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Poland Government Profile 2013
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Poland
conventional short form: Poland
local long form: Rzeczpospolita Polskalocal short form:Polska
Government type Republic
Capital name: Warsaw
geographic coordinates: 52 15 N, 21 00 E
time difference:UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC
during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March;
ends last Sunday in October
Administrative
divisions
16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo);
Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie
(Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie, Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie
(Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie
(Masovia), Opolskie, Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia),
Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia),Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria),
Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West
Pomerania)
Independence 11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier
dates: A.D. 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional
founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth created)
National holiday Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)
Constitution adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by
national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997
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Legal system civil law system; changes gradually being introduced as part
of broader democratization process; limited judicial review
of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal
are final
International law
organization
participation
accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations;
accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal
Executive branch chief of state: President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6
August 2010)
head of government:Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since
16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Minister Janusz
PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012)
cabinet: Council of Ministers accountable to the prime
minister and Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president
sign up and the Sejm sanction the Council of Ministers
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year
term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20
June and 4 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); primeminister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the
president and confirmed by the Sejm
election results- Bronislaw komorowski chosen president,
percent of popular vote - komorowski53% and 47% Jaroslaw
kaczynski.
Legislative
division
bicameral legislature includes higher house, the Senate or
else Senat (100 place; members chosen by a majority vote onprovincial basis to serve 4 year terms), and a secondary
house, the Sejm (460 places; members chosen under a
complex system of proportional representation to serve four-
year terms); the title of national assembly or else
zgromadzenie narodowe is only used on those odd occasions
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when the both houses get together jointly
elections: Senate - last held on 9-10- 2011 (next October
2015); Sejm - last held on 9 October 2011 (next October
2015) election results and current seat distribution:
Senate - percent of vote by the party - NA; seats by party -
PO 63, PiS 29, PSL 2, SP 2, independents 4; Sejm - percent
of vote by party - PO 39.2%, PiS 29.9%, RD 10%, PSL
8.4%, SLD 8.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 206, PiS
137, RP 43, PSL 28, SLD 25, SP 19, independent 1, German
minority 1
note:the German minority is exempt from the 5% threshold
requirement for seats to Sejm
Judicial branch Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for
an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are
chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)
Political parties
and leaders
Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK, chairman; Rafal
GRUPINSKI, parliamentary caucus leader]; Democratic Left
Alliance or SLD [Leszek MILLER, chairman, parliamentary
caucus leader]; Democratic Party or PD [Brygida
KUZNIAK, chairwoman]; Democratic Party or SD [Pawel
PISKORSKI, chairman]; German Minority of Lower Silesia
or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative]; Law and
Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Mariusz
BLASZCZAK, parliamentary caucus leader]; League of
Polish Families or LPR [Witold BALAZAK, chairman];
Palikot's Movement or RP [Janusz PALIKOT, chairman];
Poland Comes First or PJN [Pawel KOWAL, chairperson];Polish People's Party or PSL [Janusz PIECHOCINSKI,
chairman; Jan BURY, parliamentary caucus leader]; Social
Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech
FILEMONOWICZ, chairman]; Union of Labor or UP
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[Waldemar WITKOWSKI, chairman]; United Poland or SP
(political grouping of former PiS members, not officially
registered) [Arkadiusz MULARCZYK, chairperson; Patrick
HOW, parliamentary caucus leader]
Political pressure
groups and leaders
All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan
GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw
DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK]; Solidarity Trade
Union [Piotr DUDA]
International
organization
participation
Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC
(observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,
ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (nationalcommittees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO,
IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO,
ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA,
NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI,
UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic
representation in
the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Ryszard SCHNEPF
chancery: 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802
FAX: [1] (202) 328-6271
consulate(s) general:Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic
representationfrom the US
chief of mission: Ambassador Stephen MULL
embassy: Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsawmailing address: American Embassy Warsaw, US
Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)
telephone: [48] (22) 504-2000
FAX: [48] (22) 504-2688
consulate(s) general:Krakow
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Flag description two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors
derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field
note:similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are
red (top) and white
National anthem name: "Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka)
lyrics/music: Jozef WYBICKI/traditional
note: adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as
"Jeszcze Polska nie zginela" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished),
was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles
because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the
nation's lands have been occupied
Polish political system
The polish political system is defined by the Constitution of 2ndApril1997. It states
that the Republic of Poland is a democratic state ruled by law, implementing the
rules of social justice, safeguarding the independence and integrity of its territory,
ensuring the freedoms and rights of citizens and the security of the citizens,
safeguarding the national heritage and ensuring the protection of the natural
environment in line with the principle of sustainable development.
The foundation ensures that there is freedom of the press and of other means of
social statement, as well as freedom of belief, religion and philosophy, and it
protects marriage, understood as the union of a man and a woman, the family,
motherhood and parenthood as well.
The social market economy, based on the freedom of economic activity, private
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ownership and solidarity, dialogue and support between social partners, is the basis
of the economic structure of the Republic of Poland.
The system of government of the Republic of Poland is based on the principle that
there is separation and balance between legislative, executive and legal powers.
lawmaking power is vested in the Sejm and the Senate, executive power is vested
in the President of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers and judicial
power is vested in courts and tribunals.
About Polish Constitution
The Constitution is the highest law in the Republic of Poland. It consists of a
Preamble and 13 Chapters. It was passed on 2nd April 1997 and then accepted by
the National Assembly by a majority of 451 votes in favour. There were 6
abstaining votes and 40 votes against adopting it.
The referendum which subsequently confirmed the Constitution took place on 25th
May 1997. It has been came in effective three months after it was announced on
17th, October,1997.
The Constitution has been amended only once so far by the Sejm on 8th September
2006. The changes were connected with the European Arrest Warrant and
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concerned the possibility of transferring a Polish citizen for trial or detention if the
citizen in question had committed a crime and was wanted both in Poland and
abroad.
The Coat of Arms
Article 2 specifies that the Polish coat of arms shall consist of an image of an eagle
wearing a golden crown, with its wings outstretched, its head turned to its right and
its beak and talons golden, in a red field.
The coat of arms containing an eagle as the symbol of the ruling dynasty appeared
for the first time in the 1st half of the 13th century and, during the reign of
Ladislaus the Short, it became the official coat of arms of the country.
After Poland regained its independence in 1919, the Sejm accepted the White
Eagle as the national coat of arms. A new image was introduced based on the
design of Professor Z. Kamiski and modelled after the coat of arms of Stephen
Bathory's times which was almost identical to the coat of arms currently used.
After 1945, the eagle in the coat of arms is similar to the image used before the war
but was depicted without a crown (in agreement with a decree of 1955).
National symbols
The national symbols are the White Eagle, the red and white colour and the
national anthem, "DbrowskisMazurek" in agreement with the Act on Coat of
Arms.
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National colors
The national colors are white and red, in two horizontal, parallel line of equal
width: the upper line is white and the lower line is red. The flag of the Republic of
Poland is a rectangular sheet of fabric bearing the colors of the country and hoisted
on a flagpost.
Territorial government
Executive administrative bodies of the territorial government are:
1. borough leaders, mayors, and presidents of cities:
in gminas (without cities of poviat status) 2,411 such persons;
in cities of poviat status 65 such persons;
2. The authorities of poviats 1,509 members (11.1% of which were women),
including 1,405 councilors, 280 of which presided over the authorities of the
poviats and 247 of which were deputy presidents;3. The authorities of voivodeships 77 members (6.5% of which were women),
including 70 councilors, 16 of which presided over the authorities of the
voivodeships and 26 of which were deputy presidents.
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Territorial structure
As of 1st January 1999, a new, three-level territorial division of the state has been
introduced, according to which the state consists of: communes (gminas), districts
(poviats) and provinces (voivodeships). This division is still effective as of now.
