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SERBIAN ACA DEMY SCIENCES

MONOGRA PHS Volume I

SECTION FOR SOCIAL SCIENCES N224

R e d a c tor GEORGE OSTROGORSKY

of Academy, Secretary of the SectioI1 for Social Sciences

GAVRO . KRIVANIC

. AROUR AND WEAPONS IN ME DIEVAL SERBIA, BOSNIA AND DUBROVNIK

Submitted to the Ind Meeting the Section for Social Sciences, 3 March 1956.

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610 h, h, . ;, PL . 611 . . , ,

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, 165

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1453 > > > l . 644 > > > . > . 645 > 1479 . 30 50 100 > 30 -> 8 : 400 Ii. 646

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178 .

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'

728 r g , . . II, 90. , . ' " . ," 71& ' . , 1, 362. , 7 7"' r g , . ., , 126. " , 718 r g , . ., , 136. ' . 728 , . . 1, 1 13, 1 14; h, . . 1, 284-286. L u i c, Listine V, 200-201 . . ' :. 718 r g , . ., , 148. ' . 1 721 R o l 1 e r, . , ., 98 . , . ' . - ': : , , 780 r g , . ., , 190 191 . 7 8 l r g , . ., ; 282, ' 289. "

, 179 ----------------------------------------

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h ; - 1389 , XXXI, 1940; XV , XXVI, 1932; , 111, 1928

, - , . li, 1947 g 1 . - Geschichte von Serbien und Bosnien, 1801 g 1 s . Izabrana Vojna Dela I, Beograd 1953 E "n 1 d i r i t i , - Cblcago-Loridon-Toronto 1949 i 1 d i 1 t 1 i , - Istituto G. Treccani, Roma 1932 h 8 u s . h. - Die irchengeschichte, ed. . . SchOnfelder, Mtinchen 1862 h . - , XXIV, 1926 Z 1 t R. - Rudarstvo i obrt u Bosni za turske v1ade, Novi Behat 9-1 1 Z i k i s . - Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches in , Hamburg 1840 3 . ." - ra 1, 1918 3 . - , XVII, 1896 h . 50, 1910 1 z 1 ! s r d v k v t s t i naroda Jugoslavije, zagreb 1951 g i V., h 1 1 6 z L., W i k h f f . - l G1agoliticum Hervoiae

Ducis Spa1atensis, Vindobonnae 1891 " . "

h 8 . - Geschichte der riegswissenschaften vornehm1ich in Deutsch1and, Mtinchen 1889

i r k . - TrgovaCki drumovi i rudnici Srbije i Bosne u srednjem vjeku, preveo Dj. Pejanovic, Sarajevo 1951

. - . li, ' , cr , 1910, Archiv ftir slavische Phi101ogie XXXIII, 191 1 ; , XI, 1892; Staat und Gesellschaft im Mittelalterlichen Serbien 1, Wien 1912

., li . - 1, 11, 1952 h . - li , 1891 h . - " -

l

1 98 .

h . - , 1890 u m t R g u s i I-V r v 8 i k G , k i s R. . . - Con8tantine Porphyrogenitu8, De

administrando imperio, Budapest 1949 N s d r , Split 1938 N i d r 1 L. - Zivot Starych S10vi I, 2, v Praze 1925; Manuel de l'antiquite

Slave, Paris 1925 ; Rukovet slovenske Archeologie, Praha 1931 , N v k V. - Ucesce Dubrovacke flote u Spanskoj Nepobedivoj armadi, Zgodovinski

-8 VI-V, 1952-1953, 604-61 1 . h . - , 1912;

- , 1904; 1

200 .

. - . , . h, 1 860 h ., h . - . ha, . 11, 1 894 h . - , 111, 1928. . - , Vl, 1894;

() , II1, 191 1 ; , l, 1909; , I, 1917;

. , V, 1905; - I

! I '! I t I ,

" ,

202 Gavro . Skrivanil:

grade in 1440. Laonicus Cha1cocondyles and Critobulus mention armour, but without detailed descriptions. ' '

In the West; Paul Deacon writes about the n of the Slavs, and a1so the Archbishop of Cambrai Litbert, and Arnold of Lubeck. Bertrandon de la Broquiere shold a1so mentioned. .. "

The Turkish blstorians of the fifteenth century, Ashik-Pasha-Zade and Dursum-Beg give us interesting information about the Serbian and ' Bosnian armour, whi1e Neshria gives new information Serbian and Turkish armour in the Battle of Kosovo (1 389).

Among written documents it is neccessary to mention our medieva1 biograpbles. In these armour is on1y mentioned in passing, then in lite-rary way, so that these sources are not of much value to blstorians. '

There is also some materia1 in the Prophecy Stefan Lazarevic and in some documents in the A1exandrida. There ' is considerable aount to found in the arcblves of nt, e.g. : the State Arcblves in Kotor, the Dubrovnik Arcblves (Dubrovnik was surrounded , Serbian territory). As Dubrovnik was in constant contact with Venice, there must 10t of materia1 in the Venetian Arcblves. ' .

