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Garvit Rawal

CEYLONE

The Democratic Socialist

Republic of Ceylon


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Ceylon is surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the

Palk Strait and lies in the vicinity of India and Maldives.Ceylon is a republic and a unitary state which is governed by a semi-presidential system with its official seat of government in Sri

Jayawardenapura-Kotte, the capital.

As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Ceylon is astrategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It hasalso been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient

times and is one of the few remaining abodes of Buddhism in South

Asia along with Ladakh, Bhutan and the Chittagong hill tracts

.

TheSinhalese community forms the majority of the population; Tamils,who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form thelargest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers,

Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.


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The country is famous for the production and export of tea,

coffee, coconuts, rubber and cinnamon, the latter which is nativeto the country.The natural beauty of Ceylon has led to the titleThe Pearl of the Indian Ocean, it is full of lush tropicalforests, white beaches and diverse landscape throughout along

with a rich biodiversity. The country lays claim to a long and

colorful history of over three thousand years, having one of thelongest documented histories in the world. Ceylon's rich culturecan be attributed to the many different communities in the island.Ceylon is a founding member state of SAARC and a member

United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, G77 and Non-Aligned Movement.


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GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE

The island of Ceylon lies in the Indian Ocean, to the southwest of theBay of Bengal. It is separated from the Indian subcontinent by theGulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait. According to Hindu mythology, aland bridge to the Indian mainland, known as Rama's Bridge, wasconstructed during the time of Rama by the vanara architect Nala.Often referred to as Adam's Bridge, it now amounts to only a chain of

limestone shoals remaining above sea level.

According to colonial British reports, this is a natural causeway whichwas formerly complete, but was breached by a violent storm in1480.The island consists mostly of flat-to-rolling coastal plains, with

mountains rising only in the south-central part. Amongst these is thehighest point Pidurutalagala, reaching 2,524 metres (8,281 ft) abovesea level.The climate of Ceylon can be described as tropical and warm.Its position between 5 and 10 north latitude endows the country with awarm climate moderated by ocean winds and considerable moisture.


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The mean temperature ranges from about 16 C (60.8 F) in theCentral Highlands, where frost may occur for several days in

the winter, to a maximum of approximately 33 C (91.4 F) inother low-altitude areas. The average yearly temperatureranges from 28 C (82.4 F) to nearly 31 C (87.8 F). Dayand night temperatures may vary by 4 C (7.20 F) to 7 C(12.60 F). During the coldest days of January, many peoplewear coats and sweaters in the highlands and elsewhere.

May, the hottest period, precedes the summer monsoon rains.The rainfall pattern is influenced by monsoon winds from theIndian Ocean and Bay of Bengal: as the winds encounter themountain slopes of the Central Highlands, they unload heavy

rains on the slopes and the southwestern areas of the island.Some of the windward slopes receive up to 2,500 millimetres(98.4 in) of rain each month, but the leeward slopes in the eastand northeast receive little rain. Periodic squalls occur andsometimes tropical cyclones bring overcast skies and rains to thesouthwest, northeast, and eastern parts of the island.


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FLORA AND FAUNA

The mountains and the southwestern part of the country, known as the"wet zone", receive ample rainfall at an average of 2,500 mm (98 in).Most of the east, southeast, and northern parts of the country comprisethe "dry zone", which receives between 1,200 mm (47 in) and 1,900 mm(75 in) of rain annually. Much of the rain in these areas falls fromOctober to January; during the rest of the year there is very little

precipitation. The arid northwest and southeast coasts receive the leastamount of rain at 600 mm (24 in) to 1,200 mm (47 in) per year.

Varieties of flowering acacias are well adapted to the arid conditionsand flourish on the Jaffna Peninsula. Among the trees of the dry-landforests, are some valuable species such as satinwood, ebony, ironwood,mahogany and teak. In the wet zone, the dominant vegetation of thelowlands is a tropical evergreen forest, with tall trees, broad foliage,and a dense undergrowth of vines and creepers. Subtropical evergreenforests resembling those of temperate climates flourish in the higheraltitudes. Forests at one time covered nearly the entire island, but by the

late 20th century lands classified as forests and forest reserves coveredaround of the land.


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The Yala National Park in the southeast protects herds ofelephant, deer, and peacocks, and the Wilpattu National Park inthe northwest preserves the habitats of many water birds, such asstorks, pelicans , ibis, and spoonbills. During the Mahaweli GangaProgramof the 1970s and 1980s in northern Ceylon, the governmentset aside four areas of land totalling 1,900 km2 (730 sq mi) asnational parks. The island has four biosphere reserves, Bundala ,Hurulu Forest Reserve, the Kanneliya-Dediyagala-

Nakiyadeniya, and Sinharaja.