A part of a gmina is the lowest unit of local management, usually comprising a
sole village. As of 31st December 2007, there were 40,398 such units.
The largest gmina in terms of area is the gmina of pisz (634 km) in the poviat of
pisz and the smallest is the urban gmina of growoIaweckie (3 km), located in the
bartoszyckipoviat in the warmisko-mazurskievoivodeship.
The gmina with the foremost population is the city of Warsaw (1706.6 thousand)
which is also a city having poviat status, located in the mzowieckievoivodeship,
while the gmina with the least population is krynicaMorska (1.4 thousand) in the
nowodworskipoviat in the pomorskievoivodeship.
The chief poviat is the biaostockipoviat (2,976 km) in thepodlaskievoivodeship
and the least poviat is the bierusko-pdziskipoviat (158 km) located in the
slskievoivodeship.
Thepoviat with the greatest population is the Poznaskipoviat (303.6 thousand) in
the Wielkopolskievoivodeship while the poviat with the smallest population is the
Sejneskipoviat (21.2 thousand) in the Podlasikievoivodeship.
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Involvement in peace missions
(based on Small Statistical Yearbook 2008)
On the program of the United Nations, international organizations, actions have
been taken aimed at maintaining peace and preventing armed conflicts in the world
as well.
Poland has been participating in peace missions and operations since 1953.
Between 1953 and 2007, the soldiers and civilians of poland employed by the army
participated in 78 peace missions and operations, 35 of which were organised
under the auspices of the United Nations. The aggregate professional soldiers,
compulsory military service soldiers, re-enlisted service soldiers and civilians
employed by the army who participated in those missions and operations is 72.7
thousand.
In 2007, Poland has participated in 7 (both continued and new) peace missions and
operations. From 5,245 people delegated in the year 2007 has taken part in peace
missions and operations, 4,573 were expert armors, 611 were obligatory service
soldiers and re-enlisted armors, and 61 civilians were employed by the army.
As well, since 2003, Poland has been a part of the International Stabilization Force
in the country Iraq. from 2003-2007, the Polish Military Contingent (9 shifts
altogether) incorporated 14,018 persons, consisting 11,478 expert armors, 2,154obligatory service armors and re-enlisted service armors, and 368 civilians
employed by the army.
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Government scheme of Poland:
Poland is a republic. The scheme of administration of the state of Poland is base on the
separation of and equilibrium among the legislative, executive and administrator
authority. Lawmaking power is vested in the Sam and the governing body, decision-
making power is vested in the leader of the Republic of Poland and the Council of
Ministers, and legal power is vested in the courts and tribunal.
Polish public managerial system is based on the division into middle and local (self-
government) administration. According to a basic principle included in the
establishment, local powers that be are chosen by citizens. The structure of the Polish
local autonomy consists of: 2478 commune, 379 counties and 16 voivodeships. Poland is
a associate of many global organizations, among others: the European Union, NATO,
WTO, OECD.
The Legislative Authority
The Polish assembly consists of two lawmaking body. The inferior house is called Sam, and
council is the upper house. 460 chosen deputies sit in Sejm, and 100 senators in the governing
body. Applicant rank for Sam has to be citizens of Poland, like occupied civil rights and old at
smallest amount 21 on top of the day of the take part in an election. Candidate to the
governing body must be 30 years old.
Deputies (Members of Sam) are return for the electoral electorate where they win their
permission. Most electorate limits agree with those of one or several gamines. In large cities
constituency may be lesser in area. During a parliamentary take part in an election, neither
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member of Sam nor senators are bound in any method by the instructions of their
constituency, but perform have the rightful force to be guide by the happiness of the total
state.
The Polish political scheme is base on a party system. In the parliamentary, presidential, and
restricted vote applicant hold up by significant political party place an improved option of
attainment. Parliamentarians fit in to the similar following collection generate their
parliamentary "association" inside the Sejm and leading body. In put into practice the majority
of the invoice and legislative adjustment is transport to the residence from surface to surface
the parliamentary club.
Parliamentary deputies contribute in Sejm session and have the right to question members of
the committee of minister; they work in many, enduring or particular, committee emotionally
involved to Sejm or governing body, and recognized to appraisal various issues related to state
management and public life.
The following permanent committee functions within the Sejm of the state of Poland:
management and Internal dealings group
farming and Rural growth group
group on link with pole overseas
legitimate answerability group
Culture and Media group
Deputies' principles group
Economic group
teaching, discipline and childhood group
Environment defense, Natural Resources and Forestry group
European group
Foreign relationships group
physical condition group
Infrastructure group
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fairness and person human rights group
lawmaking group
restricted Self - administration and local Policy group
nationwide and racial Minorities group
nationwide protection group
Physical teaching and game group
community money group
system and Deputies' relationships group
societal rule and relations group
exacting equipped services group
situation manage group
situation coffers
The next parliamentary association operates in the present Sejm and leading body, selected for
the sound which begin in 2011 and will finish in 2015:
The public stage (PO)
The rule and fairness social gathering (PiS)
The Democratic Left Alliance (SLD)
The Polish Peasants' Party (PSL)
The Palikot's Movement (RPP)
The Solidarna Polska Party (SP)
Parliamentary work is synchronized by its constitutional body:
marshal (speaker) of the Sejm and governing body
Sejm and governing body board (marshal and Deputy Marshals)
The conclave of senior (Marshals, Deputy Marshals and Chairpersons of
parliamentary clubs)
Sejm and governing body committee
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President
The leader plays a very significant position in the Polish lawful scheme. His human rights and
obligation are strong-minded by the establishment of the state of Poland (passed in April 1997).
In agreement with the present establishment, the leader of the state of Poland is the top of
state, the highest delegate of Poland and the backer of the permanence of government. This
income that the leader heads the decision-making power, is chosen to stand for Polish welfare
on the global stadium, ensure the ceremony of the establishment, and is accountable for the
safety of the status. The leader calls election to Sejm and governing body and in strange
situation has the correct to cut down their conditions. He can describe a nationwide
referendum in matter significant for the form; require the choice of all the people.
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The leader has a gratis option in select the major cleric, yet in do he more often than not does
not give the job of form a new government to a official who does not authority a bulk in Sejm.
The leader has the chance to in a straight line power the lawmaking procedure by using his
rejection to stop a bill; however, his rejection can be overrule by a 3/5 bulk vote in the
attendance of at least semi of the constitutional number of member of Sejm (230). Previous to
sign a bill and creation it law, the leader can too ask the legitimate Tribunal to confirm its
fulfillment with the establishment, which in do bears a important power on the lawmaking
procedure.
In his role of highest envoy of the shine state, the leader ratifies and revokes global agreement,
nominates and recalls ambassador and accepts the accreditations of legislative body of other
states. The leader also makes decisions on the honor of state distinction and instructions. In
adding, he has the correct of mercy, that is he can send away last courtyard verdicts (in do, the
leader consult such decision with the Minister of fairness).
The leader is also the highest leader of the carrying weapons Forces; he appoint the leader of
universal employees and the commander of all the carrying weapons forces; in war he
nominate the leader of the carrying weapons Forces and can order universal recruitment. The
leader performs his duty with the help of the next office: the Chancellery of the leader, the
Office of nationwide safety, and the corpse of Advisors to the leader.
Following the airplane crash in Smolensk and the bereavement of the President Lech Kaczynski,
presidential electins were held. As a result, Brnisaw Kmrwski was chsen the nvel tp
of condition.
