Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
138
bank
arst
vo 1
201
3
Srebrni novac - Argenteus
Kovnica: Serdika (Sofija)
GALERIJE - GAIUS GALERIUS VALERIUS
MAXIMIANUS (293-311)
Rezime
Zbog svojih osobina: hrabar, snažan, surov, energičan i odličan u vojnim veštinama, Galerije je za cezara istočnog dela carstva proglašen 293. godine. Bio je uspešan u borbama sa varvarima i Persijancima što mu je donelo veliki ugled. Na mesta avgusta Dioklecijana i Maksimijana dolaze Galerije i Hlor. Iako konzervativan branilac postojećeg, Galerije je tvorac akta o toleranciji koji se odnosi na slobodu hrišćana da ispoljavaju i obavljaju verske rituale. Želeo je da obnovi Dioklecijanov projekat tetrarhije (dva avgusta i dva cezara), ali u tome nije imao uspeha. Ostavio je avgustovsku vlast i posle teške bolesti umro 311. godine. Prikazi Galerija na novcu su stereotipni, ograničeni tetrahijskim istoličjem i apersonalnošću, ali i naglašene vojničke snage, askeze i pobedničke siline u portretima. Osim ovih, kovan je i novac u čast njegove žene Valerije Galerije. Na ovim kovanicama Valerija je prikazana kao mlađa matrona, plemenitog stamenog lica, hladne lepote.
Ključne reči: Galerije Valerije, Feliks Romulijana, Serdika, Saloniki, varvari, Persijanci, Dioklecijan, Maksimijan, Konstancije Hlor, Huni, Sloveni, Gamzigrad, kovani novac, Venera
JEL: B11, E42, N23
UDK 737.1(497.11)"293-311"
Svetlana Pantelić
Udruženje banaka [email protected]
pregledni naučni članak
Rad primljen: 25.02.2013.
Odobren za štampu: 01.03.2013.
139
bank
arst
vo 1
201
3
GAIUS GALERIUS VALERIUS
MAXIMIANUS (293-311)
Summary
Thanks to his virtues: bravery, strength, vigorousness and exquisite military skills, Galerius was appointed Caesar of the Eastern part of the Empire in 293. He was successful in fighting against the barbarians and the Persians, which brought his excellent reputation. In their positions of Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian were succeeded by Galerius and Chlorus. Although a conservative defender of the existing order, Galerius issues the so-called Edict of Toleration, which relates to the freedom of Christians to practice their religion and perform religious rituals. Galerius wanted to restore Diocletian’s project of the Tetrarchy (two Augusti and two Caesars), but in this he had no success. He renounced his position of Augustus, and died in 311 after a long and serious illness. The images of Galerius in his coins are stereotypical, limited by tetrarchy-imposed uniformity and impersonality, but nevertheless featuring prominent military strength, asceticism and victorious might in his portraits. In addition to these, coins were also minted to honour his wife Valeria Galeria. In these coins Valeria is presented as a young matron of cold beauty, with a noble and stout face.
Key Words: Galerius Valerius, Felix Romuliana, Serdica, Salonika, barbarians, Persians, Diocletian, Maximianus, Constantius Chlorus, Huns, Slovenes, Gamzigrad, minted coins, Venus
JEL: B11, E42, N23
UDC 737.1(497.11)"293-311"
Svetlana Pantelić
Association of Serbian [email protected]
scientific review article
Silver coin - Argenteus
Mint: Serdika (Sofija)Paper received: 25.02.2013
Approved for publishing: 01.03.2013
Galerije se rodio sredinom III veka na malom imanju u provinciji blizu Sardike. Njegovi roditelji su se ovde doselili iz Istočne Dakije. U ranoj mladosti čuvao je
stoku i tako dobio nadimak Galerije - Govedar kojeg se nikada nije odrekao, noseći ga sa ponosom baš kao što se nikada nije stideo ni svog niskog porekla.
Hroničari su zabeležili da je bio lep, snažan, hrabar "čovek dobre ćudi i izvrstan u vojnoj veštini" (Eutropije, rimski istoričar iz IV veka). Savremenici su ga upamtili kao "čoveka od akcije, odlučnog u izboru pravog trenutka, energičnog u udaru, surovog, jednostavnog, bez mašte i snoviđenja" (A. Jovanović: Tlo Srbije zavičaj rimskih careva).
Zbog svojih osobina veoma brzo je osvojio visoko mesto na Dioklecijanovom dvoru, a potom je upućen u Ilirik gde se uspešno borio sa varvarima, brinući o miru na nemirnoj granici na Dunavu. Za cezara istočnog dela carstva, kako bi bio uz Dioklecijana, proglašen je 293. godine, dok je cezar zapadnog dela imperije postao Konstancije Hlor, podređen avgustu Maksimijanu Herkuliju.
