gamocdebis erovnuli centri - aris.gemartivi da rTuli nivTierebebi, alotropia. metalebi da arametalebi. oqsidebi, fuZeebi, mJavebi da marilebi, maTi klasifikacia, miRebis xerxebi da

gamocdebis erovnuli centri

rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa

sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis

qimia

Tbilisi

2013

2

Sinaarsi Sesavali ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

sagamocdo programa ......................................................................................................................................................... 4

testis savaraudo struqtura .............................................................................................................................. 11

2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti ............................................................................................................................. 12

2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 32

2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti ........................................................................................................................... 38

2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi ........................................................... 57

rekomendebuli literaturis sia ................................................................................................................... 63

3

Sesavali

saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis saministros gadawyvetilebiT unda Catardes qimiis maswavlebelTa sasertifikacio gamocdebi, romlebic iTvaliswinebs pedagogTa kvalifikaciis Semowmebasa da Sesabamisi sertifikatis gacemas.

sasertifikacio gamocdis mizania, Seamowmos maswavlebelTa codnisa da pedagogiuri unarebis Sesabamisoba maswavleblis profesiuli standartiT (sabazo da saSualo safexuri) gaTvaliswinebul moTxovnebTan.

winamdebare krebulis daniSnulebaa sabazo da saSualo skolis qimiis pedagogebs gaacnos sagamocdo programa, testur davalebaTa nimuSebi da maTi swori pasuxebi, amoxsnebi, Sefasebis sqemebi da kriteriumebi.

krebulSi SegxvdebaT iseTi sakiTxebic, romlebic scildeba saskolo programis kurss, Tumca Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul standartSi.

vimedovnebT, rom krebulSi mocemul testur davalebaTa gacnoba da Sesabamisi Teoriuli masalis safuZvlianad gameoreba saTanado daxmarebas gagiwevT sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis momzadebasa da sasurveli Sedegis miRwevaSi.

gisurvebT warmatebas!

4

sagamocdo programa

qimiis sagamocdo programa efuZneba sabazo da saSualo safexuris maswavleblis profesiul standarts qimiaSi da Sedgenilia gamocdebis erovnuli centris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa jgufisa da centrTan arsebuli sakonsultacio sabWos mier. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen saqarTvelos umaRlesi saswavleblebis, kvleviTi institutebisa da sajaro skolebis warmomadgenlebi. sagamocdo programis marcxena svetSi mocemulia sakiTxTa CamonaTvali, xolo marjvena svetSi dazustebulia, Tu risi codna moeTxoveba pedagogs Sesabamisi sakiTxis garSemo sasertifikacio gamocdis Casabareblad.

nivTierebis qimiuri arsi, narevi da naerTi

bunebaSi gavrcelebuli nivTierebebi, xelovnurad miRebuli nivTierebebi da maTi daniSnuleba.

nivTierebebis gasufTavebis xerxebi. dispersiuli sistemebi: heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi. narevis komponentebad dayofa, Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi Sedgenilobis dadgena.

qimiuri analizis meTodebi: gravimetria, titrimetria, fotometria.

martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi

martivi da rTuli nivTierebebi, alotropia. metalebi da arametalebi.

oqsidebi, fuZeebi, mJavebi da marilebi, maTi klasifikacia, miRebis xerxebi da Tvisebebi.

kavSiri sxvadasxva klasis naerTebs Soris.

kompleqsuri naerTebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

nivTierebis raodenoba

moli. avogadros kanoni. airis moluri moculoba. airis fardobiTi simkvrive.

idealuri airis ZiriTadi gantoleba da misi gamoyeneba.

atomis aRnagoba. periodulobis kanoni da perioduli sistema

radioaqtiuroba. alfa-, beta- da gama-gamosxiveba. atomis aRnagobis modelebi. atombirTvuli reaqciebi. masis defeqti. stabiluri da arastabiluri izotopebi.

eleqtronis buneba. eleqtronuli Rrublebi da orbitalebi. kvanturi ricxvebi. paulis principi. hundis wesi. umciresi energiebis principi (kleCkovskis wesi). eleqtronuli formulebi. orbitaluri diagramebi. s-, p-, d-da f –elementebi. qimiur elementTa klasifikaciis istoria.

periodulobis kanoni da elementTa perioduli sistema, periodulobis kanonis Tanamedrove formulireba. perioduli sistema da atomis aRnagoba.

atomis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi

elementebis atomTa ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi: atomis radiusi, ionizaciis potenciali, eleqtronisadmi swrafva, eleqtrouaryofiToba. Jangvis ricxvi.

5

qimiuri bma

qimiuri bmebi da molekulaTaSorisi urTierTqmedebis Zalebi.

nivTierebaTa Tvisebebis damokidebuleba nivTierebis agebulebaze.

kristaluri mesris tipebi – ionuri, atomuri, molekuluri, metaluri.

qimiuri bmebis warmoqmnis meqanizmebi.

kovalenturi bmis warmoqmnis donorul-aqceptoruli meqanizmi.

eleqtronuli orbitalebis hibridizacia. sigma- da pi-bmebi. bmis maxasiaTeblebi: bmis sigrZe, bmis energia, jeradoba, gezuroba.

atomis aRnagoba da valentoba.

molekuluri orbitalebis Teoria.

qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikacia. qimiuri kinetika

qimiuri reaqciebis klasifikacia steqiometriis, siTburi efeqtis, Jangva-aRdgenis da Seqcevadobis mixedviT.

Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebi, maTi klasifikacia. Jangva-aRdgeniTi reaqciebis tolobebis Sedgena.

qimiuri reaqciis siTburi efeqti, enTalpia, ekzoTermuli da endoTermuli reaqciebi.

qimiuri reaqciis myisieri da saSualo siCqare. qimiuri reaqciis siCqareze moqmedi faqtorebi.

moqmed masaTa kanoni. qimiuri reaqciis rigi.

katalizi da katalizatori.

Seqcevadi da Seuqcevadi reaqciebi.

qimiuri wonasworoba. wonasworobis mudmiva. qimiur wonasworobaze moqmedi faqtorebi. le-Satelies principi.

xsnarebi heterogenuli da homogenuri narevebi (suspenzia, emulsia, WeSmariti xsnari). koloiduri xsnarebi (geli da zoli).

xsnadoba da xsnadobaze moqmedi faqtorebi.

gaxsnili nivTierebis koncentraciis gamosaxvis xerxebi (nivTierebis masuri wili, moluri koncentracia).

eleqtrolituri disociaciis Teoria

eleqtrolituri disociacia, eleqtrolitebi da araeleqtrolitebi.

tuteebis, mJavebisa da marilebis eleqtrolituri disociacia. ionuri reaqciebi.

fuZeebi, mJavebi protonuri da eleqtronuli Teoriebis mixedviT.

eleqtrolituri disociaciis xarisxi da disociaciis mudmiva. susti, saSualo, Zlieri eleqtrolitebi.

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marilTa hidrolizi. hidrolizis xarisxi.

wylis ionuri namravli da wyalbaduri maCvenebeli (pH). buferuli xsnarebi.

arametalebis calkeuli warmomadgenlebi

wyalbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba1, miReba2, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba.

wyali: wylis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. wylis gasufTavebis xerxebi.

qlori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi. gamoyeneba. qloris naerTebi. qlorwyalbadi da marilmJava: daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. qloridebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia. zogadi cnobebi ftorze, bromze da iodze. halogenebis da maTi wyalbadnaerTebis Tvisebebis Sedareba.

Jangbadi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. ozonis miReba, misi fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi.

gogirdi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, alotropiuli modifikaciebi. miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. gogirdwyalbadi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. gogirdis oqsidebi: molekulis aRnagoba. miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. gogirdovanmJava da sulfitebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia. gogirdmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. sulfatebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqciebi. VI A jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

azoti: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. amiaki: molekulis aRnagoba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. amoniumis ionis aRnagoba da Taviseburebebi. amoniumis marilebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia. azotis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba. azotmJava: miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. azotmJavas damJangavi Tvisebebi. nitratebi, maTi daSlis reaqciebi.

fosfori: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. fosfini. fosforis oqsidebi da mJavebi. fosfatebi, maTi aRmomCeni reaqcia. zogadi cnobebi azotian, fosforian da kaliumian mineraluri sasuqebze.

1 aqac da Semdgom zogad daxasiaTebaSi igulisxmeba: mdebareoba periodul sistemaSi, eleqtronuli aRnagoba, izotopuri Sedgeniloba, bunebaSi gavrceleba. 2 aqac da Semdgom miRebaSi igulisxmeba laboratoriuli da samrewvelo meTodebi.

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VA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

naxSirbadi: misi alotropebi. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. naxSirbadis oqsidebi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, Tvisebebi. naxSirmJava da misi marilebi. karbonatebis aRmomCeni reaqciebi.

siliciumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. siliciumis dioqsidi. siliciummJava da misi marilebi. silikaturi mrewveloba. IVA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

metalebis zogadi daxasiaTeba

metalTa mdebareoba elementTa periodul sistemaSi. metalis kristaluri struqtura. metalTa zogadi fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi.

metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivi, standartuli eleqtroduli potencialebis rigi. galvanuri elementebi.

metalTa miRebis zogadi meTodebi.

eleqtrolizi. faradeis kanonebi. eleqtrolizis roli warmoebaSi.