The national flower of Ceylon is the Nymphaea stellata (SinhaleseNil Mahanel),the national tree is the Ironwood (SinhaleseNa),and the national bird is the Ceylon Junglefowl, which isendemic to the country


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ECONOMY

In the 19th and 20th centuries, Ceylon became a plantation economy, famousfor its production and export of cinnamon, rubber and Ceylon tea, whichremains a trademark national export. The development of modern ports underBritish rule raised the strategic importance of the island as a centre of trade.During World War II, the island hosted important military installationsand Allied forces. However, the plantation economy aggravated poverty and

economic inequality. From 1948 to 1977 socialism strongly influenced the government's economic

policies. Colonial plantations were dismantled, industries were nationalisedand a welfare state established. While the standard of living and literacyimproved significantly, the nation's economy suffered from inefficiency, slowgrowth and lack of foreign investment[citation needed].

From 1977 the UNP government began incorporating privatisation,deregulation and the promotion of private enterprise. While the production andexport of tea, rubber, coffee, sugar and other agricultural commoditiesremains important, the nation has moved steadily towards an industrialisedeconomy with the development of food processing, textiles, telecommunicationsand finance. By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20% of export, and

further declined to 16.8% in 2005 (compared with 93% in 1970), whiletextiles and garments have reached 63%.


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Language

Main article: Languages of Ceylon

Sinhalese and Tamil are the two official languages of Ceylon. English is fluentlyspoken by approximately 10% of the population, and is widely used foreducation, scientific and commercial purposes. Members of the Burghercommunity speak variant forms of Portuguese Creole and Dutch with varyingproficiency, while members of the Malay community speak a form of creoleMalay that is unique to the island.

Independence

Following the war, popular pressure for independence intensified. The office of PrimeMinister of Ceylon was created in advance of independence on 14 October 1947, Don

Stephen Senanayake being the first prime minister. On 4 February 1948 the countrygained its independence as the Dominion of Ceylon. The island enjoyed good relationswith the United Kingdom and had the British Royal Navy stationed at Trincomaleeuntil 1956. With Solomon Bandaranaike elected as prime minister, Ceylon beganmoving towards links with the communist bloc.


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RELIGIONS

The Nallur Kandaswamy Kovil, Jaffna is an important place forHinduism in Ceylon.

Ceylon has a multi ethnic and multi religious population. Buddhismconstitutes the religious faith of about 70% of the population of the island,most of whom follow the Theravada school of Buddhism. According totraditional Ceylonn chronicles, Buddhism was introduced into Ceylon in the2nd century BCE by Venerable Mahinda, the son of the Emperor Ashoka,during the reign of Ceylon's King Devanampiyatissa.

During this time, a sapling of the Bodhi Tree under which the Buddhaattained enlightenment was brought to Ceylon and the first monasteries wereestablished under the sponsorship of the Ceylonn king. The Pali Canon(Thripitakaya), having previously been preserved as an oral tradition, wasfirst committed to writing in Ceylon around 30 BCE.

Ceylon has the longest continuous history of Buddhism of any predominatelyBuddhist nation, with the Sangha having existed in a largely unbroken lineagesince its introduction in the 2nd century BCE. During periods of decline, theCeylonn monastic lineage was revived through contact with Thailand andBurma.


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Periods of Mahayana influence, as well as official neglect under colonialrule, created great challenges for Theravada Buddhist institutions in Ceylon,but repeated revivals and resurgencesmost recently in the 19th centuryhave kept the Theravada tradition alive for over 2000 years. Hinduism the

second most prevalent religion in Ceylon and it also arrived from India.Today, most Hindus are Tamil and they constitute a majority in NorthernCeylon.

Religions which today exist in Ceylon, in addition to Buddhism andHinduism include Islam as well as different churches of Christianity.Followers of Islam comprise nearly eight percent of the population, havingbeen brought to the island by Arab traders over the course of many centuries,most are Sunni who follow the Shafi'i school.

Hinduism was primarily established in Ceylon by migrants and ofteninvaders from southern India, Hindus constitute just over 7 percent of thepopulation,[ mostly of the Shaivite school.[citation needed] Europeancolonists introduced Christianity to the country in the 16th century, and thereligion has been adopted by around six percent of the population.

There also was a small population of Zoroastrian immigrants from India(Parsis) who settled in Ceylon during the period of British rule. As a resultof emigration, few remain, yet they have played a significant role in thegrowth of the country. The former finance minister of Ceylon, NarimanChoksy, was a Parsi. Other famous Parsi families in Ceylon include theCaptain family and the Pestongee family.


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Religion plays an important part in the life and culture of Ceylonns. TheBuddhist majority observe Poya Days, once per month according to the Lunar

calendar. The Hindus and Muslims also observe their own holidays. Thereare many Buddhist temples spread throughout the island in addition tonumerous mosques, Hindu temples and churches, especially in areas whererespective communities are concentrated.

Buddhists are distributed across most parts of the island except in the north.Hindus are concentrated in north, east, and central high lands, though high

populations also exists in the capital city of Colombo and in the surroundingsuburbs. Christians, particularly Roman Catholics are mainly concentratedalong the western coastal belt.

Muslims are concentrated in several pockets along the coast and in theinterior.All religious communities are represented in the western province and in otherurban centres in sizeable numbers. Ceylon was ranked the 3rd most religious

country in the world by a 2008 Gallup poll with 99% of Ceylonns sayingreligion is an important part of their daily life.


