, sing – sang – sung, etc).

5. State the reasons of different past tense forms of some verbs in the British and

American variants of ModE: to learn (Am. learned, Br. learnt), to smell (Am. smelled, Br. smelt), to spell (Am. spelled, Br. spelt), to spill (Am. spilled, Br. spilt).

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6. Explain the origin of some NE non-standard verbs which have developed from the OE and ME weak verbs of Class I:

Inf. Past Part.II sell (OE sellan) sold sold put (ME putten) put put feed (OE fēdan) fed fed

SEMINAR 17

New English Syntax

Questions: 1. Peculiarities of the phrase as a unit of an analytical language. 2. The simple sentence. 3. Word order. 4. Negation. 5. The composite sentence (compound, complex). 6. Means of connection between clauses in a complex sentence.

Reference Material

1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 277–289 (§530–534; §535–541; §545–46).

2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 295–298. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 236–239, 242–244, 252–268, 272–273, 274–275, 277–280, 287, 291–292, 304–305, 309–310.

4. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый период). – М.: Добросвет, 1998. – C. 200–208. Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Aelfric’s Grammar:

“And ælc man ðe wisdōm lufað ... būton hī on juZoðe leornion?”// Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 325.

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Exercises 1. Comment on the word order in the sentences. Define their types:

(1) Mother, you have my father much offended. (2) How like you this play? (3) How much better is it to weep at joy than to joy at weeping! (4) She should not go there.

Compare the structures of the sentences with present-day English ones. 2. Analyse the following sentences taken from Shakespeare’s works and determine the

peculiarities of the usage of infinitives (syntactic functions) as compared with ModE: (1) Beshrew that heart that makes my heart to groan... (Sonnet 133, 1). (2) ... I saw her coral lips to move... (Taming of the Shrew, I, 1, 179). (3) And what would you have me to do? (All’s Well, V, 2, 30).

3. Speak on the constructions of the following NE sentences:

(1) It likes me well. (2) It shall not need. (3) It is informed me.

4. Determine the types of the predicate: (1) I shall do diligence... (2) ... that makes man fall a traitor. (3) I will ever remain your assured friend.

5. Define syntactic functions of the underlined words: (1) He may look his dog (Cf. ModE ‘to look for’). (2) They speak of beauty and perfection’s eldest daughter. (3) I opened the door for her to come in. (4) I will restore this man his wife. (5) Nor their lyvynge is not much worse. (6) We shall be blessed to do your pleasure.

6. Comment on the type of the following compound and complex sentences and

determine the means of the connection in them: (1) If two men ride on a horse one must ride behind. (2) He promised that he would deliver my letter.

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(3) To these things they gave him no answer, only they looked upon each other, and laughed.

(4) Were I free I should go with you.

SEMINAR 18 New English Vocabulary

Questions

1. The development of word stock in new English: − borrowings from classical languages; − borrowings from contemporary languages; − word derivation (sound interchanges, word stress, affixation, conversion, back

formation); − word composition; − semantic changes of words.

2. English outside Great Britain. 3. Spelling and pronunciation.

Reference Material

1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 306–328. 2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 237–253. 3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. –

C. 28–45. 4. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый

период). – М.: Добросвет, 1998. – C. 209–224. Practice Assignment Read, translate and make a morphological analysis of the text: Bede’s Ecclesiastical

History of the English People. Liber Secundus, I “Nis ūs þonne se hlisa ... ēāc moniZe cwūmon tū bicZenne þā þinZ.” // Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. Хрестоматия// История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 323.

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Exercises 1. Give an etymological analysis of the ModE words:

house, to write, to steal, man, fellow, island. 2. Describe the semantic changes illustrated by the following words; point out

examples of metaphoric and metonymic change, narrowing and widening of meaning:

NE Earlier meanings (OE, ME) aunt ‘father’s sister’ bird ‘young fowl’ carry ‘transport by cart’ corn ‘any grain’ fare ‘travel, go’ hound ‘dog’

3. What process is examplified by the following words:

adventure < Fr. avanture, equal < OFr. egal

4. State the origin of the following words and explain what kind of contacts Great Britain had with these countries:

macaroni, maize, rouble, violin, cargo, vodka, tomato, cigar, canoe, kangaroo, jungle, cookatoo, samovar, opera.