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The Supreme Chamber of Control
The highest hall of manage (NIK) is one of the oldest state institution in Poland, shaped beneath
the next state on February 7, 1919, hardly 3 months following the reinstatement of Poland's
self-government. It was shaped on the plan of the Head of State, J zefPisudski. as f its
extremely primary day, NIK has been the country's highest decision-making body, empower to
work out extensive manager of the income and spending of the state and all institution and
corporation that create use of community money. NIK is free to review all state institution,
government and narrow government administrative units, jointly with those business body and
non-governmental organization which perform public contract or take delivery of government
grant and guarantee.
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Under the present system, NIK is responsible to Sejm, which appoint its president for a 6-year
word, with the endorsement of the governing body. Conditions of place of work of the NIK
chairman do not of necessity agree with persons of the assembly, which in do prevents this
place of work from being needy on any one following party. Like member of Sejm, the chairman
of NIK also enjoys resistance: he cannot be under arrest or indict without the permission of
Sejm. At present, the position of NIK Chairman is detained by Mr. MirsawSekua, chsen t
this place of work by Sejm throughout its preceding term.
The highest hall of Control operates from side to side its department and delegate offices. The
separation into department reflects the range of the matter it controls, and thus NIK include
the next department:
community management,
financial plan and money,
financial system, funds and Privatization,
message and convey system,
discipline, teaching and nationwide Heritage,
nationwide boldness and interior safety,
work, communal relationships, and physical condition,
surroundings, farming, and Spatial growth.
The separation into delegate offices is linked with the defensive separation of Poland. The
figure of NIK delegate office, 16, age group that of the voivodeships.
NIK institute manage events on its own plan, at the ask for of Sejm or its body or legislative
body (e.g. the Speaker of Sejm), the leader of the state, or the major priest. Particular type of
NIK activities includes audit of the condition financial plan and of the main beliefs of monetary
policy, as well as the NIK view in votes of self-assurance for the committee of minister.
The highest hall of manage cooperate with like body in the European combination country, with
the European courtyard of auditor, global panel of auditor for NATO, as well as the audit
establishment in further country of Central and Eastern Europe such as the Czech nation,
Slovakia, Russia, and Hungary.
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The highest hall of manage also cooperate with its European associates within the structure of
EUROSAI - the European association of highest review institution, which is one of eight local
group of INTOSAI - the global association of highest review institution.
The Judicial Authority
In Poland the judges, with the highest courtyard at their top, jointly with the self-governing
condition court and legitimate court, make sure the self-government of the judges.
The highest Court
The Supreme Court supervise the arbitration in:
Universal judges - these are region, voivodeship, and petition judges. They arbitrate
in the area of social, illegal, relations and work rule.
Armed judges - that is route and barracks judges. They contract with matter
connecting to crime dedicated by military in vigorous repair, resident workers in
armed unit, and prisoner of conflict.
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Managerial judges - a divide square scheme which deals with arbitration on the legal
fulfillment of decision in use by managerial body. It also settles cases flanked by
lawful people (corporations) or confidential people and managerial body.
The highest square is the square of previous choice of petition against judgment in the inferiorjudges. It also passes resolution to explain explicit lawful requirements and resolution arguable
question in exact luggage.
The leader of the state of Poland appoints highest square adjudicators. This is complete ahead a
movement of the nationwide legal committee. The leader too selects the primary leader of the
highest square as of candidate accessible by the universal meeting of the highest courtyard of
impartiality. The First leader of this courtyard hold place of work for a six-year word, although
he or she might be dismiss by Sejm upon a movement by the leader of the state of Poland.
The Constitutional Tribunal
the lawful courtyard is a lawful corpse familiar to create your brain up argument on top of the
constitutionality of the performance of condition organization; its main work is to run the
completion of lawful rule by the organization of the condition of Poland. The legitimate court
adjudicate on the observance with the establishment of legislation and global agreement (also
their ratification), on dispute over the power of middle legitimate bodies, and on fulfillment
with the establishment of the aim and behavior of following party. It also system on legitimate
complaint.
The legitimate court is complete up of 15 adjudicators selected by Sejm for nine-year
conditions. They are fully self-governing. The legitimate court constitutes one of the official
guarantees of a condition beached on the law of rule.
The State Tribunal
it is the legal corpse, which system on the legitimate legal responsibility of people investmentthe maximum office of state. It examine luggage about the contravention of the establishment
and laws or crime dedicated by the leader of the state of Poland, member of the government ,
the leader of the highest assembly room of Control, the leader of the nationwide Bank of
Poland, head of middle managerial office and additional older state official.
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The condition court is empower to law for the taking away of persons from community office,
to impose injunction on persons next to their meeting to older office, to annul an persons right
to take part in an election and to stand for election, to remove before award medal, distinction,
and title of respect, and in illegal luggage to inflict penalty set in the illegal system.
The work of art of the condition Tribunal is recognized at the first session of each novel Sejm
and is compulsory for its word. The top of the workplace is the First leader of the highest Court.
His two deputies and 16 member of the condition court are selected from outer the Sejm.
Member of the State court have to grasp buff nationality, might not have illegal evidence or
contain do not have their public human rights revoke, nor might they be working in the state
management.
POLITICAL PARTIES
The transformation of 1989 brings basic alter to the following and social gathering
scheme in Poland. The Polish joint staff social gatherings, which have before enjoy
domination for its collective philosophy, was grateful to give up this rank in good
turn of political pluralism. At first, the following split was a straightforward line
flanked by groups and party that emerge from the unity group, and the post-
Communist groups. At present, this separation has become rather vaguer and of
smaller result and in a lot of conduct the buff following prospect now resembles
European and soil pattern.
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Thus, the following party in Poland represents a wide range of community
agreement, with group which may be following as social-democratic, open-
minded, traditional, nationwide, rural-interest, or populist. There are also
fundamental group with a insignificant sum of community understanding. a
number of observer of the Polish following prospect have endeavored to define a
customary separation into left-wing, right-wing, and centre, but in put into
practice extremely a small number of the accessible party might be precisely
describe in conditions of such definition.