Va1uable information is to found' in the old Serbian and Bosnian charters ; paintings, rniniatures, sclpturesi seals arid old Serbian ' and snian coins a1so helpfl.

We find the best materia1 in frescoes. i cblef here is to make sure that the arms 'in the frescoes were contemporary. It is easy to see that the painters of the frescoes took considerable artistic liberty, for we see the same saint painted in different manner in various churches and at different periods of time. ' , , The painters of frescoes could most probably have seen the arms with their own eyes. For exaple, the western wall the left side from the entrance to the church of ' St Demetrius in , there is warrior saint inted with cross-bow (an up-to-date weapon for that period). We can find the sae kind of cross-bow in the cata10gue of the Venice Arsena1. It is the same with other weapons. " , , . . , The precision with which the details were painted ,n b used as evidence that the frescoes were painted at the time when that specia1 kind of weapon , or arniour was used. It was not hn t' drnt )dnds of weaports and armour were painted warrior saints, for the fuda1 at: used all kinds. most frescoes the warriors have the Roman type of breastplate. The skirt and the sleeves were usua11y covered with plates of n fo:rms ; tbls can on1y belong to the painters' imagination; but we can a1so' Ind contemporary weapons some warriors, e.g. Mi1esevo, I?eCani, Ravanica;:a1enic. " .We can a1so find valuable materia1 in the 'miniatures representing

.warriors and ' their armour. But our rniniatures are more illuStrations ' of religious texts, so that the military aspect was shown on1y when it :w'as ' ne cessary.' Pictures with military motifs from the A1exandrida or the Trojan war, iUustrate the stoiies rather than the and the art of war of that time " " . ', '

" , We 'ye the followin'g codices ith rniniatures :, the iroslav' Gospel;

the Prizren Gospel, , the Munich Psa1ter, the Belgrade A1exandrias,' , anq _ "--: " 0 - - .,. : _ ". _ .,.< , . " ,

:" :_"

,',.

I i

' \

SUlIIiry 203

the charter of Espblgmena, then the Hrvoje issa1 and the Bosnian or Sreckovic Gospel. "

Armour , was rarely represented the ornamenta1 reliefs of the -dieval churches. ' ,

, The '1 tombstones have weapons carved them, but badly. Tombstones of tbls kind are characteristic of 1 Bosnia. The tombstones of Kaznaca Nespine, from the Donja Zgosca cemetery, are interesting, as well as many 'othets.

Sea1s and coats-of-arms can a1so provide useful evidence for the exi.;. stence of various sorts of armour and confirm both the time when special sort of armour was first used and how it was used. ,

old Serbian and Bosnian coins, we can see various , weapons : swords, shields, maces, etc.

, During' the last two world wars, many examples of Serbian weapons and armour were taken away the enemy e.g. from the Patriarchate, from Murat's at Kosovo, and from the ilitary Museum in lgrade and tl1e Technica1 ilitary Institute in ragujevac:

'

. The South Slavs used the Romano-German 10ng sword. First it was ca11ed the Merovingian, and then the Carolingian sword. It was then tran- ' sported into the Slav countries as result of commercia1 contacts. Niederle tblnks that the Slav received the sword at the end of the seventh century; but now we tnk that it earlier, that is, in the first half of the sixth century when the Slavs into closer contact with the Goths, the zantine Empire, and other nations. TWs means that the sword was not in genera1 use in the army. TWs process lasted until the time when the organisation changed from triba1 into feudal one. Therefore, ts 14 have been in the eleventh century, or possibly in the twelfth. ,

, For the period ' from the sixth century to the eleventh, and for the twelfth we have not many examples. There is sword in the Nationa1 :iuseum in Belgrade, two swords found in Caricin Grad, and at Mogof}elq in Hercegovina; then there is broken sword in the su of the -:, goslav n, and another one found at Glamoc; finally we have sword painted the frescoes of St. George in the church of St. ichael at Ston. In ,the Byzantine Empire there was profession known > "spathariu.s", sword-carrier, and we can see from our frescoes that the same professlOn existed in Serbia, with the same function as in the Byzantine Empire.

Under Turkish influence the Serbians adopted the sabre, most at the begining of the fourteenth century. From vris frescoes, e.g. those at Staro Nagoricino, Gracanica, Lesnovo, , Manasija and 1ni, we can follow the development of the sabre. From popla tra .. dition the 'on1y tblng we can sure of is ' that the sabre,;a1aanka" dates from the iddle Ages. , , " " , : , ' . : The knif was used bY ,the Slavs 10ng time before they to the Ba1kans, and from written sources it can seen that it was much used in Serbia and in Bosnia: '

' ' ,

, , ' A1though there is positive proof that armour and weapons we:e n:ade in Serbia 'and Bosnia, the craftsmen who made them used specla1 SlgnS

204 Gavro . krivanic

wblch they can be-identified. As in other . countries, the swords, sabres and the knives had some decoration the hand1es and other parts.

