GDI 2015 - Feminist Jurisprudence K

8/20/2019 GDI 2015 - Feminist Jurisprudence K

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Fem Jurisprudence K


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1NC SHELL

A. The afrmative is legal lieralism !hich is used t" legitimate and

c"ntinue masculine d"minance thr"ugh reliance "n c"nstructi"n "# s"cial

n"rms as $c"nstituti"nal%. This re&entrenches status 'u" vi"lenceagainst !"men and ma(es it seem inevitale and $natural%.

)acKinn"n* Harvard La! +r"#ess"r* 1,-, (Catherine, Toward a Feminist Theory ofthe State, 237-240)

In male surema!ist so!ieties, the male standp"int d"minates civil s"ciet in the #"rm "#

the "/ective standard0that standp"int !hich* ecause it d"minates in the !"rld*

d"es n"t appear t" #uncti"n as a standp"int at all. nder its aegis* men d"minate

!"men and children* three 'uarters "# the !"rld. Famil and (inship rules and se2ual

m"res guarantee repr"ductive "!nership and se2ual access and c"ntr"l t" men as a

gr"up. Hierarchies am"ng men are "rdered "n the asis "# race and class* strati#ing

!"men as !ell. The state inc"rp"rates these #acts "# s"cial p"!er in and as la!. T!"

things happen3 la! ec"mes legitimate* and s"cial d"minance ec"mes invisile.

Lieral legalism is thus a medium #"r ma(ing male d"minance "th invisile and

legitimate "y adotin# the male oint of $iew in law at the same time as it enfor!es that $iew

on so!iety%

Thr"ugh legal mediati"n* male d"minance is made t" seem a #eature "# li#e* n"t a "ne&

sided c"nstruct imp"sed #"rce #"r the advantage "# a d"minant gr"up. T" the

degree it succeeds "nt"l"gicall* male d"minance d"es n"t l""( epistem"l"gical3

c"ntr"l "ver eing pr"duces c"ntr"l "ver c"nsci"usness* #using material c"nditi"ns

!ith c"nsci"usness in a !a that is ine2tricale sh"rt "# s"cial change. 4"minance

rei5ed ec"mes di6erence. C"erci"n legitimated ec"mes c"nsent. 7ealit

"/ecti5ed ec"mes ideas8 ideas "/ecti5ed ec"me realit. +"litics neutrali9ed and

naturali9ed ec"mes m"ralit. 4iscriminati"n in s"ciet ec"mes n"ndiscriminati"n in

la!. La! is a real m"ment in the s"cial c"nstructi"n "# these mirr"r&imaged

inversi"ns as truth. La!* in s"cieties ruled and penetrated the lieral #"rm* turns

angle "# visi"n and c"nstruct "# s"cial meaning int" d"minant instituti"n. :n the

lieral state* the rule "# la!&neutral, a"stra!t, ele$ated, er$asi$e& "th instituti"nali9e

the p"!er "# men "ver !"men and instituti"nali9es p"!er in its male #"rm.

From a feminist erse!ti$e, male supremacist /urisprudence erects 'ualities valued #r"m

the male p"int "# vie! as standards #"r the pr"per and actual relati"n et!een li#e

and la!. E2amples include standards #"r sc"pe "# /udicial revie!* n"rms "# /udicial

restraint* reliance "n precedent* separati"n "# p"!ers* and the divisi"n et!een

pulic and private la!. Sustantive d"ctrines li(e standing* /usticiailit* and state

acti"n ad"pt the same stance. Th"se !ith p"!er in civil s"ciet* n"t !"men* design

its n"rms and instituti"ns* !hich ec"me the status 'u". Th"se !ith p"!er* n"t

usuall !"men* !rite c"nstituti"ns* !hich ec"me la!;s highest standards. Th"se


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!ith p"!er in p"litical sstems that !"men did n"t design and #r"m !hich !"men

have een e2cluded* !rite legislati"n* !hich sets ruling values. Then*

/urisprudentiall* /udicial revie! is said t" g" e"nd its pr"per sc"pe0t"

delegitimate c"urts and the rule "# la! itsel#0!hen legal 'uesti"ns are n"t c"n5ned

t" assessing the #"rmal c"rresp"ndence et!een legislati"n and the c"nstituti"n* "r

legislati"n and s"cial realit* ut scrutini9e the underling sustance. Lines "#

precedent #ull devel"ped e#"re !"men !ere permitted t" v"te* c"ntinued !hile

!"men !ere n"t all"!ed t" learn t" read and !rite* sustained under a reign "# se2ual

terr"r and aasement and silence and misrepresentati"n c"ntinuing t" the presentda are c"nsidered invalid ases #"r de#eating $unprecedented% interpretati"ns "r

initiatives #r"m !"men;s p"int "# vie!. 4"ctrines "# standing suggest that ecause

!"men;s deepest in/uries are shared in s"me !a m"st "r all !"men* n" individual

!"man is di6erentiall in/ured en"ugh t" e ale t" sue #"r !"men;s deepest in/uries.

Structurall* "nl !hen the state has acted can c"nstituti"nal e'ualit guarantees e

inv"(ed.


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ec"me visile as epistem"l"gical. 4"minance suddenl appears n" l"nger inevitale.

hen it loses its #round it loosens its #ri%

!arefully reasoned military eeriments of the e>e!t of atomi! "om"s and radiation on li$in# andtotally helless human "ein#s= Could all this suere

asseml lines* the c"mputeri9ati"n "# individuals int" numers a step #"r!ard #"r

"ur speciesB r !ere these m"dern devel"pments* al"ng !ith the increasing

p"lluti"n "# land* sea* and air* signs "# cultural regressi"n rather than cultural


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pr"gressB Since $rati"nal man% seemed ent "n desecrating and destr"ing "ur

planet* !"uld it n"t e etter t" turn ac( t" $religi"us man%* t" the time e#"re

scienti5c advances plunged us int" "ur secular&techn"l"gical ageB

hat als" ec"mes evident is that the

great trans#"rmati"n "# >estern s"ciet that egan !ith the eighteenth&centurEnlightenment did n"t #ail ut is merel inc"mplete.


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C. The alternative is t" re/ect the status 'u" legal sstem in

#av"r "# a #eminist /urisprudence that re=ects the realit "# li#e

instead "# #"rcing li#e t" acc"mm"date itsel# t" the pr"cesses"# la!.

)acKinn"n* -, (Catherine, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, 24-24D)

The relation "etween life and law would also !han#e% La!* in lieral

/urisprudence* "/ecti5es s"cial li#e. The legal pr"cess re=ects itsel# in its

"!n image* ma(es e there !hat it puts there* !hile presenting itsel# as

passive and neutral in the pr"cess. T" und" this* it !ill e necessar t"

grasp the dignit "# !"men !ith"ut lin(ing at the indignit "# !"men;s

c"nditi"n* t" envisi"n the p"ssiilit "# e'ualit !ith"ut minimi9ing thegrip "# ine'ualit* t" re/ect the #ear that has ec"me s" much "# !"men;s

se2ualit and the c"rresp"nding denial that has ec"me s" much "#

!"men;s p"litics* and t" demand civil parit !ith"ut pretending that the

demand is neutral "r that civil e'ualit alread e2ists. :n this attempt* the

idealism "# lieralism and the materialism "# the le#t have c"me t" much

the same #"r !"men. Lieral /urisprudence that the la! sh"uld re=ect

nature "r s"ciet and le#t /urisprudence that all la! d"es "r can d" is

re=ect e2isting s"cial relati"ns are t!" guises "# "/ectivist epistem"l"g.

:# "/ectivit is the epistem"l"gical stance "# !hich !"men;s se2ual

"/ecti5cati"n is the s"cial pr"cess* its imp"siti"n the paradigm "# p"!er

in the male #"rm* then the state appears m"st relentless in imp"sing themale p"int "# vie! !hen it c"mes cl"sest t" achieving its highest #"rmal

criteri"n "# distanced aperspectivit. >hen it is m"st ruthlessl neutral* it

is m"st male8 !hen it is m"st se2 lind* it is m"st lind t" the se2 "# the

standard eing applied. >hen it m"st cl"sel c"n#"rms t" precedent* t"

$#acts%* t" legislative intent* it m"st cl"sel en#"rces s"ciall male n"rms

and m"st th"r"ughl precludes 'uesti"ning their c"ntent as ha$in# a ointof $iew at all%

Astract rights auth"ri9e the male e2perience "# the !"rld. Sustantive

rights #"r !"men !"uld n"t. Their auth"rit !"uld e currentlunthin(ale3 n"nd"minant auth"rit* the auth"rit "# e2cluded truth* the

v"ice "# silence. :t !"uld stand against "th the lieral and le#t vie!s "#

la!. The lieral vie! that la! is s"ciet;s te2t* its rati"nal mind*

e2presses the male vie! in the n"rmative m"de8 the traditi"nal le#t vie!

that the state* and !ith it the la!* is superstructural "r ephiphen"menal*

e2presses it in the empirical m"de. A #eminist /urisprudence* stigmati9ed

as particulari9ed and pr"tecti"nist in male ees "# "th traditi"ns* is


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acc"untale t" !"men;s c"ncrete c"nditi"ns and t" changing them.


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NC :mpact card

ur p"litics "# trans#"rmati"n s"lves structural* statist* andinterpers"nal vi"lence. The transiti"n s"lves #"r nuclear !ar*

envir"nmental destructi"n* p"vert* and terr"rism.

Eisler* 1,-? (iane, !odire!tor of the Center for .artnershi Studies, The Chali!eand the /lade ur 1istory, ur Future, a#e DD)

The m"st dramatic change as !e m"ve #r"m a d"minat"r t" a partnership

!"rld !ill e that !e, and our !hildren and #rand!hildren, !ill again (n"!

!hat it means t" live #ree "# the #ear "# !ar. :n a !"rld rid "# the mandate

that t" e $masculine% men must d"minate* and al"ng !ith the risingstatus "# !"men and m"re $#eminine% s"cial pri"rities* the danger "#

nuclear annihilati"n !ill graduall diminish. At the same time* as !"men

gain m"re e'ualit "# s"cial and ec"n"mic "pp"rtunities&so that "irthrates!an !ome into "etter "alan!e with our resour!es&the )althusian $necessit%

#"r #amine* disease* and !ar !ill pr"gressivel lessen.

Since the als" are t" a large e2tent related t" "verp"pulati"n* t" $man;s

c"n'uest "# nature% and t" the #act that envir"nmental $h"use(eeping% is

n"t in andr"cracies a $masculine% p"lic pri"rit* "ut pr"lems "#

envir"nmental p"lluti"n* degradati"n* and depleti"n sh"uld li(e!ise egint" lessen during the ears "# trans#"rmati"n. S" als" sh"uld their

c"nse'uences in sh"rtages "# energ and "ther natural res"urces and in

health pr"lems #r"m chemical p"lluti"n.

As !"men are n" l"nger sstematicall e2cluded #r"m 5nancial aid* land

grants* and m"derni9ati"n training* Third >"rld ec"n"mic devel"pment

pr"grams #"r advancing educati"n and techn"l"g and raising standards

"# living !ill ec"me much m"re e6ective. There !ill als" e #ar less

ec"n"mic inefcienc and less "# the terrile human su6ering that is the

l"t "# milli"ns "# pe"ple* in "th the devel"ped and devel"ping !"rldt"da. F"r* as !"men are no lon#er treated as "reedin# animals and "easts of

"urden and have greater access t" health care* educati"n* and p"liticalparticipati"n* n"t "nl the #emale hal# "# humanit ut all "# humanit !ill

ene5t.


