FUR RECHTSG ESCHICHTE0002.pdf · Reg.6.5b, Roman Counoil of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6). (Caspar 404.4-17) JL ante 5085. 2. Barcelona, Arohivo de la Corona de Arag6n, San Cugat 63

c-ZEITSCHRIFT-DER SAVIGNY ..STIFTUNG

FUR

RECHTSG ESCHICHTE

HERAUSGEGEBEN VON

TH. MAYER-MALY, D. NORR,

A.LAUFS, W.OGRIS,

M.HECKEL, P.MIKAT, K.W.NORR,

SIEBENUNDNEUNZIGSTER BANDCX. BAND DER ZEITSCHRIFT FOR RECHTSGESCHICHTE

KANONISTISCHE ABTEILUNG LXVI1910 BEGRüNDET VON

ULRICH STUTZ

1980

HERMANN BOHLAUS NACHF. WIEN-KOLN-GRAZ

Ill.

The Reception of Pope Gregory VII into the Canon Law:(1073-1141)Part II*)

Von

John Gilchrist

This study of the influence of Pope Gregory VII in the period ofecclesiastical reform c. 1073-1141 is intended to complement an earlierpaper published in 19731).The underlying assumptions and methodologyare the same as before, except that I have broadened the scope of theenquiry from canonical collections to include papal decretals andpublicist writings. Briefly, the aim is to determine whether the previousconclusions are verifiable or not from a second set of data. There is thenno need of a lengthy introduction so I shall proceed immediately to setforth the evidence in three sections before adding my final commentary.

A. Canonical Collections

Twenty-three collections, all unpublished, have been examinedsj.They are listed below in the order of their present-day location. The MSSare not divided into Italian and non-Italian groups as in the first studybecause such a division no longer seems justified by the conclusions.

1. Admont, Stiftsbibliothek, 257. 221 folios, saec. xii. This codexcontains the Panormia of Ivo of Chartres (foI. 1r-66v) with omissions

*) This study was undertaken through the financial support of the SocialSciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and of the Trent Uni.versity Research Committee.

1) ZRG Kan. Abt. 90 (1973) 35-82.I) Some of these are recensions of collections examined in the first study or

are related to another in the group. These amount to five collections in all (seebelow pp. 221-222), i.e. Nos. (2), (4), (6), (13), and (21).

Reception of Pope Gregory VII 193

and additional capp., especially from fol. 54r onwards; excerpts from theCollection in Seventy-four Titles in its Swabian redaction (72r-87r),and the Liber canonum contra Heinricum quartum (98r-118r)3).Among other misoellaneous material is the following:

1) fol. 118vGregorius. Ealsae penitentias ... ad penitentiam.Reg.6.5b, Roman Counoil of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6). (Caspar404.4-17) JL ante 5085.

2. Barcelona, Arohivo de la Corona de Arag6n, San Cugat 63. 234 fo-lios, saeo. xii. The codex contains a reorganized, abbreviated version ofthe second recension of the Oolleaio Oaesaraugustana (northern Spain orsouthern France 1123-1144) in six books').1 Sc 2) fol. 27v 1.195Gregorius VII. In romana synodo L. episcoporum. Si quis deincepssciai,Reg.7.14a, Roman Council of 1080 (Maroh 7) oapp. 1 Sc 2 (Caspar480.17-30) JL post 5154.3) fol. 27v 1.197Nullus clerieorum inuestituram ... subiacere.Reg.6.5b, Roman Counoil of 1078 (November 19) oap. (3) (Caspar403.15-19) JL ante 5085 •4) fol. 38v-39rGregorius papa VII. Lieet noua consuetudo ... euangeliorum.Epistolae Vagantes No. t76 (Cowdrey 159) JL 5290. Tardif, RHD321 (1898) 215-216 gives the full text.

3. Berlin (Dahlem), Staatsbibliothek Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Theol.lat. fol. 281 (Rose No. 322). 272 folios, saeo. xii., from the Rhineland.Fol. lr-26r contains the Collection in Seventy-four Titles: its text is

3) For a brief description see F. Thaner, MGH Ldl. 1.472.17-19 and NA 16(1891) 540; also J. Autenrieth, DA 14 (1958) 386. I am grateful to Univ.-Professor Dr. Adalbert Krause O.S.B. for the opportunity he afforded me toexamine the codex.

') This codex is described by F. X. Miq uel RoseU, CataIeg dels lIibresmanuscrita de la Biblioteca. del Monestir de Sant Cugat del VaIIes existents aI'Arxiu de la. Corona d'Aragö, extract from the Butlletf de la Biblioteca deCatalunya 8 (Barcelona 1937)7-154, here 108-110. See also F. VaIls y Taber-ner, Estudis d'historia juridica eatalona (Barcelona 1929) 82-83.

13 Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte; XCVII. Kau. Abt.

194 John Gilchrist

related to Namur 55). Following the 74T is a group of miscellaneoustexts, including:

1-3) fo1.26rvGregorius papa romaste synodo presidens dixit. Ordinationes uero iUorumqui ab excommunicatis ... uoluerit non prohibemus.Reg. 5.14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) capp. (14),(15), & (16) (Caspar 372. 8-373. 11). JL ante 5065.In the margin, and in the text as a rubric, is the phrase : Hoc decretumcontrarium est catholicae fidei. The same reservation appears in the tractContra Decretum Hildebrandi in Section C, No. (5), item 1 (belowpp. 217-218).

4. Burgo de Osma, Biblioteca de la santa iglesia catedral, 8. 202 folios,saec. xiii (1).A French hand. The Panormia of Ivo of Chartres (8r-162v)followed by an appendix of 155 eapp. (162v-182v) excerpted from thePolycarpus (1)6). Among these are the following:fol. 169v-170vGregorius VII. Quod in romano concilio firmauimus ... laicis reddant sedecclesie.Capp. 1-32 of the council wrongly ascribed to Gregory VII. The decrees(text in Pflugk-Harttung II 125-127, No. 161) were drawn up in thesouth of France shortly after Gregory's death. They are found in theLiber Tarraoonensis (Tarragona, BibI. prov. 26, fo1.71rv). See Cowdrey,Epistolae Vagantes p. 124. JL 5260.1) foI. 184rGregorius VII. In die resurrectionis ••• imitantes paires,Roman Council of 1074; text in Rev. bened, 18 (1901) 179. JL ante 4828.

5. Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Library, MS 442. 168pages,saec. xi-xii. A miscellany of canonistic materials").1) p.69Decretum Gregorii. Fili08 presbyterorum •.• conuersati fuerint.

6) I am grateful to Professor Mordek who first brought this codex to myattention.

8) For a description see T. Roj 0 Orcaj 0, Catälogo de lOBcodices en la.S. Igle-sia Catedral de Burgo de Osma, in: Boletin de la. Real Academia de la Historia94 (1929) 655-792 and 95 (1929) 152-314, here 94. 710-715.

7) M. R. James, A Descriptive Catalogue of the Manuscripts in the Libraryof Corpus Christi College Cambridge, 2 vols. (Cambridge 1909, 1912) 11355-356.


Cap. 14 of the Council of Melfi (1089 September 10) (Mansi 20. 724),wrongly ascribed to GregoryVII. See MS Paris, BN lat. 10743 Item 7(belowp. 201).2) p. 114Gregorius VII. De temperamento excommunicationis. Quoniam multospeccatis nostris ... prohibemus.Reg. 5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (16)(Caspar 372. 15-373. 11)JL ante 5065.

6. ChaIons-sur-Marne, Bibliotheque municipale, 47. 108 folios, saec,xii, from Saint-Pierre de Chälons, A canonical collection in 18 parts,compiled between 1125and 11308).1) fol. 32vGregorius VII Guimondo Auersano episcopo. Si consuetudinem fortassis ...abolendus.Epistolae Vagantes No.67 (Cowdrey151) JL 5277. The likely sourceis Ivo of Chartres.

7. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Ashburnham 53.206 folios, saec. xii, Italian. This codex is a twelfth century copy of theCollectio canonum of Anselm of Lucca compiled in the 1080's9).Addi-tional capitula have been inserted at the end of the various books. Thus,1) fol. 85rb-85va (end of Book V)Oapitula Gregorii VII pape. Quoniam contra statuta sanctorum patruminuestituras ... subiacere,Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (3) (Caspar403.11-19) JL ante 5085.2) fol. 201va (end of Book XIII)Decretis Gregorii VII. Quoniam multos peccatis nostris •.. non prohibemu«.Reg.5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (16)(Caspar 372. 15-373. ll)JL ante 5065.3) fol. 201vbPredecessorum nostrorum statuta sequeniee eos •.. prohibemus.Ibid. cap. (15) (Caspar 372. 11-14).

8) Eo ur n ie r-Le Bras, Histoire des collections canoniques II 308.B) For a brief description with bibliography see Uta·Renate BlumenthaI,

The Early Councils of Pope Paschal II 1100-1110 (Studies and Texts 43: Ponbi;fical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Toronto 1978) 65-66.

13·

196 John Gilchrist

This last capitulum is followed by an excerpt from Pope Urban II(Iuratos Wigoni milites comiti ... persoluere = Gratian, C. 15 q. 6 c. 5).This and the previous two capitula correspond to Ivo, Panormia 5. 125,llO, and 111. JL 5724.

8. Florence, Biblioteca Riceardiana 240 (S. I. 32). 195folios, saeo. xiIxii. The DecretumofBurchard of Worms with additional capp. insertedoccupies fols. 1vr-193ra. On fol. 92va Burchard 8. 38 breaks off withthe words cohabitare tecta and recommences on fo1.93ra with 8.5010).This lacuna is occupied with the followingcapitula from GregoryVII:1) cap. xxxviiii. De falsis penitentibus (bottom of 92vb) Ealeas peniten-tias dicimus ... ad penitentiam.Reg.6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6) (Caspar404. 4-17) JL ante 5085.2) De decimis a laicis iniuste detentis. cap. Decimas ... incurrere.Ibid. cap. (7) (Caspar 404. 18-405. 2)3) De abstinentia. cap. Quia dies ... abstineat.Ibid. cap. (8) (Caspar 405. 3-8)4 & 5) cap. Vt nullus abbas decimas •.. firmamus. Nullus episcopuegrauamen ... subeat,Ibid. cap. (9) and (10) (Caspar 405.9-12, 13-16)6) De reditate beati petri occultaia. cap. Si quis predia ... deprehensus/uerit.Ibid. cap. (11) (Caspar 405. 17-22)The last text breaks off incomplete at the end of fo1.92vb.At the end of the Decretum, on fol. 193rb the following capitula areadded:7) Quicumque militum •.. eubiaceaiIbid. cap. (1) (Caspar402. 34-403. 5)8) Si quis episcopus prebendas ... distribuit.Ibid. cap. (4) (Caspar403. 20-24)9) Ordinatianes que interueniente •.. laironesIbid. cap. (5) (Caspar 403. 25-404. 3)

9. Lucca, Biblioteca Capitolare Feliniana, Pluteus 11 124. 197folios,saec. xi ex., middle Italyll). Contains Burchard's Decretum (5r-167v),

10) This codex contains within its covers a. holograph by Professor GerardFransen, which serves as a useful guide to those who examine the manuscript.