The oldest and the most widely used weapon was the spear. There existed type knoun as the "a1aman" spear, that is known spear made in Germany. As armour developed from the spear partisans, g1efs, corzecas and helebards.

. The spear was the symbo1 of the ruler; so was the sword, wblch is mentioned in medieva1 documents.

Bosnian and Serbian cavalry used various kinds of truncheons and maces. The att1e-axe was a1so used great dea1. . . . Other arms inc1uded catapu1ts, bows and arrows, the cross-bow (ar-ba1ets) and various other kinds of heavy arms specia11y used for sieges. ,

The bows were made of yew and their ends of hom. There were several kinds of arrows : the common piercing arms, the poisonous, and the firebearing. The poisonous arrows were dipped in specia1 vegetable poison ca11ed "nalep" (nalip, gadic, jedic); or sn:'s poison. The range of the bows was about 1 50-:-200 metres.

.

The cross-bow was the dead1iest weapon of that time. lt ' was shorter but much stronger than the usual kind, and was tied to stick wblch was sirnilar in shape to the butt of present-day rif1e. Thus the cross-bowmen cou1d aim more accurately, and could pierce the strongest of armour.

Procopius of Caesarea mentions that the S1avs had specia1 arms at the siege of Toper in Thrace, but in the "irac1es of St Demetrius of Sa-10nica" it is statd that the S1avs had such ns "that man of our 'era has ever seen, or has ever known their names."

The o1dest kinds of sble1ds were round and ova1 ; there were a1so triangu1ar and rectangtilar sble1ds. According to Venetian and other documents, the Serbian shield rnight have been triangular with rounded op and fo1ding sides. The cava1ry had smaller shields than the infantry; in Serbia they were ffiQst1y round, whi1e in Bosnia and Dubrovnik they were mostly triangular. The Bosnian infantry had rectangular sblelds, wbl1e those of the Serbians were triangular. The sble1d was made out of 1ight, soft wood and then covered with iron or skin; Western inf1uence can seen in the decorations the shie1ds. . .

The armour carried ' by. the Slavs mentioned at the beginning of the seventh century during ihe S1av-Avar siege of Constantinople, whi1e the Serbians wear it in the beginning of the twelfth (this is mentioned Anna Comnena). Armour was a1ways expensive and was in great demand in those days. For l, the Republic of Dubrovnik offered Stefan De, canski 200 suit of armour if he wou1d make small alteration in the frontier near Dubrovnik. The Republic of Venice congratu1ated despot Stefan . successfu1 return from the war with Tamerlane in 'l402, and -

. sented with suit of armour. ' . -

According to discoveries made in the vi1lage of Tmcine near Ljubin;a old Serbian helmets were cone-shaped, and in the twelfth century developed form of ball cut in ha1f. ln the" end they developed into comp1etely closed helmets, to wblch vizors were 1ater added: ., . . : . , . '

Firearms appeared in the West in 1 3 13. ln 1351 the Republic of Durvnik made contract for the construction of canonj but a1ready in }363

Summary 205

Dubrovnik begann to make its o,,:n gU1S. According . Orbini Prince Lazar used guns in 1 373 gst Nlkola Altomanov1c. There ae

many l to show that guns were used and ordered from Dubrovmk

during the last part of the fourteenth century and in the fifteenth century.

The first guns were made from iron rails and firm1y bound with iron

rings. Atready in the fifteenth century guns were made of brass. The canon

ba1ls were large and made of stone. The canons had names, e.g. k,

(Victory), Spasilac (Saviour) etc. Rifles were used in Serbia and Bosnia in the first half of the fifte-

enth century. . lt is known that in the Middle Age all kinds of arms were made 1fi

Serbia, Dubrovnik, and in the greater part of Bosnia. ,.'Macai" (sword

makers) and "slemari" (men who made he]mets) are mentlOned 1fi charters.

ln 1 378 the Repub1ic of Dubrovnik a110wed the blacksrniths .to make

" bombarda" fo Trogir. Professor . Dini6 concl?d:s from varlOUS documents in the Archives of Dubrovruk, that as Serbla 1mported only gun

powder from Dubrovnik and lta1y she must have made the guns hers:lf.

Various vi1lages and places named with different names of ars t

to the fact that the arms were made there. But home productlOn was

not sufficient especially in contemporary warfare, armament orders were

given to ltaly, Venice, Appulia, Dubrovnik and troug the 1atter to ermany. Many documents from various arhives conf1rm thlS, and a1so vanous other sources.

Tbls was quite natural and understandable in view of th7 fact that,

except for few short intervals, Serbia was constantly at war wlth the zantine Empire, and later with Turkey.

oldest documents speak of the Slavs as capable seamen. They

attacked Salonica from the sea Cat the end of the sixth . century, and the

beginning of the seventh century), and in 626, together wlth the Ava;:s they

attacked Constantinop1e. ln the rniddle of the seventh century they. crossed

to the ltalian coast and besieged Sepont. We know that the Nretlan had ships ca11ed "sagene" ez.ch with crewS of 40. Stefan N 1S sa1d to

have had "sagita-arrows" and ga11eys. From the agreement of 1 l89-125 we can that Dubrovnik helped Serbia with sblps. Whenever Dubrovnik

helped Serbia the , it did not have to a the taxes for that year.