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Al"ng !ith m"re rati"nal measures aimed at success#ul reducing the

p"vert and hunger "# the mass "# the !"rld;s p""r0!"men and children

0the gr"!ing c"nsci"usness "# "ur lin(ing !ith all "ther memers "# "ur

species sh"uld graduall als" narr"! the gul# et!een rich and p""r

nati"ns. Indeed, as "illions of dollars and wor+ hours are re!hanneled from

te!hnolo#ies of destru!tion to te!hnolo#ies that sustain and enhan!e life, humanp"vert and hunger c"uld graduall ec"me mem"ries "# a rutal

andr"cratic past.

The changes in !"man&man relati"ns #r"m the present high degree "#

suspici"n and recriminati"n t" m"re "penness and trust !ill e re=ected

in "ur #amilies and c"mmunities. There !ill als" e p"sitive repercussi"ns

in "ur nati"nal and internati"nal p"licies. @raduall !e !ill see a

decrease in the seemingl endless arra "# da&t"&da pr"lems that n"!

plague us* ranging #r"m mental illness* suicide* and div"rce t" !i#e and

child attering* vandalism* murder* and internati"nal terr"rism% 6s resear!hto "e detailed in the se!ond "oo+ of our reort shows, these tpes "# pr"lemsin large part derive #r"m the high degree "# interpers"nal tensi"n inherent

in a male&d"minated s"cial "rgani9ati"n and from dominator !hild-rearin#

styles hea$ily "ased on for!e. Thus* !ith the m"ve t" m"re e'ual andalanced relati"ns et!een !"men and men and the rein#"rcement "#

gentler* m"re human and caring ehavi"r in children "# "th se2es* !e

ma realisticall e2pect #undamental pschic changes. These* in a

relativel sh"rt time* !ill in turn e2p"nentiall accelerate the temp" "#

trans#"rmati"n.

In the world as it will "e when women and men li$e in full artnershi, there will, of!ourse, still "e families, s!hools, #o$ernments, and other so!ial institutions% /ut,

li+e the already now emer#in# institutions of the e;ualitarian family and the so!ial-

a!tion networ+, the s"cial structures "# the #uture !ill e ased m"re "nlin(ing than ran(ing. :nstead "# re'uiring individuals t" 5t int" pramidal

hierarchies* these instituti"ns !ill e heterarchic* all"!ing #"r "th

diversit and =e2iilit in decisi"n ma(ing and acti"n. C"nse'uentl* the

r"les "# "th !"men and men !ill e #ar less rigid* all"!ing the entire

human species a ma2imum "# devel"pmental =e2iilit .


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L:NKS


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+rivac Lin(s

+atriarchal cultural n"rms mean that the legal c"ncept "#privac is meaningless t" !"men.

4!"r(in -? (6ndrea ?wor+in was an 6meri!an feminist, author and outso+en !riti! of seualoliti!s, arti!ularly of the $i!timiin# e>e!ts of orno#rahy on women% 9Inter!ourse:) ?6 7%2%@6 htt88www%nostatus;uo%!om86CGH8dwor+in8Inter!ourseI%html

This is nihilism or this is truth% He has t" push in past "undaries% There is the outline of a "ody,distin!t, searate, its inte#rity an illusion, a tra#i! de!etion, "e!ause unseen there is a slit "etween the le#s, and

he has to ush into it% There is never a real privac "# the "d that can c"e2ist

!ith interc"urse3 !ith eing entered. The $a#ina itself is mus!led and the mus!les ha$e to "e

ushed aart% The thrustin# is ersistent in$asion% She is "pened up* split d"!n the center.She is "ccupied&&phsicall* internall* in her privac.J A human eing has a

"d that is invi"late8 and !hen it is vi"lated* it is aused. 6 woman has a "odythat is enetrated in inter!ourse ermea"le, its !ororeal solidness a lie% The dis!ourse of male truth--literature,

s!ien!e, hilosohy, orno#rahy--!alls that enetration $iolation% This it does with some !onsisten!y and some

!onEden!e% Kiolation is a synonym for interc"urse. At the same time* the penetrati"n is

ta(en t" e a use* n"t an ause8 a n"rmal use8 it is aroriate to enter her, to ush into(L$iolateL) the "oundaries of her "ody% She is human, of !ourse, "ut "y a standard that does not in!lude

phsical privac. She is* in #act* human a standard that precludes

phsical privac* since t" (eep a man "ut alt"gether and #"r a li#etime is

deviant in the e2treme* a psch"path"l"g* a repudiati"n "# the !a in

!hich she is e2pected t" mani#est her humanit%J There is a dee re!o#nition in !ultureand in eerien!e that inter!ourse is "oth the normal use of a woman, her human otentiality a


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privac* a lesser integrit "# the "d* a lesser sense "# sel#* since her

"d can e phsicall "ccupied and in the "ccupati"n ta(en "ver. orts to so!ialie women to want inter!ourse-- e%#%, womenMs ma#aines to orno#rahy to ?ynasty in!redi"lerewards and unishments to #et women to !onform and ut out--women still want a more di>use and tender

sensuality that in$ol$es the whole "ody and a olymorhous tenderness%J J There are e>orts to reform the!ir!umstan!es that surround inter!ourse, the !ir!umstan!es that at least aarently !ontri"ute to its disreuta"le

(in terms of ri#hts and usti!e) le#end and le#a!y. These re#"rms include3 m"re de#erence t"

#emale sensualit pri"r t" the act8 less veral assault as part "# se2ual

e2pressiveness t"!ard !"men8 s"me lip service t" #emale initiati"n "# se2

and #emale ch"ice during l"vema(ing8 less r"mantici9ing "# rape* at least

as an articulated s"cial g"al. Th"se !h" are p"litical activists !"r(ingt"!ard the e'ualit "# !"men have "ther c"nte2tual re#"rms the !ant t"

ma(e3 ec"n"mic e'uit8 !"men elected t" p"litical "fce8 str"ng* sel#&

respecting r"le m"dels #"r girls8 emphasis "n phsical strength and sel#&

de#ense* athletic e2cellence and endurance8 rape la!s that !"r(8

strategies #"r decreasing vi"lence against !"men. These c"nte2tual

re#"rms !"uld then pr"vide #"r the p"ssiilit that interc"urse c"uld e

e2perienced in a !"rld "# s"cial e'ualit #"r the se2es. These re#"rms d"


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n"t in an !a address the 'uesti"n "# !hether interc"urse itsel# can e

an e2pressi"n "# se2ual e'ualit. Li#e can e etter #"r !"men&&

ec"n"mic and p"litical c"nditi"ns impr"ved&& and at the same time the

status "# !"men can remain resistant* indeed impervi"us* t" change3 s"

#ar in hist"r this is precisel the paradigm #"r s"cial change as it relates

t" the c"nditi"n "# !"men. 7e#"rms are made* imp"rtant "nes8 ut thestatus "# !"men relative t" men d"es n"t change. >"men are still less

signi5cant* have less privac* less integrit* less sel#& determinati"n. This

means that !"men have less #reed"m. Freedom is not an a"stra!tion, nor is a little of itenou#h% 6 little more of it is not enou#h either% 1a$in# less, "ein# less, imo$erished in freedom and ri#hts,

!"men then inevital have less sel#&respect3 less sel#&respect than men

have and less sel#&respect than an human eing needs t" live a rave and

h"nest li#e. :nterc"urse as d"minati"n attens "n that a!#ul asence "#

sel#&respect. :t e2pands t" 5ll the near vacuum. The uses "# !"men* n"!*

in interc"urse&& n"t the auses t" the e2tent that the can e separated

"ut&&are as"lutel permeated the realit "# male p"!er "ver !"men.

>e are p""rer than men in m"ne and s" !e have t" arter se2 "r sell it

"utright D!hich is !h the (eep us p""rer in m"ne. >e are p""rer thanmen in psch"l"gical !ell&eing ecause #"r us sel#&esteem depends "n

the appr"val&re'uentl e2pressed thr"ugh se2ual desire&&"# th"se !h"

have and e2ercise p"!er "ver us. )ale p"!er ma e arr"gant "r elegant8

it can e churlish "r re5ned3 ut !e e2ist as pers"ns t" the e2tent that

men in p"!er rec"gni9e us. >hen the need s"me service "r !ant s"me

sensati"n* the rec"gni9e us s"me!hat* !ith a sliver "# c"nsci"usness8

and !hen it is "ver* !e g" ac( t" ign"min* an"nm"us* generic

!"manh""d% /e!ause of their ower o$er us, they are a"le to stri+e our hearts dead with !ontemt or!ondes!ension% e need their money inter!ourse is fre;uently how we #et it% e need their aro$al to "e a"le to

sur$i$e inside our own s+ins inter!ourse is fre;uently how we #et it% They for!e us to "e !omliant, turn us into

arasites, then hate us for not lettin# #o% Inter!ourse is fre;uently how we hold on fu!+ me% 1ow to searate the

a!t of inter!ourse from the so!ial reality of male ower is not !lear, ese!ially "e!ause it is male ower that!onstru!ts "oth the meanin# and the !urrent ra!ti!e of inter!ourse as su!h% /ut it is !lear that reforms do not

!han#e womenMs status relati$e to men, or ha$e not yet% It is !lear that reforms do not !han#e the intra!ta"ility of

womenMs !i$il inferiority% Is inter!ourse itself then a "asis of or a +ey to womenMs !ontinuin# so!ial and seual

ine;uality= Inter!ourse may not !ause womenMs or#asm or e$en ha$e mu!h of a !orrelation with it--indeed, we

rarely End inter!ourse and or#asm in the same la!e at the same time--"ut inter!ourse and womenMs ine;uality are

li+e Siamese twins, always in the same la!e at the same time issin# in the same ot%J J omen ha$e wanted

inter!ourse to wor+ and ha$e su"mitted--with re#ret or with enthusiasm, real or fa+ed--e$en thou#h or e$en when it

does not% The reasons ha$e often "een foul, Elled with the siteful "ut !arefully hidden mali!e of the owerless%

>"men have needed !hat can e g"tten thr"ugh interc"urse3 the

ec"n"mic and psch"l"gical survival8 access t" male p"!er thr"ugh access

t" the male !h" has it8 having s"me h"ld&&psch"l"gical* se2ual* "r

ec"n"mic&&"n the "nes !h" act* !h" decide* !h" matter. There has een a

deep* c"nsistent* et "# c"urse muted "/ecti"n t" !hat Anais Nin hascalled Ithe hunter* the rapist* the "ne #"r !h"m se2ualit is a thrust*

n"thing m"re.I >"men have als" !anted interc"urse t" !"r( in this

sense3 !"men have !anted interc"urse t" e* #"r !"men* an e2perience

"# e'ualit and passi"n* sensualit and intimac. >"men have a visi"n "#

l"ve that includes men as human t""8 and !"men !ant the human in men*

including in the act "# interc"urse. Even !ith"ut the dignit "# e'ual

p"!er* !"men have elieved in the redeeming p"tential "# l"ve. There has


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"een--desite the !ruelty of eloitation and for!ed se--a !onsistent $ision for women of a seuality "ased on aharmony that is "oth sensual and ossi"le% In the words of se reformer Bllen NeyJ J She will no lon#er "e !atured

li+e a fortress or hunted li+e a ;uarry nor will she li+e a la!id la+e await the stream that see+s its way to herem"ra!e% 6 stream herself, she will #o her own way to meet the other stream% 4J 6 stream herself, she would mo$e

o$er the earth, sensual and e;ual ese!ially, she will #o her own way%J Shere 1ite has su##ested an inter!ourse in

whi!h Lthrustin# would not "e !onsidered as ne!essary as it now is% % % OThere mi#ht "eP more a mutual lyin#

to#ether in leasure, enis-in-$a#ina, $a#ina-!o$erin#-enis, with female or#asm ro$idin# mu!h of the stimulation

ne!essary for male or#asm%L J J These $isions of a humane sensuality "ased in e;uality are in the asirations of

women and e$en the ni#htmare of seual inferiority does not seem to +il l them% They are not sear!hin# analyses

into the nature of inter!ourse instead they are dee, humane dreams that reudiate the raist as the Enal ar"iter

of reality% They are an under#round resistan!e to "oth inferiority and "rutality, $isions that sustain life and further

enduran!e%J J They also do not amount to mu!h in real life with real men% There is, instead, the !old fu!+in#, duty-