The major subsequent parties in Poland are as follows:
The Civic Platform (PO)
The Law and Justice Party (PiS)
Palikot's Movement (RPP)
The Polish Peasants' Party (PSL)
The Democratic Left Alliance (SLD)
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Political parties and election
Summary of the 09 October 2011Polish National Assemblyelection results
Parties Sejm Senate
Votes p.r.%(*
)
% Seat
s
+/
MPs %/
votes
%
Seat
s
+/
Civic Platform
(stage
Obywatelska,
PO)
5,629,77
3
18,30 39,1
8
207 2 2.33 63 +3
Law and Justice
(Prawo i
Sprawieliwd
, PiS)
4,295,01
6
13,96 29.8
9
157 9 2.22 31 8
German opposition
(Mniejszd Niemiecka,
MN)
28,014 0,09 0.20 1
0.03
Our House Poland(Nasz Dom Polska) 9,733 0,03 0.05 1.48
unconventional
(Niezaleni)N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 4 +3
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Minority_(political_party)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+unconventional&sa=X&ei=ldOEUrSqJ8fPrQf91IHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+unconventional&sa=X&ei=ldOEUrSqJ8fPrQf91IHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+unconventional&sa=X&ei=ldOEUrSqJ8fPrQf91IHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defence_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Minority_(political_party)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_parliamentary_election,_2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Poland8/13/2019 GCR 20-11-13.docx
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Sum 14,369,503 460 100
Record of voters: 30,762,931
Sum of Votes: 15,050,027 (48,92%)
indisposevotes: 680,524 soundvotes: 14,369,503 (95,48%)
p.r.%(*) = percentage of sound votes for that person, from every Record
voters list(30,762,931)
PjN did not occur at the previous poll, but had 15spaceSejm and 1 Senate space
when the previous government was disappear
Summary of the 20 June 2010 and 4 July 2010 shelterpresidentialvote results
CandidatesParties First round Second round
polls % polls %
Brnisaw KmrwskiCity stand
(Platforma Obywatelska)
6,981,319 41.54 8,933,887 53.01
Jarsaw Kaczyoski constitution
and equity(Prawo i Sprawieliwd)
6,128,255 36.46 7,919,134 46.99
Grzegorz Napieralski-popular Left
union(Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)
2,299,870 13.68
Janusz Korwin-Mikkeself-determintation and Lawfulness
(Wlnd i Prawrznd)
416,898 2.48
Waldemar Pawlakshelter People's 294,273 1.75
https://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=1-GEUoe2H4yMrAfo-oDoAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=1-GEUoe2H4yMrAfo-oDoAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+sound&sa=X&ei=O-KEUtmWI8PprAfg1YD4Aw&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+sound&sa=X&ei=O-KEUtmWI8PprAfg1YD4Aw&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+space&sa=X&ei=V-2EUrmlL8iQrQfVqYCAAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+space&sa=X&ei=V-2EUrmlL8iQrQfVqYCAAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+space&sa=X&ei=V-2EUrmlL8iQrQfVqYCAAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+space&sa=X&ei=V-2EUrmlL8iQrQfVqYCAAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+disappear&sa=X&ei=Eu6EUs38OoeOrQfmkYHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+disappear&sa=X&ei=Eu6EUs38OoeOrQfmkYHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_presidential_election,_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_presidential_election,_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platformhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+stand&sa=X&ei=Y--EUsqWEc_NrQfPzoHgDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+stand&sa=X&ei=Y--EUsqWEc_NrQfPzoHgDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84skihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84skihttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+constitution&sa=X&ei=YfCEUpOvLsTarAf4iICoAQ&ved=0CCoQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+equity&sa=X&ei=nfCEUvDdG46BrgfP_IFA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+equity&sa=X&ei=nfCEUvDdG46BrgfP_IFA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Napieralskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Napieralskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldemar_Pawlakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_and_Lawfulnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Korwin-Mikkehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Left_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Napieralskihttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+equity&sa=X&ei=nfCEUvDdG46BrgfP_IFA&sqi=2&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_and_Justicehttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+constitution&sa=X&ei=YfCEUpOvLsTarAf4iICoAQ&ved=0CCoQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84skihttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+stand&sa=X&ei=Y--EUsqWEc_NrQfPzoHgDQ&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Komorowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_presidential_election,_2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Polandhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+disappear&sa=X&ei=Eu6EUs38OoeOrQfmkYHYDA&sqi=2&ved=0CDIQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+space&sa=X&ei=V-2EUrmlL8iQrQfVqYCAAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+sound&sa=X&ei=O-KEUtmWI8PprAfg1YD4Aw&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=1-GEUoe2H4yMrAfo-oDoAg&ved=0CCwQ_SowAA8/13/2019 GCR 20-11-13.docx
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function (Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe)
Andrzej Olechowskiindependent 242,439 1.44
Andrzej LepperSelf- protection,of
the commonwelth of Poland
(Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej
Polskiej)
214,657 1.28
Marek Jurekauthority of the
commonwelth (Prawica
Rzeczypospolitej)
177,315 1.06
Bgusaw ZitekFree dealing
merger "August 80" (Wlny Zwizek
Zawwy "Sierpieo 80")
29,548 0.18
Kornel Morawieckion self ofconfilct
unity(Sliarnd Walczca)
21,596 0.13
Sum votes for candidates 16,806,170 100.00 16,853,021 100.00
Sum of sound votes 16,806,170 99.30 16,853,021 98.84
Sum ofindisposevotes 117,662 0.70 197,396 1.16
Sum of votes throw 16,923,832 100.00 17,050,417 100.00
attendance, 54.94% 55.31%
Source:Electoral Commission,National Electoral Commission
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Olechowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Olechowskihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Lepperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Lepperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Jurekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Jurekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_the_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_the_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_the_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Zi%C4%99tekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Zi%C4%99tekhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+dealing&sa=X&ei=gvWEUpqbNYmKrQfUwoHgDA&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+dealing&sa=X&ei=gvWEUpqbNYmKrQfUwoHgDA&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornel_Morawieckihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornel_Morawieckihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=v_SEUomRMoKtrAenm4DoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=v_SEUomRMoKtrAenm4DoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=v_SEUomRMoKtrAenm4DoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+attendance&sa=X&ei=MPWEUtTqDM3QrQfE-oHICQ&ved=0CCoQ_SowAAhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT1/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT1/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT1/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttp://prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl/PZT1/EN/WYN/W/index.htmhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+attendance&sa=X&ei=MPWEUtTqDM3QrQfE-oHICQ&ved=0CCoQ_SowAAhttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+indispose&sa=X&ei=v_SEUomRMoKtrAenm4DoCg&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighting_Solidarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornel_Morawieckihttps://www.google.co.in/search?biw=1366&bih=666&q=define+dealing&sa=X&ei=gvWEUpqbNYmKrQfUwoHgDA&ved=0CCsQ_SowAAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogus%C5%82aw_Zi%C4%99tekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_the_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_of_the_Republichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marek_Jurekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Defense_of_the_Republic_of_Polandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Lepperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Olechowski8/13/2019 GCR 20-11-13.docx
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European anarchism settler of Poland country. 3rd of may 1971, canon was
intrduce int the ld wrld by the Plands king and parliament f Pland
country. April 2nd1997 the national Assembly pass the current canon and it was
approved by a nation in the canon Referendum & It was signed by the president
of Poland Aleksanderkwasniewski on July 16th 1997, & their effect can be seen
into the October 17th1997.
The canon shield the entitlement of the impregnability corresponded. The
individual is entitlement for his/her view, and entitlement for speech,organization & restful gathering, also contribute for public service & every
citicizen is entitled for votes and stand into election to the of parliament
common wealth. And they have rights to take whole detail about the activity of
public authorities.
The Shine stable also save the freedom of ownership and legacy, right of choice
of career, freedom for appropriate welfare situation in the workplace, it warranty
minimum wages, shelter of health and society benefits as well as the freedom for
education the stable also grants right for artistic duration research right to teach,
and to enjoy cultural heritage.
The stable commonwealth of Poland bear exceptional for the affluence of
household & the freedom for children. The shine stable force certain duty that
shine public affords towards the country. The first duty is faithfully to the
commonwealth and concern for the some furites.
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All the consistent of shine country are impose with the uploading of the
agreement with the stable. This is the notable obligation of the stable board a
court appointed to oversee the of consititutional every shine public has the
authority to bring a complaint to the broad vs. any breach of the law.
HISTORY OF POLITICS IN POLAND:
Poland in the Middle Ages
In 966 Polish duke mieszko
i adopts Christianity The adoption of Western Christianity from Rome,rather than Eastern Christianity from Constantinople,was very benefical
for Poland whose become a part of Western civilisation.
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In 1025 Blesaw i the valiant is first crowned king of Poland His coronation
confirm by the independence of the shine country and their strong
part is that standing between the domain of Europe.
In 1138
1320
internal fragmentation of Poland
King Blesaw III share out the state between his sons In 1138. The state
was further share out in future years and became a unsecure body of
small principalities. Wadysaw I In 1320 the Elbow-high was regulated
the country and was crowned prince of Poland.
In 1201-
1238
Nevertheless in the 12th and 13th state Poland fare well and
conurbation existence growed from 1201 to 1238 A king Henry the
Bearded reigned. His wife Jadwiga attract the German merchants and
craftsmen to come and stay away in Poland. They search out the
kingdom with German laws. Some Germans also came to farm
uncultivated land in Poland.