Senadnobebi, maTi Sedgeniloba, Tvisebebi da gamoyeneba.

metalTa korozia.

metalebis calkeuli warmomadgenlebi

natriumi da kaliumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. natriumis da kaliumis hidroqsidebi da marilebi. IA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

kalciumi da magniumi: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba eleqtroliziT, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. Camqrali da Caumqrali kiri. wylis sixiste da misi Tavidan acilebis xerxebi.

IIA jgufis elementebis zogadi daxasiaTeba.

alumini: zogadi daxasiaTeba, miReba eleqtroliziT, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. aluminis oqsidis da hidroqsidis amfoteruloba.

rkina: zogadi daxasiaTeba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi, gamoyeneba. rkinis oqsidebi da hidroqsidebi. rkinis ormuxtiani da sammuxtiani ionebis aRmomCeni reaqciebi. rkinis Senadnobebi _ Tuji da foladi, maTi warmoebis principis zogadi aRwera.

manganumi: manganumis bunebrivi naerTebi. kaliumis permanganatis mJangavi Tvisebebi.

organuli naerTebi da maTi aRnagoba

organuli naerTebis aRnagoba. qimiuri bmis tipebi organul naerTebSi. kovalenturi bmis polarizacia. induqciuri, SeuRlebis da sivrciTi efeqtebi.

izomeriis saxeebi (struqturuli, geometriuli, optikuri,

8

konformaciuli).

organuli naerTebis klasifikacia da saerTaSoriso nomenklatura.

organuli reaqciebi

organuli reaqciebi (Canacvlebis, mierTebis, eliminirebis, izomerizaciis).

homolituri da heterolituri gaxleCis meqanizmiT mimdinare reaqciebi.

organul naerTTa reaqciebis meqanizmebi. nukleofiluri da eleqtrofiluri reaqciebi.

naxSirwyalbadebi

alkanebi: meTanis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria. nomenklatura. alkanebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Canacvleba, izomerizacia, daSla). meTanis da alkanebis miRebis meTodebi. alkanebis gamoyeneba. zogadi cnobebi cikloalkanebze.

alkenebi: eTilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. alkenebis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, mierTeba, polimerizacia). markovnikovis wesi. alkenebis miReba da gamoyeneba.

alkinebi: acetilenis homologiuri rigi, aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. acetilenis fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, Canacvleba, mierTeba, di- da trimerizacia). acetilenis miReba karbididan da meTanidan. misi gamoyeneba.

alkadienebi: klasifikacia, aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. butadien-1,3-is ZiriTadi qimiuri Tvisebebi (mierTeba, polimerizacia). alkadienebis gamoyeneba.

aromatuli naxSirwyalbadebi: benzoli, aRnagoba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Canacvleba, mierTeba). benzolis homologebi, izomeria, nomenklatura. atomTa urTierTgavlena toluolis molekulaSi.

urTierTkavSiri naxSirwyalbadebis klasebs Soris. klasTaSorisi izomerebi.

naxSirwyalbadebis bunebrivi wyaroebi: navTobi, bunebrivi airi, navTobis Tanmxlebi airi, qvanaxSiri. navTobis gadamuSaveba da navTobproduqtebi.

funqciuri jgufebis Semcveli organuli naerTebi

hidroqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi

najeri erTatomiani spirtebis homologiuri rigi: aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (wva, Jangva, dehidratacia, urTierTqmedeba tute liTonebTan, araorganul da organul mJavebTan). maTi miReba da gamoyeneba. eTerebis miReba da nomenklatura.

mravalatomiani spirtebis klasifikacia. nomenklatura. eTilenglikoli da glicerini, maTi ZiriTadi Tvisebebi (urTierTqmedeba tute liTonebTan, araorganul da organul mJavebTan, spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan) da

9

gamoyeneba.

fenoli, aRnagoba, urTierTqmedeba metalebTan, tuteebTan, bromTan da formaldehidTan. atomTa urTierTgavlena fenolis molekulaSi.

karbonilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi

aldehidebis homologiuri rigi: aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva, aRdgena, mierTeba). aldehidebis miReba da gamoyeneba.

zogadi cnobebi ketonebis Sesaxeb.

karboqsilis jgufis Semcveli organuli naerTebi

najeri erTfuZiani karbonmJavebis homologiuri rigi: aRnagoba, izomeria, nomenklatura. fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (mJavuri Tvisebebi, esterifikacia, Canacvleba, anhidridebis warmoqmna).

WianWvelmJavas Tavisebureba. karbonmJavebis miReba. zogadi cnobebi najer da ujer umaRles cximovan mJavebze, rZemJavasa da mJaunmJavaze.

genetikuri kavSiri spirtebs, aldehidebs da karbonmJavebs Soris, klasTaSoris izomerebi.

esterebi (rTuli eTerebi) da cximebi

esterebis nomenklatura. esterifikaciis da hidrolizis reaqciebi.

cximebis Sedgeniloba. myari da Txevadi cximebi, maTi gamoyeneba. cximebis hidrolizi da hidrogenizacia.

naxSirwylebi

monosaqaridebi: glukoza, aRnagoba, RiajaWviani da cikluri formebi. glukozis qimiuri Tvisebebi (Jangva, aRdgena, esterifikacia, daSla sunTqvisa da duRilis procesSi). glukozis warmoqmna bunebaSi. fruqtoza – glukozis izomeri.

disaqaridebi: saqaroza, Sedgeniloba, hidrolizi.

polisaqaridebi: saxamebeli da celuloza. maTi aRnagoba, fizikuri da qimiuri Tvisebebi (hidrolizi, saxameblis aRmoCena, celulozas nitrireba da acetilireba).

azotSemcveli organuli naerTebi

aminebis klasifikacia, nomenklatura, miReba. aminojgufis aRnagoba da fuZe Tvisebebi. anilini, aRnagoba da qimiuri Tvisebebi. atomTa urTierTgavlena anilinis molekulaSi. anilinis miReba nitrobenzolidan.

aminomJavebis nomenklatura, amfoteruli buneba, peptiduri bmis warmoqmna.

cilebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba da struqturebi. cilebis hidrolizi.

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bunebrivi da sinTezuri organuli naerTebi

bunebrivi da sinTezuri organuli naerTebi.

cocxal organizmebSi mimdinare qimiuri gardaqmnebi: sunTqva, duRili, fotosinTezi.

bunebrivi saRebrebi.

organul naerTTa roli bunebaSi, mrewvelobasa da yofa-cxovrebaSi.

maRalmolekuluri naerTebi

ZiriTadi cnebebi: polimeri, monomeri, monomeruli erTeuli (elementaruli rgoli), polimerizaciis xarisxi.

polimerizaciis da polikondensaciis reaqciebi.

plastmasebi; bunebrivi da sinTezuri kauCukebi; bunebrivi, xelovnuri da sinTezuri boWkoebi.

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testis savaraudo struqtura

sasertifikacio gamocdis testis maqsimaluri Sefaseba iqneba 70 qula. minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari Seadgens 60%-s, anu sertifikatis misaRebad saWiro iqneba minimum 43 qulis dagroveba.

maqsimalur jamur qulaSi im sakiTxTa xvedriTi wili, romlebic scildeba saskolo programis kurss, magram Setanilia maswavleblis profesiul standartSi, ar iqneba 10%-ze meti.

zogierTi davaleba moiTxovs im maTematikuri aparatis flobas, romelic miTiTebulia sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis maswavleblis profesiul standartSi. gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, rom aseT amocanebSi Sesasrulebeli gamoTvlebi ar saWiroebdes kalkulatoris gamoyenebas.

testi pirobiTad ori tipis davalebebisgan Sedgeba. I. daxuruli tipis davalebebi

TiToeul davalebas Tan axlavs 4 savaraudo pasuxi, romelTagan mxolod erTia swori. am davalebebis maqsimaluri Sefaseba 1 qulaa. es davalebebi gankuTvnilia codnis, kritikuli gaazrebis, analizisa da sxva informaciasTan sinTezis unaris Sesamowmeblad. II. Ria tipis davalebebi

TiToeuli davalebis gaswvriv miTiTebuli iqneba misi maqsimaluri qula. TiToeuli davaleba moiTxovs werilobiT pasuxs. es davalebebi amowmeben aplikantis rogorc codnis dones, aseve im pedagogiur unarebs, romlebic asaxulia qimiis maswavleblis profesiul standartSi. aRniSnul davalebaTa pasuxebi Sefasdeba Semdegi kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT:

ramdenad zustad da adekvaturad aris gagebuli davalebis TiToeul

komponentSi dasmuli amocana;

ramdenad kargadaa gamovlenili sakiTxebis codna da praqtikul

situaciebSi (amocanis amoxsna, eqsperimentis dagegmva da Catareba) maTi

gamoyenebis unari;

ramdenad srulad, argumentirebulad, logikuri TanmimdevrobiT aris

aRwerili konkretuli davalebis gadaWrisaTvis saWiro yvela nabiji;

ramdenad TvalsaCinod, gasagebad da mkafiodaa warmodgenili naazrevi.

12

2011 wlis sagamocdo varianti

instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 1 _ 30: davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,

romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.

pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra, romelic

Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.

1. TavRia WurWlebSi moaTavses:

I _ natriumis tutis granulebi II _ fosfor(V)-is oqsidis fxvnili

rogor Seicvleba TiToeuli WurWelis SigTavsis masa garkveuli drois

Semdeg?

a) orives masa gaizrdeba

b) I-is masa gaizrdeba, II-is Semcirdeba

g) I-is masa Semcirdeba, II-is gaizrdeba

d) orives masa Semcirdeba

2. CamoTvlili airebidan, romlis gamoSroba SeiZleba koncentrirebul

gogirdmJavaSi gatarebiT?