"ound or romis!uous the romanti! o"session in whi!h e$entual a"andonment turns the $a#ina into the wound

Freud !laimed it was intima!y with men who dread women, !oital dread--as Naf+a wrote in his diary, L!oitus as

unishment for the hainess of "ein# to#ether%L QJ J Fear* t""* has a special p"!er t" change

e2perience and c"mpr"mise an p"ssiilit "# #reed"m. A stream d"es n"t

(n"! #ear. A !"man d"es. Especiall !"men (n"! #ear "# men and "#

#"rced interc"urse. C"nsent in this !"rld "# #ear is s" passive that the

!"man c"nsenting c"uld e dead and s"metimes is. IMeah*I said "ne man

!h" (illed a !"man s" that he c"uld #uc( her a#ter she !as dead* I:

se2uall assaulted her a#ter she !as dead. : al!as see them girls laid "utin the pictures !ith their ees cl"sed and : /ust had t" d" it. : dreamed

a"ut it #"r s" l"ng that : /ust had t" d" it.I ? A Neras(a appeals c"urt did

n"t thin( that the murder I!as especiall hein"us* atr"ci"us* cruel* "r

mani#ested e2cepti"nal depravit "rdinar standards "# m"ralit and

intelligence*I and in particular the #"und In" evidence the acts !ere

per#"rmed #"r the satis#acti"n "# in=icting either mental "r phsical pain

"r that pain e2isted #"r an pr"l"nged peri"d "# time.I - Are "u a#raid

n"!B H"! can #ear and #reed"m c"e2ist #"r !"men in interc"urseB

>"men have #ailed t" 5nd the right relati"nship t" the la! due t" the #actthat the are c"nsidered t" have m"re private lives

>est -- (o"in est is the Frederi!+ R% 1aas .rofessor of Gaw and .hilosohy and 6sso!iate ?eanat the Aeor#etown Hni$ersity Gaw Center% 9Rurisruden!e and Aender:) ?6 7%% @6htt88s!holarshi%law%#eor#etown%edu8!#i8$iew!ontent%!#i=arti!leQ42!ontetfa!u"

@inimally, I want to su##est that feminists should thin+ a"outJ the ossi"ility that the notion of a LfundamentalL

eerien!edJ !ontradi!tion, #rounded in the material and eistential state of J !onne!tion with the other, mi#ht hel

us elain womenMs su"e!ti$eJ li$es, as well as !lose the "roadenin# #a "etween !ultural andJ radi!al feminist

theory% The resen!e of su!h a !ontradi!tion, forJ eamle, elains why some women see the ossi"ility ofintima!yJ in orno#rahi! dei!tions of female seual su"mission whileJ others see the threat of in$asion (and it

would elain why manyJ women see "oth)% The resen!e of a !ontradi!tion underlyin#J womenMs su"e!ti$e li$esalso !lariEes the eistential "asis of manyJ of the aarent tensions in feminist le#al reforms% :t e2plains

!hJ !"men insist up"n and emrace an ethic "# care and the right t" J

have children !ith"ut ec"n"mic hardship* !hile at the same time J 5ghting

#"r rights "# individuati"n* phsical privac* and #reed"m.J Finall* it

e2plains the c"mple2 relati"nship et!een the emergingJ #eminist legal

the"r and d"minant legal the"r3 it e2plains* #"r e2ample*J !h legal

#eminists are "th attracted t" lieral rights "# J individuati"n* phsical

http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1642&context=facpubhttp://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1642&context=facpub


16/72

privac* and individual securit* and at theJ same time are threatened

them. The c"ntradicti"n e2plains !hJ #eminists understand* and even

smpathi9e !ith* critical legal the"rGsJ rights criti'ue* ut !ill never

end"rse it.J That !"men live !ith a #undamental c"ntradicti"n et!een J

invasi"n and intimac is much harder t" test than the parallel J !laim that menli$e in a fundamental !ontradi!tion "etween autonomyJ and alienation for this simle reason the fundamental

!ontradi!tionJ that !hara!teries menMs li$es is manifested a"solutely allJ o$er the la!e in u"li! life% 6s Nennedy!orre!tly !laims, on!e weJ are sensitied to it, we see the Lfundamental !ontradi!tionL in art,J literature, musi!, and,

erhas most emhati!ally, in $irtuallyJ e$ery Eeld of law% The fundamental !ontradi!tion that !hara!teriesJ

womenMs li$es (if it d"es* c"ntrast* has n" "utlet. >"menJ are silent*

particularl !ith respect t" the in/uries !e su6er. ThisJ is* "# c"urse*

changing3 >"men spea(* !rite ""(s* c"mp"se music*J pr"duce art* drama

and dance* and increasingl even legislate* adv"cateJ and ad/udicate la!.

"menGs silence* m"reJ than an

"ther single #act"r* inhiits the stud "# !"menGs su/ectiveJ lives.J e !an,thou#h, test the sense of this !ontradi!tion a#ainstJ the e$iden!e of our own eerien!ed li$es, if not the e$iden!e

of J art, literature and le#al do!trine% hen I read Carol Ailli#anMsJ "oo+ for the Erst time se$eral years a#o, I had anune;ui$o!alJ sho!+ of re!o#nition% hat she is sayin#, I thou#ht then and stillJ thin+, is imortant, transformati$e,emowerin#, e!itin#, enli$enin#,J and, most fundamentally, it is simly true% It is true of me,J and was true of my

mother, and is true of my sisters% She has des!ri"edJ the way I thin+, what I $alue, what I fear, how I ha$eJ #rown,

and how I hoe to #row% 6nd she has des!ri"ed the moralJ li$es of the women I +now as well% 1er "oo+ !atures

what I +nowJ and ha$e always +nown "ut ha$e ne$er "een a"le to !laim as myJ own moral $ision, and what arts of

that $ision I share withJ women #enerally% hen I read 6ndrea ?wor+inMs "oo+, I had theJ same une;ui$o!al sho!+

of re!o#nition% hat ?wor+in is sayin#J a"out inter!ourse is imortant, transformati$e, emowerin#, e!itin#,J

li"eratin#, enli$enin#, and most fundamentally, it is simlyJ true% It is true of me, was true of my mother, and is true

of myJ sisters% She is des!ri"in# how I ha$e "een de"ased, $i!timied, intruded,J in$aded, harmed, dama#ed,

inured, and $iolated "y inter!ourse%J et it also seems undenia"ly true to me that these twoJ feminist $isions of my

su"e!ti$e life rest on *atly !ontradi!toryJ remises%

The dich"t"m "# private and pulic spheres "# li#e has caused!"men;s lives t" #"rever e di6erent than men;s

Landes ,- (Roan /% Gandes is a Ferree .rofessor of Barly @odern 1istory and omenMs Studies at.enn State% 9Feminism, the .u"li! and .ri$ate:) ?6 7%3% @6

6 !entral latform of feminist !riti;ue and attemted re$ision of mainstream thou#ht has fo!used on the

!onstru!tion and "oundaries of !lassiE!ations "# #emininit and masculinit* !"men and

men* !"man and man* These classi5cati"ns have in turn een lin(ed t"

the c"nstructi"n "# the "ther highl signi5cant categ"ries* the

c"mplicated and slipper n"ti"ns i# pulic and private. The e$eryday usa#e ofu"li! and ri$ate distin!tion has led to mu!h !onfusion% hen feminists, mainly anthroolo#ists, Erst fo!used on

the distin!tion, there was an aarent uni$ersal seual asymmetry that Etted neatly into an explanation of women5ssu"ordinate osition and as an ideology that !onstru!ted that osition% 6s Gudmilla Rordano$a has ar#ued, 9The

distin!tion itself has to "e treated as an artifa!t whose lon# life history re;uires !areful eamination%:33

Furthermore, li+e #ender itself, u"li! and ri$ate ha$e "een used as a ri!h sour!e of metahor% F"r #eminist

hist"rians* the pulicprivate distincti"n has een lin(ed t" the n"ti"n "#

separate spheres* "ne "# the m"st p"!er#ul c"ncepts !ithin !"men;s

hist"r since its recrudescence in the 1,OPs. Such inar distincti"ns have

c"me under attac( #r"m a range t" the"retical p"siti"ns* including

p"!er#ul #eminist s"lvents !hich stress multiplicit* pluralit* and the


17/72

lurring "# "undaries. et there !ontinued to "e fas!ination with the seemin# searation of ri$ate

and u"li! life in our own later twentieth-!entury situation as !e /uggle the multi&laered

pschic structures "# #emininit as !ell as c"n#r"nting #eminine r"le "#

daughter* !i#e* and m"ther !ith pr"#essi"nal identit and"r p"litical

activism. In 6nn Sintow5s memora"le hrase U)"dern !"men e2perience m"ments "#

#ree #all. H"! is it #"r "u* there* "ut in space near meB 4i6erent : (n"!. Met !e share& s"me !ith m"re pleasure* s"me !ith m"re pain& this

uncertaint.54 'e$ertheless, out of the !onfusion of a !onsensus is emer#in# that u"li! and ri$ate are not(and ha$e ne$er "een) U!on!etual a"solutes,5 "ut a mineEeld of Uhu#e rhetori!al otential%5 ?esite their

insta"ility and muta"ility, pulic and private are c"ncepts !hich als" have had

p"!er#ul material and e2periential c"nse'uences in terms "# #"rmal

instituti"ns* "rgani9ati"nal #"rms* 5nancial sstems* #amilial and (inship

patterns* as !ell as in language. In short, they ha$e "e!ome a "asi! art of the way our wholeso!ial and sy!hi! worlds are ordered, "ut an order that is !onstantly shiftin#, "ein# made and remade% 1istorians

#ralin# with this !omli!ated we" of stru!tures, meanin#s, and "eha$iours ha$e had to wor+ on a num"er of

di>erent le$els% Should these di!hotomous !ate#ories "e treated only in terms of lan#ua#es, or of attitudes and

$alues% r should they "e des!ri"ed in terms of lan#ua#es, or of attitudes and $alues% r should they "e des!ri"ed

in terms of the or#aniation of sa!e, time, the lo!ation of eoleB Are the* and !ere the*

ide"l"gies imp"sed* cultures created* "r simpl a set "# given "undariest" e "servedB :# the Qseparate spheres; "# h"me and !"r(* t" ta(e "ne

derivati"n* !as Qa tr"pe !hich hid its instrumentalit even #r"m th"se !h"

empl"ed it*; O then h"! can !e retrieve m"re than the m"st partial

picture 1PP "r PP ears laterB .art of the ro"lem is the form in whi!h historians of women ha$eentered the de"ate% For eamle, in a dis!ussion of the ei#hteenth !entury, the !laim has "een made that 6t the

"ottom, the searation of the home and wor+la!e, the rise "# the ne! d"mestic !"man* the

separati"n "# the spheres* and the c"nstructi"n "# the pulic and private

all descrie the same phen"men"n in di6erent !"rds.7 This may, indeed, "e the waythese ideas ha$e !ome to "e used, "ut it is a rofound misunderstandin# to thin+ that they are either analyti!ally or

des!riti$ely the same thin#% For eamle, while !on!etual di!hotomies su!h as u"li! and ri$ate are !onstru!ted

with a dri$e to E "oundaries "etween at least two diferent !onstru!ts whi!h !an "e searated and !ontrasted, the

!on!et of domesticity and its !on!omitant, domestic ideology , seems histori!ally to ha$e no other Uhalf%5 (Theliteral oosite of domesti!ity would "e the wild untamed or, alternati$ely, forei#n or stran#e, as in domesti! #oods

$ersus forei#n imorts%) Hntil re!ently, deates a"ut the pulic and private have ta(en

the d"mestic #"r granted as !ell as eing una!are "# a gender dimensi"n% The most !ommon distin!tion has fo!used on the state as reresentati$e of the u"li! in !ontrast with ri$ate

or#aniations su!h as the !hur!h, $oluntary so!ieties, and, arti!ularly, ri$ately owned "usiness or rofessional

enterrise% At times this private sect"r has een c"n=ated int" Qcivil s"ciet*;

regarded as Qa"ve all else* the sphere "# private interest* private

enterprise and private individuals.;- :n this #"rmulati"n* civil s"ciet

!"uld include a n"ti"n "# Qprivate li#e*; the #amil* and se2ualit*,

especiall in the discussi"ns "# t"talitarian as "pp"sed t" dem"cratic

regimes.


