gdr lihr dI kivqf - sukhwanthundal.files.wordpress.com filegdr lihr dI kivqf –kysr isMG kysr 3 vqn – , " qihq gLdr dI gUMj nF dIaF swq pusqkF vI Cfp ky vMzIaF geIaF sn. lVI nM:

gdr lihr dI kivqf –kysr isMG kysr vqn – www.watanpunjabi.ca

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gdr lihr dI kivqf

(izjItl aYzIs Ln)

k ysr is MG k ysr

sMn 1995 ivwc pMjfbI XUnIvristI pitaflf ny gdr lihr dIaF kivqfvF df sMgRih ‘gdr lihr dI kivqf’ dy nF hyT Cfipaf sI. ies sMgRih dIaF kivqfvF nUM iekwqr krn df kMm igafnI kysr isMG nfvilst ny kIqf sI. ies ikqfb dI 72 sPy lMmI BUimkf kysr isMG kysr ny ilKI sI. ies BUimkf ivwc AuhnF ny gdr lihr dI kivqf dy vwK vwK pwKF bfry bhuq hI mhwqvpUrn jfxkfrI pRdfn kIqI sI. ies ivcfr nfl ik ieh BUimkf afnlfeIn vwD qoN vwD pfTkF nUM pRfpq ho sky, asIN ies nUM vqn dy sfeIt (www.watanpunjabi.ca) `qy ilKqI aqy pI zI aYP rUp ivwc Cfp rhy hF. – suKvMq huMdl aqy sfDU ibinMg, sMpfdk vqn.

p Rkfs Lk: vqn (afnlfeIn p MjfbI m Ygj L In) 2016


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gdr lihr dI kivqf

k ysr is MG k ysr

1857 dy gLdr, gLdr pfrtI qy smuwcI gLdr lihr ny brqfnvI gulfmI dy ivruwD ihMdosqfn dI afjLfdI leI lgBg iek sdI jo jdojihd kIqI Aus nUM suqMqr Bfrq dI srkfr, mohrI pfrtIaF qy akfdimk adfiraF ny jy axgOilaf nhIN rwiKaf qF Gtf ky jLrUr dyiKaf hY. sLhIdy-afjLm srdfr Bgq isMG ny 1857 dy gLdr df ijLkr kridaF mfrc 1928 dy ikrqI ivwc iliKaf sI:

ies jMg (1857) dy nfkfmXfb hox `qy ijhVf jLulm aqy aiqafcfr bygunfh ihMdosqfnIaF `qy Zfihaf igaf Aus dy ilKx leI nf qF sfzy ivwc hONslf hY aq nf iksy hor ivwc hI. ieh sB kuJ ihMdosqfn dy afjLfd hox `qy iliKaf jfvygf.

pr hYrfnI huMdI hY ik ijs nUM kfrl mfrks, vIr sfvrkr qy Bgq isMG ny ihMdosqfn dI pihlI jMgy-afjLfdI ikhf Aus dy sfry qwQF qy pihlUaF dI Koj qy prK krky Aus dy ieiqhfsk-rfjnIqk mhwqv nUM AuGfVn ivwc sfzI ieiqhfskfrI (iewky-duwky XqnF nUM Cwz ky) smuwcy qOr `qy asPl rhI hY. 1928 ivwc hI ihMdI pqRkf, cFd dy PFsI aMk ivwc nvIN gLdr lihr dy iek sLhId, blvMq isMG Kurdpur bfry afpxy PrjLI nF ‘m uk u Md’ vloN ilKidaF iksy ienklfbI ny pUry XkIn nfl ikhf sI:

suqMqr Bfrq afpxy suqMqrqf sMgrfm dIaF ienHF aduwqI GtnfvF nUM Xfd kiraf krygf. Aus smyN dy ieiqhfskfr nUM hI ienHF sB gwlF df KUb ivsQfr nfl aqy vfsqivk rUp ivwc ilK skx df suavsr imlygf.