I _ HCl II _ NH3 III _ H2S a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) I-is da III-is d) samives

3. suraTze naCvenebia martivi cda:

WiqaSi moTavsebulia gafiltruli kiriani

wyali, xsnarSi CaSvebulia denis wyaros-

Tan mierTebuli eleqtrodebi da wredSi

CarTulia naTura.

xsnarSi gaatares naxSirorJangi, ris

Sedegadac kiriani wyali jer aimRvra,

Semdeg ki gamWvirvale gaxda.

rogor Seicvala am dros naTuris naTeba?

xsnari aimRvra xsnari gamWvirvale gaxda

a) naTura Caqra naTura Camqrali darCa

b) naTura Caqra naTura ainTo

g) naTura anTia naTura Caqra

d) naTura anTia naTura anTebuli darCa

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4. Tqven gWirdebaT aCvenoT moswavleebs lakmusis feris cvlileba mJava areSi, magram ar gaqvT mJavas xsnari da mogepovebaT mxolod Semdegi ori marili:

I _ NaHCO3 II _ NaHSO4 romel marils gamoiyenebdiT am miznis misaRwevad?

a) mxolod I-s b) mxolod II-s g) orives d) arc erTs

5. tutis xsnarSi, uJangbado pirobebSi, azot(II)-is oqsidis gatarebisas:

a) warmoiqmneba nitriti

b) warmoiqmneba nitrati

g) warmoiqmneba nitritis da nitratis narevi d) reaqcia ar warimarTeba

6. ninos da giorgis daavales CaetarebinaT reaqcia aluminis qloridisa da

natriumis tutis erTnairi koncentraciis xsnarebs Soris. amisaTvis, maT

erTi sinjaridan meoreSi unda gadaesxaT xsnaris mxolod ramdenime

wveTi.

moswavleebma davaleba sxvadasxva wesiT Seasrules:

nino giorgi

rogor Sedegebs miiRebdnen nino da giorgi? a) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba;

giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba

b) ninosTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba; giorgisTan _ warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba

g) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic swrafadve qreba

d) orive moswavlesTan erTnairad warmoiqmneba naleqi, romelic ar qreba

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7. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli mtkicebuleba asaxavs sworad SO2-is da SO3-is Jangva-aRdgeniT Tvisebebs?

a) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 mxolod aRmdgeni

b) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 mxolod aRmdgeni

g) SO3 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO2 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni

d) SO2 mxolod mJangavia, xolo SO3 SeiZleba iyos an mJangavi, an aRmdgeni

8. sam sinjaraSi moTavsebulia rkinis oqsidebi:

I _ FeO II _ Fe2O3 III _ Fe3O4. TiToeuls Warbad daamates marilmJava, Semdeg ki amoniumis rodanidi

(NH4SCN). romel sinjaraSi Seifereba xsnari wiTlad?

a) mxolod II-Si b) I-sa da II-Si

g) I-sa da III-Si d) II-sa da III-Si

9. magniumi gansxvavebulad urTierTqmedebs sxvadasxva koncentraciis

azotmJavasTan:

I. 3Mg + 8HNO3 → 3Mg(NO3)2 + 2NO↑ + 4H2O

II. 4Mg + 10HNO3 → 4Mg(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

III. 5Mg + 12HNO3 → 5Mg(NO3)2 + N2↑ + 6H2O

rogori Tanmimdevroba miiReba, Tu es reaqciebi dalagdeba magniumis

dasaJangad gamoyenebuli azotmJavas koncentraciis zrdis mixedviT?

a) II < I < III b) II < III < I

g) III < I < II d) III < II < I

10. CamoTvlilTagan, romeli nivTiereba Sedgeba dimerebisgan, romlebSic

molekulebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia ori wyalbaduri bmiT?

a) amiakis b) wylis g) eTanolis d) ZmarmJavas

11. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia, romelSic X-iT aRniSnulia reaqciis

Sedegad gamotyorcnili nawilaki: Al + He Si + X

CamoTvlilTagan, romelia X nawilaki?

a) -nawilaki b) protoni g) neitroni d) eleqtroni

12. mocemuli eleqtronuli formulebidan, romeli asaxavs sworad

skandiumis atomis eleqtronul aRnagobas?

a) [Ne] 4s23d1 b) [Ne] 4s24p1 g) [Ar] 4s23d1 d) [Ar] 4s24p1

15

13. marilmJavas xsnaris pH=1. ramdenjer unda ganzavdes xsnari,

rom pH-is mniSvneloba 3-is toli gaxdes?

a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 10-jer d) 100-jer

14. mocemulia qimiuri reaqcia: Amyari + 2Bairadi Cairadi

ramdenjer unda gaizardos wneva, rom reaqciis siCqare 16-jer gaizardos?

a) 2-jer b) 4-jer g) 8-jer d) 16-jer

15. mocemulTagan romeli molekulaa polaruli?

I II

a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) orive d) arc erTi 16. natriumis nitriti advilad hidrolizdeba: NaNO + H O ⇄ NaOH + HNO

CamoTvlilTagan, romeli moqmedebebi SeuSlis xels hidrolizis process?

I. xsnaris gaciveba II. tutis damateba

III. wylis damateba

a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive

16

17. grafikebze uwyveti xaziT gamosaxulia energiis cvlileba reaqciis

msvlelobisas.

romel grafikze gviCvenebs wyvetili xazi inhibitoris monawileobiT

mimdinare igive reaqcias?

18. cxrilSi mocemulia wyalbadis, bromisa da bromwyalbadis molekulebSi

bmis energiebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi:

molekula bmis energia,

kj/moli H_H 440Br_Br 200H_Br 370

am monacemebidan gamomdinare, rogori iqneba TiTo moli martivi

nivTierebebidan bromwyalbadis warmoqmnis siTburi efeqti (Q)?

a) +100 kj b) _100 kj

g) +270 kj d) _270 kj

19. azotisa da wyalbadis narevi gaatares katalizatorze, ris Sedegadac

narevis moculoba 4 ml-iT Semcirda (moculobebi izomeboda erTnair

pirobebSi). ra moculobis amiaks Seicavs miRebuli narevi?

a) 2 ml b) 4 ml

g) 6 ml d) 8 ml

a) b) g) d)

17

20. mocemulia wonasworuli sistema: (აირ.) + (აირ.) ⇄ (აირ.) − .

am sistemaSi drois garkveul momentSi Seamcires temperatura. qvemoT mocemuli grafikebidan romeli asaxavs sworad sistemaSi

mimdinare process?

parcialuri wneva, %

dro

H2I2HI

parcialuri wneva, %

dro

H2I2HI

a) b)

parcialuri wneva, %

dro

H2I2HI

parcialuri wneva, %

dro

H2I2HI

g) d)

21. romeli tipis hibridizacia axasiaTebs karbonilis jgufSi

naxSirbadatomis savalento eleqtronebs?

CO

a) sp b) sp2 g) sp3 d) sp2 da sp3

18

22. mocemulia naerTebi:

I. 1-qlor-buten-1 II. 2-qlor-buten-1

romel maTgans aqvs cis- da trans-izomerebi? a) mxolod I-s

b) mxolod II-s

g) orives

d) arc erTs

23. CamoTvlili aminomJavebidan romeli ar aris C4H9NO2-is izomeri?

a) 2-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava

b) 3-amino-2-meTil-propanmJava

g) 4-amino-butanmJava

d) 4-amino-2-meTil-butanmJava

24. mocemulia meTanis or etapiani gardaqmna eTanalad:

CH3 CO

HXCH4

am sqemaSi X nivTiereba unda iyos:

a) meTanoli

b) meTanali

g) eTini

d) eTeni

25. CamonaTvalidan, romeli mJavaa yvelaze Zlieri? a) H─ COOH b) CH3 ─ COOH g) CF3 ─ COOH d) CCl 3 ─ COOH

26. mocemulia amiaki da misi organuli nawarmebi NH3 CH3_NH2 C6H5_NH2 I II III

qvemoT mocemuli romeli Tanmimdevroba asaxavs sworad aminebis fuZe

Tvisebebis gaZlierebas?

a) I < II < III b) I < III < II

g) III < I < II d) III < II < I

19

27. romel sqemazea sworad naCvenebi nitrobenzolis molekulaSi eleqtronuli

simkvrivis gadanawileba?

N OO

N OO N OO

N OO

a) b) g) d)

28. narevi Seicavs propanolis izomerebs TanafardobiT 1 : 1. am narevis dehidra-taciiT miiRes propeni. ra miiReba warmoqmnili propenis hidrataciis

Sedegad?

a) propanol-1

b) propanol-2

g) propanali d) propanolis izomerebis sawyisi narevi


I _ glukoza II _ fruqtoza III _ WianWvelmJava

romeli maTgani warmoqmnis spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidTan gacxelebisas

agurisfer-wiTel naleqs?

a) mxolod I b) mxolod II g) I da II d) I da III

20

30. narevi Seicavda TiTo mol spirts, aldehidsa da karbonmJavas.

wyalbadis da Sesabamisi katalizatoris meSveobiT moaxdines erT-erTi

komponentis hidrireba, ris Sedegadac misi raodenoba ganaxevrda.

romeli diagrama gamosaxavs sworad narevSi organuli naerTebis

raodenobrivi Semcvelobis cvlilebas?

a) b)

g) d)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH

რაო

დენობა

, მოლი

რეაქციამდე რეაქციის შემდეგ

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH

რაო

დენობა

, მოლი


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH

რაო

დენობა

, მოლი


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

RCH2OH RCHO RCOOH

რაო

დენობა

, მოლი


21

instruqcia davalebebisTvis # 31 _ 32: unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs

Soris.

cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:

cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danom-

rili obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.

gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba

Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.