Serbia a1so had at her disposal the ships of U1, Buva and Kotor. '!'sar Dusan got 4 galleys from Venice, and . the Bosnlan k

ing Tvo rec::d from Venice slender galley armed wlt canon. Dubrovnik had sblps which in the main were a1l made 1fi 101 , workshops.

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(. ) 4, - 5 , (. ) 7, (. ) 8.

. 9. :- , . , . (?). . 10. - :

XIIIjXIV : 1 2, h 3 4, 4, - 5, 7, . 8. ' . XIV : 1 , 2, 3 ; h 4, 5 ; , 7 ; (. ) 8, 9; 10, 1 1 , 12, 13, 14, 15, l, 17 18.

. 11 . - , . . . 12. - , . , . . 13. ' - , . .

. 14. - . . . 1 5. - h, , :

h 1 2, h 3 , 4; : 1 2, 3, 4.

. l. - : , . XV : 1 , ( ) 2 4, 3, 5, .

. 1 7. - . . XV : h 1 , 2, 3 ; 4; 5, .

. 18. l: 1, h 2, 3. . 19. - XV : ( ) 1 ,

, 2, 3, - 4, 5 ( - . MY.).

. 20. - 1, 2, 3. . 21. - , . . . 22. - h, . ' .

. ,

. 23. - , . . . 24. - : 1 , 2, h 3,

4, 5, , h 7. . . ' .. . . . ' '

208 . ll1

. 25. - i : 1 , 2. .

. 2. - , . . . 27. - h . . . 28. - :

h 1 , 2, , 4, 5, ., 7. . 29. - , :

1 , h 2, 4, h 5, ( . .) , XaHp, ( ) 7.

. . - , . . l . - , . . . 2. - h, . , . . . . - XPBojB , . . , . 4. - , , . . . 5. - ', 1 , l

'

2. . . . . - . . . 7. - , . , . . . 8. - , , . 1, . 2

. ': 9 . -::- , . . . 40. - : 1 , 2; h, .

; 4, 5, , 9 10; 1 1 ; h 7; 8 . . 40.- (. .) 1 , 2, , 4 , 7 , 8, 9, 10 ; (. .)

5, (. ) 6, 4. '

. 41 . - : 1 , 2, (XIV ), 4 (XV ) ; 5 (XIV ), 5 (XV ); (XV ); 7 8 (I XIV ) ( Demminu . 80, 804, 82 8), , 9.

. 42. --:- (5 8 ) XV . , ,

. 4 . - 1, 2, , 4.

. 44. - : 1 , . 2, , 4 4. XIV , 5 .

. 45 . - h, . , . . . 4. - h, . : , . 47. - h, . . . 48. - : ) : h 1, . , 1

210 . h

I , . 11 , . .

I , IV , . V , 149.

VI , . V , . .

VI , . IX h, . , . . . .

! . , ,. h, . .

XIII yli, m. XIV h; .

XV , .

" V

, ,

I ! i

! I \

, - . 37, 55, 59, 188

h ., , , , 8, 145

, 55 , 17, 123, 135, 1 55 , . 108 , , , 177 , .

, 107 , 8 , I

, 15, 72, 95, 108, 109, 120, 121, 138, 188

, - , 23, 25, 43, 44" 73, 79, ' 1 16, 125, 134, 149, 192

-

de incula, 1379, 112

, 56

, XV . 71

'

l, 181 (Angel0 Manerti)

, 175 (Scriptor incertus)

IX ., 1 1 8 ,

, 107 Antonius de Marote, I

212 . h

irn (Eertrandon de la Broquiere), ., 16, 77, 78, 103, 1 63

, , 17; 176 , , 161 , , 5, 8, 1 7

(Vienna) , .

, 64, 69, 1 10 , , 6, 41, 64, 69,

75, 78, 1 10 , , (1042), 10, 1 5

(1330), 1 5, 108, 138,' 191 : (1371), 120 (1526), 22 1 (732), 99

(Eioule), , 1 59 h, , 30, 153 , ., 166, 192 '! ., 123, 127 h ., 'I, 185 1"1 , 42 m, 24, 44, 79, 94,

135 , 70, 71 , , 76, 1 1 9 Boerio G . 1 1 W., 5, 42, 43, 56, 60, 61, 1 1 6,

130, 131 ., ., 162, 180, 181 " .