18/72

The dich"t"mies "# male#emale* #amilmar(et* and statecivil

dictate the !a !"men live and the p"litical and s"cial strides

the have the "pp"rtunities t" ta(e

lsen 3 (Fran!es Blia"eth lsen has a /%6% Aoddard Colle#e, DQ R%?% Hni$ersity of Colorado, D7 S%R%?%

1ar$ard, D4 and has "een HCG6 Fa!ulty Sin!e D4% 9The Family and the @ar+et 6 Study of Ideolo#y and Ge#al

eform:) ?6 7%3% @6

6 !entral !on!ern underlyin# the de"ate is the su"rdinati"n "# !"men t" men% /oth sides sharethe #oal of e;uality and indeenden!e for women% eeated e>orts at reform ha$e resulted in a si#niE!ant measure

of su!!ess, yet the su"rdinati"n "# !"men c"ntinues. @any di>erent fa!tors may hel toelain why the reform strate#ies adoted ha$e had am"i#uous and e$en !ontradi!tory e>e!ts% ne fa!tor that

often re!ei$es insu

and the #amil* the idea that the mar(et structures "ur pr"ductive lives

and the #amil structures "ur a6ective lives% In the nineteenth !entury, the #amil

!as seen t" c"nstitute a separate sphere "# activit a sphere particularl

suited t" !"men. $>"man;s sphere% ma n" l"nger e c"nsidered t" e /ust h"me and #amil* ut !e d" c"ntinue t" vie! the #amil as s"mething

sharpl distinct #r"m the mar(et. The $ision of the mar+et and the family as a di!hotomy V theer!etion that the so!ial life !omrises two searate thou#h interdeendent sheres V !an "e des!ri"es as astru!ture on !ons!iousness%2 /y stru!ture of !ons!iousness% I mean a shared $ision of the so!ial uni$erse that

underlies a so!iety5s !ulture and also shaes the so!iety5s $iew of what so!ial relationshis are 9natural: and,

therefore, what so!ial reforms are ossi"le% In my dis!ussion of the mar+et8family di!hotomy, I shall refer fre;uently

to two other di!hotomies V the ones "etween state and !i$il so!iety and "etween male and female% The

statecivil s"ciet dich"t"m is cruciall related t" the c"mple2ities "# the

mar(et#amil dich"t"m8 and the dich"t"m et!een male and #emale is

particularl imp"rtant "th t" the !as in !hich the mar(et#amil

dich"t"m n"! a6ects human e2istence and t" "ut h"pes #"r c"nstructing

ne! !as "# thin(ing a"ut and leading "ut lives% These three di!hotomies are ea!hdistin!t none is lo#i!ally deendent uon another and none ne!essarily entails another% 'e$ertheless, dee tieseist amon# them, and ea!h re*e!ts a way of thin+in# that entails a radi!al di$ision of the world% 6ll three

di!hotomies seem eternal yet "y trans!endin# all three, rec"nceiving the relati"nship

et!een the t!" elements in each "# the three pairs and restructuring "ur

th"ughts and lives t" create* re=ect* and rein#"rce th"se rec"ncepti"ns*

!e have the greatest p"ssiilit #"r ringing a"ut changes that !"uld

signi5cantl impr"ve "ur individual and c"llective lives.


19/72

Nati"nal Securit Lin(s

The internati"nal legal c"mmunit t""( "ver!helming acti"n

a#ter the ,11 attac(s ut has et t" act against the same level

"# vi"lence t"!ards !"men

)acKinn"n PO (Catharine @a!Ninnon is an Blia"eth 6% Gon# .rofessor of Gaw,Hni$ersity of @i!hi#an Gaw S!hool, and Fellow, Center for 6d$an!ed Study in the /eha$ioralS!ien!es, Stanford, Cal% 9omen5s Setem"er th ethin+in# the International Gaw Con*i!t:

?6 7%%% @6) htt88www%har$ardil%or#8w-!ontent8uloads82008081IGRW47-W@a!Ninnon%df

The !onE#uration of a!ts and a!tors of Setem"er , 200 is not one thatJ

international law, !entered on states, has "een rimarily stru!tured to address%J

'either was most of men5s $iolen!e a#ainst women in $iew when theJ laws of war,

international humanitarian law,2 and international human ri#htsJ #uarantees wereframed%3 The #"rmal and sustantive parallels et!een the t!"0

pr"minentl their h"ri9"ntal legal architecture* large victim numers* and

masculine ide"l"gR0ma(e "th patterns "# vi"lence resemle dispersed

armed c"nict* ut the !"rld;s resp"nse t" them has een inc"nsistent.

Sin!e Setem"er th, the international order has "een newly willin# toJ treatnonstate a!tors li+e states as a sour!e of $iolen!e in$o+in# the law of J armed

!onXi!t% )uch "# the internati"nal c"mmunit has m"ili9ed #"rce#ull

against terr"rism. This same internati"nal c"mmunit that turned "n a

dime a#ter Septemer 11th has* despite imp"rtant initiatives*O et even

t" underta(e a c"mprehensive revie! "# internati"nal la!s and

instituti"ns t"!ard an e6ective strategic resp"nse t" vi"lence against!"men? with all le$els of re-J sonse on the ta"le, e$en as the 9resonsi"ility torote!t: from #ross and systemati!J $iolen!e is in!reasin#ly emer#in# internationally

as an afYrmati$e duty%J The ostVSetem"er th aradi#m shift, ermittin# otent

resonse to massi$eJ nonstate $iolen!e a#ainst !i$ilians in some instan!es,eemliYes if not aJ model for emulation, a sule adatation to a arallel !hallen#e%

It showsJ what they !an do when they want to% If, in tension with the eistin#

framewor+,J the one ro"lem !an "e !onfronted internationally, why not the other=

Ui"lence against !"men has the same magnitude as ,11 ut

the $!ar "n !"men% has little t" n" rec"gniti"n under the la!

)acKinn"n PO (Catharine @a!Ninnon is an Blia"eth 6% Gon# .rofessor of Gaw,Hni$ersity of @i!hi#an Gaw S!hool, and Fellow, Center for 6d$an!ed Study in the

/eha$ioral S!ien!es, Stanford, Cal% 9omen5s Setem"er th ethin+in# the

International Gaw Con*i!t: ?6 7%%% @6) htt88www%har$ardil%or#8w-!ontent8uloads82008081IGRW47-W@a!Ninnon%df

http://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdfhttp://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdfhttp://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdfhttp://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdfhttp://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdfhttp://www.harvardilj.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/HILJ_47-1_MacKinnon.pdf


20/72

Kiewed throu#h a #endered lens, Setem"er th was mar+edly se-neutralJ on the

$i!tims5 side% omen, alon# with men&if, one suoses due to seJ dis!rimination

in emloyment, not e;ual num"ers of them&were eoleJ that day%D 6t the orld

Trade Center, women and men to#ether rushed u andJ u to hel, !rawled down

and down "ein# heled, umed un"eara"ly, ranJ !o$ered with fear and ash,"e!ame ash% Then, day after day, month after month,J there they all were, one at a

time on the se!ial memorial a#es of The 'ewJ or+ Times,J 0 often smilin#,"efore% In remem"ran!e, they were indi$iduals,J did e$erythin#, had e$ery rose!t%

Then on one !rushin# day, they were $aoriedJ without re#ard to se%J n the

eretrators5 side, the atro!ities were hardly se- or #ender-neutral%J 6nimated "y amale-dominant ethos, this one in the #uise of reli#ion&a arti!ularJ fundamentalist

etremism that has silen!ed women, su"ordinated themJ in ri$ate, and e!luded

them from u"li! life&these men "ound for #loryJ and leasure, some for $ir#ins ina martyr5s aradise, eterminated eoleJ J "y the thousands to ma+e a oint%

The rest of the world is still tryin# toJ Y#ure out ea!tly what that oint was% /ut this

a##ression, these atro!ities,J this roa#anda "y deed, made Setem"er th aneemlary day of maleJ $iolen!e% B$ery other day, as well as this one, men as wellas women are $i!timiedJ "y men5s $iolen!e% "rld Trade t"!er "# Septemer 11;s dead.1 This part

"# a !ar "n !"men in "nl "ne c"untr* vari"usl !aged in all

c"untries*1R is #ar #r"m se2&e'ual "n either side %J To !all $iolen!e a#ainst

women 9a war,: ese!ially in a le#al !ontet, is usuallyJ dismissed as metahori!al,

hyer"oli!, and8or rhetori!al% Sin!e the H%'%J Charter, when war !eased "ein# thedeEniti$e le#al term, international lawJ sea+s of 9armed !on*i!t: or 9armed

atta!+%: This "ody of law rimarily re#ulatesJ the use of for!e "etween or within

states or for !ontrol of states% If oneJ side is armed and the other side is not, or ifstates are not the units or fo!usJ of the Y#htin#, the !on*i!t may not ;ualify%

hether the Y#htin# hasJ rea!hed the oint where ea!etime law and institutions

ha$e "ro+en down isJ a rime !riterion% Kiolen!e a#ainst women has not loo+ed li+ea war in this systemJ in art "e!ause states are not seen to wa#e it, nor does it

resent armiesJ !ontendin# within or a!ross or a#ainst or for !ontrol or for deYnition

of states% ItJ is not a"out state ower in the usual way% 'or do the sees loo+ li+e!om"atantJ #rous are thou#ht to loo+% 'either se is !onsidered to "e in uniform%J

The re#ularities of their so!ial "eha$ior are not seen as or#anied, so theirJ !onXi!tloo+s more !haoti! than ordered% >"men are usuall unarmed* man

!eap"ns used against !"men are n"t regarded as arms* and !"men d"

n"t tpicall Vght ac(. Even attac(s "n !"men men that empl"

c"nventi"nal !eap"ns are n"t c"nsidered $armed attac(s% "r a $use "r

threat "# #"rce% in the internati"nal legal sense.1O The attle "# the

se2es simpl d"es n"t l""( the !a a !ar is supp"sed t" l""(.