31. ipoveT Sesabamisoba cxrilSi mocemul reaqtivebsa da qimiur

nivTierebaTa gamafrTxilebel niSnebs Soris.

a b g d reaqtivebi

niSnebi KCN NH4NO3 CH3OH 3H2O1

2

3

4

22

32. grafiki gviCvenebs wonasworul reaqciebSi wnevis gazrdisas

C nivTierebis raodenobis cvlilebis sam SemTxvevas.

gansazRvreT, romeli mrudi Seesabameba TiToeul reaqcias.

reaqciebi (A, B, C da D airebia)

wneva

C nivT

ier

ebis

rao

den

oba

1

2

3

a. A + B ⇄ 2C b. 2A + B ⇄ 2C g. A + B ⇄ C + D

d. A + B ⇄ 2C + D

e. 2A + B ⇄ C + 2D a b g d e

1 2 3

33. ganzavebul azotmJavaSi dariSxan(III)-is sulfidis gaxsnisas

gamoiyofa azot(II)-is oqsidi, xolo dariSxani da gogirdi

umaRlesi Jangvis xarisxamde iJangeba Sesabamisi mJavebis

warmoqmniT.

dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis CvenebiT.

23

34. SeavseT cxrili masSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT:

a b g d

reaqciebi wyalbadi mJangavia

wyalbadi aRmdgenia

wyalbadi ar icvlis Jangvis xarisxs

Jangvis da aRdgenis Sesabamisi

naxevarreaqciebi

CuO + H2 Cu + H2O Cu+2 + 2e Cu0H0 _ e H+1

1 CH2=CH2 + H2 → CH3_CH3 ...................................

...................................

2 HC≡CH + H2O → CH3_CHO ...................................

...................................

3 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH+H2 ...................................

................................... 35. dawereT mocemuli organuli naerTis saxelwodeba:

.

CH2 CH CH2 C OH

CH3OH

24

36. gakveTilze moswavleebs miecaT Semdegi davaleba:

`dawereT C4H8O2 molekuluri formulis mqone yvela im izomeris

struqturuli formula, romelic Seicavs CO

O

jgufs~.

qvemoT mocemulia sami moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli davalebis pasuxebi:

I moswavle

CH3 CH2 CH2 COH

O

CH3 CH2 CO

O

CH3

CH3 CO

O

C2H5

II moswavle

CH3 CH2 CH2 COH

O

CH3

CH2 CH2 COH

O

CH3 CH2 CO

O

CH3

CH3 CO

O

CH2 CH3

III moswavle

CH3 CH2 CH2 COH

OCH3 CH C

OH

O

CH3

CH3 CH2 CO

O

CH3

CH3 CO

O

CH2 CH3

25

36.1. dawereT mocemuli davalebis swori, srulyofili pasuxis Tqveni

varianti.

36.2. cxrilSi CamoTvlilia komentarebi. TiToeul naSroms SeiZleba daerTos erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi komentari.

romel komentars daurTavdiT TiToeul naSroms?

Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.

komentari

I moswavlis naSromi

II moswavlis naSromi

III moswavlis naSromi

a. ar esmis zogadad, ras niSnavs izomeria

b. ar wers naxSirbaduri jaWvis (ConCxis) izomerebs

g. ar wers karbonmJavebis homologiuri rigis yvela SesaZlo wevrs

d. ar wers klasTaSoris izomerebs

e. imeorebs erTi da igive izomers

26

37. qvemoT mocemuli sqemis safuZvelze CamoayalibeT amocanis

srulyofili piroba da mokled, magram naTlad aCveneT

amoxsnis gza.

37.1. piroba:

37.2. amoxsna:

CuSO4

Fe

10 g

10.8 g

27

38. moswavleTa or jgufs daevala warmoedgina mowyobiloba,

romliTac SesaZlebelia nitrobenzolis aRdgeniT anilinis

miReba, Semdegi reaqciis mixedviT: C6H5NO2 C6H5NH2+ 6H_ 2H2O

jgufebma Tavisi mosazrebebi warmoadgines Semdegi saxiT:

I jgufi II jgufi

romeli jgufis mier warmodgenili pasuxia swori?

(pasuxi daasabuTeT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pasuxi ar Sefasdeba!)

.

HCl

C6H5NO2 Fe

HCl

C6H5NO2 Fe

28

39. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Sabiamani ( ∙ ).

mokled aRwereT, rogor moaxdenT am marilSi kristalizaciuri wylis, spilenZis kationebisa da sulfatis anionebis arsebobis TvalsaCinod demonstrirebas.

39.1. kristalizaciuri wyali:

39.2. spilenZis kationebi:

39.3. sulfatis anionebi:

40. skolis laboratoriaSi gaqvT Zmari da soda.

reaqcia am nivTierebebs Soris SeiZleba gamoiyenoT

sademonstraciod sxvadasxva sakiTxis axsnisas.

rogor gamoiyenebdiT am reaqcias TemisTvis "qimiuri kinetika"?

cxrilSi moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT Sesabamis ujrebSi CawereT:

erTi konkretuli sakiTxis dasaxeleba;

Sesabamisi saswavlo aqtivobis mokle aRwera.

Tema konkretuli

sakiTxi saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera

eleqtrolituri disociaciis Teoria

ionuri mimocvlis reaqciebi

vaCveneb, rom reaqciis Sedegad gamoiyofa airi, rac imas niSnavs, rom reaqcia srulad warimarTeba. davawerineb reaqciis molekulur, srul da mokle ionur tolobebs.

qimiuri kinetika

29

41. Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebis eleqtronuli balansis Sedgenisas

moswavleebi xSirad uSveben Secdomebs, rac ZiriTadad

gamowveulia Semdegi mizezebiT:

I _ ver xvdebian, rom Jangvis xarisxis zrda xdeba eleqtronebis gacemis

Sedegad, xolo Semcireba _ eleqtronebis mierTebiT;

II _ ver angariSoben sxvaobas dadebiT da uaryofiT ricxvebs Soris.

qvemoT mocemulia oTxi fragmenti moswavleebis mier Sesrulebuli

samuSaoebidan, romlebSic maT unda SeedginaT eleqtronuli balansi

Semdegi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciisTvis: + → +

+ 4 → − 4 → − 4 →+ 4 → + 6 →− 4 → − 6 →+ 4 →TamTa laSa daTo elene

41.1. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebidan, romelma gamoiwvia TiToeuli moswavlis mier daSvebuli Secdoma? cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi dasviT niSani X.

41.2. Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze Tqven dasaxeT Semdegi strategia:

moswavles, romelmac yvelaze kargad gaarTva Tavi davalebas, mieces ufro

rTuli davaleba, rac xels Seuwyobs mis progress;

moswavles, romelsac hqonda daSvebuli yvelaze meti Secdoma, saTanado

axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg, mieces ufro martivi davaleba, rac daexmareba

mas daSvebuli Secdomebis gaazrebasa da problemis daZlevaSi.

am miznis gansaxorcieleblad, qvemoT mocemuli Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciebidan,

SearCieT yvelaze rTuli da yvelaze martivi. cxrilis Sesabamis ujrebSi

dasviT niSani X.

a. b.

reaqciebi yvelaze martivi

yvelaze rTuli

1. FeS + O → Fe O + SO

2. NH + O → NO + H O

3. H SO + C → CO + SO + H O

I mizezi II mizezi

a TamTa

b laSa

g daTo

d elene

30

42. mocemulia amocana:

"200 g natriumis tutis xsnarSi Warbad gaatares gogird(IV)-is oqsidi,

ris Sedegadac xsnaris masa 6.4 g-iT gaizarda. gamoTvaleT reaqciis

Sedegad STanTqmuli airis moculoba (n. p.) da tutis masuri wili

sawyis xsnarSi."

erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna: 2NaOH + SO2 ⟶ Na2SO3 + H2O ν(SO ) = . = 0.1 moli V(SO ) = 0.1 ∙ 22.4 = 2.24 l. ν(NaOH) ∶ ν(SO ) = 2 ∶ 1, ν(NaOH) = 0.1 ∙ 2 = 0.2 moli m(NaOH) = 0.2 ∙ 30 = 6 g NaOH ნ.∙ 100%

ხს.. = ∙ 100%

= 3 %.

pasuxi: V(SO ) = 2.24 l; NaOH 3%.

SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli

instruqciis da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.

instruqcia:

amocana fasdeba maqsimum 10 quliT.

Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis

mixedviT.

TiToeuli kriteriumi fasdeba 0, 1 an 2 quliT.

Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma

isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba

qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas ar unda

daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli

SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).

gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela

kriteriumisTvis!

31

Sefasebis sqema

Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula

1. reaqciis tolobis

siswore da

Sesabamisoba

pirobasTan

2. airis moculobis

gamoTvlis codna

3. reaqciis mixedviT

reagentis masis

gamoTvlis codna

4. xsnarSi nivTierebis

masuri wilis

gamoTvlis codna

5. amoxsnis logikuri

Tanmimdevroba

saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)

32

2011 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

a X X X X b X X X X X g X X d X X X X

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

a X X X b X X X X g X X X X X d X X X

31. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 4 qula

a b g d

1 X yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula 2 X X

3 X 4 X


a b g d e

1 X (n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri svetebis raodenobaa 2 X X X

3 X


swori pasuxi: 3As S + 28HNO + 4H O → 6H AsO + 9H SO + 28NO ↑ 2As − 4e → 2As3 3S − 24e → 3SN + 3e → N 28

33


a b g d

1 + → − →

yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri striqoni – 1 qula

2 + → − →

3 − → + →


swori pasuxi:

3-meTil-4-hidroqsi-butanali

36.

