Fysikes & Ximikes Diergasies 2015

7/25/2019 Fysikes & Ximikes Diergasies 2015

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()

1

,

...

, -

, 2015


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.......................................................... ................................................................ ................... 3

& ............................................................................................5 ......................................................... ............................................................... .......... 5

............................................................. ............................... 6 ...................................................... ............................................................... ......... 6(SI International System).......................................................... 7 ............................................................... ......... 9

& - .............................................................. ............................ 10 - .......................................................... .................................................. 11

...................................................... ................................................................ ................. 11 - ................................................................ .................................................. 12 - ............................................................ .................................................. 14 - ...................................................... ................................................ 14 - ........................................................ ....................................... 15

& - & ............................................................ ............................ 15 ................................................................ ............................................................... .................. 16

& ........................................................ ................................................................ ....... 16& - & .............................................. 19 ........................................................ ............................................................... .................. 19............................................................... ............................................................... ........ 20 - ................................................................ .................................................. 22, , - ............................................................ ................ 24 - .............................................................. ............................ 25 - ........................................................ . 27 - ............................................................... .................................................. 27 - ............................................................ ...................................... 30 - ................................................................ ........ 31 ......................................................... ............................ 32

......................................................... ................................................................ ............................. 32

...................................................... ............................................................. 32............................................................ ............................................................ 33.............................................................. ............................................................. 33.............................................................. ............................................................ 33 ........................................................... ................................................................ ....... 34

........................................................ ................... 34 .............................................................. ................... 34 ............................................................... .................................................. 35

- .......................................................... ............................ 35

.

, .

3


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5/37

&

. .

.

, , (, ..) .

. , , ()

.

() (

).

,

, ,

.

.

.

.

: ,

,

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,

,

.

,

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= .

(, Systme International d'units, SI)

, 7

, . 7 SI

: , , , , mole,

, .

5


6/37

: ()

.

, 1,75 ,

()

() 1,75 .

,

. : , , ,

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:

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:

, . (.., .)

,

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.

().

(, ..),

1 .

, () .

.

, 1,7 .

6


7/37

: ( )

.

:

1 , 70 3 .

, .

,

.

(SI). ,

.

(SI International System)

. Le Systme Internationald'units. SI

.

:

, , , , ,

(), .

() .

SI 10

. 1

2 3.

, 10, 100, 1000, 1000000 .. .

.

(prefixes):

7


8/37

.

:

1) (

) .

:

:1000000 mega-

1000 kilo-

2) .

:

:10 deci-

100 centi-

1000 milli-

1000000 micro-

1000000000 nano-

:

1)

.

, .

2) (Prefix ) (

8


9/37

Symbol). ,

.

3)

. ,

.

4) , ,

micro u .

5) kilo

1000 ( = 103) milli,

0,001 ( = 10-3) .

:

meter (-) 10121000000000000 .

terameter Tm (, tera-m). ,

T (, ).(

).

sec 1012sec , 1012 .

(

.

mmeter 10-3 0.001 1

1000

. . mm

, , .

, (

) .

. , :

,

(

), . ,

(, )

.

,

.

: 1 km () 1000 m .

().

9


10/37

: 1000 m2 () 1 .

(),

,

. , !

:

17 Mgr (-) mgr ().

Mgr gr.

M

.

17 106 gr

gr mgr.

.

To 1 mgr 0,001 gr

X ; 1 gr

1grX = 1mgr = 1mgr 1000 = 1000 mgr

0,001gr

gr1000

mgr

17106 1000 mgr= 17109mgr

, 17 Mgr 17109mgr .

& -

l (length), s (space) d (distance),

.

, (meter, m).

, 1 dm ( = 10 cm) , 1 cm 1 mm (

).

:

1 (inch, in) = 2,54 cm 1 cm = 0,3937

1 (foot, ft) = 12 = 30,48 cm 1 m = 1.0936 = 3,281

1 (yard, yd) = 3 = 91,44 cm 1 m = 39,37

1 (mile, mi) = 1,609 km 1 km = 0,6214 = 1093,61

10


11/37

-

() .

S (surface).

, , .