11) Catalogus Antiquae Bibliothecae ... maioris Lucanae Ecclesiae Canoni,corum ..• Henrico Buccellio et Martio Michaelio ••. Bernardus Baronius .••MDCCLVII (not paginated).


the Collection of Novara (173r seqq.)12)and miscellaneous canonicalmaterials (191r-197r). Among the latter is the following: .1) fol. 196vaDe obseruatione ieiuniorum iiii. temporum et de ordinatione facienda ininitio quadragesime et ebdomada pentecostes. Licet noua consuetudo eccleeie... obseruari. +Epistolae Vagantes No. 76 (Cowdrey 159)JL 5290.

10. Mad~id,Biblioteca Nacional, MS 428 (formerly C.40). 135 folios,U~saee. xii. A collection in three books of the Gregorian reform based '__'largely on Pseudo-Isidore and Burchard of Worms (fols.4r-12r oapitu-latio; 12v-40v, Book I capp. 1-189; 40v-82v, Book II capp. 1-181;82v-125v, Book III capp. 1-192)13). After cap. cxoii.occur the follow-ing texts from Gregory VII, unnumbered, on fols. 125v-127v:1) fol. 125vEx registro Gregorii. Gregorius eeruu« seruorum Dei dilecto fratri in ChristoM. Bemensi archiepiscopo salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Cum UDSea a sede apostolica flagitatis ... prouehi mereamini.Reg. 6. 2 to Archbishop Manasses of Reims (1078 August 22) (Caspar391.23-394. 17)JL 5081.2) Gregorius episcopus Romane sinodo presidens dixl:t. Ordinationes illorum.. , censuimus.Reg. 5. 14a: Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (14)(Caspar 372. 8-10) JL ante 5065.3) Iterum sanctorum predecessorum nostrorum statuta tenentes ••• pro-hibemus.Ibid. cap. (15) (Caspar 372.11-14)4) Item. Et quoniam multos peccatis ... Nonas Martias.Ibid. cap. (16) (Caspar 372. 15-373. 13)5) Gregorius papa in generali synodo residens dixit. In die resurrectionis... patres.Roman Councilof 1074;text in Rev. benöd, 18 (1901)179.JL ante 4828.6-13) fol. 127vEx decretis Gregorii pape VII. Incipiunt decreta summi pontificis urbis

12) G. Martinez Diez, La colecoiön del MS. de Novara, Anuario de Historiadel Derecho Espaüol 33 (1963) 391-538, espeo, 392-393 and 394-395.

13) Cf. Kuttner, Traditio 14 (1958) 509; Inventario general de manuscritosde la Bibi. Nac. I (1953) 288; Fuhrmann, Einfluß und Verbreitung der pseudo.isidorischen Fälschungen II 404 note 121.

198 John Gilchrist

Rome piissimi Gregorii VII. De prediis ecclesiaetieietam a clericis quam alaicis acceptie uel accipiendis iniuste. Quicumque militum ... de propriisbonis persoluat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Councilof 1078(November19)capp. (1),(3), (6)-(11)(Caspar 402.34-403.5,403.11-19,404.4-405.23).

11. Madrid, BibliotecaNacional,MS11548(formerlyEe 106).69folios,(numbered 1-13, one unnumbered, 14-68), saeo, xi ex14). A reformcollectionof the Gregorian period.1) fol. 63Gregorii VII pape. Quotiens de/uncto episcopo ... priuaturReg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) cap. (6) (Caspar 482.20-32) JL post 5154.

12. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, lat. 16085. 142 folios,saec. xii. A miscellaneous collection of canonical material once the pro-perty of St. Nicholas, Passau15). In this concatenation of texts, thefollowingfrom Gregory VII are to be noted:1-13) fol.9r-9vIn synodo magna Rome celebrata presidente domino GregorioVII papacum multis episcopis hec sententie date sunt. cap. i. Vt inua.~oreseede-siasticorum prediorum nisi restituerint excommunicationi subiaceant; ii Vtquicumque res ecclesie--- xiii. Vt omnis christianus ad missarum solemniaaliquid Deo ojienu: In eadem synodo excommuniooti sunt symoniaci etnicolaite heretici indurati sanctorum patrum dittinitionibus et decretalibuseorum statutis scienter inobedientes apostatarumque pertinaciter eie recoi-citrantes. studio et uoluntate, relraqatüu»,A much abbreviated summary of capp. (1)-(13) of the Roman Councilof 1078 (November 19)Reg. 6. 5b (Caspar 402-406) JL ante 5085.14) fol.9v

14) An analytical description is provided by G. Fransen, Une collectioncanonique de la fin du Xle siecle, Revue de Droit Canonique 10/11 (1961)136-156. He tentatively suggests the provenance as Aquitaine and a relation-ship with the Liber Tarraconensis (p. 154). See Fuhrmann, Einfluß und Ver-breitung II 404, 414.

16) Halm and Meyer, CataloguB codicum II pt, 3 p. 50; cf. H. Weisweiler,Un manuscrit inconnu de Munich sur la querelle des investitures, RHE 34 (1938)245-269, and W. Berschin, Bonizo von Sutri (Beiträge zur Geschichte undQuellenkunde des Mittelalters, 2: Berlin·New York 1972) 75-78; Robinson,DA 34 (1978) 75 note 87.

I


Gregorius VII in Romana synodo curn L. episcopis decreuit. Si quisdeinceps episcopaturn ... constituimus.Reg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) cap. (1) (Caspar 480.17-25) JL post 5154.15) fol. 9vItem. Si quis secularium ... sciat esseIbid. cap. (2) (Caspar 480. 26-30) JL post 5154.16) fol. 11v (left-hand margin)Gregorius papa Rodulfo et Betulfo ducibus inter cetera.Officum symoniacorU1net in fornicatione iacentium scienter nullomodorecipiatis et quantum potestis tales a sacris ministeriis vi si oportueritprohibeatis.Reg. 2. 45 to Rudolf of Swabia and Berthold of Carinthia (1075 January11) (Caspar 184.20-25) JL 4922.17) fol. 54vGregorius VII. Precipio uobis ut neminem habeaiis Romanum pontificemnisi canonice electum et sanctorum patrum auctoritate ordinatum.Not identified.18) fol. 54vGregorius VII Teutonicis. Audiuimus quod quidam episcoporum apud uoscommorantium ut sacerdotes... complectitur.Epistolae Vagantes No. 11 (1075, late) (Cowdrey 26) JL 4902.

13. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 5517. 141 folios, saec. xi. Thiscodex (46v-141 v) contains the Liber Tarraconensis (1085-1090) butwithout the formal division into seven books as found in Tarragona,BibIioteca provinoiale MS 26 which was examined in the first study-").Thaner mistakenly described MS 5517 as a transcript of Paris, BNlat, 4281 A (the Collection in Four Booksj'"), The relationship betweenthis and other MSS of the Liber Tarraconensis needs to be investigated.It seems especially related to the text in Paris, B.N. lat. 428/B.1-7) fol. lÖ2rDe decimis. vi. Deeimas quae in usu pietatis ... incurrere. vii. De abstinentiasabati Quia dies •.. abstineat. Vt abbas non iniuriet episcopum. viii. Vtnullus abbas ... firmamus. Vt episcopus non iniuriet subiecios nee reddatofficium precio. viiii. Nullus episcopus grauamen ... eubeai. De debitis

16) ZRG Kan. Abt. 90 (1973) 55-56.17) MGR, LdI. 1. 4. There is a. brief entry on this MS in the old Catalogue

(1744) pt. III vol. 4 p. 127 a.

200 John Gilchrist

beati Petri. Si quis predia ... persoluat. De episcopo fornicationi CDn-sentiente. xi. Si quis episcopus fornicationem ... euspendatur. De curaoblationis. xii. Vt omnis ckristianus ... debent.Reg. 6. 5b, the Roman Council of 1078 (1078 November 19), capp. (7) to(13) (Caspar 404. 18-406. 9) JL ante 5085.8) fol. 102v-103rI uramentum Berengerii. Ego Berengerius ... euangeliaReg. 6. 17a, Oath of Berengar at the Roman Council of 1079 (February11) (Caspar 426. 15-427.9) JL ante 51039) foI. 119v-120vDe ordinatione in prima ebdomada uel penteeoeten: Gregorius papa VII.Licet noua consuetudo ... iiii. euangeliorum.Epistolae Vagantes No. t76 (Cowdrey 159) JL. 5290. See MS Barcelona,San Cugat 63 item 4 (above p. 193).10) foI. 121rvReg. 2. 55a, Dictatus pape I-XXVII (Caspar 202-208).11) fol. 121 vOmnes episcopi artes ... incurrantReg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) rubric cap. [XXXI](Caspar 402. 24-28) JL ante 5085.12) Vt qui certam partem ... offerantIbid. rubric cap. [XXXIII] (Caspar 402.32-33) JL ante 5085.13) Quotiens de/uncto pastore ... priuaturReg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) cap. (6) (Caspar 482.20-32) JL post 5154.14) Iterum sanctorum predecessorum ... prohibemu«Reg. 5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (15)(Caspar 372.11-14) JL ante 5065.15) fol. 21 v-22rEt quoniam multos ... prohibemusIbid. cap. (16) (Caspar 372. 15-373. 11) JL ante 5065.

14. Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale, lat. 10743. 496 pages, saeo, xii,This codex contains the Collection in Ten Books (10L) which was arevision made by the Archdeacon WaIter of 'I'herouanne shortly after1123 of the Collection in Nine Books in MS Wolfenbüttel Gud. 21218."

18) Fournier-Le Bras 11 296-306; Somerville, Traditio 24. 498-501;BlumenthaI, Early Councils of Pope Paschal 11 19.