21/72

Even in matters "# nati"nal securit* masculine crimes are

c"nsidered $!ar% !hile vi"lence against !"men is hidden

an indi6erent legal sstem

)acKinn"n PO (Catharine @a!Ninnon is an Blia"eth 6% Gon# .rofessor of Gaw,Hni$ersity of @i!hi#an Gaw S!hool, and Fellow, Center for 6d$an!ed Study in the

/eha$ioral S!ien!es, Stanford, Cal% 9omen5s Setem"er th ethin+in# the

International Gaw Con*i!t: ?6 7%%% @6) htt88www%har$ardil%or#8w-!ontent8uloads82008081IGRW47-W@a!Ninnon%df

The thresh"ld legal arrier t" addressing male vi"lence against !"men

internati"nall has een that "th the perpetrat"rs and the victims are

private pers"ns* termed n"nstate act"rs.

states%34 6s to Setem"er th, state a!tion has notJ only not "een ro$en it hasso far "arely "een !redi"ly alle#ed%J n the $i!tim side, the .enta#on would ha$e

"een a military tar#et in aJ

war (althou#h it !annot le#ally "e hit with !i$ilianair!raft), "ut the orldJ Trade towers, whi!h @r% "in Gaden aarently re#arded assome sort of o

target* #"r !hich* in a !ar* a militar resp"nse is legal. :n a !ar* the

!"uld e a civilian target* a !ar crime t" attac(* t" e pursued /udiciall.

6nd "efore, on, and sin!eJ Setem"er th, 6l Zaeda5s $i!tims ha$e trans!endednational "oundaries,J as do the $i!tims of the war on women%J S"* "n Septemer

11th* n"nstate act"rs c"mmitted vi"lence against m"stl n"nstate

Dn"ng"vernmental and civilian act"rs% It has "een "asi!ally in!on!ei$a"leJwithin the esthalian system that su!h an a!t !ould "e so dama#in#J or ro$ide

the redi!ate for the le$el of resonse it has o!!asioned%3 etJ from that moment

forth, in a usa#e that slides "etween the le#al and the ordinary,J the !on!rete andthe rhetori!al, the nited States has t"ld the !"rld* $>e are at !ar.%3Q

ith no state yet in $iew "ehind the a##ression, H%'% Se!urity Coun!il resolutions

!on!ernin# Setem"er th imlied that the e$ents of J that dreadful day were an

9armed atta!+%:37 '6T in$o+ed !olle!ti$e defenseJ for the Erst time in its

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history%3 So this "e!omes a war&!omlete with warJ !rimes, military tri"unals,otentially ustiEed a!ts of self-defense, and risonersJ of war%3D The fa!t that the

eistin# stru!ture of international law does notJ ha$e a !on*i!t li+e this rimarily in

mind has not stoed the wartime s!aleJ resonse, !omlete with militarymo"iliation, Ynan!e, ordnan!e, rhetori!,J and allian!es% Few ha$e !alled the time

sin!e Setem"er th ea!etime%J

This international e>ort, the 9war on terror,: !allsthe a!ts of Setem"er thJ 9terrorism,: a term that has a far less settled

international deEnition thanJ 9armed !on*i!t: has%40 et H%'% Se!urity Coun!ilresolutions ha$e used itJ reeatedly in referen!e to the e$ents of Setem"er th

without deEnition,4J o$er little rotest% Clearly, the a!ts of that day fall within a

widely understoodJ meanin# of the term% Common elements in!lude remeditationratherJ than sontaneity, ideolo#i!al and oliti!al rather than !riminal moti$e,

!i$ilianJ tar#ets (sometimes termed 9inno!ents:), and su"-national #rou a#ents%42

>hat a"ut vi"lence against !"men #ails t" 'uali#B )uch "# it isplanned* including man gang rapes and serial murders* much stal(ing

and se2ual harassment* a l"t "# p"rn"graph pr"ducti"n* and m"st se2

trafc(ing. Are !"men s"meh"! n"t $inn"cent*% 'ua !"men e2istentiall

at #aultB If the lan#ua#eJ of war re$eals women as de fa!to !ons!rits, always non-!i$ilians yet ne$er !om"atants,J the lan#ua#e of terrorism shows that women are

seldom inno!entJ enou#h% And /ust !hat a"ut !"men;s status relative t"

men is n"t $p"litical%B :# se2 is "ne !a p"!er is s"ciall "rgani9ed*

#"rming a se2ual p"litics* se2ual vi"lence is a practice "# that p"litics*

mis"gn its ide"l"g.R


23/72

Gaw Gin+s

+atriarchal hierarchies are the uilding l"c(s "# the la! and

inherent t" the sstem that g"verns us0minute changes t" the

sstem can;t s"lve it* and claims t" $ma(e the la! less iased%are disingenu"us.

Smith 1,,

(.atri!ia, !ontri"utor to the "oo+ LTheory .hilosoy law !ontemorary !hallen#es tomainstream !riti!al theory and ra!ti!e:, edited "y ?a$id S Caudill and Ste$en Aold

&essay 9Feminist Ge#al Criti!s The elu!tant adi!als:, a#e 77)

The pr"lems caused the general rati"nale that ases a discriminati"n

claim s"lel "n the di6erential treatment "# similarl situated pers"ns

sh"! that it cann"t deal !ith 'uesti"ns "# #air treatment !heredi6erences are real. There is s"mething s" "vi"usl !r"ng !ith the idea

that !here di6erences are real e'ual pr"tecti"n "# the la! cann"t appl*

that a ra#t "# critical c"mmentar has een generated !hich has led t" a

m"re radical #eminist criti'ue "# la!. >hat #eminists have reali9ed is that

e'ual pr"tecti"n itsel#* !hile claiming t" e neutral* in #act assumes a

male standard "# !hat is n"rmal. For eamle, the a$era#e wor+in# woman will"e re#nant twi!e durin# her wor+in# !areer% .re#nan!y is a"normal only for a

wor+in# man% Thus, the standard of normality that dis!ounts re#nan!y for wor+in#

ersons is male% The 'uesti"n* "# c"urse* is !h sh"uld that e the

standardB

Christine Littlet"n has summari9ed the #eminist criti'ue "# current e'ualit

analsis in the #"ll"!ing three p"ints that dem"nstrate its male ias. First,it de5nes as e"nd its sc"pe precisel th"se issues that !"men 5nd

crucial t" their c"ncrete e2perience as !"men (su!h as re#nan!y)% Se!ond,

it c"nstrues di6erence (whi!h is !reated "y the relationshi of women toarti!ular, !ontin#ent so!ial stru!tures, su!h as home and wor+ resonsi"ilities) as

natural (that is, un!han#ea"le and inherent) and as l"cated s"lel in the

!"man hersel# (women are naturally domesti!)% Third, it assumes (withoute$iden!e) the gender neutralit "# s"cial instituti"ns* as !ell as the n"ti"n

that practices must distinguish themselves #r"m $usiness as usual% in"rder t" e seen as une'ual%

@ore "rie*y ut* e'ualit analsis is iased against !"men in three

respects3 D1 it is inapplicale "nce it enc"unters a $real% di6erence #r"m

men8 D it l"cates the di6erence in !"men* rather than in relati"nships8

and D it #ails t" 'uesti"n the assumpti"n that s"cial instituti"ns are


24/72

gender neutral* and that !"men and men are there#"re similarl related

t" th"se instituti"ns.

This analsis made man #eminists acutel a!are "# the aritrariness "#

n"rms and "# the #act that the inailit "# the c"urts t" deal !ith se2discriminati"n in man cases is directl related t" the inailit t" evaluate

iased n"rms. And s"me #eminists reas"ned that i# the lieral

presumpti"n "# neutral legal pr"cesses retards the ailit t" evaluate

n"rms as iased* then the lieral appr"ach is sharpl limited in its ailit

t" c"rrect sstematic in/ustice* such as that !hich gr"!s "ut "# sstematic

patriarchal n"rms%

Selective applicati"n "# the la! als" uni'uel impacts !"menand results in patriarchal d"minati"n.

Kairs -

(?a$id, .rofessor of So!iolo#y at H% .enn, The .oliti!s of Gaw)

B!lusion of Gaw from the ?omesti! Shere% Feminists p"int "ut that $la! haseen c"nspicu"usl asent #r"m the d"mestic sphere% and that this has

c"ntriuted t" !"men;s su"rdinati"n. n a practical level* it leaves

!ives !ith"ut a remed against d"minati"n their husands* and "n an

ide"l"gical level* it $devalues !"men and their #uncti"ns%. The imp"rtantactivities "# "ur s"ciet are regulated la!* and !hen la! maintains a

hands&"6 p"sture* it implies $!"men simpl are n"t sufcientl imp"rtant

t" merit legal regulati"n%. The insulati"n "# the !"men;s sphere c"nves

an imp"rtant message3 $:n "ur s"ciet la! is #"r usiness and "ther

imp"rtant things. The #act that the la! in general has s" little earing "n

!"men;s da&t"&da c"ncerns re=ects and undersc"res their

insigni5cance.% Thus* "nce again la! has #ailed trul t" e rati"nal*

"/ective* astract* and principled.

6 distin!tion should "e made "etween this des!rition of art of the ideolo#y andthe more !omli!ated i!ture of ideas and reality% The history of laisse-faire

oli!ies toward domesti! life is !onsidera"ly more !omle than this des!ritionsu##ests% La!s have regulated #amil li#e* directl and indirectl* #"r

centuries. La!s have als" l"ng rein#"rced the dich"t"m et!een the

$private% h"me and the $pulic% mar(et* and the have d"ne s" in !as

that have een peculiarl destructive t" !"men.


25/72

In!remental eforms Gin+The a6 #uncti"ns as an incremental re#"rm !hich serves t"

mas( the patriarch "# the status 'u" hiding it in $re#"rms%

that d" n"thing t" restructure the #undamental hierarchies "#

"ur p"litical sstem.7eard"n* -

(/etty, ?ire!tor of .ea!e Bdu!ation .ro#ram at Colum"ia, Seism and the ar

System, Syra!use Hni$ersity .ress, # D-D0)

The masculine m"de appr"aches trans#"rmati"n and transiti"n "# the

gl"al "rder in the same analtic astract #ashi"n as it appr"aches "ther

intellectual issues. The t!" c"ncepts are perceived as a discrete set "#

end circumstances and a speci5c se'uence "# strategies t" achieve them.

The trans#"rmati"n* the end circumstances* generall are descried interms "# speci5c structures and pr"cesses. These ver "#ten ta(e the

#"rm "# m"dels that #re'uentl appear t" #eminist and Third orld ees t"

e a rearrangement "# traditi"nal #"rms "# p"!er rather than a #ull and

authentic trans#"rmati"n "# the present realit%

)asculine m"dels "# trans#"rmati"n* #re'uentl re#erred t" as $sstem

change%* tend t" e astracted #r"m everda human c"nditi"ns* t"

displa a central c"ncern !ith p"!er arrangements* and t" e pre"ccupied

!ith the c"ncept "# s"vereignt* an essentiall patriarchal n"ti"n. S"me

#"cus much attenti"n "n determining !hich c"mp"nent "# the revisedstructures !ill e end"!ed !ith the p"!er and the right legitimatel t"

use #"rce, whether that for!e "e armed or 9non-$iolent:% Su!h models !an "e

dei!ted "y !harts, dia#rams, !omuter #ames, and institutional des!ritions, "utalm"st never d" the have an e2plicit element "# human relati"ns "r

a6ective* em"ti"nal c"ntent* and #e! have displaed an cultural

dimensi"n.