.

,

= 2 , (meter2, m2).

, (

) ...

:

1 = 1000 m2

1 (hectare) = 10000 m2

1 acre = 4840 yd2 = 43560 ft2 = 4047 m2

1.

;

1 km2 = 1 km 1 km = 1000 m 1000 m = 1000000 m2

: 1000 ( = 1 ) 1

.

2.

1 km2;

1 km2 = 1 km 1 km = 1000 m 1000 m = 1000 1000 m2 = 1000

3.

7 2;

7 2 = 7 ( ) = 7 1 1 =

= 7 2,54 cm 2,54 cm = 7 6,452 cm2 = 45,161 cm2

4.

km2800 cm2;

, cm2 m2

m2 km2.

800 cm2 = 800 cm cm = 800 0,01 m 0,01 m = 0,08 m m

.1 km 1000 m

X ; 1 m

11


12/37

1m = 1km = 1km 0,001 = 0,001km

1000m

, () 0,001 km. :

0,08 m m = 0,08 0,001 km 0,001 km = 0,00000008 km

2

.

6.

;

!

, , .

-

() .

V (volume).

, ,

.

.

, ,

= 3 , (meter3, m3).

, ()

...

:

1 (liter l lt L) = 1000 cm3 = 0,001 m3

, 1 ml (milliliter ml mL) = 0,001 l = 1 cm3 1 L = 1mm3

: :

1 ml (1 1 1 ) =

= 1 cm

3

(1 ) == 1 cc (1 - 1 cubic centimeter)

, :

1 (teaspoon) = 4,929 ml

1 = 3 = 14,787 ml

1 (fluid ounce fl oz) = 2 = 29,57 ml

1 (cup) = 8 = 16 = 236,59 ml

1 (liquid gallon) = 231 3 = 3,785

1 (liquid barrel) = 31,5 = 119,24 1 (dry barrel) = 115,6

12


13/37

:

1 (beer barrel) = 31

1 = 42 = 159

1 (dry barrel) = 115,6 ,

1 = 15 ml

1 (cup) = 250 ml

.

. . . 24.

, ,

, .

() .

.

, .

, ()

, , .

.

:

:

0 C 4 C 100 C

:

:

0 C 4 C 100 C

:

13


14/37

-

() t (time).

1 sec (second, s, )

.

:

1 (minute, min) = 60 sec

1 (hour, h) = 60 min = 3600 sec

-

(velocity, v) .

sv =

t

.

, m meter

1 = 1sec second

.

km1h

m1min

.

, ,

() (. . 37).

5 cm/min. km/h.

km 1000 m m 100 cm. ,

1 km 100000 cm

X ; 5 cm

=5cm 5km

1 km =100000cm 100000

min 1

60 . :

14


15/37

5 cm/min =

5km5cm 60 5km km100000= = = 0,003

11min 100000 1h hh

60

.

-

.

1 10 m/min

2 15 m/min

3 20 m/min

4 25 m/min

...

5 m/min min.

: 2

5mm

5 5mminmin m= = = 51min 1min minmin min

1

, .

2

v s = =

t t

, . (acceleration). ,

(

) g (gravity) (. ).

2

m1

sec.

, ,

() .

& - &

,

. ,

.

15


16/37

,

:

() .

( .)

1 kgr (kilogram, kg, Kg,

).

.

,

. :

1 kgr = 1000 .

, .

1 Mgr , 1 kkgr .

:

(atomic

mass unit, amu) Dalton (D). 1 D 1/12 12C. 12C 6 , 6 6 .

.

:

1 +1

1 D = 2 .

: 1 gr = 6,023 1023D

&

. ,

() .:

2

M mF = G

r

()

m

r

G (

).

G 6,671011N(m/kg)2

, , . ,

16


17/37

.

(,

, .

, ,

.)

(F),

: :F

=m

.

(

(), ,

.)

- - , .

(

)

) ,

) , .

(. )

, ,

(..

).

, M m

, , :

2

M = G

r .

, G M .

,

r : r 6371 km .

,

, .(,

. . ,

, .

() .

.)

g (gravity).

9,81 m/sec2.