, 136 , }{()_ I

214 . h

, , 50, 151, 152, 162, 165, 176 () ,

h, , 161

, , XIV ., 76

, 6, 37, 59, 123, 131, 138, 188 ha, 1 17 h ., . , 16, 76,. 163, 165,

169 , ., 77 ., 103, 1 13, 1 14 , 87, 95, 102, 128 (), 139, 159 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 95 Enciclopedia Italiana, 42, 101, 106 h . ., 173 (11 IX 1929), '27,

67, 70. . > . 159 , 7 . h, -

, 8 , 8, 45, 1 89, 190 , 148

, 6, 16, 21 '

216 raBpo . h

, . XIV ., 175 ., ., 145 Lucia G., 21, 142 h ., (Lucio G.), . V ., 162

h ., 32, 33, 58, 15 1 , 176, 178, 181 , 1 83, 1 84

Maglio1i ., 21 aclagan ., 77, 87, 96, 100 , , 5 h ., 56, 59, 61, 87, 93,

105, 1 1 1 , 122, 136, 149. , 1, 1 1 , 120, 188 (.

) ., . ., 173 , 21, 22, 23, 25, 33,

5 1 , 54, 58, 62, 64, 79, 82, 89, 103, 104, 109, 1 1 1 , 1 15, 1 16, 141, 152, 192, 193

, . , 1 5 , h, 162 ,

., 109 h, .

1510, 69 h ., ., 32, 33 , , 176 , h, 181 , ,

171 / , . , .

, 172, 181 , -

, 182, 185 . h ., (1450-1524)

, 102 h, 25, 60, 66, 71 (.

), 72, 73, 74, 134, 135, 142, 154, 155 -

, , 63, 99, 165, . 180

, yh, 176

h, . . ., 162

." ., , 7, 1 5 . , 164, 1 80 , , 86; 109 h ., ., 1 ,

, 181 , 14, 37 , 36, , 37,

138 ., 24

. h, 157 , . ., 146 '

, 21, 121, 144, 163, 164 h ., , 9, 78, 121,

164, 165, 167 , , -

, 122 . Miklosich . . ., 1 7, 59, 75,

171, 176 , , 1 70 h,

1 386 ., 1 14, 120, 162, 163

MilIer, , 16 , , 24, 88 , .89, 92,

96, 151 , 190 h ., nu, 171 , 8, 65 , , 44, 52, 58, 60, 70, 175 Minns ., 37 ' , ., 8, 14 ( XIV .), 26, _ 70, 71, 73, 74, 79, 80, 101, 104, 109,

1 13, 1 14, 1 16, 129, 136, 146, 155, 193 h ., . , 25 , , , 1 19, 121,

182 , 26, 78, 80,

129, 130 , , 128, 129 , . (1246-:-57),

1 19 li,

, 78, 109, 121, 1 64 , 38 ]v1li ., , 9 , 10, 86,

87, 88 , 9, 17, 96, 1 14, 120 (),

124, 141, 164, 166, 174, 175, 176, 178, 181 , 183, 184 !t , 21, 114 , 1 7 , 148 , 142 ., 49, 56, 102,

149, 174 , ., _1 88, 1 89 , , . 159 , . . ., 182 Monumenta Ragusina , 120 , , 169 Moravczik Gy., 14,.. 1 82 , ., 173 , ., 1 1 , 1526, 104 , , 6 . , , 29, 64, 79 , : -. , 107

.

, : ' ,

I

lI ,

, 37 , , 8 . 1, , 65

, 34, 97, 99 , , 109, 164 , 65, 88

, 10 , , ., 188 , 27 . , 10, 1 19, 182 , , 5, 63, 89 ( ),

100, 122, 131 , 160, 170, 1 74, 175, 178 , - , 166 , 6, 37, 89 , (1164 .), 24, 43, 73,

79, 142, 143, 144 , 150, 176, 180, 181 , 1 82,

184 , 151 , 1 82, 183 , , . ., 1 6, 76,

163 Niederle L., . ., 36, 38,

39, 55, 59, 67, 75, 76, 101, 105, 106, . 124, 138, 150, 1 87, 188 ' . '

h, , 161 . ' , , BojBof(e ,

75 , ,

, 167 -li, 182 h, 183 h, 145, 156, 192 h , ,

145 , . , 32, 80 , . . XIV .,

15, 96, 1 19, 138 4, 49, 53, 79, 97 ( ),

99, 1 10, 192 , , 171 li ., , ., .,

9, 10, 1 7, 100, 1 1 1 , 1 12, 1 19, 121, . 123, 134, 135, 136, 139, 149, 150, 155, 171, 173

, , 17 , ,

164, 167, 177 , 101 , 87, 100, 122, 144, 188

, 5

, , 54, 79 . ., ., 24, 25 . , , 26 Olschi L., 26 man Ch., 5, 129 .

-, 1 82 ., . I

., 1 19, 161, 182, 191 , 32 , , 151 , 32 . ' , . , .

., 23, 31 , 70, 74, 126, 147, 148 , 7 , , 151 , , 174 , 40

. , 134 . , 43, 46, 60, 63, 70 . , 42

; - , , 123, 170, 179

- (l Diaconus), 15,

95, 96, ' 100, 182, 186 , . ., 173 , 93 , . , -

155 '. , n' ,. 71 , 5, 16, 1 59 , ' (Paris), 87 . . , , 138 , l\ , 54, 55 , 170,

175 . ; . l, , 172 , , 56 , , 159

. (1096), 82 , , ,

75 , 102 , 56, 58, 70. h, . ., 1 80 li ., 1, 4, 100, 181, 1 82,

1 83, 184, 185 ' ,

, 37, 41 Ii ., ., 7, 20, 25, 27, "28,

44, 58, 60, 65, 67, 84, 88, 97, 124, 127, 141, 146 .

li ., 84, 140 " ., 33 .