In 1241-
42
the Mongols was occupy Poland In 1241-42. The Poles were fault at
the conflict of Legnica in April 1241 but the Mongols soon extract.
In 1334 investiture of kazimierz the great (13101370)
Kazimierz was the only buff majesty in buff history who received the
name the Great.
In 1370 dying of kazimierz the significant resolution of the piast family. the
angevin family is brought to Poland After Kazimierz the significant died
without a lawful heir to the throne, Louis the significant of greedy
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(called Louis of greedy in Poland) from the Angevin family was head
majesty of Poland
In 1374 Kazimierz was victory by his nephew Louis, the majesty of greedy. Louis
wanted his daughter to victory as king of Poland him but in order to get
the harmony of the shine awards he was enforced to significant them
adjustment. The advantage of Koszyce (1374) made the lords exempt
from most types of tax. It also gave them an advantage role in
pralament. In future no advantage commitment could be made without
their agreement.
In 1384 luis daughter jadwiga (13731399) is head ruler lady of poland.
Jadwiga was the first ruler lady replete in shine history.
In 1385 merger of krewo
Beginning of Jagiellonian family in Poland and bron in the shine-
Lithuanian merger. The merger of Krewo was vaildated by the
Lithuanian Grand Duke Jagie (Jgaila) and shine titled, magnates and
dignitaries. In it, Jagie pledged t adpt Rman Christianity and unite
Lithuania
In 1410 battle of grunwald
The shine-Lithuanian impact communicated a decisive success over the
Teutonic horseman.
In 1453 the citizener of Pomerani revoltagainst the Teutonic and distribution
to the stake for assist In 1453. After 1,3 years of conflict between the
standard catch Pomerania and Gdansk.
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In 1505 nihilnovi actthe beginning f the nbles demcracy
Latin: Nihilnovi nisi collective agreement(Nthing new withut the
cmmn cnsent). This meant minimum the authority of the ruler.
Nihilnovi founded the so-called lords elective governments in Pland.
In this political system, the authority of the majesty was limited and the
state was in application govern by the Sejm, which was classified into
two cell: the Senate, composed of grandee and prelates, and the Cell of
Envoys, composed of coordinate elected by district assemblies of shine
and Lithuanian union titled. The Sejm was in impose of all law-making,
purse matters (including taxation and budgets) and foreign exchange.
In 1560 In the 1560s the Jesuits reach Poland. They made a network of schools
and colleges beyond Poland and they rash of difficulty of the
Protestants.
In 1569 comity of lublin.
Happening of the fuse shlter-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
In 1572 Exit of the jagiellonian dynasty
When the shine majesty Zygmunt II Augustus died without any heirs,
Poland became an vote monarchy where the ruler was vote by the
goodness
King Waysaw the Elbw-high majesty Kazimierz the significant
In 1574 first vote ruler Henri de Valois of France was vote ruler of Poland
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In 1648 chmielnicki revolt and the shlter-russian war
The Chmielnicki revolt was a Cossack uprising that ruin south-eastern
Poland. Beginning in 1654, the Cossacks were help by the Russian tsar,
starting period of Russian impact over the region In present it is called
by Ukraine. The Chmielnicki revolt exit in 1667.
In 1655 the deluge
The Swedish capture of the shlter lands, which exit in 1660 with the
certify of the compact of Oliwa. The flood is suggest as the exit of the
successful Age of shlter-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the region of
reverent tolerance in Poland.
In 1772 first partition of Poland
The Nbles Demcracy led t the weakening f central gvernment,
causing Poland to become a collection of small autonomous
principalities. Plands three neighbours Austria, Prussia and Russia
took advantage of the collapsing state to annex large areas of Polish
territory.
In 1764 In 1764, after the shelter majesty dying Catherine the significant,
Empress of Russia, intervened to have her sometime lover Stanislaw
Poniatowski voted the new ruler of Poland. However Poniatowski
decline to be a Russian pawn. He and a number of other prominent
batten wanted reduce to strong part of the monarchy. However the
Russians would not let it. It was in Russia's heed to keep Poland feeble
and classified. There were also many conservative Polish titled who
were unknown to surrender their benefits.
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In1767 In 1767 the Russians obligatory Poland to obtain agreement. The
agreement warranted the borders of Poland. It also warranted the
rights of Orthodox Christians. (Although most arrested authorities of
shelter titled. Russia would intervene if their authorities were menace
(The tildes authrites kept Pland weak and withut a strng central
parliament so it was in Russia's flood to save them).
In 1788 the four year sejmThe Four Year Sejm, also familiar with the significant Sejm, took region
from 1788-1792. The goal was to launch major systemic improvement,
add the strengthening of managerial authority.
In 1791 third of may constitution
The significant achievement of the Four Year Sejm was the adoption of
the constitution on 3 May 1791. However, the Targowica
Confederation, formed by a group of nobles under the patronage of
Catherine II of Russia, led to the overthrow of the constitution and the
Second Partition of Poland.
In 1793 second division of Poland
Poland was divided for the second occasion between Russia and Prussia.
The occupation of the states mst fruitful lands and business centres
guide t Plands sum f economic settle.
In 1794 kciuszk revlt.
TadeuszKciuszk back t Pland frm America to Endeavour to
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and the patriotic improvement of shelter community. Despite some first
victory, the revolt was brutally press in 1864. About 25,000 Poles were
eliminated, and thousands were deported to Siberia.
In 1914 outbreak of the first world war
The flare-up of earth War I shock many shelter govrmental activists
who desired that they would be capable to find out an unconventional
shelter state. However, there was a grete confilct about what part of
the pillar should lay hold of during the confilct.
In 1918 Finish of the first earth war
Post brawl on all part of the First earth War. There was also a team of
so-called Legionaries guide by Marshal JzefPisudski, notable conflict
for shelter self-rule.
In the finishing of the war, the shelter occasion received bear from
American chief of Poland Woodrow Wilson, who declare in January
1918 that it was required to re-newd an shelf-rule shelter country.
Shortly after, the complete Russian government provide a decree scrap
the partition settlement and all the constitutions steaming from them.
The confilct officially finished on 11 November 1918, which is today
appraisal the day Poland recover self-rule.
In 1919 shelter-soviet confilct
A debate ver the new shelter cuntrys eastern area and the wish of
the Soviets to bring collectivism into Europe guide to the flare-up of the
shelter-Soviet war. The shelter army managed to finish the Soviet
proceed on 15 August 1920. The shelter success put a stop to the early
Sviet regimes expansinist focus and purposeful the shelter-Soviet
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boundary for the relax of the Interwar time.
In 1921 march constitution
The March canon fined Poland as a local and tolerant state, giving its
religion a large span of high court authorities.
In 1926 jzefpisudskis cup dtat
Plands gvernmental and mnetary cnfusin in the aftermath f the
conflict, for the loger time with them.
In 1926 jzefpisudskis cup dtat
Plands plitical and ecnmic uprar in the aftermath f the war, alng with the
inability t create a viable parliamentary calitin, led t Marshal JzefPisudskis
cup detat. Pisudski became the cuntrys de facto dictator and primarily was
involved with military and foreign affairs. His close relate, Ignacy Mcicki, was
elected president and parliaments rle was limited. JzefPisudski, as a war her,
had a large following in Polish society and his vision of a multi-ethnic Poland
especially appeal to minorities and priorities.
In 1935 April cnstitutin, death f jzefpisudski
Instituted by Pilsudskis supprters, the April Cnstitutin cmpletely changed the
Polish political system, increase the authority of the decision-making and limiting
the role of parliament and system. The constitution can be seen as the next step
following the May 1926 revolution to controlling rule. JzefPisudski died shrtly
after the constitution was adopted.