The strategies set #"rth in the masculine m"de #"r the transiti"n pr"cess

tend t" e primaril p"litical and ec"n"mic. The are at their est in

pr"p"sals #"r staged disarmament and plans #"r industrial c"nversi"n.The are c"nceived as steps t" e ta(en in the pulic arena* in a

particular* incremental stle (thou#h of $aryin# de#rees of raidity) and

impacting primaril "n pulic li#e. The value changes included in

transiti"n scenari"s tend t" e n"rms #"r s"cial and pulic p"licies such as

pr"tecti"n #"r human rights and pr"cedures #"r c"n=ict res"luti"n. The

are c"rp"rate rather than pers"nal and c"nceived s" as t" have a direct

impact "n the pulic d"main. The c"nse'uent e6ects "# value changes "n


26/72

the private and pers"nal spheres are given little i# an m"re attenti"n in

!"rld "rder transiti"n strategies than in present pulic p"lic #"rmati"n.

This lindness t" sec"ndar c"nse'uences gives #eminists, who do assess

oli!y ima!t on women, cause #"r c"ncern that the pr"p"sals are indeedm"re rearrangement than trans#"rmati"n. :ndeed* it is this masculine

pre"ccupati"n !ith the pulic and structural that has a"rted thetrans#"rmative p"tential "# m"st t!entieth&centur rev"luti"ns. :t (ept

them as /ust that3 a rev"luti"n* a turning "# the ma/"r p"!er !heels that

#ailed t" pr"duce changes in the #undamental gl"al "rder. Such changes

rem"ve a particular gr"up #r"m p"litical p"!er ut d" n"t ma(e

c"nnecti"ns t" changes in the interpers"nal realm n"r t" the n"nmaterial

s"urces "# pers"nal emp"!erment that #eminism emphasi9es. (It must "e

noted that some women resear!hers and futurists, myself in!luded, ha$e rodu!ed

these same +inds of mas!uline s!enarios%) The transition s!enarios in the mas!ulinemode ha$e always "een far wea+er, less !on$in!in#, and less rele$ant either to the

#oal or the resent reality than are their $isions of transformed stru!tures% :n

general there is a signi5cant dis/uncture et!een the trans#"rmative

visi"ns and the plans #"r the pr"cess t" achieve them. )asculine m"dels

"# trans#"rmati"n e2hiit little "r n" c"nsiderati"n "# the pers"nal and

individual changes that !ill e re'uired. :t is m "pini"n that this

!ea(ness in !"rld "rder m"deling results #r"m the lac( "# the human*

e2plicit* ehavi"ral elements that are characteristic "# the #eminine m"de%


27/72

State Lin( Status 'u" analses "# internati"nal la! center "n the State as

the primar act"r in gl"al p"litics0this c"n5nes !"men t" a

d"mestic sphere "utside the sc"pe "# internati"nal analsis

Sassen&,O (Sas+ia, .rofessor in the ?eartment of Hr"an .lannin# at Colum"ia,9Toward a Feminist 6nalyti!s of the Alo"al B!onomy,: 4 Ind% R% Alo"al Ge#al Stud% 7DDQ-DD7)

The arti!ular form that the feminist !riti;ue of international law is ta+in# has the

e>e!t of a$oidin# the ;uestion of so$erei#nty, and the imli!ations of its un"undlin#for the emer#en!e of new a!tors in !ross-"order relations and as su"e!ts of

international law% In a !riti!al re$iew of the feminist s!holarshi on international law,

Nno notes that ersonifyin# the State has the e>e!t of denyin# the indi$idual and

!olle!ti$e identity of women within a State and a!ross States%M omen are !onEed tothe realm of the #i$en State and rendered in$isi"le from the erse!ti$e of

international law insofar as they are su"sumed under the StateMs so$erei#nty% 1er!entral ar#ument is that we need "oth a !riti!al eamination of so$erei#nty and ofthe assumtion that it ertains e!lusi$ely to the State%Q The ima!t of #lo"aliation

on so$erei#nty has "een si#niE!ant in !reatin# oerational and !on!etual oenin#s

for other a!tors and su"e!ts%Q2 Feminist readin#s that ersonify the State lea$eso$erei#nty uneamined the State remains the e!lusi$e su"e!t for international

law% This is not to deny the imortan!e of the tyes of !riti;ues e$ident in this

feminist s!holarshi% /ut when it !omes to a !riti;ue of international law, lea$in#

out the issue of so$erei#nty and ta+in# its !onEnement to the nation-state as a#i$en reresents a fall-"a!+ on statism--the le#itima!y of the State as the su"e!t of

international law re#ardless of whether it is reresentati$e of the eoleMs will, or

more fundamentally, ri#orous in its adheren!e to the re!ets of demo!rati!reresentation%Q3 hy does it matter that we de$elo a feminist !riti;ue of

so$erei#nty today in the !ontet of #lo"aliation= It matters "e!ause #lo"aliation is

!reatin# new oerational and formal oenin#s for the arti!iation of non-Statea!tors and su"e!ts% n!e the so$erei#n State is no lon#er $iewed as the e!lusi$e

reresentati$e of its oulation in the international arena, women and other non-

State a!tors !an #ain more reresentation in international law !ontri"ute to thema+in# of international law and #i$e new meanin# to older forms of international

arti!iation, su!h as womenMs lon#standin# wor+ in international ea!e e>orts%M

/eyond these issues of arti!iation and reresentation is a ;uestion a"out the

imli!ations of feminist theory for alternati$e !on!etions of so$erei#nty%Q

The state restricts and #ails t" pr"tect the interests "# !"menin the d"mestic and internati"nal realms.


28/72

Gi+e Ti!+ner, many I feminists ro"lematie the state and raise ;uestions as to itsstatus as rote!tor of women% .eterson ar#ues that, in addition to its rele#ation of

seual $iolen!e and its threat to the ri$ate domesti! realm, the state is imli!ated

in the ways that women "e!ome 9the o"e!ts of mas!ulinist so!ial !ontrol not onlythrou#h dire!t $iolen!e (murder, rae, "atterin#, in!est), "ut also throu#h

ideolo#i!al !onstru!ts * su!h as Uwomen5s wor+5 and the !ult of motherhood, that ustify stru!tural $iolen!e&inade;uate health !are, seual harassment, and se-

se#re#ated wa#es, ri#hts and resour!es: (DD2!, 4Q)% 1owe$er, while not denyin#the ossi"ility of limited rote!tion o>ered "y the state (1arrin#ton DD2), FST

!ontests the notion of rote!tion&9the e!han#e of o"edien!e8su"ordination for

(romises of) se!urity:&as a ustiE!ation for state ower (.eterson DD2!, 0)%.eterson li+ens the state5s ro$ision of se!urity for women to a rote!tion ra!+et,

9imli!ated in the rerodu!tion of hierar!hies and in the stru!tural $iolen!e a#ainst

whi!h they !laim to o>er rote!tion: (DD2!, )% In addition, Stiehm ar#ues thatthe state tyi!ally denies women the oortunity to "e so!ietal 9rote!tors,: as-

si#nin# to them the role of 9rote!ted: desite the redatory threat often osed "y

their ostensi"le #uardians (D3a)% Ao$ernmental attemts to a!hie$e total se!urity

$ersus an eternal threat !an result in redi!ta"le oression 9The ro"lem is thatthe otential $i!tim is "oth more a!!essi"le and !omliant than the marauder%

/e!ause the rote!tor is em"arrassed and frustrated "y his failure to rote!t, he

restri!ts his rote!tee instead % (373)% /y !ir!ums!ri"in# the ossi"ilities of thefemale deloyment of le#itimate for!e, the mas!uline state e>e!ti$ely denies the

de$eloment of what Stiehm !alls a 9defender: so!iety, one 9!omosed of !itiens

e;ually lia"le to eerien!e $iolen!e and e;ually resonsi"le for eer!isin# so!iety5s$iolen!e: (3Q7)%


29/72

:mpacts


30/72

:mpact3 Nuclear >ar

Acting "ut patriarchal rituals "# masculine d"minance and

ritual !ar#are is n" l"nger #easile in the !"rld "# nuclear

!eap"ns.7eard"n* 1,,

(/etty% ?ire!tor of .ea!e Bdu!ation .ro#ram at Columhia Hni$ersity, omen End

.ea!e

Feminist Kisions of Alo"al Se!urity, a#e 2D)

In an arti!le entitled L'amin# the Cultural For!es That .ush Hs Toward arL (D3),Charlene Spretna( fo!used on some of the fundamental !ultural fa!tors that

deely in*uen!e ways of thin+in# a"out se!urity% She argues that patriarchenc"urages militarist tendencies.

Since the ma/"r !ar n"! c"uld easil ring "n massive annihilati"n "#

alm"st unthin(ale pr"p"rti"ns* !h are discussi"ns in "ur nati"nal

#"rums addressing the madness "# the nuclear arms race limited t"

matters "# hard!are and statisticsB A m"re c"mprehensive analsis is

adl needed ...

A clearl visile element in the escalating tensi"ns am"ng militari9ed

nati"ns is the mach" p"sturing and the patriarchal ideal "# d"minance n"t

parit* !hich m"tivates de#ense ministers and g"vernment leaders t"

Istrut their stu6I as !e !atch !ith increasing h"rr"r.

)"st men in "ur patriarchal culture are still acting "ut "ld patterns that

are radicall inappr"priate #"r the nuclear age. T" pr"ve d"minance and

c"ntr"l* t" distance "neGs character #r"m that "# !"men* t" survive the

t"ughest vi"lent initiati"n* t" shed the sacred l""d "# the her"* t"

c"lla"rate !ith death in "rder t" h"ld it at a&all "# these patriarchal

pressures "n men have traditi"nall reached res"luti"n in ritual #ashi"n "n

the attle5eld.


31/72

hist"ricall have generated c"nsiderale pressure #"r standing armies t"

e used.

+atriarch !ill cause gl"al nuclear !ar.

Eisler* 1,-?

(iane, !odire!tor of the Center for .artnershi Studies, The Chali!e and The /lade

ur 1istory, ur Future, a#e 4)

Rust as the Nur#an in$asions trun!ated our early !ultural e$olution, t"talitarians

and !"uld&e t"talitarians still l"c( "ur cultural ev"luti"n at ever turn

t"da* aided "th "ld and ne! andr"cratic mths. :n the last #e!

centuries* the partial shi#t #r"m a d"minat"r t" a partnership s"ciet has

partl #reed humanit* all"!ing s"me m"vement t"!ard a m"re /ust and

e'ualitarian s"ciet. estern*

the asic c"mm"nalit "# t"talitarian leaders and !"uld&e leaders is their

#aith in the p"!er "# the lethal e s"lve nuclear !ar0eliminating patriarch shi#ts res"urces

#r"m techn"l"gies "# destructi"n t" techn"l"gies "# li#e.

Eisler* 1,-?