, 23, 46, 62, 65, 78, 83, 90, 93, 103, 104, 1 14, 129, 132, 134, 136, . 149, 152, 191, 192, 193 '-,

lia , . , 19, 20, 25, 88

, , 59, 138, 1 50

, 141 1 ., 67

" , I ., 7

218 . . l{

, 57, 8 1 , 82 ., - . ., 161 ..., ., 161 , , 78, 83, 89,

97, 98, 99, 115 , .

(1509), 27 . , 10, 97 , 150 , 59, 60 (), 75, 131,

() . . - , 150 , 76 ., h ., .

, , h, 25 h ., 60, 70 .. ., 101 , h

, 18 1 ., . , 79 , . 1:(., 145, 166,

1 80, 181 , 192 Poschenburg V., 5, 88, 94, 129, 131 ,

139, 141 , 146, 150, 151, 153 h ., 41 h, , 138 .h ., 134 , .

( . . ), 40, 136, 187 ' "

50, ( . ), 148, 153 26, 43, 49, 94

, ., 167 , . ., 131, 134, 1 74 , 12 , . , 78 , . 1336 . , 191 (), 1 14, 172, 173,

176 ., 4 . - ., 166 . . , 145, 192 , 14, 75, 1 17, 185 . h, 17 Protospatharius, ..; 56 , 25, 127, 131, 141, 153, 155 -, De Officialibus

15, 56 , -; 14, 107, 123, 186 , 64, 69, 1 10 ( :

), 99 ., ., 149 ., 51 , 61, 101, 105, 1 12, 171,

178

, 7, 24, . 25,. 79, 89, 104, 1 16, , 128, 1 53 '

, 1 5 '

, . , 180 , 30, 53, 74, 80, 89, 93, 103,

104, 146 , . XV ., 135, 1 56,

192 , XV .,

75 Radic Fr., 6, 36, 37, 38 , 1 84 ..h ., , 54 ., ., 17, 65 ., ., 26, 27, 41, 43, 56,

75, 106 , h .., ., 10, 1 14, 120, 1 55,

159, 160, 163, 164, 165, 180, 1 82, 183 . , (1436)

71 ., , 33 ., . . ., 179 h, 32, 1 79 , . XV ., 135 ., . . . ,

1 6 , ., .., 101 , , 36 , . 1669-1735.,

1 19, 121, 185 ' , (. Caa) 8 , ti . i, 1 82 , . ., 165 ., ., 161 Racki Fr., .,

. ,

220 ., h

hh . ., 9 , 1 , 86, 109 h, , 8, 167, 169 h ., ., 1, 4, 10, 13,

16, 25, 65, 163, 1 80 ' Stari hrvatski pisci, 102 ,

, 19, 21 , 23, 25, 43, 44, 45, 57, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 72, 74, 78, 79, 83, . 88, 89, 93, 96, 97, 98, 104, 1 10, 1 16, 123, 124, 125, 126, 136, 141, 142, . 151, 154, 155, 191

, , 33, 44 , , 32, 85 , , 7, 93 . h, -

. , . - .,

164 h, h ,

149 . , , 32, 80, 85, 129,

135 , h, 32 , 136 ha, 32, 180 h, 32 , 32, 85, 86 ( l),

134 ( 1) , 149, 178, 179, 180, 182 h ., 146, 171, 172, 173, 177,

178 , , 172 h ., ., 26, 1 15, 181,

184 ' 24, 40, 41 (. ), 43, 44,

124, 132, 162, 189 f militaris 14 , , 173 Strygowski ., 26, 70, 74, 80, 1 17, 155 ' ., ., 167 , . , 171 , , 28, 90, 93, 192 ', , 75, 76

h ., ., 27, 28, 121, 123, 135, 176

, 14 . , 149 , ' ., ." 35 , , 151 , (1354-77), 33,

44, 85 1, , 32, 80, 152, , 165, 178, 179, 183 , , 32, 33, 52 , ,

, 76

, I ., 16, 35, 101, 105, 1 14

h, , 166 , , 121 , 37 , 4, 49, 56, 79. 90, 1 10 h , 8 , . , 160 h ., ., 10 h ., 14 , , 21, 144

Tougard, Histoire dans l actes Grecs, 14" 36, 95, 100, 1 17

Tout ., 5 , . , 177 , 61, 68 , 67

. . ha ( 1513 ., 1517), 27

, , 29, 51 . , 90 , 93 , 150, 189 , 161, 162, 174. , . ,

76, 87, 173 ( . ) , 95 h ., ., 10, 107, 165 190, ., ., 1 1 , 12, 3 1 , 55, '

164, 1 67 , 15, 1 6, 60, 66, 77, 78, 97 (

) 104, 109, 1 19, 120, 121, 1 34, 141 , 144, 161, 164, 165, 176, 168, 169, 171, 174, 1 80, 191, 193

h, , 29 Tha1l6czy L., . ., 27, 87, 146 Thurocz ., . ., 109, 169

h, , , 101, 172 .

h . , , ., 95, 178

'

, , 10 h ., 12; 18, t, 32, 41, 55,64,

74, 103, 121

-, 16, 17, 32, 39, 58, 59, 60, 63, 104, 131, 164 () 176, 178

i , 56, 192 . , , 76 , . ., 183 , , 14 , ( 1), 80 , , 33, 151, 1 52 ' , 107

.