The following texts from Gregory VII occur:1) 2. 7.4 (p. 75)Gregoriuspapa VII. cap. 1.Quicumque militum ... subiaceat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (1) (Caspar402. 34-403. 5) JL ante 5085.2) 2. 31. 1 (p. 87)Gregoriuspapa VII. Decimas ... incurrere.Ibid. cap. (7) (Caspar 404. 18-405. 2)3) 2. 31. 3 (p. 87)Gregoriuspapa VII. Vt nullus abba«... jirmamusIbid. cap. (9) (Caspar 405. 9-12).4) 2.55. 11 (p. 115)Gregorius VII Guimundo Auersano episcopo. Si consuetudinem ... ab-olendus.Epistolae VagantesNo. 67 (Cowdrey 151) JL 5277.5) 2. 58. 2 (p. 119)Ex decreti8Gregorii VII. Quia die« sabbati ... abstineat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap (8) (Caspar405.3-8) JL ante 5085.6) 3. 3. 4 (p. 135)Greqoriu»papa VII. Qui ordine8 transiliunt suspendantur ab officio et simeruerit"uita eorum iniulgentiam con8equanturet intersint ordinibus quo8omiserunt.Text not identified. See MS WolfenbütteI, Gud.212 item 11 (belowp.211).7) 3. 18. 1 (p. 154)Ex decretis Gregorii VI [sic] et Urbani II. Presbiterorum filio8 ... conuer-sari.Cap. 14 of the Council of Melfi, Sept. 10, 1089, Mansi 20.724; frequentlyinscribed as here. See MS Cambridge, Corpus Christi College Library,442 item 1 (above p. 194).8) 3. 41. 2 (p. 173)Gregorius omnibus per regnum italicorum et theutonicorum. Si qui suntpresbiteri ... contempnit.Epistolae Vagantes No. 32 (1079) (Cowdrey 84-87 but he does not listthis MS) JL 5109.9) 4. 16. 5 (p. 219)Ex decretis Gregorii pape VII, cap. viii. Nullus epiecopus grauamen ...subeat.

202 John Gilchrist

Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (10) (Caspar405. 13-16) JL ante 5085.10) 6. 14. 1 (pp. 324-326)Gregorius VII Herimanno Metensi episcopo. Quis dubitet ..• defunctus eßt.Reg. 8. 21, to Bishop Hermann of Metz (1081March 15) (Caspar 553. 1 to555. 9, 555. 19-25) JL 5201.11) 6. 15. 1 (p. 326)Greqorius quartus in v. libro registri sui. Predeceeeorum nostrorum statuta... prohibemus.Reg.5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (15)(Caspar 372.11-14) JL ante 5085.12) 6. 19. 1 (p. 329)Gregorius VII. Quoniam multoe ... prohibemu»,Ibid. cap. (16) (Caspar 372. 15-373. 11).13) 9. 23. 11 (p. 442)Gregorius Henrico Leodiensi epiecopo. Peruenit ad nos te ab Arnul/o ..•obnoziue.A conflation of Reg. 7. 13 &- 14 (JL 5153 &- 5154). See MS Vat. lat. 5715item 5 (below p. 208).14) ,10. 3.2 (p. 457)Gregorius septimus. Falsas penitentias ... ad penitentiam.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6) (Caspar .404.4-17) JL ante 5085. .

15. Rome, Biblioteca Vallicelliana, B. 66. 152 folios. saec. xii, Italianhand (fols, 1-88v Beneventan script)19).1) fol. 116rIdem in generali sinodo residens dixit. In die resurrectionis •.• imitantespures.Roman Council of 1074; text in Rev. bened. 18 (1901) 179.JL ante 4828.The previous chapter was Gregory I, hence the (mistaken) rubric "Idem"of this chapter.

16. Selestat. (Schlettstadt), Bibliotheque municipale, 1\:IS13 (formerly99). 205 folios, saee. xi (post 1076), from south Germany (Constance1).This codex is an important witness to the Gregorian reform; among itstexts it contains works by Bernold of Constance (lr-17v De prohibenda

19) E. A. Lowe, The Beneventan Script (Oxford 1914) 359.


8acerdotum incontinentia = MGH, Libelli de lite 2.7-26; 17v-41rApologeticus = Ldl. 2.59-88; 51v-58v De damnatione 8cismaticorum= Ldl. 2. 49. 32-58. 33) and various other writings popular with thereformers, e.g. the Epistola Widonis (45v-46v). The codex passed tothe monastery of St. Aurelius in Hirsau, probably before the end of theeleventh century20).1) fol. 41rIncipiunt epistole quas uenerabilis Gregorius eiusdem nomini8 septimus addiuersos transmisit pro confirmatione statutorum 8uperius digesta. OttoniConstantiensi episcopo. Perlatum est ad nos •.. responsurus.Epistolae Vagantes No. 9 (1075,late) (Cowdrey18-23) JL 4970.2) Ne populus obediat episcopo prefata contemnenti statuta. Gregoriusepiscopue serUUSseruorum Dei clericis et laicis, maioribus et minoribus, inConstantiensi episcopatu consistentibus, cnristianam legem diligentibus,8alutem et apostolicam benedictionem. M isimus tratri nostro episcopouesiro Otloni ... esse uideatur.Epistolae Vagantes No. 10 (1075,late) (Cowdrey22-27) JL 4971.3) Idem ad laicos pro eaequendis superioribus statutis. Gregorius ... inc.Scimus quoniam prudentia uesira miserabiliter ... pro peccatis (breaks offat the end of fol. 42v with a lacuna between this and fol. 43r).Reg. 2. 45 to Rudolf of Swabia and Berthold of Carinthia (1075January11) (Caspar 182.31-183.3) JL 4922.4) foI. 58v-59v (in a different hand, probably late 11th cent.)Gregorius ... inc. A udiuimus quosdam inter UDS ••• nobis consuluerit paraios.Epistolae Vagantes No. 14 (1076, summer) to the German bishops,princes and faithful (Cowdrey32-41) JL 4999.

17. Turin, Biblioteca Nazionale e Universitaria, E V 44. 109folios,saec. xii, the work of an Italian canonist. Contains a copy of a lateeleventh or early twelfth century canonical collectionfrom a variety ofsources. The author has often reworked the texts in a highly individua-listic fashion21). OnfoI. 71r commencesa seriesof capp. numbered 1-91:among these are the followingfromGregory VII.

20) The codex and its contents have been extensively examined and analysedby I. S. Robinson, Zur Arbeitsweise Bernolds von Konstanz und seines Kreises,Untersuchungen zum Schlettstädter Codex 13, DA 34 (1978) 51-122, espeo,51-82.

21) Fournier-Le Bras II 218-222; H. Mordek, Kirchenrecht und Reformim Frankenreich (Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters,

204 John Gilchrist

1) fo1.79rlxxviii. GregoriusVII papa. Priuilegium. Si quis predia ... in quadruplum.Reg. 6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (11) (Caspar405. 17-23).2) fol. 79vlxxxii. Gregorius VII re8pondit Ilerimanno. Postulasti ... ab ecdesiaexclusit.Reg. 8. 21, to Bishop Hermann of l\Ietz (1081March 15) (Caspar 547.17-554. 15)JL 5201.3 & 4) lxxxiii. Gregorius VII. Si quis deincepe episcopatum ... uinculo.Reg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) capp. (1) & (2) (Caspar480.17-29) JL post 5154.5) fol. 100vQuod maiora concilia sine consens« Romani pontificis non fuerunt. Gre-gorius MamaseeRemenei archiepiscopo inter cetera.Nosti etenim ... ponti-ficatum.Reg. 6. 2, to Manaasesof Reims (1078,August 22) (Caspar 392. 23-25)JL 5081.

18. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Codex Barberinus Lati-nus 538(XI. 181).59folios,saeo, xi/xii, from Tuscany. The collection wasbegun between 1050 and 1073, enlarged 1078-1080, and completedbetween 1081and 112022).1-12) 34r-35rQuicumque militum ... suspendaturReg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (1)-(12)(Caspar 402. 34-406. 3) JL ante 5085. This is a special text. Among allthe MSSI have examined only this and Munich,elm 16085report cap. (2)Si quis Normannorum '" satisfaciat (Caspar 403. 6-10).13) fol.58rGregorius papa VII Romane synodo presidens dixit. Nos sanctorumnostrorum statuta ... prohibemu«,

1: Berlin-New York 1975) 141-143; Fuhrmann, Einfluß und Verbreitung derpseudoisidorischen Fälschungen 1140 note 9.

22) M. FO~~Il..ß_ari, Collectio canonum barberiniana, ApolIinaris 36 (1963)127-141; kuttner, Traditio 19 (1963) 536-537; Fuhrmann, Einfluß undVerbreitung der pseudoisidorischen Fälschungen 11 529 note 281 points to acommon source with Deusdedit for some texts.


Reg.5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (15)(Caspar 372. 11-14) JL ante 5065.14) Item ibi. Et quoniam m'ultos peccatis .. , prohibemus.Ibid. cap. (16) (Caspar 372. 15-373. 11).15) fol. 58v-59rG. episcopus serums seruorum. Dei P. abbati Ficeclensi et R. prepositoCampomaldi salutem. et apostolicam. benedictionem. Petiuit religio·uestra ...passit connumerari.JL 5219; Cowdrey, Epistolae Vagantes No. 43 (pp. 104-107) to AbbotPeter of Fucecchio and Prior Rudol£of Camaldoli (11081).

19. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, CodexVaticanus latinus1346.195folios, saec. xii in. This codex(~~v-166r) contains the Colleo- (;;-:;-)tion in Seven Books (also in Cortona ~and Vienna, lat. 2186) eom- ~posed at or near Rome between 1112and 1120. Among its sources arethe Polycarpus, Burchard's Decretum, the Collectioeanonum of Anselmof Lucca, P~eudo-Isidore and the Liber de vita christiana of Bonizo ofSutri23).1) fo1.38r Book IGregorius VII papa. Si quis prebendas ... distribuat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Councilof 1078 (November 19) cap. (4) (Caspar 403.20-24) JL ante 5085.. 2) Idem papa. Quoniam inuestituras ... subiacere.Ibid. cap. (3) (Caspar 403. 11-19)3) fo1.42rGregorius VII papa. Ordinationes eorum ... censuimus.Reg. 5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (14)(Caspar 372. 8-10) JL ante 5065. .4) Idem papa. Ordinationes que interueniente ... latrones.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Councilof 1078 (November 19) cap. (5) (Caspar 403.25-404.3) JL ante 5085.5) fol. 45v 'Gregorius VII papa. Nullus episeopus grauamen ... subeatIbid. cap. (10) (Caspar 405. 13-16)

23) Fournier.Le Bras II 135, 185-192; F. J. Gossman, Pope Urban IIand Canon Law (Catholic University of America Canon Law Studies No.403;CUA Press, Washington D.e. 1960) 35-38; Blumenthal, Early Councils ofPope Paschal II 52, 104-106, 109,111,112.