In 1938 Munich agreement :
Taking advantage of the appropriation of Czechoslovakia by Nazi Germany, Poland
annexed the disputed territories of Zalozie, Orava and Spis. These actions were
condemned by public opinion in Poland and abroad. Shortly after this, Nazi
Germany began advancing territorial claims on Polish territories.
In 1939 Molotov-Ribbentrop pact
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Also known as the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, this was signed by the foreign
ministers of Nazi Germany and the USSR on 23 August 1939 in this year. A secret
section in the pact outlines the Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence in Central
Europe and was mainly worried with the separation of Poland.
In 1939 Outbreak of the second world war
1 September 1939: Nazi Germany invades Poland in this year.
17 September 1939: The Soviet Army invades Poland from the east in this year.
After more than a month of war, Polish battle was crushed in early October 1939
in this year. Following are some guidelines of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the
Polish property were divided between the USSR and Nazi Germany. Parts of
western Poland were annex directly to Nazi Germany and the take it easy becamethe General Government in Poland
In 1940 Murder of polish fficers in katyo, the first transprt f prisners arrives in
Auschwitz around 230,000 Polish soldiers were taken prisoner by the Soviets
during the so-called September Campaign in 1939. They were send to prisons and
camps in the USSR. Near 20,000 officers who were imprisoned in camps in
Kozielsk, Starobielsk and Ostashkov were murdered by the NKVD in 1940 in forests
near the twns f Katyo, Kharkv and Medne. On 14 June 19, the first transprtof Polish political prisoners were sent from Tarnw to Auschwitz I in this year.
In 1943 tehran conference, warsaw ghetto uprising
Representatives of the three Allied powers Great Britain, the United States and
the USSR agreed the psitining f Plands pst-war eastern borders, which
would annex large areas of eastern Poland (today in western Lithuania, Belarus
and western Ukraine) to the USSR, and instead give Poland additional territories in
the west, annexed from Germany. The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising broke out in April
1943. It was the largest action launched by the Jewish resistance against the
Germans in occupied Europe.
In 1944 Warsaw rising, polish committee of national liberation (pkwn) is formed As the
Soviet Army higher west, the command of the Polish underground planned an
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rising to liberate the funds from the Germans previous to the Soviets arrived. The
Warsaw Uprising lasted 63 days but ended in collapse. About 18,000 Polish
fighters and 190,000 civilians were killed and the city was approximately
completely damaged. The Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) was set
up in Moscow in this year, comprising of Polish Communists who had survive
Stalins purges in the 1930s r fled t the USSR during the war. The PKWN was
supported by the USSR and declare its authority in July in Lublin. Its task was to set
up the Communist system in Poland.
In 1945 End of the second world war, Yalta discussion confirms soviet influence
Over Poland. The Allied leaders met at Yalta in this year to discuss the political
landscape of post-war Europe. It was at Yalta that the limits of the post-war Polishstate were determined and Poland, along with most other countries of Central and
Eastern Europe, set up itself in the Soviet sphere of control in this year.
In 1947 parliamentary elections
The Communists rigged the elections in order to seize total authority in Poland.
After the elections, the legal resistance ceased to be present.
In 1948 institutin f plish united wrkers party (pzpr)
The Plish United Wrkers Party (PZPR) was frmed frm the scialist PlishWorkers Party and several smaller satellite parties, both communist and socialist.
As a effect, a single-party system, typical for Communist regimes, was introduced
in Poland. From next on, the PZPR was referred to simply as "the Party".
In 1956 The thaw, strikes in pznao
Stalins temprary away in 1953 led t a perid f liberalizatin knwn as the
Thaw, which last waiting 1957. Regardless of this, the Polish United Workers Party
continued to dominate the country. In June, a series of strikes took place in the
city f Pznao, where wrkers prtest beside shrtages f fd and cnsumer
goods, bad housing and a steep decline in real income. Regarding 75 people were
killed during the protests when the army was sent in to put down the riots. In the
aftermath, salary was raised by 50% and the regime promise economic and
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political reform.
In 1968 Student protest, state-spnsred anti-zinist peratin
In March, students in Warsaw took to the street to protest academic restrictions
introduced by the Communist government. The protests increase to other cities.
All were in the end censored by the police and groups of so-called worker squad,
who were sent by the government to attack the students. At the similar time, the
Soviet Union determined to completely back the Arab country in their conflict
against Israel, a Western ally. Next the defeat of the Soviet-backed Arab states by
Israel in the Six-Day War in 1967, The countries of the Soviet Bloc (with the
exception of Romania) insolvent tactful relations with Israel. The Polish
Communist government ordered an anti-Zionist and anti-Israel propagandacampaign and began purging Jewish party members. Additionally, the regime
blamed Zinists fr the student prtest, which became a springbard fr a better
anti-Semitic campaign in Poland. Concerning 20,000 Jews absent Poland as a result
of the campaign.
In 1970 strike in gdaosk, gdynia, szczecin, radm and ursus
employees launched strikes in cities crosswise Poland, mostly on the coast and in
central areas, protesting against increase in food prices. Many cities were clear byrits and battle with the plice. The mst amazing events ccur in Gdaosk and
Gdynia.
In 1978 john paul ii is nominated pope
Fr a lt f Ples, the electin f Karl Wjtya as Ppe wasone of the things to
see f the perid. One f Jhn Paul IIs primary representative visits was t Pland
in June 1979, where excited crowds number in the hundreds of thousands
welcomes him. John paul also gave implied support to the anti-Communist
association on later trips to Poland.
In 1980 slidarity trade unin is funded in gdaosk in this year.
The independent autonomous trade union Solidarity was found in the Lenin
Shipyard in Gdaosk and led by Lech Wasa. Slidarity was nt nly a trade unin
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independent of the Communist command, but also a broad social group that
united Poles across the social spectrum from people with strong relations with
the Roman Catholic Church to members of the moderate left.
In 1981
1983
Martial law (stanwojenny)
Next a period where Solidarity functioned as a legal organization, the Communist
government of Poland moved to squeeze the political opposition by declaring
martial law. Daily life was greatly limited and pro-democracy movements such as
Solidarity were barred. Majr ppsitin leaders, tgether with Lech Wasa, were
arrested and detained, and soldiers in armed vehicles patrolled the streets of
every major Polish city. Thousands of regular people with connections to the
opposition were also under arrest.Martial Law was lift by parliament on 22 July 1983.
Lg f Plish Unite Wrkers gathering
Wrkers cmplaint in Pznao in 1956
In 1983 Slidarity leader lechwasa is awarded t Nbel peace prize in this year.
In 1989 Round table talks, legalization of solidarity, semi-free election in this year.
Round Table Talks took place in Warsaw from 6 February to 4 April 1989. They
were initiate by the government, which attempted to get to out to Solidarity andother banned opposition groups in an effort to resolve growing social conflict. As a
result of the Round Table Agreements, semi-free elections were under arrest. In
what became known as the Contract Sejm, two-thirds of the seats in the Sejm
were set aside for the Communist Party and its coalition partners. The outstanding
one-third could be contest in free electins. Slidaritys candidates wn all f the
open seats. General WojciechJaruzelski, the First desk of the Communist Party and
the institutor of Martial Law, became President. Resistance member Tadeusz
Mazowiecki was made Prime Minister and formed the non-Communist
gvernment which instantly adpted essential refrms, pening Plands change
to a democratic, liberal political system.
In 1990 lechwasa is elected president f Pland in this year.
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Poland FOREIGN RELATIONS
President Lech Walesa meet with President George H.W. Bush on executive visit to Washington,
1991.