36.1 maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula

Sefasebis sqema:

6 izomerze – 3 qula; 5 izomerze – 2 qula; 4 izomerze – 1 qula; SecdomiT dawerili izomerisTvis akldeba 1 qula.

swori pasuxi:

CH3 CH2 CH2 COH

O

CH3 CH2 CO

O

CH3

CH3 CH COH

O

CH3

CH3 CO

O

CH2 CH3

H CO

O

CH2 CH2 CH3

H CO

O

CH CH3

CH3

36.2. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 3 qula

4 I II III a

yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula b X X g X X X d e X

34

37.


Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):

1. amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs. igi unda iyos srulyofili, lakonuri, advilad gasagebi da enobrivad gamarTuli.

2. dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas.

sworad Sedgenili amocanis pirobis erT-erTi varianti:

10 g masis mqone rkinis firfita moaTavses spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis

wyalxsnarSi. garkveuli drois Semdeg firfita xsnaridan amoiRes, garecxes,

gaaSres da awones. firfitis masa aRmoCnda 10.8 g. ramdeni g rkina Sesula

reaqciaSi?


Sefasebis kriteriumebi (TiToeul kriteriumze – TiTo qula):

1. unda Candes, rom firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs rkinisa da spilenZis molur masebs Soris sxvaoba.

2. gamoTvlebi sworad unda iyos Sesrulebuli.

3. amoxsnis gza unda iyos racionaluri da Seesabamebodes dasmul kiTxvas.

swori amoxsnis erT-erTi varianti: + → +

firfitis masis cvlilebas iwvevs gansxvaveba spilenZisa da rkinis molur masebs

Soris. reaqciis mixedviT, rodesac xsnarSi gadadis 1 moli rkina, firfitaze

gamoiyofa 1 moli spilenZi, Sesabamisad, am dros firfitis masa izrdeba ∆ = 64 − 56 = 8 g-iT. amocanis pirobis Tanaxmad, firfitis masa gaizarda 10.8 − 10 = 0.8 g-iT, e. i. reaqciaSi Sevida 0.8 ∶ 8 = 0.1 moli rkina. ( ) = 0.1 ∙ 56 = 5.6 g pasuxi: 5.6 g rkina.

35


Sefasebis sqema:

pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili

xelsawyo, radgan aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi – Sefasdeba

2 quliT.

pasuxi, romelSic miTiTebulia, rom aRdgenisaTvis saWiroa atomuri wyalbadi,

magram dasabuTebaSi daSvebulia Secdoma – Sefasdeba 1 quliT.

swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:

davalebis pirobaSi mocemuli reaqciis mixedviT, nitrobenzolis anilinamde aRdgena xdeba atomuri wyalbadiT. amitom sworia II jgufis mier warmodgenili xelsawyo, radgan am SemTxvevaSi wyalbadi gamoyofis momentSive (rodesac is atomuri saxiTaa) uSualod imoqmedebs nitrobenzolTan. I jgufis mier warmodgenil xelsawyoSi kipis aparatSi gamoyofili wyalbadis atomebi nitrobenzolTan urTierTqmedebamde gardaiqmneba molekulebad da, Sesabamisad, ver aRadgens nitrobenzols.

39.


Sefasebis sqema:

sruli pasuxi, romelSic TvalsaCinodaa demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri wylis arseboba – 2 qula;

pasuxi, romelSic damajereblad ar aris demonstrirebuli kristalizaciuri wylis arseboba – 1 qula.


kristalizaciuri wyali: Sabiamans gavaxurebT, ris Sedegadac gamoiyofa wyali: ∙ + ↑ warmoqmnil orTqls davaxvedrebT civ sagans, romelzec orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad wylis wveTebi warmoiqmneba.



spilenZis kationebi:

Sabiamnis wyalxsnarSi CavuSvebT rkinis lursmans, romelzec SeiniSneba metaluri

spilenZis gamoyofa: + → +

36

39.3. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 1 qula swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:

sulfatis anionebi:

Sabiamnis wyalxsnarze bariumis qloridis xsnaris damatebisas miiReba bariumis

sulfatis TeTri feris naleqi: + → + ↓ + → ↓ 40. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula

am davalebaSi maqsimaluri qulis mosapoveblad grafaSi `konkretuli sakiTxi~ pedagogs SeuZlia miuTiTos nebismieri sakiTxi Temidan `qimiuri kinetika~, xolo grafaSi – `saswavlo aqtivobis aRwera~ – mokled, magram naTlad unda aCvenos, rogor gamoiyenebs Sesabamis sademonstracio cdas.

pasuxi, romelSic logikuri kavSiria sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas Soris, magram daSvebulia uzustoba, Sefasdeba 1 quliT.

pasuxi, romelSic ar aris logikuri kavSiri sakiTxsa da sademonstracio cdas Soris, an daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, Sefasdeba 0 quliT.


reaqciis siCqaris damokidebuleba temperaturaze

3 WiqaSi movaTavsebT sxvadasxva temperaturis (20, 30 da 40C) Zmars toli moculobebiT da samives davamatebT erTi da igive masis sodas. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi davafiqsirebT, ra droSi Sewyda buStukebis gamoyofa. miRebuli monacemebiT avagebT reaqciis siCqaris temperaturaze damokidebulebis grafiks da gamovitanT Sesabamis daskvnebs.

41. 41.1. maqsimaluri Sefaseba _ 2 qula

I II

a X

yoveli sworad Sevsebuli vertikaluri sveti – 1 qula b X X g d X


a b

1 X

2

3 X

37


Sefasebis sqema:

maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis naSromSi

daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos davalebaSi

mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.

moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:

1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad atarebdnen, amitom reaqciis Sedegad miiReba hidrosulfiti, da ara sulfiti:

NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3 2. sworad araa gamoangariSebuli NaOH-is moluri masa (30-is nacvlad unda

eweros 40).

TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas.

davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi ver daafiqsirebs moswavlis naSromSi arsebul Secdomebs, davaleba Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, rogoraa Sesrulebuli davalebis danarCeni nawili).


1. amocanis pirobis mixedviT, tutis xsnarSi gogird(IV)-is oqsids Warbad atarebdnen, amitom unda daewera reaqcia: NaOH + SO2 ⟶ NaHSO3 amis gamo vakleb 1 qulas

1

2. sworad aris gamoTvlili 2

3. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili NaOH-is moluri masa, magram vTvli, rom Secdoma ariTmetikulia, amitom vakleb mxolod 1 qulas

1

4. formula sworad aris gamoyenebuli, magram swori pasuxi ar aris

miRebuli, risi mizezic zemoT dafiqsirebuli Secdomebia. radgan am

SecdomebisaTvis wina kriteriumebiT ukve daaklda qulebi, am punqtSi qulas

aRar vakleb.

2

5. amocana dasrulebuli saxiTaa, daSvebuli Secdomebis miuxedavad, amocanis amoxsnis Tanmimdevroba logikuria.

2

8

38

2012 wlis sagamocdo varianti

instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 1 _ 30: davalebaSi dasmulia SekiTxva da mocemulia oTxi savaraudo pasuxi,

romelTagan mxolod erTia swori.

pasuxebis furcelze davalebis Sesabamisi nomris qveS monaxeT ujra,

romelic Seesabameba Tqven mier arCeul pasuxs da dasviT niSani X.

1. mocemulia atombirTvuli reaqcia: Mn + +

ra aris aRniSnuli X-iT am reaqciaSi?

a) V b) V g) Mn d) Mn

2. mocemuli naerTebidan, romelSi emTxveva azotis valentobisa da Jangvis

xarisxis sidideebi erTmaneTs?

a) N2 b) NH3 g) NH4Cl d) HNO3

3. cnobilia, rom BF3-is molekula brtyelia da bmebs Soris kuTxeebi tolia.

romel orbitalebzea gadanawilebuli boris atomis savalento eleqtro-

nebi am molekulaSi?

a) ori eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, erTi eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze

b) erTi eleqtroni s-orbitalzea, ori eleqtroni _ p-orbitalze

g) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp -orbitalebzea

d) samive eleqtroni hibridul sp -orbitalebzea

4. mocemulia agznebul mdgomareobaSi qloris atomis savalento Sris

eleqtronuli konfiguracia: [Ne]3s 3p 3d

CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli Seicavs qloris aseT atoms?

a) HClO

b) HClO

g) HClO

d) HClO

39

5. X da Y elementebis atomTa eleqtronuli formulebia: X – 1 2 2 Y _ 1 2 2

qvemoT mocemuli formulebidan romeli gamosaxavs sworad am

elementebis atomTa SeerTebiT miRebul naerTs?

a) X Y b) X Y g) X Y d) X Y

6. rogor icvleba atomTa ionizaciisa da eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energiebi

perioduli sistemis jgufebSi zevidan qveviT?

ionizaciis energia eleqtronisadmi swrafvis energia

a) izrdeba izrdeba

b) izrdeba mcirdeba

g) mcirdeba izrdeba

d) mcirdeba mcirdeba

7. JangbadSi piritis (FeS2) wvis reaqciaSi romeli elementia mJangavi da

romeli _ aRmdgeni?