206 John Gilohrist

6) fol. 102v Book IVGregorius VII. Decimas quae ... incurrere.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (7) (Caspar404. 18-405. 2) JL ante 5085.7) fol. 182v (among the additional texts after the end of 7L)Ex capitulis Gregorii Septimi pape. In die resurrectionis ... patres.Roman Council of 1074; text in Rev. bened. 18 (1901) 179; JL ante 4828.In this collection the texts from Gregory VII have been added at the endof the various titles, except for No. 6.

20. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vatioana, Codex Vaticanus latinus1348. 191 folios, saeo, xii in. The codex contains a canonical Collection inFive Books (7v Incipit liber excerptum ex sententiis canonum sanctorumpatrum qui in V. diuersis est partibus. Primus liber continet de primaturomane ecclesie ... des. 165r celestibusgaudet.). It dates from the ponti-ficate of Gregory VII but the present transcription was made C. 1099 to1118 by an Italian from Tuscany, central Italy. The codex became theproperty of the Florentine monastery of St. Mary of the Angels (fol. 7rlate liber est monasterii sancte Marie de angelis de Florentia)24).1) fol. 40v Book I, tit. 37

(fol. 9v xxxvii Quomodo celebrare debeamus diuina officia jestiuis eiuecotidianis diebus) Ex decreto Gregorii VII pape. A die resurrectionis ..•imitantes patres.Roman Council of 1074; text in Rev. bened, 18 (1901) 179; JLante 4828.

21. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticanna Iatinus 1361.260 folios, saee. xii. A Collection in Thirteen Books compiled in Italy in a.monastic house in or near Bergamo between 1133 and 1137. It combinesthe Panormia. of Ivo with the canonical collection of Anselm of Lucca.,and is thus a rare witness to the use of the Panormia in Italy26).1) fol. 52ra Book I, titt. 79 & 80 = Anselm 1. 80

24) F'ou r n ie r- La Bras II 131-135; G. Pioasso, Collezioni oanonicheMilanesi del secolo XII (Pubblicazioni dell'Universitä Cattolioa del S. Cuore.Saggi e ricerohe - serie terza, Soienze storiche - 2; Milan 1969) 33; Mordek.Kirohenreoht und Reform 201 note 529.

25) Fournier-Le Bras n 225-226; Gossman, Pope Urban II 89-93.S. Kuttner, Some Roman Manusoripts of Canonical Collections n. The Collec.tion in XIII Books of MS Vat. Lat. 1361 (s, XII), Bulletin of :MedievalCanonLaw NS 1 (1971) 9-13.

Receptionof Pope GregoryVII 207

Gregorius episcopus seruus seruorum Dei dilecto in Christo fratri Heri-manno M etensi episcopo inter cetera.Quod autem postulasti ... episcopis repeririReg. 8. 21 to Bishop Hermann of Metz (March 15, 1081) (Caspar 547.17to 54:8.1, 548. 10-21, 550. 19-552. 4, 553.23-555. 9) JL 5201.2) fol. l00ra Book IV, tit. 28 = Anselm 4.37 = Reg. 6. 5b, RomanCouncil of 1078 (November 19) cap. (11) (Caspar 405.17-13) JL ante5085.3) fol. 109va Book V, tit. 35 = Anselm 5.45Ibid. cap. (7) (Caspar 404. 18-405. 2)4) fo1.110ra Book V, tit. 38= Anselm 5. 48Ibid. cap. (9) (Caspar 405. 9-12)The compiler omits Anselm 6. 62 and 63 = Reg. 7. 14a, Roman Councilof 1080 (March 7) capp. (1) and (2) (Caspar 480. 11-25 and 26-30)JL post 5154.

22. Vatican, Biblioteca Apostolioa Vaticana, Codex Vaticanus latinus5715. 136 folios, saec. xii. This codex (lra-126ra) contains the secondrecension of the Caesaraugustana (1123-1144) compiled in northernSpain, Aquitaine or Burgundyw). The books and capitula are notnumbered, therefore the only sure way to identify the texts from Gre-gory VII is to list them by the folio references.1 & 2) fo1.16vaQuod per manum laicam nullus ecclesiasiica dignitate uestiatur. Gre-gorius VII in Romana synodo L. episcoporum. Si quis deinceps ... eoneü-tuimus. Item. Si quis imperatorum ... sciat.Reg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) eapp, (1) & (2) (Caspar480.17-30) JL post 5154.3) fol. 17raEx decretis Gregorii VII. Nullus clericorum inuestituram ... subiaoere.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (3) (Caspar 403.15-19) JL ante 5085. .4) fol. 26vaGregorius papa VI I de ieiunio et ordinatione facienda in ebdomada, penieco-sten et prima ebdomada. xl. Licet noua consuetudo ... iiii. euangeliorum.Epistolae Vagantes No. t76 (Cowdrey 159)JL 5290. See MS Barcelona,San Cugat 63 item 4 (above p. 193).

26) Fournier.Le Bras II 270,283; Gossman, Pope Urban II 62-67.

208 John Gilchrist

5) fol. 37raDe iuramento per uiolentiam facto non tenendo. Ex registro VII Gregoriipape. Peruenit ad nos te fratrem et coepiscopum nostrum Henricum •..uindicetur usque ad satisfactionem.Reg.7. 13 Sc 14 to Bishop Theoderic of Verdun and Bishop Henry ofLiege (1080 January 30) (Caspar 477.27-487.1,479.4-23,478.7-13)- a composite text with many minor changes. See Caesaraugustana(Recension I) 6. 2327).6) fo1.41rbDe decimis. Gregorius VII. Decimas quas in usum ... ineurrere.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (7) (Caspar 404.18-405.2) JL ante 5085. See Caesaraugustana (Rec. I) 7.46.7) fo1. 42rbQuod abbas sine sui uel Romani pontificis licentia decimas non retineat.Gregorius papa VII. Vt nullus abbas decimas .. , firmamus ..Ibid. cap. (9) (Caspar 405. 9-12). Caesaraugustana (Rec. I) 7. 49.8) fo1. 51vaDe non toleranda ab episcopis fornicatione uel incestu. Decretum Gre-gorii VII. Si quis epiecoporuni .. , suspendatur.Ibid. cap. (12) (Caspar 405.24-406.3). Caesaraugustana (Rec. I) 8. 60.9) Idem. NulluB presbyter, diaconus, subdiaconus concubinam habeatsibi (1) nec alia (ex aliam corr.) femina unde mala suspicio habeatur secumin una domo maneat et quicumque huiusmodi eaeerdotis siue per pecuniamordinati missam scienter audierint excomunioni [sic] subiacere debent.This is possibly cap. XII De castitate clericorum of the same synod(Caspar 401. 21), previously unreported. It is nearly identical to cap. (9)of the Council of Poitiers held in Jan. 1078 (Paris, BN lat. 5517 fo1.128rv) with the variants: aliam feminam ..• teneat (corrected frommanean) .•. excommunicationi debeant.10) fol. 85 raDe officio pascali, Gregorius papa in generali sinodo residens dixit. In dieresurrectionis .•. reperantur.Roman Council of 1074; text in Rev. bened. 18 (1901) 179. JL ante 4828.11) fol. 93vbEgo Berengerius corde credo '" euangelia.Reg. 6. 17a, Oath of Berengar at the Roman Council of 1079 (February11) (Caspar 426. 15-427.9) JL ante 5103.

27) ZRG Kan. Abt. 90 (1973)65.


12) fo1.101rb De eodem.Gregorius VII. Si quis prebendas ... distribuat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (4) (Caspar 403.20-24) JL ante 5085. '13) fol. 117vaGregorius VII. N1illus omnino episcopue transalpinum uel iranemarinum.uel quemlibet alienum clericum sine formata et commendaticiis sui episcopilitteris recipere aut in sua ecdesia eum ordinare presumat. Quod qui pre-sumpserit ut canonum contemptor periculum sentiat gradus sui.Text not identified. In the capitulatio to the canons of the autumn synodof 1078 (Reg. 6. 5b), cap. (XXVII) reads:Ut sacerdoies sine licentia sui episcopi et monachi de notis monasteriis sinelicentia suorum abbatum non recipiantur. (Caspar 402. 9-11). However,the more likely source is the collection of 32 canons drawn up in thesouth of France soon after Gregory VII's death and wrongly ascribed tohim, which is preserved in the Liber Tarraconensis. It is printed inPflugk-Harttung II 125-127; cap. XXIII: Presbyteri vel diaconi, quide alio episcopo ad alium transeunt, vel quicumque clerici sine commen-daticiis a suo episcopo litteris, non recipiantur.(On fo1.118ra are found several decrees from the Council of Portiers,1078)14) fo1.118vaGregorius VII. Nullus episcopus grauamen ... subeat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Councilof 1078(November 19) cap. (10) (Caspar 405.13-16) JL ante 5085.15) fol. 118vaSi quis predia ... persoluat.Ibid. cap. (11) (Caspar 405. 17-23)

23. Wolfenbüttel, Herzog-August-Bibliothek, Cod.Guelf.Gud.lat. 212(Heinemann 4517).65 folios, saec. xii - second half. This codex containsthe Collection in Nine Books (9L) fol. 1r-48r, which was the work ofBishop John of Therouanne between 1096and 1099.About 1120the sameauthor added material relating to the Gregorian reform. The collectionwas amplified c. 1123 into the Collection in Ten Parts (lOP) by theArchdeacon WaIter of Therouarme'").