pr asIN dyK hI rhy hF ik suqMqrqf pRfpqI dI awDI sdI bfad vI ies lihr dIaF isafsI kurbfnIaF, ieiqhfsk rol qy siBafcfr dyx vwl Auh qvwjo nhIN idwqI geI jo dyxI cfhIdI sI. hF, kuJ gLYr-srkfrI qy ivakqIgq XqnF nfl ienHF sLhIdF dIaF XfdgfrF kfiem hoeIaF hn (ijnHF nUM ipwCoN srkfrF ny vI mfnqf idwqI hY), ieiqhfs ilKy gey hn qy ies lihr nfl sMbMDq sfihq (ivsLysL krky kysr isMG dy nfvl) ricaf igaf hY. smyN qy sQfn dI idRsLtI qoN gLdr pfrtI qy gLdr-lihr df Gyrf bhuq ivsLfl sI. smyN ivwc ieh 1857- qoN 1950-51 qwk qy sQfn ivwc pMjfb qoN lY aMqrrfsLtrI idshwidaF qwk PYlI hoeI sI. hQlI pusqk ivwc gLdr lihr dI kivqf nUM iek QF iekwqr krky ies lihr dy siBafcfrk qy sfihqk mhwqv vwl iDafn duafAux df Auprflf kIqf igaf hY. ies sMgRih qoN pihlF gdrI-kfiv dy hyT ilKy sMkln pRkfsLq ho cuwky hn: (1) g Ldr dI g U Mj (lVI nM[ 1 qoN 7): amrIkf siQq gLdr pfrtI ny spqfihk qy mfhvfrI pwqrF dy nfl nfl kuJ ikqfbcy Cfp ky vMzx df jo pRogrfm bxfieaf sI Aus dy


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qihq gLdr dI g U Mj nF dIaF swq pusqkF vI Cfp ky vMzIaF geIaF sn. lVI nM: 6 dI dUjI aYzIsLn (1933) dy sPf 15 AuWqy pusqkF dy iesLiqhfr ivwc iliKaf imldf hY: “[[[ ‘gLdr gUMjF’ jo swq nMbr qwk Cwp cuwkIaF hn qy pYhlf, dUsrf qy cOQf nMbr AurdU ivwc BI iml skdIaF hn.” dunIaf dy sB dysLF ivwc, ijwQy vI pMjfbI vsdy sn, ieh muPq vMzIaF jFdIaF sn. ies gwl dI gvfhI pRfpq gUMjF dy AuWqy ilKI igxqI qoN imldI hY:

gUMj n[M 1 (1914): ds hjLfr gUMj nM[ 2 (1916): igafrF hjLfr gUMj nM[ 3 (1918): ds hjLfr gUMj nM[ 6 (dUjIvfr, soD ky, 1913): pMdrF hjLfr gUMj nM[ 7 (1931): pMJI hjLfr

ieh swqy sMgRih dys-prdys ivwc rihMdy pMjfbIaF leI dysL-ipafr qy lok ihwqF dy pRyrk bxy, pr pMjfbI sfihq dy ieiqhfsF ivwc ienHF df avwl qF koeI ijLkr hY nhIN, jy hY qF mfmUlI. ies df vwzf kfrn qF ieho hY ik gLdr-kfiv df prsfr qy prcfr BumIgq hI huMdf irhf, bfhr ies nUM srkfr jLbq kr lYNdI sI. sLfied iesy leI hux vI cOQI qy pMjvIN gUMj durlwB hY. ieh dovyN gUMjF, kysr isMG (‘gLdr lihr dI kivqf’ dy sMgRihkfr) nUM vI pRfpq nhIN ho skIaF. ies qoN pihlF igafnI hIrf isMG drd vI afpxI qlfsL qoN bfad iesy nqIjy `qy phuMcy sn:

gLdr gUMj nM[ 4 qy 5 dI koeI kfpI hflF qwk pRfpq nhIN ho skI. ieh 1920 qy 1930 dy drimafn pRkfsLq hoeIaF sn. (pMjfbI dunIaf, julfeI 1960, pM[ 8)