2

mg 10

sec .

17


18/37

, .

. , .

, , .

, (),

, .

1 Newton

().

:2

1m1 = 1 kgr

sec .

/ 1 N;

100 gr (0,1 Kgr). ,

, , :

F = m2

10 mB = m 0,1Kgr = 1N

sec

1 N .

:

1 dyn =2

1cm1gr

sec = 10

-5N

1 kpont =2

9,81m1kgr

sec

= 9,81 N

(kp, kgf, kgF, )

1 kgr .

1 kp 1 .

.

(..) .

.

1 kgr

1 N .

(Newton)

. , -

.

,

.

(pound-mass, lbm) :1 lbm = 453,59 gr = 16 (ounces avoirdupois)

18


19/37

(pound-force, lbf) :

1 lbf = 4,448 N

, ,

400 .

1 = 1282

1 = 1280

().

() kpont ()

pont. 1 = 9,81 N .

100 gr ().

Newtons 0,981 N , ()

100 gr ()., , ()

, , .

, ,

.

, .

1 kgr

. 1/6 .

(

N)

()

() 1 kgr ~ 10 1 kgr

1 kgr ~ 1,65 N 0,165 kgr

& - &

,

, .

,

.

() .

19


20/37

.

m =

V

1 kgr/m3.

gr/cm

3

mgr/cm

3

.

3 3

kgr gr mgr 1 = 0,001 = 1

m cm 3cm.

, 3

gr1

cm 1000

3

kgr1

m. 1000

.

(H2O) 4C (),

3 3kgr gr 1000 = 1m cm

( cm3 ml cc ).

. ,

. , ,

, , (

) .

: ,

() .

()

. . . 41

(. . 21),

. , ,

, . (.

. 40 41.) ,

.

, ,

.

()

. .

20


21/37

B =

V

1 N/m3.

(. . 21),

. , ,

, . (.

. 40 41.) , ,

.

, ,

, .

&

1.

,

;

, .

.

;

, , ,

.

, (

),

(

) .

,

. , ,

.

2.:

.

() ,

.

. ,

, 7,87 gr/ml

.

21


22/37

-

.

. ,

,

.

,

() .

P (pressure).F

P =S

, :

: .

: .

Pascal (Pa):

2

1 N1 Pa =

1 m. :

2

1 kgr1 Pa =

1 m 1 sec

:

(Atm)

, ,

( 0 m ). :

1 Atm = 101,325 kPa 1 Pa = 1,0210-5Atm

1 Pa .

mmHg inHg

mmHg () Torricelli:

.

760 mm. , ( = 1 Atm )

, 760 mm.

22


23/37

:

760 mmHg = 1 Atm = 101,325 kPa

1 mmHg 1 Torr .1 Torr = 1 mmHg 1,3610 -3Atm 133,3224 Pa 1 Pa 7,510-3Torr

mm , inHg.

1 inHg = 25,4 mmHg 1 mmHg = 0,03937 inHg

mmH20 inH2O

. ,

mmH20 inH2O .( 1 Atm ) (

Torricelli) 10,35 .

: 1 Atm = 760 mmHg = 10350 mmH2O .

bar

1 bar = 105Pa

psi (pound-force per square

inch, -).

2

1 lbf1 psi =

in 6.9 kPa 7,03110

-2Atm 51,715 Torr 1 Pa 1,4510-4psi

,

.

.

23


24/37

, , -

.

, ...()

. .

Q.

Joule (

).2

2

m1J = 1N 1m = 1 Kgr

sec

:

(Wh): .

1 Wh = 3600 J 1 J = 0,278 103Wh

(1 kWh) 1000 Wh .

(erg): .

1 erg = 107J = 100 nJ

(calorie, cal): 1 ()

1 gr 1 oC .1 cal = 4,2 J 1 J = 0,238 cal

1 () = 1000 cal = 1 kcal = 4,2 kJ

- , cal ,

Cal .

: , , .

. (

) 60 Watts 1 min, 857,14 cal .

.

.

24
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joule


25/37

.

, kcal , .

, 100 gr ~ 64 kcal .