28) Fournier-Le Bra.s II 285-296; Gossman , Pope Urban II 68-77;R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban n, I: Decreta Claromontensla. Anuu-arium Historiae Conciliorum Supplemeutum, vol. 1 (Amsterdam 1972) 56-57,

14 Zeitschrift fiir Rechtsgeschichte. XCVII. Xan. Abt.

210 John Gilchrist

1) fol. 14b Book 2. 126Ex decretis Gregorii pape VII. cap. i. Quicumque militum .. , subiaceat.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (1) (Caspar 402.34-403. 5) JL ante 5085.2) 2. 127Item idem. cap. vii. Quoniam inuestituras ... subiacere.Ibid. cap. (3) (Caspar 403. 11-19)3) 2. 128Ex decretis Gregorii pape VII. cap. vii. Vt nullus obbas ... jirrnamus.Ibid. cap. (9) (Caspar 405. 9-12)4) 2. 129Item idem. cap. viii. Nullus episcopus grauamen ... subeat.Ibid. cap. (10) (Caspar 405.13-16)5) fol. 23r 3. 52Ex decretis Gregorii pape VII. cap. ix. Si quis episcopusjornicationem ...suspendatur.Ibid. cap. (12) (Caspar 405.24-406.3)6) fol. 43r 7. 69Hereticum esse constat qui Romane ecclesie non concordat. Ambrosius.Reg. 7.24 to Abbot William of Hirsau (1080 May 8) (Caspar 504. 25 to505. 1) JL 516729).7) fol. 51 v-52rGregorius Hermanno Metensi episcopo. Quis dubitet ... defunctus est.Reg. 8. 21, to Bishop Hermann of Metz (1081 March 15) (Caspar 553. 1 to555. 9, 19-25) JL 5201. This text has a continuation found in the colleo-

60; Blumenthai, Early Councils of Pope Paschal II 86,103,105,109,114. Thecodex was first studied extensively by M. Sdralek, Wolfenbüttler Fragmente.Analekten zur Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters aus Wolfenbüttler Hand-schriften (Kirchengeschichtliche Stud., hgg. von Knöpfler, Schrörs, Sdralek I, 2,Münster 1891) here 3-86. The codex was formerly in the possession of themonastery of Saint-Germaln-des.Prgs,

29) On the special character and significance of this text attributed to Ambrosebut probably by Gregory see H. Fuhrmann, ,Quod catholicus non habeatur,qui non concordat Romanae ecclesiae' Randnotizen zum Dictatus Papae, Fest-schrift für Helmut Beumann zum 65. Geburtstag (hgg. Kurz-Ulrich Jäschke undReinhard Wenskus, Sigmaringen 1977) 263-287, espeo. 273-284 where theauthor argues convincingly that obedience to Rome as the test of orthodoxy wasone of the major themes put forward by the Gregorian reformers. Fuhrmanngives a well documented history of this excerpt. Unfortunately, in my ownresearch I did not specifically look for this text. Thus no conclusion should bedrawn as to its presence or non-presence in the collections I have examined.


tions of Ivo of Chartres, which can thus be identified as the ultimateformal sources").8) fol. 52vGregorius omnibus per regnum ltalioorum et Teutonioorum cxxx. Si quiBunt presbiteri diaconi uel sub~iaconi qui in erimine fornicationis '"contemnit.Epistolae Vagantes No. 32 (1079) (Cowdrey 84-87 but he does not listthis MS) JL 5109.9 & 10) fol. 55vVII Gregorii pape. Qui excommunicatis fidelitate ... prohibemus (Caspar372. 12-14) et ab anathematis uinculo '" non prohibemus (ibid. 373.1-11).Reg.5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) capp. 15& 16 are run together to form one chapter. JL ante 5065.11) Eiusdem. Qui ordines transiliunt suspendantur ab officio et si meruerituita eorum indulgentiam consequantur et intersint ordinibus quos omi-serunt.Text not identifieds-). See MS Paris, BN lat. 10743 item 6 (above p. 201)

B. Papal Letters from Urban II to Innocent n,1088 -114332)

Pope Urban 11, in a letter to the bishop of Salzburg and other bishops(1088), urgently declared:

De me porro ita in omnibus confidite, et credite sicut de beatissimo Patrenostro papa Gregorio, cujus ex toto sequi vestigia cupiens, omnia quaerespuit respuo, quae damnavit damno, quae dilexit proreue amplector, quaevero rata et catholica duxerit conlirmo et approbo, et ad postremum inutramque partem qualiter ipse sensit in omnibus omnino sentio atque con-sentio33).

14*

30) Decretum 5. 378, Panormia 5. 109, and Tripartita 9. 23.31) This text is found in MS Paris BN lat, 3858B on fol. 226r after the end

(fol. 225v) of Ivo's Tripartita. See Gilchrist, ZRG Kan. Abt. 59. 64, item 6.32) This section covers epistolae and privilegia of Popes Urban II (1088-1099)

PL 151. 283-552, Paschal II (1099-1118) PL 163. 31-444, Gelasius II(1118-1119) PL 163. 487-514, Callistus II (1119-1124) PL 163.1093-1338,Honorius II (1124-1130) PL 166. 1217-1318, and Innocent II (1130-1143)PL 179. 53-658.

33) Ep. 1, PL 151. 284A; JL 5348.

212 John Gilchrist

Nonetheless he followed a policy more moderate and more politicallysensitive than that of his predecessor. Although he was familiar withGregory's register, which he on occasionordered to be searched for thepurpose of confirmingsome statement or claim, he did not always seeeye to eye with Gregory'sdecisionsand thus did not hesitate to overturnthem34). It is not then surprising that he made little or no use of Gre-gory's letters and decrees. A search of Urban's letters reveals only oneactual quotation from the Register:Attamen decessoree nostri Nicolaus et Gregorius a missis sacerdotum, quostales revera esse cortstiterit, fideles abstinere decreverunt, ut et peccandilicentiam caeteris auferrent, et huiusmodi ad dignae poenitentiae lamentarevocarent. Scripsit hoe praedecessor noster Gregorius Rodulpho et Bert:holdo ducibus inter caetera ... Officium Simoniacorum et in fornicationejacentium scieniee nullo modo reeipiatis, et quantum potestis, tales sanctisdeservire mysteriis vi, si oportuerit, prohibeatis35).

Urban's successor, Paschal II specifically refers (twice) to GregoryVII in the context of the condemnation of lay investitures36) but,surprisingly, the only time that he actually quotes his predecessoris in a letter to Bishops Gebhard of Constance, Oderic of Passau andothers urging good christians not to desert dioceses where they ex-periencedifficulties,otherwise the church wouldbe denuded of witnessesto the truth. Because this raised a problem in respect to the church'slaw that there be no communication with excommunicates, Paschalconfirmsthe exception legislated by Gregory VII:

H ine est quod praedecessor noster sanctae memoriae Gregorius VI I papaexcommunicatorum uaores, filios, eeroos, rusticos, quorum consilio vel

3') In ep. 113 (concerning the obedience of the church of Dol to Tours) Urbanwrote, "Quaesita est in registro B. Gregorü papae VII sententia. Et ita omninosicut audieramus inventa" (PL 151. 386B; JL 5519). In ep. 199 (PL 151. 469;JL 5654) Urban ordered the two monasteries of Conques and Figeao to remainseparate despite the decision of Gregory VII that they should unite (San tif aller,Urkunden. und Kanzleiwesen Papst Gregors VII pt. I No. 216, 1084 Jan. 7,pp. 260-261).

86) Ep. 273, PL 151.532B; JL 5743. See Robinson, DA 34.75 for this use ofReg. 2.45. In ep. 167 (PL 151. 441C, JL 5602) there is a reference to Reg. 6.5bcap. (9) on monastic tithes (Caspar 405. 9-12).

38) Ep. 314 (PL 163. 283C; JL 6289) "praedecessores nostri Gregorius VII etUrbanus II felieis memorise pontüices, excitati, collectis frequenter episcopalibusconailiis, investituras illas manuslaicae damnaverunt ... "; also ep. 332 (PL 163.292D; JL 6325).


voluntate, excommunicationis meritum non perpetratur, viatores quoqueob itineris necessitatem invitos excommunicatis communicantes, ex-communicationis vinculo non teneri constituit37).This is a somewhat altered excerpt from cap. (16) of the Lenten synodof Rome (1078) (Reg. 5. 14a) (Caspar 373. 2_9)38).

A comprehensive search of the published letters of the remainingpopes reveals not only no use of Gregory's decrees but very few referencesto privileges and confirmations of charters made by him. Certainlyhis name appears more rarely than that of other popes. Pope Alexander IIprobably appears as frequently or more so than Gregory VII, andneither can be compared in frequency to Urban II or Paschal H39).This of course would reflect the political uncertainty of Gregory'spontificate so that monastic houses would be more tempted to referto earlier and later grants of charters when seeking confirmation, butit is nonetheless a significant factor in judging Gregory's overall impactw),

37) Ep. 192 (PL 163. 198A; JL 5971).38) The significance of this exception to the law banning communication with

excommunicates is usually overlooked by those who point to the social ostracismwhich the penalty entailed (see Gossman, Pspe Urban 11 184-186). Gregory'stext was ODeof the more commonly cited canons from his Register (see Gil-christ, ZRG Kan. Abt. 90 (1973) 71 and below p. 224).

39) See S. Kuttner, Traditio 24. 504 where he observes that the relativelyfrequent "spurious or dubious attributions to Pope Urban 11 ••. of texts which alldeal with topics dear to the Reformers - primacy, simony, elections, churchproperty ••• [give] new strength to the observation that to the authors of thetwelfth century the great reform pope was Urban 11 rather than Gregory VII".

40) The various popes refer to their predecessors, often omitting Gregory VII,e.g. Callistus II ep. 34 (PL 163. 1125B, JL 6747) Alexander, Urban, Paschal; ep.40 (PL 163. 1134A, JL 6769) "juxta praedecessorum nostrorum Victoris, Urbani,Paschalia papae sanctiones"] ep. 103 (PL 163. 1183B, JL 6861) Leo IX, Urban,Gela.sius; ep. 162 (PL 163. 1226B, JL 6839) Gregory VII and Urban 11; ep. 201(PL 163. 1264A, JL 7013) Gregory VII, Urban Ir, Paschal Ir; - Honorius IIep.47 (PL 166. 1263B, JL 7266) Urban, Gelasius, Callistus; ep.60 (PL 166.1276B, JL 7292) Urban, Paschal, Callistus; ep.65 (PL 166. 1278C, JL 7310)Urban, Paschal; ep. 90 (PL 166. 1295A, JL 7364) "ad praedecessorum nostrorumsanctae memoriae Alexandri, Urbani, Pasehalis et Calixti Romanerum ponti-ficum exemplar"; ep. 93 (PL 166. 1298A, JL 7377) Alexander, Gregory, Urban,Paschal, Callistus; - Innocent Ir ep. 6 (PL 179. 57C, JL 7414) Victor, Gregory,Urban, Paschal; ep.45 (PL 179. 93D-94A, JL 7412) Zachary, Stephen, Leo,Alexander, Paschal, Callistus; ep. 120 (PL 179. 162A, JL 7599) Leo, Alexander,Paschal, Callistus; ep.182 (PL 179. 231D, JL 7703) Gregory and Paschal;ep. 364 (PL 179. 418C, JL 7966) Gregory and Urban.