Courtesy David Valdez, White House Photo Office.
In mid-1992, Poland was enjoy the fruits of three years of skilled statesmanship by its foreign
minister, Krzysztof Skubiszewski, who had intended for foreign policy in five governments
beginning with Mazowiecki in August 1989. Skubiszewski guided Poland through a confused
period during which Warsaw reclaimed full independence in overseas affairs for the first time
since World War II and moved definitely to "rejoin Europe."
The Soviet-dominated Warsaw Treaty institute (known as theWarsaw Pact--see Glossary) and
its economic complement, the Council of Mutual Economic Cooperation (Comecon--see
Glossary), which had set the parameter of Polish foreign policy for decades, no longer existed
after mid-1991. By year's end, the Soviet Union itself had moved out, and by late 1992 Moscow
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was to whole the withdrawal of battle troops from Poland. Meanwhile, Warsaw pursue
forward-looking two-sided relations with the many newly self-governing states of the former
Soviet Union. Only in the case of Lithuania could relatives with eastern neighbors be described
as less than pleasant.
To return the old Soviet-dominated military and trade structure, Poland sought collectivesecurity with its southern neighbors, theCzech and Slovak Federative Republic(see Glossary),
and Hungary, with which it formed the so-called Visegrd Triangle. This arrangement envision a
bilateral free trade zone fixed between Budapest and Warsaw, which both the Czechs and the
Slovaks were invite to join. The Visegrd partners would also coordinate their strategy to join
West European economic and military organization.
In mid-1992, Poland's relationship with its other recognized enemy, Germany, also was
superior. Acquiescing to German reunification, Warsaw won assurance that Bonn would
recognize the Oder-Neisse Line as the official, everlasting boundary between Germany and
Poland, passing the postwar transfer of German lands to Poland. Germany presented economic
support, investment, and hold for Polish membership in the European Community (EC-- see
Glossary).
Relations with other Western nations in mid-1992 were generally outstanding. Warsaw was
upset, however, by its inability to increase full membership in the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), the Western European Union (WEU--see Glossary), and the EC and by the
unwillingness of the West to inferior bring in tariff on Polish supplies. Traditionally warm tie
with the United States returned to normal after the difficult 1980s, and Poland get well most-
favored-nation trade status and benefit from a choice of United States economic and technical
assist.
POLAND POLITICAL SETTING
In the year 1980 in August , faced with an increasingly severe economic crisis and social unrest
that had been structure throughout the 1970s, the communist government unwillingly
accepted legal status to an independent labor federation, Solidarity (Solidarnosc). After
monopolize power for thirty-five years without genuine sanction from Polish society, the
communist Polish United Workers' Party (Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza--PZPR) found
itself in contention with an alternative source of political power that had a valid claim to stand
for the country's working people. Under the threat of general strikes and facing economic and
political chaos, the government unwillingly reached a series of limited compromise withSolidarity in year 1980 and early 1981.
After the government's initial concessions, however, Solidarity militants insisted on
substantially broader concession. In response, PZPR hard-liners used the memories of the
Soviet Union's violent reaction to Czechoslovakia's reasonable political reforms in 1968 to
justify the imposition of martial law in December 1981 . Solidarity was declared illegal. General
Wojciech Jaruzelski, earlier that year named prime minister and then first secretary of the PZPR,
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Following the Gdansk Agreement of August 1980, In This year Poland saw a new explosion of
self-determining publishing. In addition to Tygodnik Solidarnosc (Solidarity Weekly), whose
circulation was limited to 500,000 copies supplemented by ten regional weeklies, Solidarity and
its rural attach published hundreds of new periodicals. Assisted by donations of printing
equipment from the West, about 200 publishing houses had emerged by December 1981, when
martial law abruptly curtailed free publishing in this year.
During Solidarity's first period of legal activity, reprints of opposition literature from abroad,
particularly the influential migr journals Kultura(Culture) and Zeszyty Historyczne(Historical
Notebooks), were especially popular on those year.
Problems and Contradictions in the Polish Political System
Prof. Zbigniew Wiktor
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1. Problems and Contradictions in the Economy
After the victory of the counter-revolution in Poland in 1989,
the old and new bourgeoisie came to power in this year. The bourgeoisie has two types: the
external consists of large foreign capital, the international bourgeois forces, their international
centers and institution, as well as the imperialist state. The internal counter-revolution chieflyconsists of the sections of the past nomenklatura and the Polish petty bourgeoisie. Western
capital plays the leading position and the dominant role for German, US, Italian and French
capital especially. Politically, two sides of the counter-revolution work together, but there are
many differences between them without any solution and reason. Common interests and
spheres of influence were primarily worked out basically during the so-called "Round Table"
meeting from February to April of 1989. There a political agreement was signed between
"Solidarity" and the victorious counter-revolutionary forces in the management of the Polish
United Workers Party and its associates. From April until June of 1989 there was a historical
verdict against People's Poland, against socialist construction, as well as against the
international socialist community. The debate at the Round Table take place with the blessing
of the Catholic Church, particularly the church hierarchy and Pope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla)
personally. Two influential bishops were not only the moderators but also the mentors of the
Round Table, and the Catholic Church actively support the changes in the direction of
"democracy" and with a great deal of religious activity for help.
The counter-revolution in Poland also received covert support from similar counter-
revolutionary forces that existed in the Soviet Union, in the CPSU as well as in other revisionist
and opportunist parties in the European countries of "actually existing socialism." For the
forces.
Very short period after these events there an arose dramatic negative economic consequencesof the counter-revolutionary reaction in Poland. First of all was the huge privatization of the
economy in Poland. The waged people, the workers and other working people, who in People's
Poland were the subjects of sovereignty, were once again expropriated and proletarian zed. All
the people's enterprises were considered vacant property and stolen goods for them.
Thousands of formerly socialist enterprises as well as whole branches of industry were sold to
foreign capitalist companies or to the Polish nomenclature for the representative price of one
zloty. The whole luck was "sold" for about 10% of its real value. Many enterprises were close up
down or completely destroyed, particularly because of foreign competition. After 20 years, the
"change" is called a process of de-industrialization. There are many Examples of this are the
construction industry, particularly the technical, machine, electronics, auto and furniture
industries, the radical limitation of the mining industry, particularly the coal and metallurgical
industry would be affected. And also there are, the shipyards in Gdansk, Szczecin and Gdynia
quickly disappeared. Freshly the workers of these enterprises have been fighting to keep their
remaining positions to secure.
In the countryside there had been great changes in property relations. In this there are the first
victims were the state agricultural property, whose land was bought by speculators and rich
Wroclaw University, Poland
Institute of Political Science
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Poland there was negative response of unemployment. In the Poland, there was a lack of labor
power. Unemployment has become a pathological social fact, which was done not fall from the
sky; it is a result of capitalist social-economic relations for better. In People's Poland the people
had already over and done about the former industrialist unemployment. They were used to
constant full employment. It be also "normal" that the working people had the right to a job, to
recreation; the youth had a right to education and the sick to highly skilled free medical help forthem with different facility. Today all these achievements of socialism are part of the polish
history. After the privatization of the economy there is now a move cruelly around the
privatization of social and health services and facility. Step by step the workers and other
efficient people have to pay for everything; sometimes they must choose among medicine and
bread.
Unemployment has uncooperative and sometimes staged effects on the unemployed and their
families. This types of differ depending on the time and situation and the economic conjuncture
of the fact. Sometimes it add to when the' economic disaster deepen, then it go down, but
however its amount in Poland is very great. According to representative statistics, the most
effective sign of unemployment was at the beginning of the 21st century (2000-2001), when
the harmony parties ruled. It grew systematically and in this period there were about 3 million
unemployed, regarding 20% of the workforce, but to this one must insert about 1.5 million
people in covered unemployment, mostly in the landscape, as a end result of the insolvency of
jobs in so-called tiny industry in the small towns as well as among small-farm workers and so
on.