aRmdgeni mJangavi

a) rkina Jangbadi

b) gogirdi Jangbadi

g) rkina da gogirdi Jangbadi

d) rkina gogirdi da Jangbadi

8. mocemuli molekulebidan romelia polaruli:

S HH

S OOO

N HHH I II III

a) I da II b) I da III g) II da III d) samive

40

9. mocemulia daSlis ori reaqcia: I. A ⟶ B + C II. D ⟶ E + F cnobilia, rom I reaqcia mudmiv gacxelebas moiTxovs, xolo II reaqcia

gacxelebas mxolod sawyis etapze saWiroebs. aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba

davaskvnaT, rom am reaqciebidan:

a) I – egzoTermulia, II – endoTermuli

b) I – endoTermulia, II – egzoTermuli

g) orive egzoTermulia

d) orive endoTermulia

10. mocemulia mesame rigis reaqciis toloba: A + 2B C davuSvaT, B nivTierebis koncentracia 2-jer gaizarda. rogor unda

SevcvaloT A nivTierebis koncentracia, rom reaqciis siCqare ucvleli

darCes?

a) 4-jer SevamciroT

b) 2-jer SevamciroT

g) 2-jer gavzardoT

d) 4-jer gavzardoT

11. specialur daxurul WurWelSi oTaxis temperaturaze moaTavses toli

moculobebis wyalbadi da Jangbadi. narevi aafeTqes da gaacives sawyis

temperaturamde. ramdenjer Semcirdeboda wneva WurWelSi?

a) 1.33-jer

b) 1.5-jer

g) 3-jer

d) 4-jer

12. xsnarSi natriumis tutis koncentraciaa 10 moli/l.M

rogoria am xsnaris pH ? a) 3 b) 4 g) 10 d) 11

41

13. mocemulia energetikuli diagrama reaqciisaTvis: + → +

am naxazze aRniSnuli energiebidan romelia reaqciis enTalpia (siTburi

efeqti)?

a) b) g) d) 14. Casatarebeli gaqvT sademonstracio cda:

"wylis daSla martiv nivTierebebad eleqtrolizis saSualebiT”.

CamoTvlili nivTierebebidan romeli unda daamatoT gamoxdil wyals, rom

igi eleqtrogamtari gaxdes da SesaZlebloba mogeceT CaataroT

aRniSnuli cda?

I _ II _ III _ a) mxolod I

b) mxolod II

g) mxolod III

d) I an III

15. mocemulia nitratebi:

I _ Pb(NO3)2 II _ Cu(NO3)2 III _ AgNO3 romeli maTganis gaxurebiT darCeba myar naSTSi metalis oqsidi?

a) mxolod I-is

b) mxolod III-is

g) rogorc I-is, ise II-is

d) rogorc II-is, ise III-is

reaqciis koordinata

42

16. sodian wyalSi Sabis (KAl(SO ) ∙ 12H O) gaxsnisas SeiniSneba xsnaris

amRvreva da airis intensiuri gamoyofa. romeli naleqi da airi

warmoiqmneba am dros?

naleqi airi

a) Al (CO ) H S b) Al (CO ) CO

g) Al(OH) H S d) Al(OH) CO

17. mocemulia martivi nivTierebebi:

I _ qlori II _ alumini III _ siliciumi

romeli maTgani urTierTqmedebs tutis wyalxsnarTan?

a) I da II

b) I da III

g) II da III

d) samive

18. najeri erTatomiani spirtebis miRebis erT-erTi meTodia monohalogen-

alkanebis hidrolizi: + ⇄ _ +

CamoTvlili qmedebebidan romeli gamoiwvevda spirtis gamosavlianobis

maqsimalur gazrdas?

a) mJavas damateba da temperaturis gazrda

b) mJavas damateba da temperaturis Semcireba

g) tutis damateba da temperaturis gazrda

d) tutis damateba da temperaturis Semcireba

19. gogirdmJavas xsnaris 10 ml-is gasatitrad daixarja 20 ml natriumis

tutis 0.1 M xsnari. rogori iyo gogirdmJavas moluri koncentracia

gasatitr xsnarSi?

a) 0.05 M b) 0.1 M g) 0.2 M d) 0.4 M

43

20. kaliumis permanganatis monawileobiT mimdinare Jangva-aRdgenis reaqci-

ebSi manganumis Jangvis xarisxi SeiZleba sxvadasxvanairad Seicvalos: Mn+6+4Mn Mn+2

Mn+7

es damokidebulia sareaqcio xsnaris pH-ze. romel Jangvis xarisxs Rebulobs manganumi sxvadasxva areSi?

mJava areSi tute areSi

neitralur

areSi

a) +6 +2 +4b) +6 +4 +2g) +2 +6 +4d) +2 +4 +6


I. 2,3-dibrombuten-2 II. 1,2-dibrompropen-1

romel maTgans axasiaTebs geometriuli izomeria? a) mxolod I-s

b) mxolod II-s

g) orives

d) arc erTs

22. CamoTvlili naerTebidan romeli ar aris C4H10O molekuluri formulis mqone nivTierebis izomeri?

a) meTil-propileTeri

b) dieTileTeri

g) butanol-1

d) butanali

44

23. rogor icvleba mJavas siZliere da wyalSi xsnadoba erTfuZiani karbon-

mJavebis homologiur rigSi molekuluri masis zrdasTan erTad?

a) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadobac izrdeba

b) mJavas siZliere izrdeba, xsnadoba mcirdeba

g) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadoba izrdeba d) mJavas siZliere mcirdeba, xsnadobac mcirdeba

24. dinitrobenzolis romeli izomeri miiReba nitrobenzolis nitrirebiT?

a) orTo-dinitrobenzoli

b) meta-dinitrobenzoli

g) orTo- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi

d) orTo-, meta- da para- dinitrobenzolebis narevi

25. mocemulia eTanis eTanolad gardaqmnis sqema, romelic ori reaqciiT

xorcieldeba: C H C H OH

CamoTvlilTagan romeli SeiZleba iyos am sqemaSi X nivTiereba?

I _ qloreTani II _ eTileni III _ acetileni

a) rogorc I, ise II

b) rogorc I, ise III

g) rogorc II, ise III

d) samive


I. propanol-2

II. 2-meTilpropanol-2

romeli maTganis katalizuri JangviT miiReba ketoni?

a) mxolod I-is

b) mxolod II-is

g) rogorc I-is, ise II-is

d) arc erTis

45

27. propenis hidrohalogenirebiT miRebuli produqtidan viurcis sinTeziT

(metalur natriumTan urTierTqmedebiT) miiRes naxSirwyalbadi.

romelia miRebuli naxSirwyalbadis formula?

a) CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3b) CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3

g) CH3 CH CH CH3CH3 CH3d) CH3 C C CH3CH3 CH3

28. mocemulia ori naerTi:

HOCH2 OH

OHHOOC

I II

romeli maTganis 1 moli Seva reaqciaSi 2 mol natriumis tutesTan?

a) mxolod I-is b) mxolod II-is g) orives d) arc erTis

29. qvemoT mocemuli erTnairi moculobis siTxeebidan romeli ufro meti

moculobis meTilamins STanTqavs erTnair fizikur pirobebSi?

a) gamoxdili wyali

b) amiakiani wyali

g) tutis wyalxsnari

d) qlorwyalbadis wyalxsnari

30. romelia celulozas monomeruli rgoli?

HOOH

HH OHOHH H O n

H

OOHHH OH

OHH H O

n

HOCH2OH

HH OHOHH H O n

H

OCH2OHHH OH

OHH H O

n

a) b) g) d)

46

instruqcia davalebebisaTvis # 31 _ 33: unda ipovoT Sesabamisoba or CamonaTvalSi mocemul movlenebs/obieqtebs

Soris.

cxrili SeavseT Semdegnairad:

cifrebiT danomril TiToeul obieqts/movlenas SeusabameT anbaniT danom-

rili obieqti/movlena da dasviT niSani X cxrilis saTanado ujraSi.

gaiTvaliswineT: erTi CamonaTvalis romelime movlenas/obieqts SeiZleba

Seesabamebodes erTi, erTze meti an arc erTi _ meore CamonaTvalidan.

31. mocemulia Seqcevadi reaqcia, romelic mimdinareobs myari katalizatoris

Tanaobisas: 2A + B ⇄ C + D , ∆H < 0 A, B, C da D nivTierebebi airad mdgomareobaSia.

sistemaSi, romelSic mimdinareobda es reaqcia, damyarda wonasworoba.

rogor imoqmedebs qvemoT mocemuli TiToeuli faqtori cal-calke am

reaqciis wonasworobaze?

a b g

faqtori

wonasworoba

gadaixreba marcxniv

ar Seicvleba

gadaixreba marjvniv

1 wnevis gazrda

2 temperaturis gazrda

3 D nivTierebis koncentraciis Semcireba

4 katalizatoris zedapiris farTobis gazrda

47

32. spilenZ(II)-is hidroqsidi da bromis xsnari xSirad gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva

organuli naerTebis aRmosaCenad.

ipoveT Sesabamisoba mocemul naerTebsa da maTTvis damaxasiaTebel

TvisebiT reaqciebs Soris.

a b g d

TvisebiTi reaqcia

naerTi

( ) -Tan -Tan

aguris-feri naleqi

kaSkaSa lurji xsnari

TeTri naleqi

ufero xsnari

1 meTanali

2 eTandiol-1,2

3 aminobenzoli

4 C H OH

5 HOCH _(CHOH) _CHO

6 C H COOH

48

33. magniumis marilmJavasTan urTierTqmedebis reaqcia Caatares sxvadasxva

pirobebSi:

a. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi

b. 2.4 g magniumis natexi moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi

g. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.1 M marilmJavaSi

d. 2.4 g magniumis burbuSela moaTavses 100 ml 0.2 M marilmJavaSi

TiToeuli cdisaTvis aages gamoyofili airis moculobis droze damokidebulebis grafiki:

ipoveT Sesabamisoba reaqciis pirobebsa da grafikze mocemul mrudebs Soris.