(iane, !odire!tor of the Center for .artnershi Studies, The Chali!e and The /ladeur 1istory, ur Future, a#e )


32/72

>hat* at our le$el of te!hnolo#i!al de$eloment, !"uld e the p"litical and

ec"n"mic implicati"ns "# a c"mplete shi#t #r"m a d"minat"r t" a

partnership s"cietB >e have the techn"l"gies that in a !"rld n" l"nger

g"verned the hat !e lac(* as #uturist !ritings stress again and again* is the s"cial

guidance sstem* the g"verning values* that !"uld redirect the all"cati"n

"# res"urces* including "ur advanced techn"l"gical (n"!&h"!* t" higherends.

illis 1arman, when has headed maor futurist studies at the Stanford esear!h

Institute, writes that !hat is needed&and ev"lving0is $metam"rph"sis in

asic cultural premises and all aspects "# s"cial rules and instituti"ns.I He

descries this as a ne! c"nsci"usness in !hich c"mpetiti"n !ill e

alanced !ith c""perati"n and individualism !ill e alanced !ith l"ve. :t

!ill e a Ic"smic c"nsci"usness*I a $#uller a!areness*I !hich Irelates sel#&

interest t" the interests "# #ell"! man and "# #uture generati"ns.I And it

!ill entail n"thing sh"rt "# a #undamental trans#"rmati"n "# Itrul

a!es"me magnitude.I

Similarly, in the se!ond Clu" of ome reort we read that in "rder t" av"id ma/"rregi"nal and ultimatel gl"al catastr"phe*I !e must devel"p a ne! !"rld

sstem Iguided a rati"nal master plan #"r l"ng&term "rganic gr"!th*I

held t"gether Ia spirit "# trul gl"al c""perati"n* shaped in #ree

partnership.IG This !"rld sstem !"uld e g"verned a ne! gl"al ethic

ased "n a greater c"nsci"usness "# and identi5cati"n !ith #uture as !ell

as presentati"n generati"ns and !ill re'uire c""perati"n* rather than

c"n#r"ntati"n and harm"n !ith* rather than c"n'uest "#* nature ec"me

"ur n"rmative ideals.

A stri(ing aspect "# these pr"/ecti"ns is that these #uturists d" n"t seetechn"l"g "r ec"n"mics as the main determinants "# "ur #uture. The

rec"gni9e instead that "ur r"ads t" the #uture !ill e shaped s"cial

arrangement* in "ther !"rds* that "ur #uture !ill e primaril determined

the !a !e human eings c"nceive its p"ssiilities* p"tentials* and

implicati"ns% In the words of the futurist Rohn @!1ale, Lur mental "luerints are

its "asi! a!tion ro#rams%:


33/72

/ut what is most remar+a"le is that !hat man #uturists are actuall saing&practicall* in s" man !"rds&is that !e must leave ehind the hard*

c"n'uest&"riented values traditi"nall ass"ciated !ith Imasculinit.I F"r is

n"t the need #"r a Ispirit "# trul gl"al c""perati"n* shaped in #ree

partnership*I Ia alancing "# individualism !ith l"ve*I and the n"rmative

g"al "# Iharm"n !ith rather than c"n'uest "# nature*I the reasserti"n "#a m"re I#eminine eth"sIB And t" !hat end c"uld Idrastic changes in the

n"rm stratumI "r a Imetam"rph"sis in asic cultural premises and all

aspects "# s"cial instituti"nsI relate i# n"t t" the replacement "# a

d"minat"r !ith a partnership s"cietB

The trans#"rmati"n #r"m a d"minat"r t" a partnership s"ciet !"uld

"vi"usl ring !ith it a shi#t in "ur techn"l"gical directi"n3 #r"m the use

"# advanced techn"l"g #"r destructi"n and d"minati"n t" its use #"r

sustaining and enhancing human li#e. At the same time* the !aste#ulness

and "verc"nsumpti"n that n"! r"s th"se in need !"uld als" egin t"

!ane. F"r as man s"cial c"mmentat"rs have "served* at the c"re "# "ur

>estern c"mple2 "# "verc"nsumpti"n and !aste lies the #act that !e areculturall "sessed !ith getting* uing* uilding and !asting things* as a

sustitute #"r the satis#act"r em"ti"nal relati"nships that are denied us

"y the !hild-raisin# styles and the $alues of adults in the present sstem.

6"o$e all, the shi#t #r"m andr"crac t" glan !"uld egin t" end the

p"litics "# d"minati"n and the ec"n"mics "# e2pl"itati"n that in "ur !"rld

still g" hand in hand% For as Rohn Stuart @ill ointed out o$er a !entury a#o in his

#round"rea+in# .rin!iles of .oliti!al B!onomy, the way e!onomi! resour!es aredistri"uted is a fun!tion not of some in*ei"le e!onomi! laws, "ut of oliti!al-that is,

human&!hoi!es%


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:mpact3 Ui"lence

The patriarch itsel# is a #"rm "# vi"lence.

7eard"n* 1,,

(/etty, ?ire!tor of .ea!e Bdu!ation .ro#ram at Colum"ia Hni$ersity, omen and

.ea!e

Feminist Kisions of Alo"al Se!urity, a#e 4)

hile a !omrehensi$e !on!et of ea!e far more than the a"sen!e of war is thenotion that informs and moti$ates most of the womenMs ea!e mo$ement, war

itself, the oliti!al uses of armed !on*i!t, is the startin# oint of the sear!h for

ea!e for ea!e will ultimately deend on the a"olition of war, the ne#ation of

armed !on*i!t% The Eeld of ea!e resear!h has identiEed this ne#ation as ne#ati$eea!e% 'e#ati$e ea!e, it has "een asserted, is essential to the trans!enden!e of all

other forms of $iolen!e and, it is ar#ued, it is $iolen!e, not !on*i!t, that is the !ore

issue to "e addressed in !onfrontin# the ro"lem of war% Feminists, ese!ially,argue that there is a #undamental interrelati"nship am"ng all #"rms "#

vi"lence* and that vi"lence is a ma/"r c"nse'uence "# the imalance "# a

male&d"minated s"ciet. F"rce "# vari"us tpes* #r"m the intimidati"n "#

rape t" the s"cial imp"siti"n "# dependenc* maintains this alance* :n

itsel#* the patriarch is a #"rm "# vi"lence%

ar has always "een the most well or#anied and destru!ti$e form of $iolen!e inwhi!h human "ein#s ha$e en#a#ed, 1owe$er, phsical "r direct vi"lence*

particularl militar vi"lence* in the t!entieth centur appears t" e m"revaried and is certainl m"re s"ciall destructive than it has ever een.

Armed c"n=ict itsel# is a c"mm"n c"nditi"n "# li#e thr"ugh"ut the !"rld.

IL"! intensit c"n=ict%* the c"nstant and pervasive !ar#are that has

plagued Central America* the +hilippines* and "ther areas !here internal

vi"lence and "ther struggles characteri9e p"litics* has ec"me the rn"st

c"mm"n #"rm "# !ar in "ur time. :t is !aged g"vernments* p"litical

#acti"ns and $drug l"rds%. Such Icivil% c"n=icts* and the e2cessive

vi"lence that currentl plagues uran s"ciet* ta(e m"re civilian lives than

lives "# c"matants* and disrupt and dease the li#e "# entire s"cieties. For

eamle, #unE#hts ha$e o!!urred "etween ri$al #an#s in !ities !hildren ha$e "een

shot on lay#rounds and ha$e shot ea!h other in their s!hools% In the fall ofDD,the 'ew or+ Times reorted that many !hildren, some as youn# as nine, !arry #unsfor Lrote!tion:%

hile the media and oli!yma+ers fo!us more on the maor e$ents of armed !on*i!t

amon# nations, su!h as that whi!h has +et the @iddle Bast In a !onstant state ofhostility, these other in!idents of warfare #o on una"ated%


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4irect intenti"nal vi"lence "# this (ind is evidence "# a militari9ed s"ciet*

"ne in !hich the p"!er "# c"erci"n is the main s"cial currenc* and "ne

#r"m !hich numer"us "ther #"rms "# vi"lence are c"nd"ned. >hile states

c"ntinue t" rel "n !ar #"r their ultimate de#ense* the als" c"ntinue t"

claim the s"le right t" use such "rgani9ed vi"lence. )aintaining the claim

perpetuates the instituti"n itsel# that "th sancti"ns and inspires a level"# vi"lence that the state can n" l"nger c"ntr"l%


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:mpact3 Fascism

The m"del "# )an as 4"minat"r is resp"nsile #"r #ascism.

Eisler* 1,-?

(iane, !odire!tor of the Center for .artnershi Studies, The Chali!e and The /lade

ur 1istory, ur Future, a#e lQQ%)

The m"dern rise "# #ascism and "ther rightist ide"l"gies is m"st lamented

th"se !h" still har"r h"pe that !e ma c"ntinue "ur cultural

ev"luti"n. The n"te !ith alarm that rightist ide"l"gies that reimp"se

auth"ritarianism and push us ac( t" a time "# even greater in/ustice and

ine'ualit% They are arti!ularly alarmed "y the unilateralism of ri#htists and

neori#htists, their idealiation of $iolen!e, "loodshed and war, re!o#niin# the

imminent dan#er this way of thin+in# to our safety and sur$i$al% /ut there is a thirdase!t of ri#htist ideolo#y that is rarely noted% This is that rightists&all the !a

#r"m the American 7ight at the end "# this centur t" the Acti"n Franc"

used at its start&n"t "nl accept* ut "penl rec"gni9e the sstems

relati"nship et!een male d"minance* !ar#are* and auth"ritarianism%

:# !e "/ectivel ree2amine the p"litical regimes "# m"dern times* !e see

that it is n" accident that rigid male d"minance* and !ith it the d"minance

"# ImasculineI values* have mar(ed s"me "# the m"st vi"lent and

repressive m"dem regimes. This !as the case in Hitler;s @erman* in

Franc"Gs Spain* and in )uss"liniGs :tal. Su!h reressi$e re#imes as those of Idi6min in 6fri!a, \ia-ul-1a; in .a+istan, 6;iil in the est Indies, and Ceauses!u in

omania further illustrates the oint%


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:mpact3 4ipl"mac

+atriarchal plaacting (ills dipl"mac.

C"hn et al. PP

(Carol CohnOSenior esear!h S!holar in .oliti!al S!ien!e, ellesley Colle#e Senior

esear!her, Flet!her S!hool of Gaw and ?iloma!y&TuftsP, Feli!ity 1ill O.ea!e

and Se!urity 6d$iser, Hnited 'ations ?e$eloment Fund for omenP, and Sara

uddi!+ O.rofessor Bmeritus of .hilosohy and omyn5s Studies, The 'ew S!hool for

So!ial esear!hP, The ele$an!e of Aender for Bliminatin# eaons of @ass

?estru!tion, eaons of @ass ?estru!tion Commission Q-7, 2 Rune 200, a$aila"leat htt88www%wmd!ommission%or#8Eles8'o3%df)

/y !orrelation, alth"ugh the practice "# dipl"mac is als" ritualised andmasculinised in man !as* S culture has never acc"rded dipl"mac the

str"ng* muscular attriutes that are heaped "n s"ldiering. S m"vies are

n"t 5lled !ith ra!n m"vie stars plaing her"es in the dipl"matic c"rps.

)anl acti"n her"es seld"m carr rie#cases (unless they are under!o$er

Rames /onds. N"r d" the* in the cultural meanings "# masculinit

d"minant in the nited States* ma(e treaties and $depend% "n the "ther

parties t" h"n"ur their "ligati"ns under th"se treaties% This oint was

a!utely reresented in a re!ent oliti!al !artoon in a HS newsaer that featured

the earth as a i#saw ule with one ie!e missin# from the !entre% .resident

Aeor#e % /ush was dei!ted wal+in# away with that ie!e under his arm sayin#,9treaties are for wims:%

In other words, c"nsulting* neg"tiating* ac(n"!ledging interdependence

and !"rst "# all depending "n "thers* are activities that are culturall

mar(ed d"!n as !ea( and lac(ing in masculinit. :n the S cultural and

sm"lic sstem* tring t" get !hat "u !ant tal(ing and persuading*

depending* trusting and c"mpr"mising is #eminine8 having the p"!er t"

en#"rce "ur !ill is much m"re masculine.


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Alternatives


39/72

Alternative3 >"rld >ith"ut Ui"lence

The alternative is t" emrace li#e and c"nceptuali9e a !"rld

!ith"ut vi"lence.