(calorie density)

.

,

.

~ 3,1 kcal/gr

.

,

(,

).

-

:

, .

, Brown .

(

) .

.

/

, ().

, .

:

,

, .

25


26/37

Celsius , 0

100 . (

1 Atm , .)

0 100 100 .

1/100 1 .

: 1 oC .

Kelvin

Kelvin ( oK )

,

. Kelvin , .

. .

-273,15 oC .

-273,15 :

C = - 273,15 = C + 273,15

, : 0 C = 273,15 100 C = 373,15 .

/

/

-273,15C 0

o

:

. :

26


27/37

20 C 10 K ,

30 C .

(Fahrenheit)

.

:

F = (1,8 C) + 32 C = (F - 32) / 1,8

, 32 oF 212 oF 0 oC 100 oC .

-

. .

,

.

. ,

.

.

. , ,

(). , .

(Q)

(heat capacity, C).

QC=

T ( , )

,

(, ). , ()

() .

:1Joule

1K.

:

1 .

-

27


28/37

:

) : (,

..)

) :

. .

)

) .

360 2

400 .

360 = 6,28 radians = 400 grads

c (cycle) r (r, rev, revolution). .

1 ,

.

(Degrees)

.

1() 60 (60') 60

() (60'').

.

..: 5,505 = 530 18 .

rad (radians).

.

28
http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8Chttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BFhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BFhttp://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CF%8C


29/37

6,28

( = 2) ().

(arc)

6

.

6

1 rad .

:

=

.

.

= 2 .

: = 2

,

. , = 3,14 .

()

: 1 1

= = = 0,1592 2 6,28

2rad .

,

rad . , :

, rad, 3,14 rad.

29


30/37

()

.

,

.

1 = 0,0174533 rad 1 rad = 57,29578

(Gradians)

grad (g gon).

100 grads 100

.

, .

-

, ,

. ,

, ().

(frequency, f) .

30


31/37

, 1 1

T=

.

, .

1f = =

t

.

Hertz (Hz, ).

.

1 z =1

sec

, 1 (, )

, : 1 Hz =1

sec = 1 sec-1.

, rpm

(revolutions per minute, RPM, rev/min, r/min), .

- -,

rpm (

):

1 rpm = 0,0167 Hz 1 Hz = 60 rpm

-

, .

()

. ,

. .

1 sec =

1 sec.

rad1sec

.

1sec

.

rad1 = 0,0174533

sec sec

rad1 = 54,29578

sec sec

: ,

.

rad . , 3,14 rad. :

31


32/37

3,14 rad 180 = =

sec sec sec

:

. ,

.

, ()

().

, .

,

360 2 (rad) . :

1 2 1 = = = 2 = 2 f

T T T

:

1 rpm = 0,0167 Hz 0,105 rad/sec = 6 /sec

1 Hz = 60 rpm 2/sec = 6,28 rad/sec = 360 /sec

: , ,

.

.

.

,

(

, ) . ..

32


33/37

.

. (

)

.

,

.

(: () (,

) .

. .)

,

. , , /

.

() .

.

. , .

, .

,

, . ,

, /

.

() .

, , /

.

() , .

. ()

.

.

, .

() .

33


34/37

()

:

() , ()

()

,

.

,

.

,

.

(

).

. , ...

: ,

().

, ,

.

.

34


35/37

.

,

.

: .

.

, ():

) ,

,

) ,

.

. .

. ,() .

.

: .

.

.

. ..:

,

.

.

-

, .

35


36/37

.

, ,

. .

v

F

,

.

. , .

. ,

:

.

.

, .

m , , r

v , :

2

m vF =

r

2r T

(, ).

:2 r 1

v = = 2 r = 2 r f = rT T

:2 2

2 2

m v m (2 r f)F = = = 4 m r f

r r

2 2

2

m v m ( r)F = = = m r

r r

, : F= F.

, . ,

...

(. . 62),

.

, (

36


37/37

). ,

, , .

:2 2 2 2 2 2

F = 4 m r f m = 4 m r f 4 r f =

- ! -,

.

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Fysikes & Ximikes Diergasies 2015