214 John Gilchrist

What meagre evidence there is confirms the evidence provided bythe canonical collections, that is, Reg. 6.5b, cap. (3) prohibiting layinvestitures and 5. 14a cap. (16) making exceptions for certain classeswho come ibto contact with excommunicates, belong to the leadinggroup of textss-).

C. The Pub l ic ist.sw)

In this section we restrict our observations to the published tractsin the MGH Libelli de lite, which represent the great controversies inthe period of the Investiture Contest. These debates centred uponsuch crucial matters as simony, clerical incontinence, hasty promotions,lay investitures, and the excommunication and deposition of King HenryIV43). Conclusions based on these published works, that is, so far asthey relate to Gregory VII, would be representative of the whole corpusof literature on these matters.

1. Manegold of Lautenbach, Liber ad Gebehardum (probably 1085)44).In this work Manegold seeks to refute the accusation by Wenric ofTreves that Gregory VII had addressed archbishops and bishops inderogatory terms. Manegold cites examples from a primitive lettercollection of Gregory VII that circulated among Gregory's supportersin Germany and which was probably compiled by Bernold of Constancein 1075/7645). He also makes use of later correspondence.

41) see below p. 224.42) C. Mirbt, Die Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregors VII (Leipzig 1894); M. Ma.

nitius, Geschichte der Lateinischen Literabur des Mittelalters (München 1931),espec. 21-68; A. Fauser, Die Publizisten des Investiturstreites. Persönlich.keiten und Ideen (Inaug ..diss. München 1934; Würzburg 1935); W. Watten.bach - R. Holtzmann, Deutschlands Geschichtsquellen im Mittelalter.Deutsche Kaiserzeit. Heft 1-4 (1938-1943); Neuausgabe in zwei Teilen (1967)mit einem ergänzenden dritten Teil (Italien, England, Nachträge zum ersten undzweiten Teil; 1971) besorgt von F. J. Schmale, espec. 11 394-414; LatelyI. S. Robinson, Authority and Resistance (Manchester/New York, 1978).

43) Schmale II 370; Gossman, Pope Urban 11166.44) Schmale 11 401-405,534. See Pietro De Leo, Ricerche sui "Liber ad

Gebehardum" di Manegoldo di Lautenbach, Rivista di Storia e Letteraturareligiosa 10 (1974) 112-153 (reviewed by Hartmann in DA 32, 1976, 260ff.)and H. Fuhrmann, "Volkssouveränität" und "Herrschaftsvertrag" bei Manegoldvon Lautenbach, Festschrift für Hermann Krause, ed. S. Gagner, H. Schlosser,W. Wiegand (1975) 21-42.

46) Robinson, DA 34. 68, 70, 75, 77, 80. For Wenric see ep. 2 (Ldl. 1. 286.22-24).


1) Cap. XI (Ldl. 1. 333. 9-12)Hinc OUoni Constantiensi episcopo in quadam epistola inter cetera itascribit: Studeat igitur traternitas tua sic se cooperatricem exhibere, siccrimina ista de tuis ecclesiis radicitus euellere, quatinu8 boni pastorismeritum apud Deum valeas optinere, et Romana ecclesia de te sicut dekarissimo [raire et studioso cooperaiore debeat gaudere.Epistolae Vagantes No.8, Gregory VII to Otto, Bishop of Constance(1075, Feb.-Mar.) (Cowdrey 18, a fragment from the close of theletter) JL 4933.2) Ibid. (333. 12-15)Et in alia ad eundem '" .Magontino venerabili archiepiscopo, contralrinostro, hoc obedientie munus iniunximus.Epistolae Vagantes No.9 to Otto, Bishop of Constance (1075, late)(Cowdrey 18, a fragment from the close of the letter) JL 4970.3) Ibid. (Ldl. 1. 333. 15-16)Item ad laicos in Constantiensi episcopatu inter alia dicit: .Misimusfratri nostro episcopo vestro Ottoni litteras exhortatorias.Epistolae Vagantes No. 10 to the clergy and laity of the diocese ofConstance (1075, late) (Cowdrey p. 22). Manegold gives only the openingwords. JL 49714) Ibid. (Ldl. 1. 333. 16-17, 22)Item in alia ad laicos ... Scitis, ait, fratres ... postquam autem ad episcopa-tus officium indigni uenimus.Reg. 4. 1 (Caspar 289. 30, 290. 18-19) to all the faithful of Germany(1076 July 25) Jl.4998.5) Ibid. (Ldl. 1. 333. 23)Item in alia. Et postquam ad officium sacerdotii licet indigni venimusEpistolae .Vagantes No. 14(1) (1076, summer) to all the faithful inGermany, written sometime before Reg. 4. 1 which treats the samethemes. Cowdrey p. 34 lines 14-15. JL 4999.6) Ibid. (Ldl. 1. 333. 24)ad principes Teutonicorum: Nos indigni et inutiles principisapostolorum serviEpistolae Vagantes No. 17 (1076, December) (Cowdrey 46) JL 5013.7) Ibid. (I..dl. 1. 333. 25)Item in alia ad eosdem: Ego qualiscumque sacerdos apostolorum principisserous,Epistolae Vagantes No. 18 (1076, Dec.) (Cowdrey 48) JL 5014.8) Cap. XIIII (Ldl. 1. 337. 9-19)Beaie Petre apostolorum princeps ... et in terra.

216 John Gilchrist

Reg. 3.6*, the sentence of excommunication against Henry IV (Lentsynod of 1076) (Caspar 253.4-17). The excerpt cited here deals onlywith Gregory's unwilling ascent to the papal throne. JL ante 4979.9) Ibid. (337.19-30)Beate Petre princeps apostolorum ... posuistis.Reg. 7. 14a, the sentence of excommunication against Henry IV (Lentsynod of 1080)(Caspar 483. 2-19). Again it is used as in the previousitem. JL post 5154.10) Cap.XVII (Ldl. 1. 340. 30-341. 4)Gregorius eerous servorum Dei dilecto in Ohristo fratri Ottoni Oonstancienciepiscopo salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. I nstancia nuntiorum ...debeat gaudere.Epistolae VagantesNo. 8 to BishopOtto ofConstanoe(1075,Feb.-Mar.)complete (Cowdrey16-18) JL 4933.11) Cap. XX (Ldl. 1.346. 1-8)Ordinationes que interveniente ... et latronesReg. 6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (5) (Caspar403. 25-404. 3) JL ante 1085.12) Cap. LI (Ldl. 1. 400. 7-10)Decernimus ut nullus ... irritam esseReg. 6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (3) in part(Caspar 403. 14-18) JL ante 5085.13) Cap. LXIX (Ldl. 1. 420. 36-421. 3)Instantia nuntiorum tuorum festinanter redire ... populi resipiscant.See No. 10. Here it is complete except for Cowdreyp. 18 lines 9-13.

2. Bernold of Constance/St, Blasien, Apologeticus super Decreta(mid 1075)46).1) c. 1 (Ldl. 2. 60. 29-61. 9)Gregorius episcopus serVU8 servorum Dei dilecto in Ohristo fratri OttoniOonstantiensi epiecopo salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Instantianuntiorum tuorum ... debeat gaudere.Epistolae VagantesNo. 8 to BishopOtto ofConstance (1075,Feb.-Mar.)

46) On Bernold see Schmale Il 396-397, 521-529, III 126*-127*. Bernoldin the l\Iicrologus (for authorship see Robinson, DA 34. 71 note 72) refers toGregory's decrees on the liturgy (PL 151. 995C, 997B, 1010A). A possible sourceis the ruling concerning Embertides, Epistolae Vagantes No. t 76 (Cowdrey 159)Licet noua consuetudo.


complete (Cowdrey 16-18) JL 4933. The same letter is summarized.in cap. 5 (Ldl. 2. 65. 12-17).2) c. 21 (Ldl. 2. 86. 4-9)Nil denique novi nosier apostolicus nobis observandum iniunxit ... expo-stulat.Cf. Reg. 3. 10 to King Henry IV (1075December 8) (Caspar 266. 5-6)"namque recurrimus nichil novi, nichil adinventione nostra statuentes".JL4972.

3. Liber de unitate ecclesiaeconservanda (between 1090?and 1093)47)1) c.2 (Ldl. 2. 186.25-29, 29-35)Quidam Romanus pontifex regem •.. absolvit. Ut de multis pauca •..beatoPetro commisit.Reg. 8. 21 to BishopHermann ofMetz (1081March 15)(Caspar554.3-8,548. 10-18) JL 5201.2) c. 15 (Ldl. 2. 207. 25-28)The same as item 1 (Caspar 554.3-8)

4. Cardinal Deusdedit, Libellus contra invasores et symoniacos etreliquos sciemaüeoe (1097-1100) (edit. E. Sackur, Ldl.2.292-300,300-365).1& 2) cap. I (Ldl. 2.315.7-12, 12-15)Si quis deinceps episcopatum vel abbatiam ... constituimus. Si quis im-peratorum ... sciat.Reg. 7. 14a, Roman Council of 1080 (March 7) capp. (1) & (2) (Caspar480.17-30) JL post 5154.3) cap. III (Ldl. 2.342.33-343.2)Cap. V. Gregorius VII in concilio L. episcoporum. Qui decimas ecclesiisnon reddiderint ... incurrere.Reg. 6. 5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (7) (Caspar404. 20-405. 2) JL ante 5085.

5. Benonis aliorumque cardinalium schismaticorum contra GregoriumVII et Urbanum II scripta (edit.K. Francke, Ldl. 2. 366-369,369-422).1) No. III Contra Decretum Hildebrandi cap. 1 (Ldl. 2. 380.34-38)Hoc est decretum Ilildebrandi in quo a doctrina et fide catholica erravit,

&7) E. Voosen, Papautö et Pouvoir Civil a l'epoque de Gregoire VII (Gembloux1927) 84-85.