7eard"n* 1,,

(/etty, ?ire!tor of .ea!e Bdu!ation .ro#ram at Colum"ia Hni$ersity, omen and.ea!e

Feminist Kisions of Alo"al Se!urity, a#e 3M)

The ultimate and #undamental value that in#"rms !"menGs peace e6"rts is

the sanctit "# all li#e* including the lives "# th"se !h"m militaristic

thin(ing designates as enemies% For eamle, it was womenMs #rous who so+emost for!efully of the !allous la!+ of !on!ern for the thousands of Ira;i !i$ilian li$es

ehi"ited in the use of e!essi$e for!e to eel the o!!uyin# for!es of Ira; from

Nuwait in Ranuary and Fe"ruary DD% These vie!s and values are verdi6erent #r"m th"se that n"! g"vern securit p"lic ma(ing. Current

p"lic ma(ers d" n"t seem t" e ale t" envisi"n a trul di6erent !"rld*

"ne that is authenticall secure* peace#ul* and humane. :n $The Ne! >"rld

rder% the seem t" see a #uture ver much the same as the present* !ith

min"r ad/ustments in p"!er arrangements still held in place #"rce "r

the threat "# #"rce t" e applied !ith the sancti"n "# the nited Nati"ns.

The seld"m grasp the p"ssiilities #"r alternatives t" arms and vi"lence

in e2treme c"n=ict situati"ns. >"men (n"! the !"rld can e verdi6erent* and the can and d" envisi"n alternative #utures in !hich the

pe"ples "# the !"rld can live t"gether as t" enhance the 'ualit "# li#e #"r

all. >"men have c"nceptuali9ed a peace#ul !"rld* n"t "ne !ith"ut c"n=ict*

ut as "ne !ith"ut vi"lence. >"menGs visi"ns "# the #uture inv"lve the

achievement "# authentic* c"mprehensive gl"al securit. Such visi"ns

are evident in the emergent #rame!"r( "# gl"al securit that can e

discemed in !"men;s ma/"r campaigns and acti"ns #"r peace* /ustice* and

the envir"nment%


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Alternative3 +ers"nal Change+ers"nal relati"nal change must precede structural change s"

as t" av"id eing dictated structures.

7eard"n* -


System, Syra!use Hni$ersity .ress, # 3-4)

For me* trans#"rmati"n inv"lves a pr"#"und cultural change "# such

c"nse'uence and dimensi"n as t" c"nstitute a di6erent !"rld. S"cial and

p"litical instituti"ns certainl !"uld have t" e changed radicall* ut*

m"re signi5cantl* s" t"" !"uld human relati"ns* "th s"cial and

pers"nal. ) pre#erred #uture is "ne !ith"ut se2ism "r racism* !hich

am"ng "ther attriutes "# the present : h"pe t" see anished #r"m that

di6erent !"rld. This would mean a $ery di>erent way of relatin# to others, e$enfor those $ery few who had not in retransformation days "een a]i!ted with those

arti!ular so!ial diseases%

Structural design certainl 5gures int" m n"ti"n "# trans#"rmati"n* ut

its r"le in the t"tal change pr"cess is sec"ndar t" that "# signi5cant

changes in human relati"ns. The #undamental values "# e'uit and

mutualit* !hich : adv"cate as the n"rms t" guide the changes* !"uld "#

necessit als" in=uence s"cial and p"litical structures. The structural

changes* h"!ever* sh"uld emerge #r"m the changing relati"ns rather than

c"ming pri"r t" them. :n "ther !"rds* structures sh"uld #acilitate human

relati"ns and give instituti"nal #"rm t" the #undamental values rather than

dictate and c"ntr"l relati"ns and values as the have in male&d"minateds"ciet% Thus a "luerint is not art of these re*e!tions on the ;uestion oftransformation% The emphasis here is m"re "n the need #"r pers"nal and

relati"nal change. :# !e cann"t change "urselves* : d"ut !e can change

the !"rld%

Structural change that is n"t c"upled !ith pers"nal human

change is ine6ective.

7eard"n* -

(/etty, ?ire!tor of .ea!e Bdu!ation .ro#ram at Colum"ia, Seism and the arSystem, Syra!use Hni$ersity .ress, # )

It has lon# "een my "elief that authentic trans#"rmati"n "# the gl"al "rder is

as much a matter "# em"ti"nal maturit as "# structural change% The cru2"# the argument set forth in this "oo+, that neither se2ism n"r the !ar

sstem can e "verc"me independentl #r"m the "ther* lies in the


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assumpti"n that structural* even rev"luti"nar* changes in the pulic

"rder !ith"ut signi5cant inner pschic changes in human eings !ill e

ine6ective, old wine in new "ottles% Authentic trans#"rmati"ns have "ccurred

"nl !hen pe"ple themselves have changed their !"rld vie!s* their

values* and their ehavi"rs as a asis #"r change in the s"cial and p"litical

structures. Such change usuall inv"lve the s"ciet c"ming t" perceiveitsel# as a mani#estati"n "# a ne! set "# human* s"metimes c"smic*

relati"nships. This assumtion a"out the interrelati"nship "# pers"nal andp"litical change, whi!h has "een a maor in*uen!e on my aroa!h to ea!e

edu!ation, egan as an intuiti"n ut has ev"lved int" a #undamental

hp"thesis, one that is shared "y other feminists%

This hp"thesis is !hat lies at the ase "# #eminist insistence that the

pers"nal circumstances "# !"men have p"litical r""ts and p"litical

signi5cance. :t is central t" !hat s"me have perceived as an in"rdinate

#eminist emphasis "n speci5c details "# pers"nal relati"nships et!eenmen and !"men and pre"ccupati"n !ith d"mestic s"cial and ec"n"mic

p"licies that a6ect the everda 'ualit "# li#e #"r !"men. Child care*

a"rti"n rights* and pament #"r h"use!"r(* alth"ugh c"nceptuali9ed and

e2pressed in terms "# impr"ving !"men;s l"t* are at ase as structural as

the c"ncerns !ith such issues as peace&(eeping #"rces and ad/udicati"n

pr"cedures that !"rld "rder m"dels have emphasi9ed.


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Alternative3 Trans#"rmati"n

Feminist m"dels are (e t" trans#"rmati"n ecause "ppressi"n

and militarism are interrelated0"nl #eminist vie!p"ints

"serve the interrelati"n and s"lve the r""t "# the pr"lem.7eard"n* -


System, Syra!use Hni$ersity .ress, # 2)

@y re*e!tions durin# these years ha$e "een related rimarily to the a!tual and

otential roles of women and women5s mo$ements in the ro!ess of stru!turaltransformation, whi!h the world order mo$ement&!omrisin# s!holars and a!ti$ists

see+in# to end war and oression&sees as fundamental to the a!hie$ement of

ea!e% These re*e!tions on the need for women5s erse!ti$es and arti!iation inthe transformational ro!ess ha$e led me to re!o#nie the !ommon !hara!teristi!sand manifestations of women5s oression and warfare% It is !lear that

interrelationshis eist "etween !ontemorary militariation and other rea!tionary

trends, in!ludin# oosition to women5s stru##le for e;uality% 6 few feminist ea!eresear!hers, in fa!t, ha$e mo$ed from dis!ilined se!ulation to serious su"stanti$e

study re#ardin# the !auses of "oth seism and the war system, their !ommon

!hara!teristi!s, and the interrelationshis "etween seist oression andmilitariation% I ha$e !ome to "elie$e that the two ro"lems not only are

sym"ioti!ally related, "ut are twin manifestations of the same underlyin# !ause%

This re;uires that they "e $iewed as twin, not searate, ro"lems% They should

!ommand simultaneous and e;ual attention from those Eelds of resear!h,edu!ation, and oliti!al a!tion that urort to "e de$oted to their a"olition%


43/72

Alternative3 S"lves 7ules

7ules and structures are essential t" auth"ritarianism. The K

s"lves the a6 ecause a #eminist perspective !"uld end

e2isting rules t" s"lve the advantages0the a6 can;t s"lve theK ecause it relies "n structural hierarchies t" s"lve.

7eard"n* -


System, Syra!use Hni$ersity .ress, # 30-3)

Care and c"ncern tend t" e pers"n& and relati"nship&"riented rather than

structures& and rules&"riented. >hen the structures "r rules are seen as

harm#ul t" pers"ns, arti!ularly related ersons (friends, family, deendents), a

#eminine perspective !"uld end the rules "r g" ar"und the structures.

n'uesti"ning adherence t" rules "r structures is essential t"

auth"ritarianism. S"cial /ustice depends m"re "n respect #"r pers"ns and

is less astract than /ustice un'uali5ed ecause it can e c"nceived and

descried in pers"nal terms "# c"ncrete human e2perience.

Auth"ritarianism generall ign"res s"cial /ustice issues in these human

terms. Fre'uentl* h"!ever* especiall in s"cialisticall "riented

auth"ritarian g"vernments the s"cial /ustice issues are translated int"

ec"n"mic* structural issues. S" !hile !"men and min"rities still ma e

su/ect t" "ther #"rms "# "ppressi"n* the are less li(el t" e desperatel

p""r. The ec"n"mic ene5ts are* h"!ever* c"nceived and distriuted in

astract categ"ries* usuall de5ned acc"rding t" ec"n"mic #uncti"n (thatis, fa!tory wor+er, tea!her, deendent !hildren)% Cle$er authoritarian states

sometimes e$en !an resent the ima#e of !arin#% This is more easily a!!omlished

if the authority is a woman or has a 9de$oted wife and helmate:% There are morere!ent eamles, "ut B$a .eron is still a shinin# eamle of that !lass%


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AT3 A6 Args


45/72

AT3 >hite Feminism

The K the Ne2t Step in "men T"gether0

rec"gni9ing gender di6erences (e.

Gindsey erent

e!onomi! !lasses, di>erent ra!es, di>erent ri$ile#es and statuses% omen, with all of our di>eren!esa!!ounted for, !an a!hie$e a feminist solidarity for so!ial and le#al transformation%

Aender di>eren!e theories, whi!h in$esti#ate and wor+ from these a!+nowled#ed

!ommonalities amon# women, ro$ide a ri!h $ein (a mother lode) for us to ta inour re!onstru!ti$e and transformati$e e>orts%J B$en thou#h some feminist theories

may "e so ad$an!ed that they triumh o$er #ender di>eren!e analysis, the

histori!al and arti!ularied !ontet of the DD0s in whi!h feminists are wor+in# foris mired in the !onse;uen!es and eerien!es of #ender di>eren!es% In re*e!tin# onfeminisms !ontri"utions in the D0s and en$isionin# its future for the DD0s and "eyond, I want to share some of

my thou#hts a"out the !ontinued usefulness of a theory sown in the Eeld of #ender di>eren!es% hether we li+e it

or not, #ender is still (and histori!ally has "een) an or#aniin# !on!et in our so!iety% e

ha$e no !hoi!e "ut to wor+ and theorie for !han#e from a osition within a "i-olar

#ender system% e !an !hallen#e a di!hotomied thin+in# and "i-olar su"stanti$e!onstru!tion, "ut we !annot i#nore is systemati!, oliti!al, ra!ti!al, and li$ed

eerien!e% Aender may not "e a uniEed !on!et or seara"le eerien!e, "ut it is a !oherent, fun!tional srin#"oard for !han#e% /y !om"inin#what we #ain from eistin# di>eren!es analyses with a dominan!e (or ower) analysis and emhasiin# feminist methods, we !an desi#n a usefultheoreti!al "ase for our net de!ade% I refer to !all this

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GDI 2015 - Feminist Jurisprudence K