, 1 82 . Uhlenbeck .., . , 35 .

\

/

, 221

, ., 95 , , 17, 159, 176 , , 90, 92, 93, 145 Foulkes . ., 5 . , , 36, 37, 95 (.

), 188 () 138 . h, . . I .,

162 , ., 176 , 90 , 5, 60, 122, 188 , . .

., 123 , ( Fronde)

. V ., 100

., 16, 49, 50 l ., 39, 41, 55, 59, 63, 78, 1 10,

126, 127 Hannovera, , 15 , h, 78 Heinrich . v. Hefner-Alteneck, 5 Henne ., 89 , . , 10, 15 V (1308-1313), 100 ., 94, 149 , . , 8, 171 ro, , 41 , GB. , 145 - I, 149 Hoffiller ., 64, 106, 150 , , 1, 6, 37, 136, 181, 188 () ( 1403

-1415 .), 31 (), 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 79, 80 (), 125, 126, 129 (), 134, 136, 146 ( ), 147, 148, 151 (), 178 () 193

, , 15, 42, 57, 79, . 8 1 , 88, 124 , , 161, 163 , 55, 59, 188 ., 165 1448, 164

, 18, 148 ( . .)

, 16, 88 ( ), 120, 138, 165, 167, 175, 182

, 41, 66, 69, 75, 106, 1 10, , 188, 189

, 4, 85 ( )

, 163 Zinkeisen ., 88 . , 72 , 1, 1 1 , 101, 173

., 166 , 151 , 38, 151 h , 30, 69, 79 . ., 32, 120 . , 14, , 36, 95, 96, 1 17, 186

. . , 59, 75, 80, 122, 136

, 77 Scheffer ed. Upsala, 14 Sch5nfelder . ., 14 h ., 56, 71 , 51, 53 . llIh ,

1 13 154 h . ., ., 76, 119;161. h ., 63, 87 Sch1umherger G., 32 h ., 60, 70 Schrader ., . , 35 r , 66 h .

., 122 h ,

, 145 ' , , 148 . (Sufflay .), 87, 173

. (), 66 IlI , 55 ll\!.aR1{ , 63 , 78 , 146

, :

, 97 , : , : , . ; 184 , 159, 160 ( ) 162

164, 165, 166, 167, 178, 179, 1 80, 181 (), 87 , 20,87 ( ) , 20, 23 30 35

36, 65, 66, 74, 190, 191 " ,

, 28, 29, 30, 42, 66, 75,

?6, 77, 78, 79, 83, " 1 88, 190, 192

01 , 86, 185 , : ....:.

, 10, 1 5, .33, 82, 94, 95,

96, ( ), 97 98, 191

'

, : di, : , 75 , , 160 , 160 ( -

), 49, 142 , , 184 . Croigne, ), : , onpaBY

, (corac;arius - ) 1 36, 172 .

, , 7, 10, 1 1 , 19, 20, 22, 29, 30, 33 ( I), 58, Z} 86, (), 87, 88, 89, 90,

, 93, 96, 173, 174, 191, 192 .

, : , , 86, 87, 88, 90 99 je', 10, 1 1 , 1 6, 51, 159 (-

_ IIJ) 164, 178, 191 , 193 .

, 100 , 69 . , 122, 126, 127 - , 1 10, 1 14,

121, 160 , 120 , 64

. m , 36 , 82, 86, 97 (Galea sottiIe), 183, 1 84,

185 , 35, 41 ( ); 61

75 ()

, : , 182, 1 83, 184 (Ganzarola) n

, 1 84 . , 101 , 140 m (Eisenhut), 153 - : , 39; Q,

139, 140 . .. . - m, 150, 151 Gladius , 36 . , 10, 1 1 , 76, 82, . 41, 191 . , 146 , 24

, 31, 55 , 29, 3 1 , 49 .. 50, 55, (l,

191 , 120 , 101, 102 , : : , 29, 30, 3 1 , 39, 43, 44,

49, 55, 56, 59 () 61, 65; 70, 71 (), 191 ()

, 1 1 1 , 1 13 , 151 , 103 >]

224 . h ' ---------,---------------- ,------ , : -, 35, 49

, 109, , 22 : 94, 96, 97;

m: 1 50, 1 56, 188 , 107

, 56

-, 3 1 , 39, 41 , 42, 44, 49, 65, 71

, , 69 31 ,49, 55, 56; :