ienHF gUMjF ivwc gLdr pfrtI dy aKbfrF ivwc CpIaF kivqfvF ivwcoN coxvIaF kivqfvF pRkfsLq kIqIaF jFdIaF sn. pRfpq gUMjF ivwc 126 kivqfvF sLfml hn, ijnHF ivwcoN hQly sMgRih ivwc Auh hI kivqfvF sLfml kIqIaF geIaF hn jo pfrtI-pwqrF ivwcoN nhIN imlIaF. gUMj nM[ 6 qy 7 dIaF sfrIaF kivqfvF sLfml kIqIaF jf rhIaF hn. gdr dI gUMj dy srvrk AuWqy, afm krky, pfrtI df kOmI jYkfrf (bMdy mfqRm) qy pfrtI df insLfn (ihMdosqfn dy sLyrmUMhy nksLy AuWqy qlvfr DUhI KloqI Bfrq mfqf) Cipaf huMdf sI. gUMj nM[ 6 dy dUjy aYzIsLn dy tfeItl sPy AuWqy BfeI Bgvfn isMG ‘pRIqm’ dI qsvIr CpI hoeI hY. ies ivwc ieko lMmI kivqf hY. sLfied ieh pUrI kivqf hI BfeI Bgvfn isMG dI rcnf hovy, pr awD qwk Aupnfm ‘pRIqm’ afAuNdf hY aqy awD qoN bfad ‘iekbfl’. ‘iekbfl’ qKLwls zf[ Bfg isMG df sI. ies qoN ieh vI iswtf inkldf hY ik ieh ienHF dohF dI sFJI rcnf hY. swqvIN gUMj dy srvrk AuWqy kOmI JMzf qy JMzy dy ivckfr Bfrq df nksLf hY. (dyKo aMqkf nM[ 2) (2) b wbr g U Mj: ieh gwl ieiqhfsk qOr `qy iswD ho cuwkI hY ik pMjfb dI bwbr akflI lihr dy ipwCy mUl pRyrnf gLdrIaF qy gLdr pfrtI dI sI. ies lihr dy moZIaF ivwc keI purfxy gdrI sn. AuNj vI, “1920 qoN bfad afjLfdI dIaF blvfn lihrF ivwc ‘gLdr gUMjF’ dIaF ienklfbI kivqfvF gUMjdIaF njLr af rhIaF hn.” (hIrf isMG drd) gLdr lihr qy bwbr lihr dI sFJ df iewQoN vI pqf lgdf hY ik jdoN bwbr lihr mwTI pY geI qF amrIkf ivwc rihMdy gLdrIaF ny sMn 1925 ivwc gLdr dy dPqr, 5, vuwz strIt, sfnPrFissko qoN hI bwbrF dIaF kivqfvF b wbr g U Mj dy nF hyT pRkfsLq kIqIaF qy ies dI


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BUimkf ivwc iliKaf: “bwbrF dI Xfd nUM qfjLf rwKx vfsqy ieh gUMj ilKI jFdI hY. asIN amYd krdy hF ik sB BfeI eys nUM pRym nfl pVHngy qy AuhnF dI siprt nUM rYHNdy idnF qwk cyqy rwKxgy.” ies b wbr g U Mj dIaF sfrIaF kivqfvF hwQly sMgRih ivwc muV dUjI vfr pRkfsLq ho rhIaF hn. (3) g LdrI q y kfmf (s Mp[ k ysr is MG, avfmI ip R M it Mg p R Ys jlMDr): ies pusqk ivc do gLdrI jF gLdr ihqYsLI ipE-puwqrF, bfbf inrMjn isMG iZwloN (Aupnfm ‘ihMd syvk’) qy gurdyv isMG iZloN (Aupnfm ‘Xkdm’) dIaF kivqfvF nUM iekwqr krky Cfipaf igaf hY. ieh gLdr lihr dy dUjy dOr dy kvI hn qy ienHF dIaF kuJ kivqfvF mfsk ih Md osqfn g Ldr q y g Ldr dI g U Mj n M [ 7 ivwc pRkfsLq hoeIaF sn. (4) b wbr-kfiv-sMg R ih (s Mp[ zf[ g urcrn is MG, srkfrI kflj, j L Irf): ieh inwkI ijhI pusqk ‘afjLfdI Bfvnf kfiv-lVI’ dI Xojnf qihq pMjfbI XUnIvristI, pitaflf vloN 1988 ivwc pRkfsLq hoeI. ies ivwc arjn isMG gVgwj, suMdr isMG mKLsUspurI, iksLn isMG gVgwj AurP ‘cwkrvrqI’, krm isMG bwbr, nMd isMG GiVafl, DMnf isMG bihblpur, bMqf isMG syvk (DfmIaF), bfbU sMqf isMG inDVk, hrbMs isMG isrhflf qy hrI isMG KMzf AurP cylf dIaF kivqfvF drj hn. (5)m uns L f is MG d uKI (jIvn q y rcnf): svrn isMG snyhI dI ilKI ieh pusqk vI 1990 ivwc pMjfbI XUnIvristI, pitaflf vloN pRkfsLq hoeI hY. ies dy swqvyN aiDafie ivwc ‘duKI’ dIaF kuJ coxvIaF kivqfvF drj hn. (6) zfierI bfbf hrI is MG A usmfn (s Mp[ p R o [ mliv MdrjIq is MG): ‘PkIr’ qKwls hyT ilKIaF bfbf jI dIaF kuJ kivqfvF ies ivwc idwqIaF geIaF hn. (7) d ys L BgqF dI bfxI: bfbf Bgq isMG iblgf dy jqnF nfl, ieh pusqk dysL Bgq Xfdgfr kmytI, jlMDr, vloN CfpI geI hY. ies ivwc pihlIaF iqMn gUMjF dIaF sfrIaF kivqfvF, ibnF iksy ivsLlysLx dy, dubfrf iek ijld ivwc Cfp idwqIaF hn. Xfdgfr kmytI dy siBafcfrk ivBfg dy skwqr, gurmIq, ny kmytI dIaF XojnfvF df vyrvf idMdy hoey, nyV BivwK ivwc ‘afjLfdI gUMj’ dy aMk pRkfsLq krn df sMkyq vI idwqf hY. (iek knso ieh vI hY ik ‘gLdr dI gUMj’ dI cOQI qy pMjvIN lVI df nf hI ‘afjLfdI dI gUMj rwiKaf igaf sI). ienHF kivqfvF df ivsQfr-pUrbk ivsLlysLx krn leI ienHF nUM hwQly sMgRih ivwc sLfml kIqf igaf hY. gLdr lihr dI smuwcI kivqf dy pRkfsLn qy ivsLlysLx ivwc ieMnI dyr ho jfx df vwzf kfrn qF ies lihr df BUmIgq hoxf hI hY. igafnI hIrf isMG drd dy kQn anusfr, 1914 ivwc jdoN gLdrI gLdr mcfAux leI Bfrq af rhy sn qF Auh gLdr-sfihq dy sMdUk Br ky nfl ilaf rhy sn, pr puils qlfsLIaF dy zroN “ienklfbI iltrycr dy Bry hoey sMdUk smuMdr dI ByNt kr idwqy gey.” (pMjfbI dunIaf, PrvrI 1960, pM[ 13). dUjf kfrn ‘aihMsf pUjk’ srkfrF dy byruKLI qy ividak adfiraF df afls vI ho skdf hY. Bgq isMG iblgf df ieh isLkvf jfiejL hY ik “rfj Bfg qy XUnIvristIaF dy vqIry nUM qF asloN mujrmfnf axdyKI ikhf jf skdf hY.” qy mYnUM XkIn hY ik pMjfbI XUnIvristI, pitaflf, hwQly kfiv-sMgRih nUM Cfp ky XUnIvristI dy dfmn qoN ieh dfg Do suwtygI.