Sem borbenih podviga bio je zaokupljen i obezbeđenjem prelaza preko Save i Dunava, gradnjom sistema šančeva, temeljnom rekonstrukcijom strategijskog čvorišta na Dobrinovačkoj gradini, obezbedivši tako odbranu i sigurnost provinciji koja je u prethodnim decenijama mnogo pretrpela od varvarskih upada.
Predosećajući opasnost od Persijanaca, Dioklecijan premešta Galerija iz Sirmijuma u novu rezidenciju u Saloniku (Solunu). Sukob sa Persijancima nije mogao da bude izbegnut. Posle varljive sreće Galerije na kraju ipak uspeva da do nogu porazi neprijatelja. Dioklecijan je potom zaključio mir sa Persijom i tako proširio granice zemlje.
Na mesta avgusta Dioklecijana i Maksimijana dolaze Galerije i Hlor. Iako konzervativan branilac postojećeg, Galerije je tvorac akta o toleranciji, o kome se malo zna, a koji se odnosi na slobodu hrišćana da ispoljavaju i obavljaju verske rituale.
Želeo je da obnovi Dioklecijanov projekat tetrarhije (dva avgusta i dva cezara), ali u tome nije imao uspeha. Ostavio je avgustovsku vlast i posvetio se ličnim zadovoljstvima i korisnim javnim radovima. Posle duge, teške bolesti umro je nedaleko od Serdike (današnje Sofije) 311. godine, a sahranjen je u Feliks Romulijani - Gamzigradu.
Galerius was born in mid 3rd century on a small estate in a province near Sardica, where his parents had
moved from Eastern Dacia. In early youth he herded cattle, thus earning the nickname Galerius - Cowherd, which he
never renounced, instead bearing it with pride. Likewise, he was never ashamed of his humble origin.
The chroniclers recorded that he was a handsome, strong, brave “man with a good temper and exquisite military skills” (Eutropius, Roman historian from the 4th century). His contemporaries remembered him as “a man of action, decisive when it comes to choosing the right moment, energetic in attack, merciless, simple-minded, not at all dreamy or fanciful” (A. Jovanovic: Territory of Serbia as the Homeland of Roman Emperors).
Thanks to his virtues, soon enough he won a high position at Diocletian’s court, after which he was sent to Illyricum, where he successfully fought against the barbarians, maintaining peace at the turbulent border on the Danube. In 293 he was appointed Caesar of the Eastern part of the Empire, in order to stand by Diocletian, whereas Constantius Chlorus became Caesar of the Western part of the Empire, subordinated to Augustus Maximian Herculius.
In addition to his military endeavours, he was preoccupied by securing the crossings over the Sava and the Danube rivers, by constructing the system of trenches and launching the comprehensive reconstruction of the strategic junction at Dobrinovačka Gradina. Thereby he provided the defence and brought safety to the province which, in the decades before him, had greatly suffered from the barbarians’ attacks.
Having sensed the danger posed by the Persians, Diocletian transferred Galerius from Sirmium into the new residence in Salonika (Thessaloniki). The confrontation with the Persians could not have been avoided. After a period of changing luck, in the end Galerius managed to fully defeat his enemy. Subsequently, Diocletian made peace with Persia, thus expanding the borders of territory.
In their positions of Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian were succeeded by Galerius and Chlorus. Although a conservative defender of the existing order, Galerius issues the so-called Edict of Toleration, about which little is known, but which relates to the freedom of Christians to practice their religion and perform religious rituals.
Galerius wanted to restore Diocletian’s project of the Tetrarchy (two Augusti and two Caesars), but in this he had no success. He renounced his position of Augustus, and devoted himself to personal pleasures and beneficial public work. After a long, serious illness, he died near Serdica (today’s Sofia) in 311. He was buried in Felix Romuliana (Gamzigrad).
Romulijana je verovatno počela da se gradi oko 298. da bi se sa radovima nastavilo 306. godine, nakon smrti
Konstancija Hlora, kada je Galerije postao najstariji avgust, ali i najavio svoje povlačenje sa rimskog trona. Grandiozna palata po ugledu na Dioklecijanovu u Splitu započeta je nakon smrti Romule, Galerijeve majke, a u njenu čast.