218 John Gilchrist

sicut ex subsequentibus auctoritatibus ei oppositis declaratur. Gregoriuspapa Romanae synodo presidens .dixit: Nos sanctorum predecessorumnostrorum statuta tenentes ... prohibemus.Reg. 5. 14a, Roman Council of 1078 (February 27-March 3) cap. (15)(Caspar 372.11-14) JL ante 5065. See MS Berlin, Theol. late 281(above p. 194).2) Ibid. (Ldl. 2.381. 1-12)Item. Et quoniam multos peecatis ... prohibemusIbid. cap. (16) (Caspar 372. 15-373. 11)48)3) cap. 7 (Ld!. 2.389. 21-390. 2)Hildebrandus Herimanno episcopo in epistola, cuius initium est "Multainterrogandumame". Eis, qui dicuntregem ... iudicavit (Caspar 294.4-19)Et caetera de beato Ambrosia et Theodosio et de Christo, quod dedit potesta-tem beato Petro ligandi atque soluendi (summarizes 294. 19-295.5).Et intra. Quod si sancta ... secularia? (ibid. 295.8-10) Et infra. Etdiscant ... dixerit (ibid. 295.24-26) Et intra: Episcoporum autem ...execracio (ibid. 296. 23-25). Et intra. Ut autem maledicti ... salutem(ibid. 296.33-297.3, 8-15). Reg. 4. 2 to Bishop Hermann of Metz(1076 August 25) (Caspar 293-297) JL 5000.4) cap. 14 (Ldl. 2. 399. 25-36)Hildebrandus in epistola ad Herimannum episcopum, cuius initium est:"Quod ad perjerendos lobores": Quod de apostolica sede prelibavimus ...illustret. In eadem. Quod si ad apostolicam sedem ... deteriores fiunt?Reg 8.21 to Bishop Hermann of Metz (1081 March 15) (Caspar 547.3,561.6-13, 1-6) JL 5201.

6. Sigebert, monk of Gembloux, Apologia contra eos qui calumnianturmissas coniugatorum sacerdotum (shortly after 1074) (edit. E. Sackur,Ldl. 2.436-7,437-48)1) Ld!. 2. 439. 6-9Si autem quaeris, talis tructus a qua radice pullulaverit; lex ad laicospromulgata, qua imperitis persuasum est coniugatorum sacerdotum missaset quaecumque per eos implentur mysteria tugienda esse, in reipublicaenosirae ornatum istud adiecitCf. Cowdrey, Epistolae Vagantes p. 161 for citation of a number of

48) The author could have taken these two texts of Gregory VII from a sourcesimilar to that of MS Berlin, Theol, late foI. 281 (above p. 194) which carries thesame denunciation of Gregory's decree as contrary to the catholic faith.


German chronicles which refer to Gregory's legislation of Lent 1075 as"including the prohibition of laymen having recourse to sinful clergy"49).See No. 8 (1075, Feb.-Mar.) (Cowdrey 16-19) JL 4933.

7. Hugh of Fleury, Tractatus de regia potestate et sacerdotali dignitate(just after 1W2) (edit. E. Sackur, Ldl. 2.465-6, 466-94)1) Book 1.1 (Ldl. 2.467.25'--28)reges .•. alfectaverunt praesumptioneReg. 8.21 to Bishop Hermann of Metz (1081 March 15) (Caspar 552.13-17, with minor variations) JL 5201.2) Book rr (Ldl. 2.487.22-27) a paraphrase of Epistolae VagantesNo. 10 (Cowdrey 24line 35-26 line 10)

9. Disputatio vel Defensio Paschalis Papae (post Sept. 1112)50)(edit. E. Sackur, Ldl. 2. 658.-659, 659-666)1) Ldl. 2.664. 19-22,24-34I gnorat vocem domini ac salvatoris nostri ... exclusit.Reg. 8.21 to Bishop Hermann of Metz (1081 March 15) (Caspar 548.10-21, 553.24-554.15) JL 5201.

- 8. Plaoidus, monk of Nonantula, Liber de honore ecclesie (late 1111)(edit. L. de Heinemann and E. Sackur, Ldl. 2. 566-8, 568-639)1) XIII Quod excommunicandus sit qui aecclesiasticas res invadit (Ldl.2. 579. 8-13)Quicumque militum vel cuiuscumque ordinis ... subiaceatReg. 6.5b, Roman Council of Autumn 1078 (November 19) cap. (1)(Caspar 402. 34-403. 5) JL ante 5085.2) LIIII Ut laici aecclesias nullo modo investire audeant (Ldl. 2. 590. 9-16)Quoniam investituras ... subiacere.Ibid. cap. (3) (Caspar 403.11-19)

49) Sigebert in his Chronicle an. 1074 (MGH SS 6.363) attributes the lay fearof married priests, that their ministrations are null, as the cause of all the con-flict and unrest in church and society. See his Ep. adv, Paschalern papam (an.1103) (Ldl. 2. 460. 17-26) for a summary of Reg. 5. 140" Lent synod of 1078cap. (16) (Caspar 372-3).

60) Schmale III 882 note 11 suggests that Bishop John of Tusculum (amoderate reformer) was the author.

220 John Gilchrist

10. Geoffrey, Abbot of Vendöme (b. H070-d. 1132)51)1) Libellus II (between 1116-1118) (LeU.2. 685.7-10)legat in primo capitulo illius concilii quod tempore Gregorii septimi papaefactum est, et ibi omnes clericoe, qui de manu laici investituram suscipiunthereticoe vocatos et ideo danvpnatos esse et excommunicatos invenerit.Reg. 6.5b, Roman Council of Autumn 1078 (November 19) cap. (3)(Caspar 403. 11-19) JL ante 5085.2) Libellus IV (Ldl. 2. 691.17-20)Cum igitur Christu8 sit oeriias, sicut ipse dixit: Ego sum veritas, neeunquam, ego sum consuetudo, dixerit. Cf JI,5277, Si consuetudinemjortaeeie: Epistolae Vagantes No. 67 (Cowdrey p. 151) JL 5277.

11. Gerhoch of Reichersberg, Libelli selecti (edit. E. Sackur, Ldl.3. 131-525)52)1) Opusculum de edificio Dei (Ldl. 3. 142.42-46).Gregorius VII Gwimanno Aoersano episcopo: Si consuetudinem [ortasseopponis ... abolendus (marg. fol. 13)Epistolae Vagantes No. 67 (Cowdrey 151) JL 5277.2) Ibid. § 168 (Ldl. 3. 196. 11-13)Ut nullus abbae decimas ... firmamusReg. 6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (9) (Caspar405.9-12) JL ante 5085.3) Ldl. 3. 199. 43-44 (margin of the MS fol. 7)Quicumque militum ... subiaceatIbid. cap. (1) (Caspar 402.34-403.5)4) Ldl. 3. 181. 39-40Ealeas penitentias ... ex corde dimittatIbid. cap. (6) (Caspar 404. 4-14)5) Ep. ad Innocentium papam (Ldl. 3. 215. 23-32)Si qui suaü presbyteri vel diaconi vel subdiaconi ... obedire contempnitEpistolae Vagantes No. 32 (1079) (Cowdrey 84-87) JL 5109.6) Ldl. 3. 231. 35-44Falsas penitentias dicimus ... ad penitentiam illustretReg. 6.5b, Roman Council of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6) (Caspar404.4-17) JL ante 5085.

61) Schmale II 774 calls Geoffrey a. zealous supporter of the papal policy.62) On Gerhoch see P. Classen, Gerhoch von Reichersberg (Wiesbaden 1960).


7) Liber de simonicacis (Ldl. 3.245.7-9)quia peccatum ariolandi incurrit quisquis dum christianum se asserit,sedi apostolicae obedire contempnitEpisto1ae Vagantes. No.32 (1079) (Cowdrey 84-87) to the faithfulof Italy and Germany. From the closing paragraph. JL 5109 Si quisunt presbyteri. See item 5.8) De investigatione antichristi Book I (Ldl. 3. 326. 23-328. 2)Gregorius episcopus, sermis servorum Dei, omnibus episcopis, ducibus,comitibus ceierisque fidelibus in regno Teutonicorum christianam fidemdefendentibu8 salutem et apostolicam benedictionem. Audiuimus quosdaminter vos de excommunicatione ... paratos inveniet.Epistolae Vagantes No. 14 (1076 summer) (Cowdrey 32-41) complete.JL 4999.9) Commentarius in Psalmum X (Ldl. 3. 417 -418. 3)Si qui sunt presbyteri ... obedire contemnit.Episto1ae Vagantes No.32 (1079) (Cowdrey 84-87). JL 5109. Seeitem 5.10) Commentarius in Psalmum LXIV (Ldl. 3. 490. 8-10)Gregorius episcopus, servus servor'um Dei, dilecto in Christo fratri OtloniConstantiensi episcopo salutem et apostolicam benediciionem. Instantianunciorum .,. debeat gaudere.Epistolae Vagantes No. 8 (1075, Feb.-Mar.) (Cowdrey 16-19) JL 4933.

The object in undertaking this follow-up study to the paper publishedin 1973 was to determine whether the conclusions there recorded wereexceptional or could be verified by examining a different set of data.Overall, I find that this second study does, indeed, support the earlierone, and to such a degree that there could well be a danger of concludingthat there is little more to be said about Gregory's influence uponcanonistic and other writings of the reform period.Insection A, 23 collections, all unpublished, were examined. A number

of these have a relationship with collections in the first study or withone another, as follows:

1973

Caesaraugustana (1110-1120)(MS Vat. lat. 897)

1979

Barcelona, San Cugat 63; Vat.1at.5715 (Second recension of theCaesaraugustana)

222

1973

Polycarpus (1109-1113) (ParisBN lat. 3881)

Tripartita (1093-1095) of Ivoof Chartres (Paris, BN lat. 3858B)

Anselm of Lucca, Collectiocanonum (1083) (edit. Thaner)

Liber Tarraconensis (1085-1090)(Tarragona 26, BN lat. 4281B)

John Gilchrist

1979

Burgo de Osma 8 (an addition toIvo's Panormia, using the Poly-carpus)

Chälons-sur-Marne 47 (Collectionin 18 Books 1125-1130)

Florence, Ashburnham 53 (atwelfth century copy of Anse1m,with additions).Vat. lat. 1361 (1133-1137) com-bines Anselm and the Panormia

Paris, BN lat. 5517 (Collection ofTarragona without formal divi-sions)Wolfenbüttel, Gud. 212 (9L) -Paris, BN lat. 10743 (10L, arevision of 9L)

A comparison of these collections (using Table II of the 1973 studyand Table I attached to this study) demonstrates that the texts fromGregory VII in Burgo de Osma 8, Chälons-sur-Marne 47, Vat. lat. 1361and Paris, BN lat. 5517 are derived from the earlier collections. Inaddition, Barcelona, San Cugat 63 takes its texts (relating to GregoryVII) from an exemplar similar to Vat. lat. 5715.This leaves 18 collections in the second study as a basis for comparing

with the first (28 oollectionsj'"). The total number of capitula fromGregory VII (1973 figures in parentheses) found in these 18(28) col-lections is 127(259), which is an extremely small number in both

63) 'I'hirty-eighb texts (27 unpublished) were examined in the first paper.These texts did not constitute separately structured collections (some werereoensions of the same collection, e.g, MS Tarragona 26 and Paris, BN lat. 4281 Bwere versions of the Liber Tarraconensis), and thus it was misleading of me to callthem "thirty.eight collections" (ZRG Kan. Abt. 59. 69). There is an obviousdifficulty in determining how many collections are represented by the 38 texts.My present mode of computation reduces them to 28, but perhaps this can alsobe revised upwards or downwards.