These social processes have lead to deep social consequences for the families of millions of
workers and small farmers for effects. There is poverty and misery, old and new disease is
spreading, about 300,000 on the streets people have nowhere to live. Many families are culture
about hunger. Every third child goes to school eager. Half of the students spend their summerholidays at home; the subsidize of very big summer colonies and youth camps belongs to past
history. Polish sports, particularly mass sports, has collapsed. One could give many other
examples. The natural people growth is in a shattering situation. The birth rate has fallen
radically. For example, in the last years of People's Poland there were about 700,000 children
born each year; now, according to aforesaid sources, there are about 360,000 to 380,000, or
about 50% fewer, and thus the add to in population is concerning zero. In the last year of
People's Poland there were about 1.5 million young families with no their own home and that
was one of the sharpest criticisms of the people's government by Solidarity. Now, however, this
number has full-grown threefold to 4.5 million young families, even while present are empty
apartments under the "free market", but for rich people. In the 1970s almost 300,000 newapartments were build for every year; now there are about 100,000. Apartments have been
transformed from social property to market property. Now one four-sided figure meter of an
apartment in the city costs a minimum of 5 to 10 or even 20 thousand zlotys (1.5 to 3 to 6
thousand Euros) and the apartments are only affordable for well-situated and rich people. This
situation has become even worse during the newest acute financial crisis. Now foreign capital
(foreign finance) is rapidly curving out of Poland and the credit rates grew from 10 to 20% in
one month.
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Unemployment in Poland is constant and massive, but there is also almost no material support
from the state or from local authorities and priorities. Only 10% of the without a job receive a
little amount of unemployment reward for one year. 80% of the unemployed are young people
who, after graduation from occupational schools, but also from college schools, or even from
universities, cannot find work. For this reason, social and economic flight is increasing, mainly
to England, Ireland, Germany, France, Canada, the USA, etc. According to official information, inthe last five years between 2 and 2.5 million people, largely young people, left the Polish
Republic. There are capable and highly intelligent people, such as engineers, doctors, nurses,
scientists, and so forth. This so-called flight of the best minds is risky for Poland, and
strengthens the rich countries. This is the main reason for the reduction of unemployment in
Poland in the last year. The official rate has declined, but not through the development of the
economy or the creation of new jobs, but through large emigration and so on. In this way the
population structure has worsen, as the proportion of retired people increases and the
proportion of those in the workforce decreases as per their choices. As a result the
consciousness of the workers and the unemployed is changing. The resistance against
"harmony" and its parties and against capitalism is rapidly growing. Disappointment with and
opposition to the "harmony" camp is increasing as per their priorities.
3. The Changes in the Political System in Poland
The bourgeoisie in the struggle next to socialism in Poland used the force of international
capital as well as of the internal anti-socialist forces. The external and internal counter-
revolution united in the move violently against People's Poland. They used the rules and
institutions of present-day democratic state in the capitalist states as well as the institutions of
the pre-World War II Polish state. The main work of the theoretical-institutional foundations of
the new state took place a long time ago, but the basics of the new liberal-bourgeois republic
were work out in 1989 at the so-called "Round Table." The present political system of Polandwas a turnaround of People's Poland and it was built up with strong anti-socialism, anti-Soviets
and anti-communism. These phenomena are mainly expressed in the introduction to the
Constitution and in Article 13 of the Constitution for introduction.
The last two decades can be broken up into several periods like: 1) the years 1989-1992, 2) the
years 1992-1997, 3) the years 1998-2005, and 4) the years 2006-2008 and later. The first years
were noticeable by qualitative changes in structure. New political-state institutions and political
parties were shaped, and as a result the earlier socialist institutions and relations were
liquidated. In 1992 the so-called small Constitution was approved, which formed the legitimate
framework for the new capitalist system and political system. In The second period ended in
1997 with the new Constitution of the Polish Republic. It established new state organs as well
as open-minded values and principles; anti-communism was formulated in Article 13, in which
communism is located on the same level as fascism and Nazism. In The third period is marked
by the increase 'of the rule of capital and the defeat of Social-Democracy (SLD). In the fourth
period is bound up with the increase of the neo-liberal and conservative-Christian parties and it
is continuing through present. All these changes are deeply bound up with the co-operation of
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European as well as world free enterprise and the determined of the bourgeois parties to join
NATO (1999) as well as the European Union (2004).
From the beginning of the new system until 2005, the political game was between two political
camps: 1) "Solidarity" and its parties and 2) the so-called "post-communists", that is, traitors
from the ranks of the former Polish United Workers Party the social-democrats SLD. Allthese forces carried out a sharp struggle for power, but the strategic goal of both camps was
the same: anti-communism, privatization, the striving to join NATO and the EEC or EU. The
Catholic Church held a particularly strong position as a super-party; it also created an
alternative, not only as a religious organization, in Polish society. They obtained thousands of
new churches, chapels and many other buildings, not only religious ones. They carried out
massive educational activities in public teaching institutions. They had direct and indirect
contact and great influence with the state system, even though the Catholic Church is officially
separated from the state. They have special connections with the government, parliament,
army, popular education and property as well as land. For the last 20 years not only has the
political influence of the church grown greatly, but so has its economic wealth as well as public
consciousness. There are church radio and television stations as well as many newspapers.
Religious organizations have grown, as well as superstition, black hundreds; idealism and anti-
rationalism in public life. In many spheres unfortunately Poland is going back to the middle
Ages.
Since 2005 the social-democratic parties, in particular the Democratic Left Alliance - the SLD -
have been losing heavily. They lost many supporters and votes and now they are a small party
with about 5% of the vote. This weakening has increased during the last split up of many
leaders in the ranks of the Social-Democrats, that is the Left, Center, Right, New Left, European
Left, Polish Socialists, Ecologists, etc. The communists were quite marginalized - the newly
formed Communist Party of Poland was formed 7 years earlier after the liquidation of theAlliance of Polish Communists "Proletariat" by the decree of the Supreme Court of Justice.
Since 2005, there has been a two-party system in the Polish parliament Civic Platform (a
neoliberal party) and Law and Justice (a Christian conservative party). For two years power
belonged to the latter under the leadership of Jaroslaw Kaczynski and his twin brother Lech A.
Kaczynski as state president. In the years 2005-2007 they moved Poland further in the direction
of anti-communism and intolerance as the so-called Fourth Polish Republic. After an earlier
Parliamentary election in September of 2007, they lost power to the neoliberals, but they
strengthened their position in Parliament with a stronger Parliamentary faction.
The Christian conservative party of the Kaczynski brothers uses strong social
phraseology and in its ranks there are many followers of the crypto-fascist
authoritarian movement, which officially bases its ideology and political positions
on Marshal Joseph Pilsudski of pre-war Poland. This party was broadly supported
by the Catholic Church in the Parliamentary election in 2005, but in the next
election in 2007 the Catholic Church was split into a neo-liberal wing and a
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Kaczynski wing. This was the main reason for the Parliamentary victory of the
neoliberals in 2007.
The liberals now want to further limit the social rights of the working people.
Therefore the resistance of the workers and other working people has increased,which has been expressed in a broad wave of large strikes. Not only have the
miners gone on strike, but also metallurgists, shipyard workers in Gdansk, Gdynia
and Szczecin, as well as teachers, who have been in inconsistency with the
government for years. Also customs officials and even the police have gone on
strike. In the last week there has been a new union of the largest labor
federations. This means that the class struggle in Poland is heading into