I II III IV a b g d

t, wT

V, l IIIIIIIV

49

34. gogirdmJavas areSi gansazRvruli koncentraciis kaliumis permanganati

eTilenglikols mJaunmJavamde Jangavs.

dawereT Sesabamisi Jangva-aRdgenis reaqciis toloba eleqtronuli balansis

CvenebiT. reaqciaSi organuli naerTebi warmoadgineT molekuluri formulebis

saSualebiT.

35. SeavseT cxrilis carieli ujrebi:

reaqciebi Jangvis da aRdgenis Sesabamisi

naxevarreaqciebi

+ → + + a)

b)

CH3 CO

HCH CH + H2O

g)

36. dawereT 2-izopropil-5-meTil-cikloheqsanol-1-is struqturuli formula

(izopropilis radikali unda aCvenoT struqturulad):

50

37. mocemulia acetonis (tduR.=56°C) gamosaxdeli mowyobilobis sqema:

(gamoxda unda warmoebdes atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi).

daakvirdiT am sqemas da gaaanalizeT, sworad aris Tu ara SerCeuli

Semdegi poziciebi:

1 – gamacxelebeli

2 – siTxis done gamosaxdel kolbaSi

3 – gamosaxdeli kolbis forma

4 – Termometris sindiyiani bolos mdebareoba

5 – gadamyvani (forStosi)

6 – macivris tipi

7 – macivarTan wylis mierTeba

8 – alonJisa da mimRebi kolbis wyvili

SecdomiT SerCeuli poziciebis mosaniSnad qvemoT mocemuli cxrilis

saTanado ujraSi dasviT niSani X.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

5 6

71 8 2 3 4

51

38. moswavlem Temaze “ZmarmJava da misi marilebi” internetSi

moiZia saintereso da advilad gansaxorcielebeli sademon-

stracio cda, romelic tardeba natriumis acetatis kristalhidratis da

fenolftaleinis fxvnilis narevis gamoyenebiT.

am narevis gacxelebiT warmoiqmneba tute areSi fenolftaleinisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Seferiloba, romelic gacivebisas qreba:

moswavle ver mixvda, ratom xdeba feris aseTi cvlileba da gTxovaT axsna.

38.1. CamoTvaleT, romel sakiTxebs SeaxsenebdiT moswavles imisaTvis, rom

man kargad gaiazros cdis arsi.

38.2. auxseniT moswavles, ra iwvevs feris aseT cvlilebebs.

gacxeleba gaciveba

52

39. sagakveTilo procesSi sxvadasxva akademiuri moswrebis mqone moswavleTa

CarTulobis uzrunvelsayofad aucilebelia, gaTvaliswinebuli iyos maTi

individualuri SesaZleblobebi.

am miznis misaRwevad mizanSewonilia, moswavleebs mieceT sirTulis

mixedviT diferencirebuli davalebebi.

erTi resursis _ mocemuli suraTis safuZvelze SeadgineT gansxvavebuli

sirTulis 2 amocana, romelTa amoxsnasac raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi

sWirdeba.

I amocana gankuTvnili unda iyos dabali akademiuli moswrebis moswavlisa-

Tvis, xolo II amocana – warmatebuli moswavlisaTvis.

SeadgineT orive amocanis srulyofili piroba da dawereT pasuxi (amoxnis

gzis Cveneba saWiro ar aris).

aseve, argumentirebulad daasabuTeT, raSi mdgomareobs Tqven mier Sedgenili

amocanebis gansxvaveba sirTulis mixedviT.

gaiTvaliswineT, rom:

amocanebis piroba unda iyos mocemuli suraTis adekvaturi;

orive amocana unda moiTxovdes gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas;

pirobis Sedgenisas SegiZliaT nebismieri ricxobrivi monacemebis damateba.

224 ml

53

I amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)

II amocana: (piroba da pasuxi)

dasabuTeba

54

40. moswavleebs daevalaT, daesaxelebinaT mocemuli struqturuli

formulis mqone naxSirwyalbadi: CH3 CH C CH3C2H5qvemoT mocemulia ori moswavlis pasuxi:

I moswavlis pasuxi: II moswavlis pasuxi: 2-eTilbuten-2 3-eTilbuten-2

40.1. mokle komentarebiT axseniT, Tu ratom miiRo TiToeulma moswavlem aseTi

pasuxi.

komentari I moswavlis pasuxze

komentari II moswavlis pasuxze

40.2. gamogadgebodaT Tu ara qvemoT mocemuli magaliTi imisaTvis, rom

SeamowmoT, ramdenad sworad gaiazres moswavleebma daSvebuli Secdo-

mebi. lakonurad da argumentirebulad dasabuTeT Tqveni mosazreba.

CH3 CH2 C CHC2H5CH3

55

41. mocemulia amocana:

"2.3 g natriumi gaxsnes 97.8 ml wyalSi. gamoTvaleT gamoyofili wyalbadis

moculoba (n. p.) da natriumis hidroqsidis masuri wili miRebul xsnarSi".

erT-erTma moswavlem es amocana Semdegnairad amoxsna: 2Na + 2H2O → 2NaOH + H2↑

(Na) = 2.3 : 23 = 0.1 moli

(NaOH) = (Na) = 0.1 moli (H ) = 2 ∙ (Na) = 0.2 moli V(H2) = 22.4 ∙ ( H2) = 22.4 ∙ 0.2 = 4.48 l

Mr(NaOH) = 23 + 1 + 16 = 40 M(NaOH) = 40 g/moli (NaOH) = 0.1 ∙ 40 = 4 g (xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) (xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 = 100.1 g

(NaOH) = (NaOH) : (xsn.) = 4 : 100.1 ≈ 0.04 pasuxi: V(H ) = 4.48 l; (NaOH) 0.04.

SeafaseT moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli naSromi qvemoT mocemuli instruqci-

isa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.

instruqcia:

amocana unda SeafasoT maqsimum 10 quliT.

Sefaseba unda moxdes mxolod sqemaSi mocemuli xuTi kriteriumis

mixedviT.

TiToeuli kriteriumi 2-quliania da fasdeba mTeli qulebiT.

Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari principia: erTi konkretuli Secdoma

isjeba mxolod erTxel. (Tu moswavle uSvebs Secdomas da akldeba

qula erT-erTi kriteriumis mixedviT, maSin SemdgomSi mas aRar unda

daakldes qula iseTi SecdomisTvis, romelic ukve dafiqsirebuli

SecdomiTaa gamowveuli).

gaiTvaliswineT, rom komentaris gakeTeba aucilebelia yvela kriteriumi-

saTvis!

56

Sefasebis sqema

Sefasebis kriteriumebi komentari qula

1. reaqciis tolobis

siswore da

Sesabamisoba

pirobasTan

2. reaqciis mixedviT

produqtis masis da

moculobis

gamoTvlis codna

3. xsnaris masis

gamoTvlis codna

4. xsnarSi nivTierebis

masuri wilis

gamoTvlis codna

5. amoxsnis logikuri

Tanmimdevroba

saboloo Sefaseba (kriteriumebis mixedviT miRebul qulaTa jami)

57

2012 wlis testis swori pasuxebi da Sefasebis sqemebi

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

a X b X X X X X g X X X X X X d X X X

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

a X X b X X X g X X X X d X X X X X X


a b g 1 X

(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri striqonebis raodenobaa

2 X

3 X

4 X


a b g d

1 X

yoveli sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri striqoni – 1 qula

2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X X 6 X


I II III IV a X

(n _ 1) qula, sadac n sworad Sevsebuli horizontaluri striqonebis raodenobaa

b X

g X

d X

58


sworad dawerili reaqcia (reagentebi da produqtebi) – 1 qula

sworad Sedgenili balansi – 1 qula

sworad gaTanabebuli reaqciis toloba – 1 qula


yoveli sworad Sevsebuli ujra – 1 qula

a)

Cl Cl Cl Cl 1 qula

b) 4KClO → KCl + 3KClO 1 qula

g) C C C C 1 qula



1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 X X X

Tu moniSnulia 3 an naklebi ujra, maSin yoveli sworad moniSnuli ujra

1 qulaa;

Tu moniSnulia 3-ze meti ujra, maSin qulebis gamoTvlisas sworad

moniSnul ujras abaTilebs zedmetad da arasworad moniSnuli ujra.