11


cases. The average number of capitula per collection is 7(9). A break-down of the distribution of the capitula produces the following figures:

1973 1979

16 collections between 1 & 5 capp.5 collections between 6 & 10 capp.4 collections between 11 & 20 capp.

10 collections3 collections5 collections

This uneven distribution can be further illustrated by giving a break-down of the more frequently cited texts: 93 (191) capitula are takenfrom the synods held by Gregory at Rome between 1074 and 1080:

1973 1979

Roman Council of 1074 9 5Roman Council of Lent 1078, Reg. 5. 14a 31 11Roman Council of Autumn 1078, Reg. 6. 5b 129 69Roman Council of Lent 1079, Reg. 6. 17a 2 2Roman Council of Lent 1080, Reg. 7. 14a 20 6

191 93

In terms of the canonical collections, this second study confirmsthe conclusions reached in 1973. Gregory's greatest influence in thecanon law was through the decrees of the Autumn Synod of 1078(Reg. 6. 5b). In any discussion of the role of Gregory, the canons ofthis synod ought to be given the strongest emphasis. The more fre-quently cited canons are cap. 10 prohibiting bishops from imposingextraordinary obligations upon abbots and upon the clergy (eight times);cap. 3, banning all lay investitures and declaring such acts invalid,cap. 7 forbidding lay ownership of tithes and their reception (as gifts)by clerics, cap. 9 forbidding abbots from taking tithes and first fruitswithout consent of Rome or of the bishop, and cap. 11 defending thepatrimony of St. Peter against unlawful invasion and usurpation (eachseven times). The other canons of this most important synod, suchas cap. 1 against lay benefices, 4 prohibiting the sale of ecclesiasticaloffices and simoniacal ordinations, 6 on false penitence, 8 on observingthe sabbath as a day of abstinence, 12 against bishops who condoneclerical incontinence, and 13 ordering the faithful to make an offeringat the mass, all receive their share of texts. This synod and its canons,

224 John Gilchrist

above all other "programmes" of reform, demonstrate what reformmeant to Gregory, his contemporaries and his successors. It is a concreteprogramme free of lofty ideological debate, simply expressed andcapable of being pursued tenaciously and, to some extent, successfully.As in our previous study the only other texts of comparable signi-

ficance are capp. 15 and 16 from the Roman Lent Synod of 1078 (Reg.5. 14a). Cap. 15 in six collections (eleven in 1973) absolves from theoath of fidelity those who are bound to excommunicated persons - amatter of great relevance in the conflict with Henry IV, and cap. 16in seven collections (thirteen in 1973) tempers the sentence of anathemaconcerning certain classes of people who unavoidably or through ignor-ance come into contact with excommunicated persons.

As we have already pointed out, these conclusions are borne outby the extremely limited evidence afforded by the letters of GregoryVII's successorsw). They are also confirmed by the more substantialevidence of the publicist writings of the same period. The analysis ofthese works demonstrates two things. First, in the pontificate of Gregoryhimself, and in the years immediately following, when the controversyconcerning his reign was at its height, especially in Germany, a reasonableamount of use was made of certain letters which justified or explainedhis actions. A number of modern authorities - from Carl Erdmannonwards, and most recently I. S. Rob inson=) - have shown thatseveral of Gregory's key letters relating to the investiture controversycirculated as blocks of propagandist texts (Briefsammlungen) amongthe papal supporters. These include Reg. 2. 45 (JL 4922) on the dutyof lay rulers to enforce decrees against simony, the two letters on thedeposition of the Bishop of Constance, 1075 (JL 4970-4971), sixletters on the conflict with King Henry IV., 1076/77 (JL 4999, 5013and 5014 and Reg. (3. lOa), 4. 12, (12a), 24; 5. 7 = JL 5017, 5035 and5051), and two synodal decrees on the theme of excommunication(Reg. 7. 14a, 5. 14a)56).The popularity and spread of these texts is seen from Table II (below

pp. 228-229) which lists texts relating to Gregory VII in Erdmann's "n"

64) Above p. 213.65) DA 34. 65-69 (see above note 20).56) Bernold of Constance had a key role in producing a letter collection that

circulated among Gregory's supporters in Germany. Ro bins on, DA 34. 80 givesa table of this reconstructed collection, which included JL 4933, 4970, 4971 andReg. 2. 45, 2. 11 and JL 4902.


collection, Selestat Codex 13, and in the publicists. However, and thisis the second point I wish to make, it is also clear from this table thatas we move away from the main protagonists in the struggle (in thisinstance, Manegold of Lautenbach), the interest of later writers isvery much the same as that of the canonists. Thus, Reg. 6. 5b, thecanons of the Autumn synod at Rome in 1078,and Reg. 8. 21 (March1081),the defenceby GregoryVII of his actions against King Henry IV,are (relatively) frequently cited. Also popular were capp. 15& 16 ofthe Lent synod at Rome, 1078 (Reg. 5. 14a). Another text that heldits own both with the canonists and publicists was JL 5277, a lettersupposedly from Gregory VII to Bishop Guitmund of Aversa, Si con-suetudinem jortassis opponas, in which Gregory insists that "howeverold, however widespread, custom must always be subordinated totruth and the usage that is contrary to truth must be abolished". Thisconcept so important for the development of the reform doctrine ofthe pope's right to make new law and to determine cases referred toRome appeared four times in the first study and four times in thesecond (twicewith the canonists and twice with the publicists).This agreement between the canonists and publicists (and between

the first and second study) is hardly a coincidence.Once the dust ofthe major conflict between Henry IV and Gregory VII had begun tosettle, men had to turn to more political and realistic goals; in theend, a rapprochement between the secular ambitions and spiritualideals had to be reached. The history of Gregory VII in the canonicalcollections, papal letters, and publicist writings shows the process bywhich the rapprochement was made possible. Hard-line texts such asthe Dictatus pape scarcely circulated while others, e.g. those dealingwith the deposition of Henry IV (but not his excommunication) fellinto disuse'"). Compromise and moderation replaced ideological in-

67) The Dictatus Papae (Reg. 2. 550.) appeared in only two collections in thefirst study (Collection in Seven Books of MS Turin D IV 33 and the Liber Tarra-conensis of MSS Tarragona 26 and Paris, BN lat. 4281 B). In the present study itis found in MS Paris, BN lat. 5517 (above p. 200) but this does not count for theMS contains a version of the Liber Tarraconensis (above p. 199). Thus it hadlittle circulation and its hard-line claims, especially XII Quod illi liceat impera-tores deponere (Caspar 204.5) meant nothing to most Christians. Even theDictatue of Avranches (supposing it were to be of Gregory VII's authorship,which is doubtful) drops the claim to depose emperors. See H. Mordek, Proprieauctoritates apostolioe sedis, Ein zweiter Dictatus papae Gregors VII?, DA 28

15 Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte: XCVII: Kan. Abt.

• 226 John GiIchrist

Table I

....... s:

JL ante 4828JL 4902

Reg. 2.45Reg. 2. 55a

JL 4970JL 4971JL 4999

Reg.5.14acap.14cap.15cap.16

Reg. 6.2Reg. 6.5b

cap. 1cap.2cap.3cap.4cap.5cap.6cap.7cap.8cap.9

1

1 2233322 4

1

7 6

31789

1 1 82 93 104 11

5 1 7 1 10,1816 3

10124

14 1115 12

313 914 10

• 5

1 123456. 14712825933

1 123 2 3 24 1 12·,5 46·7 6 3 6 '.89, 4 7 3

flexibility. The law of the canonical collections, the practice of thepapal curia, and the writings of the publicists point to an underlyingagreement that those texts which marked the intransigent spirit ofGregory'spontificate shouldbe quietly dropped.

(1972) 105-132, espec. 123 where he dates the Dictatus of Avranches as1081 andassociates it with the famous letter (Reg. 8.21) to Hermann of Metz. The contrary(and traditionally held view) is argued by F. Kempf, Ein zweiter DictatusPapae? Ein Beitrag zum Depositionsanspruch Gregors VII, Archivum HistoriaePontüiciae 13 (1975) 119-139, who argues effectively against Mordek and putsthe date of the Diet. Avranches as between Victor HI and before Callistus II(p. 139).


Table I

s: *' *' e: --.*cap. 10 5 12 10 4 9 10 5 14 4cap.11 6 13 11 5 1 11 2 15cap.12 12 6 12 8 5cap.13 13 7

rub. XXXI 11rub. XXXIII 12

rub. XII 9Reg. 6. 17a 8 11

JL 5109 8 • .8~Reg. 7.13 & 14 13 5

Reg.7.14acap.l 1 14 3 1cap.2 2 15 4 2cap.6 1 13

Reg. 8.21(547.17) 2 • 1(553.1) 10 7JL 5219 15JL 5277 4JL 5290 4 1 9 4 •

Not identifiedNullus omnino 13Precipio vobis 17 •Presbyterorum filios 1 7Qui ordines transiliunt 6 11

*) These collections are closely related to previously studied collections (seeabove p.222). The second recension of the Caesaraugustana in Vat. tat. 5715.despite its clear dependence upon the first reoension (ZRG Kau. Abt. 59. 65-66)for some texts from Gregory VII, is also independent.

15*

228 John Gilchrist

'"

Reception of Pope Gregory VII

JL

Table II

22 49 Reg. 2. 4533 49 Cowdrey

No.870 49 Cowdrey

No.971 49 Cowdrey

No.10Reg. 3. 6*

72 49 Reg. 3. 1098 49 Reg. 4. 199 49 Cowdrey

No.1400 50 Reg. 4. 213 50 Cowdrey

No.1714 50 Cowdrey

No.181750 Reg. 4.12

Reg. 4. 12a35 50 Reg. 4. 2451 50 Reg. 5. 7

Reg. 5. 14aReg. 6. 5b

09 51 CowdreyNo.32Reg.7.14a

01 52 Reg. 8. 2177 52 Cowdrey

No.67

1 2

1

10

8

1 2 3 4 6579

2 1

229

Documents

FUR RECHTSG ESCHICHTE0002.pdf · Reg.6.5b, Roman Counoil of 1078 (November 19) cap. (6). (Caspar 404.4-17) JL ante 5085. 2. Barcelona, Arohivo de la Corona de Arag6n, San Cugat 63