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EDUCATION

With a literacy rate of 92%, and 83% of the total population having had

Secondary Education,Ceylon has one of the most literate populations amongstdeveloping nations. An education system which dictates 9 years ofCompulsory Schooling for every child is in place, with 99% of the childrenentering the first grade. A free education system initiated in 1945 by Dr. C. W.W. Kannangara, a former minister of education, has greatly contributed tothis.

Dr. Kannangara led the establishment of the Madhya Maha Vidyalayas(Central Schools) in different parts of the country in order to provideeducation to Ceylon's rural population. In 1942 a special education committeeproposed extensive reforms to establish an efficient and quality educationsystem for the people.

Most schools in Ceylon provide education from grades 1 to 13 in the same

institution. Students sit for the GCE Ordinary Level Examination (O/Levels)in grade 11 and the GCE Advanced Level Examination (A/levels) in grade 13,conducted by the Department of Examinations. These schools are modelled onBritish colleges. A majority of them are public, but a number of privateschools do exist. While most reputed National and Private Schools centredaround large cities are usually single-sex institutions, rural provincial schoolstend to be coeducational.


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TRANSPORT Most Ceylonn cities and towns are connected by the Ceylon Railways, the state-run

national railway operator. The first railway line was inaugurated on 26 April 1867,

linking Colombo with Kandy. The total length of Ceylonn roads exceeds11,000 kilometres (6,840 mi), with a vast majority of them being paved. The government has launched several highway projects to bolster the economy and

national transport system, including the Colombo-Katunayake Expressway, theColombo-Kandy (Kadugannawa) Expressway, the Colombo-Padeniya Expresswayand the Outer Circular Highway to ease Colombo's traffic congestion. There are alsoplans to build a major bridge connecting Jaffna to the Indian city of Chennai.

The Ceylon Transport Board is the state-run agency responsible for operating publicbus services across the island. Ceylon also maintains 430 kilometres (270 mi) ofinland waterways. It has three deep-water ports at Colombo, Trincomalee and Galle.There is also a smaller, shallower harbour at Kankesanturai, north of Jaffna.

There are twelve paved airports and two unpaved airstrips in the country. SriLankanAirlines is the official national carrier, partly owned and operated by Emirates

Airline. It was voted the best airline in South Asia by Skytrax. SriLankan Air Taxi isthe smaller, domestic arm of the national carrier, while Expo Aviation and Lankairare private airline companies. The Bandaranaike International Airport, currently thecountry's only international airport, is located in Katunayaka, 22 kilometres (14 mi)north of Colombo. A second international airport is under construction in Mattala, inthe south of the island.

The Port of Colombo is the largest port in Ceylon, handling over 4.1 million TEUs

annually. The new Port of Hambantota is currently under construction, and due tobegin operations in November 2010.


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CULTURE AND ARTS

The island is the home of two main traditional cultures: the Sinhalese(centred in the ancient cities of Kandy and Anuradhapura) and theTamil (centred in the city of Jaffna). In more recent times a Britishcolonial culture was added, and lately Ceylon, particularly in theurban areas, has experienced a dramatic makeover in the westernmould.

Until recently, for example, most Ceylonns, certainly those in thevillages, have eaten traditional food, engaged in traditional craftsand expressed themselves through traditional arts. But economicgrowth and intense economic competition in developed countries has

spilled over to most of Ceylon, producing changes that mightvariously be identified as progress, westernisation or a loss of identityand assimilation


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TRADITIONAL FOOD

Ceylonns have added western influences to the customary diet such asrice and curry, pittu (mixture of fresh rice meal, very lightly roastedand mixed with fresh grated coconut, then steamed in a bamboo mould).Kiribath (cooked in thick coconut cream for this unsweetened rice-pudding which is accompanied by a sharp chili relish called"lunumiris"), wattalapam (rich pudding of Malay origin made ofcoconut milk, jaggery, cashew nuts, eggs, and various spices includingcinnamon cloves and nutmeg), kottu, and hoppers ("appa"), battercooked rapidly in a hot curved pan, accompanied by eggs, milk orsavouries.

Middle Eastern influences and practices are found in traditional Moordishes. While Dutch and Portuguese influences are found with theisland's Burgher community preserving their culture throughtraditional favourites such as Lamprais (rice cooked in stock andbaked in a banana leaf), Breudher (Dutch Christmas cake) and BoloFiado (Portuguese-style layer cake).


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FESTIVALS

Every year on or about 13 April Sinhala and Tamil peoplecelebrate Sinhalese and Tamil New Year Festival, andMuslims celebrate Ramadan. Esala Perahera (A-suh-luh peh-ruh-ha-ruh) is the grand festival of Esala held in Ceylon. It isvery grand with elegant costumes. Happening in July orAugust in Kandy, it has become a unique symbol of Ceylon. Itis a Buddhist festival consisting of dances and richly decoratedelephants.

There are fire-dances, whip-dances, Kandian dances andvarious other cultural dances. The elephants are usuallyadorned with lavish garments. The festival ends with the

traditional 'diya-kepeema'. The elephant is paraded around thecity bearing the tooth of Buddha. However the new year fortamils have been established as being on 14 January from thisyear.

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