5. Prove that the following words are hybrid formations: retell, readable. 6. Explain the existance of such pairs of words as:

father – fatherly, paternal; sun – sunny, solar. 7. Analyse the following ModE words from the point of view of modern spelling and

pronunciation: cake – cat – car – care; fate – fare; use (n) – use (v); this – his; thick – this; light; climb; debt; what – this – teach – short; me – meet – meat; go – note – soap.

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Assignments for Self-Preparation Questions

1. Historical background in Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasion (Celtic tribes, the Roman conquest).

2. The Anglo-Saxon invasion. 3. The Scandinavian invasion and its impact on English. 4. The Norman conquest. 5. Economic and social conditions in Britain after the Norman conquest. Extension of

the English territory. 6. Reestablishment of English as the language of state and literature (ME dialects,

struggle between English and French). 7. Rise of the London dialect. The age of Chaucer. 8. Historical background in Britain in the 16th-19th centuries. Establishment of the

English nation. Development of the national literary English language. 9. Introduction of printing. W.Caxton. 10. Literary Renaissance. 11. Establishment of the written standard. Normalising tendencies. Growth of the spoken

standard. 12. Expansion of the English language from the 17th to 19th centuries. 13. The modern period. Contemporary dialects. 14. Varieties of English (British English, American English).

Reference Material

1. Rastorguyeva T.A. A History of English. – M.: Астрель АСТ, 2001. – P. 55–63, 149–183.

2. Ilyish B. History of the English language. – L.: Prosvesheniye, 1973. – P. 34–44, 134–148, 228–245, 298–302.

3. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П. История английского языка. – СПб.: Лань, 1999. – C. 9–15, 19–45.

4. Смирницкий А.И. Лекции по истории английского языка (средний и новый период). – М.: Добросвет, 1998. – C. 14–51, 140–153.

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Pronunciation Key ā – [R] Z – [j], [g], [γ] ǽ – [æ:] þ, ð – [θ], [ð] ē – [e:] ī – [i:] ō – [L] ū – [u:] ŷ – [y:]

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CONTENTS

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ............................................................................................................ 1 SEMINAR 1. Old Germanic Languages ........................................................................ 4 SEMINAR 2. Linguistic Peculiarities of Old Germanic Languages ............................. 4 SEMINAR 3. Old English Dialects. Written Records .................................................... 6 SEMINAR 4. Old English Phonetics.............................................................................. 6 SEMINAR 5. Old English Morphology. The Noun ........................................................ 9 SEMINAR 6. Od English Morphology. The Pronoun. The Adjective. The Adverb. The Numeral .............................................. 11 SEMINAR 7 Old English Morphology. The Verb ........................................................ 13 SEMINAR 8. Old English Syntax ................................................................................. 15 SEMINAR 9. Old English Vocabulary ......................................................................... 17 SEMINAR 10. Evolution of the Sound System in Middle English ............................... 19 SEMINAR 11. Middle English Morphology. The Nominal System ............................. 21 SEMINAR 12. Middle English Morphology. The Verbal System ................................ 23 SEMINAR 13. Middle English Syntax.......................................................................... 26 SEMINAR 14. Development of the Vocabulary in Middle English ............................. 28 SEMINAR 15. Development of the Sound System in New English .............................. 29 SEMINAR 16. New English Morphology..................................................................... 32 SEMINAR 17. New English Syntax.............................................................................. 34 SEMINAR 18. New English Vocabulary...................................................................... 36 Assignments for Self-Preparation ................................................................................ 38 CONTENTS .................................................................................................................. 40

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