Feliks Romulijana ima dvostruke starije i mlađe utvrde. Mlađa se sastojala od dvadesetak kula povezanih bedemima. Ovde su otkrivene i dve raskošne palate između kojih se nalazio mali hram sa žrtvenikom. Nasuprot palatama nalazila su se i druga monumentalna zdanja (javna kupatila, žitnice, itd.). Dela iz Romulijane su predstavljala vrhunac umetnosti toga doba, nastala umećem brojnih graditelja, umetnika, klesara, slikara i drugih zanatlija velikog rimskog carstva.
Nezavršena do smrti Galerija njena gradnja nije nastavljena, te je u IV veku potpala pod upravu crkve. Za vreme najezde Huna 441. godine razorena je i spaljena. Nanovo je rušena i u VII da bi je u IX veku naselili Sloveni koji, ne znajući ništa o Romulijani, ovom razrušenom kompleksu daju novo ime - Gamzigrad.
The construction of Felix Romuliana probably started about 298, but was
only continued in 306, after the demise of Constantius Chlorus, when Galerius was appointed the senior Augustus, and when he announced his retreat from the Roman throne. The grandiose palace, designed after the model of Diocletian’s palace in Split, started to be built after the demise of Romula, Galerius’s mother, in her honour.
Felix Romuliana had a double set of older and younger fortifications. The younger one consisted of about twenty towers, interconnected by defensive walls. Two luxurious palaces were also found on the site, divided by a small temple with a sacrificial altar. Opposing the palaces, there were other monumental edifices (public thermal baths, granaries, etc.). Artwork from Romuliana represented the peak of artistic
skills of the time, made thanks to the artistry of many constructors, artists, stonemasons, painters and
other craftsmen from the great Roman Empire.Having remained unfinished by the time
Galerius passed away, the construction of Romuliana was not continued, and in the 4th
century it fell under the jurisdiction of the church. During the invasion of the Huns
in 441, it was demolished and set on fire. It suffered another bout of destruction in the 7th century, after which, in the 9th century, it was inhabited by the Slovenes, who, not having heard anything about Romuliana, gave the demolished complex a new name - Gamzigrad. Felix Romuliana je od 2007. godine deo UNESCO baštine
Since 2007 Felix Romuliana has been a UNESCO world heritage site
Prikazi Galerija na novcu su stereotipni, ograničeni tetrahijskim istoličjem i apersonalnošću, ali i naglašene vojničke snage, askeze i pobedničke
siline u portretima. Kovani novac sa likom Galerija ima različite reverse, dok je na aversu uvek dat njegov profil.
Osim ovih, kovan je i novac u čast njegove žene Valerije Galerije, ćerke Dioklecijana. Naime, Galerije se dvaput ženio. Iz prvog braka imao je ćerku
Maksimilu, a iz braka sa Valerijom sina Kandidijana, koga je, uprkos tome što je bio maloletan, pre svoje smrti proglasio za cezara.
Na ovim kovanicama Valerija je prikazana kao mlađa matrona, plemenitog stamenog lica, hladne lepote. Na reversima je najčešće prikazana Venera Pobednica, sa čvrstim stavom i jednostavnom odećom,
dugim hitonom i himationom čiji prebačeni kraj pada preko levog ramena kao koplje. U podignutoj desnoj ruci Venera drži jabuku.
The images of Galerius in his coins are stereotypical, limited by tetrarchy-imposed uniformity and impersonality, but nevertheless featuring
prominent military strength, asceticism and victorious might in his portraits. The minted coins bearing the image of Galerius had various reverses, the obverse always featuring his profile.
In addition to these, coins were also minted to honour his wife Valeria Galeria, Diocletian’s daughter. Galerius married twice. From his first marriage he had a daughter called Maximilla, whereas from his marriage to Valeria he had a son Candidianus, whom Galerius, on his deathbed, proclaimed Caesar, despite the fact that he was not yet of age.
In these coins Valeria is presented as a young matron of cold beauty, with a noble and stout face. The reverses
of these coins most frequently feature Venus Victrix (the Victorious), with a firm posture and simple clothing, long chiton and himation, whose
folded drape falls over her left shoulder like a spear. In her right
hand, Venus holds up an apple.
Valerija GalerijaLiteratura / References
1. Jovanović, Aleksandar. Tlo Srbije zavičaj rimskih careva. Beograd: Princip Bonart Pres. 2006.
2. Lopandić, Duško. Purpur imperije - Rimski carevi sa prostora Srbije i Balkana. Beograd: Book & Marso. 2007.
3. Prof. dr Korać Miomir, Unesko čuva Gamzigrad, Planeta - magazin za nauku, istraživanja i otkrića, 5. mart 2013.
4. Matović, Dragana, Dvorac Gaja Valerija, Večernje Novosti, 29. jul 2009.