66 67

, , 66 , 1 50 , 36, 37, 188 , , 1 18, 1 19-

120, 121 , , , 7, 10, 86, 87, 88 ' , , 31 , 1 84, 185 -, 10, 11 , 1 5, 18, 19, 20,

22, 28, 29, 32, 38, 58, 75 () 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 87. 96, 1 10, 136, 138, 185, 186 (), 187 () 1 88 (), 190, 191

, 75, 95, 187 , , 36, 63, 67 (culte

lissis), 69 , 76, 82, . 41, 191, 192 , , 1 17, 1 1 8,

1 19, 120, 121 , 82 (

1096), 82, 191 11, 86 , 50 , 65 , , 20, 23, 35, 39, 42,

43, 49, 55, 56, 61, 64 , 1 59, 1 60

, , 3 1 1 67 (), 1 69 , , 1 1 7, 1 18, 120 , 82 " , , 22, 28, 29, 30, 100, 101, (

) 102, ( ; , ), 104, 105, 108, 109,

""'\ 1 1 1, 1 13, 1 15, 1 1 6, 1 86 (), 1 87 (-), 188 ( ) 189, 191 ()

7, 1 1 , 18, 19, 20, 21 , 22, 23, 28, 29, 30, 3 1 , 32, 34, 35 (), 36; (, , , , , ) 37 38; - 39; 41, 42, 43, 44 (""). 49, 50, (), 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 61 , 64, 65, 67 (ensibus), 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 76, 87, 91 , 99, 128, 136, 138, 143, 175, 185, 1 86, 188, 189 190, 191, 192

Macia ferrea Macia di ferro :

, , 35, 36, 171, 1 72, 173 ' () , 56, 57, 93 , 69 1 1 , 94 89, 94 , , 182 Morgenstern, Morning star,

, 93 , ny '

, 29, 30, 3 1 , 36, , 39, 41, 43, 44, 49, 51 , 53, 59, 60, 61, 65; 70, 143, 190

, , 106, 107 ,

, 150, 151 , 188 , -

, 150 , 102 , 49 , 89 . 41 , 124 , 35, 36, 64 (), 67, 74,

190, 191 (), 20, 39, 56, 73, 74,

91 , 128 ' , 64': , 139 , 1 22, 124

, , 21, 1 1 1 , 1 13, 1 14

'

, , 101, 102 . ./

, , 1 17, 1 1 8 (- ), 120 '

OreHe , i ' , " , 1 3 5 : , 8: 18, 20, 23; 24, 29, 3 1 , 32, ,. 39, 42, 49, 76, 77, 78 (), 82, ,.. 97, 103, 105, 136-1 37 ( )

138, 139 (, ynrr, .), 141 ( . . _ ), 142; 143,- 144, 145, 146,

, ' . 225

147 (, ; : , , .), 149, 162 (), 175, 1 76,

" 178, 18 1; 1 82, 1 85, 1 86, 188, 1 89; 191, 192, 193

, 126 ( ) , , 161, 1 65 .. , 1 1, 14, 15, 1 6, 100,

1 17 (), 1 19, 120, 121, 186 , 1 17, 1 18, 120 , . , 65 , 31 ; 35, 39, 59, 61 , 66, - 75

'

7"( HO), 69 , , ,

, 7, 1 1 , 19, 22; 29, 30, 32, 33, 58, 86 (), 87, 89,

, 91, 93, 94 ( ) , , ; 55 . -- , ' :; (paria de 'iero), i 19, 23, 24, 49, i 136, 139, 140, 141,

143; 144, , 145, 146, , 147, , 148" , 149, 162, 173, 175, 190

, I

226 .

1 67, 177, 178, 179, 1 80, 181, 1 82, 1 83, 185, 190, 191, 193, 194

(matia), 10, 1 1 , 86 (), . 87, 88, 89, 93, 99, 190, 192 , (archus ongarus), 102 m , 77, 1 1 1 , 1 12,

1 1 3 , 94

, 39 , 102 - , 184

, , 10, 1 1 , 76, 77, 82, 191, 192

, 51 . , 120 , ym , 165 h, 82, (

1096 .), 87, 88, 96, 97, 99, 191

(Sale nitr), 163, 166, 177, 178, 179, 1 80 '

: 97; 41 '

, 105, 109 m, m, 1 50 - , ,-

' , 1 19

, 7, 1 1 , 19, 21 , 23, 24, 29, 31, 33, 1 16, 122, 136, 138, 146 ( . ChapeI, . Bund), 147, 148, 149 ( m) , 150 (), 151 , 153, 154, 155 (), 156 (sld-), 172 173, 185, 188, 189, 190, 191, 191, 193 ()

, 7, 15, 18, 19, 20, 22, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 38, 44, 5 1 , 74, 78, 90, 91, 108, 122, 123, 124 (De more Sclavorum), 125, 126, 127, 128, 129 1 30, 134, 1 35, 136, 138, 173, 185, 186 (m ), 1 87, 188, 190, 191, 193

\ ' ';" '

, .

, "

. , ',

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