5C H O + 8KMnO + 12H SO → 4K SO + 8MnSO + 5C H O + 22H O 2C 2C 5

Mn Mn 8

OH CH CH3CH3

CH3

59



Sefasebis sqema

am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 2 quliT fasdeba pasuxi, romelSic Cans, rom cdis arsis gasagebad aucilebelia Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebis codna:

marilTa hidrolizi

reaqciis Seqcevadoba da/an wonasworobis gadaxris pirobebi

arasrulyofilad CaiTvleba da 1 quliT fasdeba pasuxi, romelSic am ori ZiriTadi sakiTxidan mxolos erTia naxsenebi. pasuxi, romelSic es sakiTxebi saerTod ar figurirebs, fasdeba 0 quliT.

swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti: kristalhidratebi da kristalizaciuri wyali

marilebis hidrolizi

reaqciis Seqcevadoba

indikatorebis moqmedeba


Sefasebis sqema

am davalebaSi srulyofilad CaiTvleba da 3 quliT fasdeba pasuxi, romelSic cdis msvleloba logikurad da Tanmimdevruladaa axsnili, kerZod, pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:

I. gacxelebisas kristalhidratidan gamoiyofa wyali _ 1 qula II. gamoyofili wyali axdens acetatis hidrolizs, ris Sedegadac

warmoiqmneba tute are, rac iwvevs Seferilobis cvlilebas _ 1 qula) III. gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro procesebi – neitralizacia da

kristalhidratis warmoqmna (1 qula)

Tu pasuxSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, maSin saerTo Sefasebas akldeba 1 qula.


natriumis acetatis kristalhidrati gacxelebiT iSleba da gamoiyofa wyali.

gamoyofil wyalSi natriumis acetati, romelic susti mJavasa da Zlieri fuZis

marilia, hidrolizdeba da miiReba tute are, romelSic fenoftaleini

Jolosfers Rebulobs.

gacivebisas mimdinareobs sapirispiro reaqciebi _ natriumis tute aneitralebs

ZmarmJavas, xolo warmoqmnili natriumis acetati ierTebs wyals. CH3COONa CH3COONa. nH2O gacxeleba

gacivebanH2O+

CH3COONa CH3COOHgacxeleba

gacivebaH2O+ NaOH+

60


Sefasebis kriteriumebi 1. orive amocanis piroba unda Seesabamebodes suraTs; amasTanave, amocanaSi

dasmuli kiTxva unda moiTxovdes raodenobrivi gamoTvlebis Sesrulebas – 1 qula

magaliTad: pirobaSi gamoyenebuli unda iyos marilmJava;

gamoyofili airis moculoba unda Seadgendes 224 ml-s;

reaqciis Semdeg ar unda rCebodes gauxsneli naSTi;

ar SeiZleba, xsnarSi moTavsebuli myari nivTiereba iyos Na an K, radgan es metalebi ar CaiZireboda xsnarSi (aseve am SemTxvevaSi daculi ar

iqneboda usafrTxoeba);

da a.S. 2. orive amocanis piroba unda iyos srulyofili – 1 qula magaliTad: aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom moculoba gazomilia normalur

pirobebSi;

Tu amocanaSi dasmuli kiTxva iTxovs aRebuli mJavas koncentraciis

dadgenas, aucilebelia, miTiTebuli iyos, rom HCl srulad daixarja; da a.S. 3. TiToeuli amocanis pasuxi unda iyos swori – 2 qula (TiToeul amocanaze

– TiTo qula). 4. amocanebis pirobebi unda gansxvavdebodes sirTulis mixedviT – 1 qula. 5. gansxvaveba amocanebis sirTuleebs Soris logikurad da damajereblad

unda iyos dasabuTebuli – 1 qula. garda amisa, Sefasebisas gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba Semdegi:

Tu amocanis pirobaSi daSvebulia uxeSi Secdoma, an ricxvebi arasworadaa

SerCeuli, ris gamoc amocana ar ixsneba, saerTo Sefasebas daakldeba 1

qula.

Tu dawerilia mxolod erTi amocana, misi maqsimaluri Sefaseba 2 qulaa.


I amocana: magniumis naWeri srulad gaixsna marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT, ra masis magniumi iyo aRebuli. pasuxi: 0.24 g magniumi.

II amocana: 0.186 g masis mqone magniumis da aluminis Senadnobi srulad gaixsna marilmJavaSi, ris Sedegadac gamoiyo 224 ml wyalbadi (n.p.). gamoTvaleT SenadnobSi metalebis moluri Tanafardoba. pasuxi: ( ) ∶ ( ) = 6 ∶ 1 dasabuTeba: I amocana saWiroebs mxolod reaqciis mixedviT martiv gamoTvlas. II amocana, I-isagan gansxvavebiT, moiTxovs maTematikuri codnis gamomJRavnebasac, kerZod, ori gantolebis an gantolebaTa sistemis Sedgenas da maT amoxsnas. garda amisa, moswavles pasuxis misaRebad dasWirdeba raodenobasa da masas Soris damokidebulebis codnis gamoyenebac.

61


Sefasebis kriteriumebi

davalebis pasuxSi unda Candes, rom:

a) orive moswavle uSvebs erTnair Secdomas (eTilis radikals Tvlis Canacvlebul radikalad), da Sesabamisad, sworad ver irCevs yvelaze grZel naxSirbadul jaWvs – 1 qula

b) I moswavle SecdomiT SerCeul naxSirbadul jaWvSi lokantebs sworad nomravs, II moswavle ki am moqmedebasac arasworad akeTebs – 1 qula

g) mocemuli formula SeiZleba gamoviyenoT imisaTvis, rom II moswavles vaCvenoT, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros ormagi bmis Semcveli naxSirbaduli jaWvi _ 1 qula

d) mocemuli formulas ver gamoviyenebT imis saCveneblad, Tu rogor unda SevarCioT yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvi, radgan mesame naxSirbad-atomTan ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali _ 1 qula

SeniSvna: a) da b) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi gansazRvraven davaleba 40.1-is Sefasebas, xolo g) da d) kriteriumebiT miRebuli qulebi – davaleba 40.2-is Sefasebas

40.1. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:

I moswavlem sworad ar SearCia yvelaze grZeli jaWvi, Tumca SecdomiT SerCeuli jaWvi sworad danomra (e.i. im bolodan, romelTanac ufro axloa ormagi bma).

II moswavlem dauSva 2 Secdoma: I moswavlis msgavsad, sworad ver SearCia yvelaze grZeli jaWvi. garda amisa, man araswori bolodan danomra naxSirbaduli jaWvi.

40.2. swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:

SeiZleba gamoviyenoT rogorc magaliTi, Tu romeli bolodan unda dainomros naxSirbaduli jaWvi ormagi bmis mdebareobis mixedviT, magram ver gamoviyenebT, rogorc magaliTs yvelaze grZeli naxSirbaduli jaWvis SesarCevad, radgan mesame naxSirbadatomTan ganStoebas akeTebs ori erTnairi sigrZis radikali. ukeTesi

magaliTi iqneba, C2H5-is nacvlad mocemuli rom iyos C3H7.

62


Sefasebis sqema:

maqsimaluri qulis misaRebad pedagogma unda aRmoaCinos moswavlis

naSromSi daSvebuli ori ZiriTadi Secdoma da naSromi unda Seafasos

davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciisa da Sefasebis sqemis mixedviT.

moswavlis naSromSi daSvebuli Secdomebia:

1. sworad ar aris gamoTvlili wyalbadis raodenoba. weria

(H ) = (Na) ∙ 2 = 0.2 moli unda eweros:

(H ) = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli 2. xsnaris masis gamoTvlisas, moswavle ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili

wyalbadis masas. weria: (xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O)

(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 =100 .1 g unda eweros: (xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)

(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g TiToeuli Secdomis aRmoCenisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs TiTo qulas. davalebaSi mocemuli instruqciis sworad Sesrulebisa da adekvaturi komentarebisaTvis pedagogi daimsaxurebs 1 qulas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu pedagogi moswavlis naSromSi aRniSnul Secdomebs ver daafiqsirebs (CaTvlis, rom davaleba sworad aris Sesrulebuli), davaleba Sefasdeba 0 quliT (miuxedavad imisa, rogoraa Sesrulebuli davalebis danarCeni nawili).

swori pasuxis erT-erTi varianti:sworia 2masas sworad iTvlis, moculobas _ ara.

unda iyos: ( ) = (Na) : 2 = 0.05 moli V(H2) = 22.4 (H2) = 22.4 0.05 = 1.12 l 1

ar iTvaliswinebs gamoyofili wyalbadis masas. unda eweros: (xsn.) = (Na) + (H2O) − (H2)(xsn.) = 2.3 + 97.8 _ 0.1 = 100 g 0

sworia. ZiriTadi Secdoma daSvebuli iyo xsnaris masis gamoTvlisas, romelSic qula ukve daaklda

2sworia 27

63

rekomendebuli literaturis sia:

saxelmZRvaneloebi:

rogor movemzadoT pedagogTa sasertifikacio gamocdisaTvis (qimia, fizika, biologia). gamocdebis erovnuli centri, 2011.

s. adamia. qimia (gaRrmavebuli kursi). Tbilisi, saqarTvelos macne, (2009 an 2011 wlebis gamocemebi).

Н.Л. Глинка. Общая химия. Ленинград, Химия, 1979 г. (da Semdgomi gamocemebi).

Uno Kask, J. David Rawn. General Chemistry, W,. C. Brown Publishers. 1993 (da Semdgomi gamocemebi).

programaSi mocemuli sakiTxebis gasameoreblad SegiZliaT agreTve gamoi-yenoT qimiis nebismieri saxelmZRvanelo, romliTac sargeblobdiT umaRles saswavlebelSi. meTodur saxelmZRvaneloebad SesaZlebelia gamoiyenoT qimiis saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis avtorTa mier gamocemuli maswavleblis sarekomendacio wignebi. internet resursi:

http://www.ets.org/praxis/

Documents

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