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ies sMgRih dI kivqf nUM iekwqr krn df bIVf pMjfbI dy pRiswD nfvlkfr, kysr isMG (knyzf) AurPL igafnI kysr isMG ny iek dhfkf pihlF cuwikaf sI. s ud ys L s yvk, snsfr, g Ldr, ih Md osqfn g Ldr, ih Md osqfn, ie MzIaf a Y Nz k Yn yzf, s os Ll s uDfr, b wbr g U Mj, g Ldr dI g U Mj, afid ivwcoN ieh kivqfvF Aus ny afpxy pwilEN hjLfrF zflr Krc krky Poto kfpI krvfeIaF qy jdoN ienHF nUM pRkfsLq krn df iksy pRkfsLk ny hONslf nf kIqf qF Auh kdy BivwK ivwc pRkfsLq krn dy ivcfr nfl ieh sfrI smwgrI mYnUM sMBfl igaf. Pyr Aus ny ies nUM Cfpx leI afp hI pMjfbI XUnIvristI nfl gwl kIqI qy XUnIvristI vwloN ies nUM sMpfidq krky Cpx-Xog bxfAux dI ijLMmyvfrI mYnUM sONpI geI. awz-awz QFvF qoN mfeIkro-jLIrfks krvfeIaF ienHF kivqfvF nUM pVHn ivwc musLikl afAuNdI sI. mYN ienHF nUM tfiep krvf ky qy kfl-kRm ivwc qrqIbvfr krky, mUl KrVy nfl imlf ky soiDaf hY. ijhVIaF kivqfvF iksy kfrn dUhrI vfr drj ho geIaF sn, AunHF nUM CFitaf qy hr kivqf dy hyTF kvI df nf (jF PrjLI nF) qy aKbfr ivwc Cpx dI imqI idwqI hY. kivqfvF ivwc afey kuJ aOKy sLbdF dy arQ vI pYr-itwpxIaF ivwc idwqy gey hn. ivsQfr-meI BUimkf ilK ky ies kivqf dy ieiqhfsk pirpyK, rfjnIqk sMdrB, siBafcfrk srokfr qy sfihqk muwl df inrxf krn df Xqn vI kIqf igaf hY. aMqkf ivwc kuJ kvIaF dI sMKyp jfx-pCfx, pRmwK sfihqk/pwqrkfrk kfimaF dIaF qsvIrF, pwqrF dy srvrkF dIaF PotoaF, kuJ hwQ ilKqF dIaF PootoaF, kivqfvF df qqkrf qy anukRmxI idwqy gey hn. bqOr sMpfdk myry vwloN kIqf ieh sfrf kMm pfTk dI suivDf leI qy ies kivqf dy nYx-nksLF nUM ilsLkfAux leI kIqI bfhrlI pocf-pfcI hY, asl qy buinafdI kMm ies sMgRihkfr, igafnI kysr isMG df hY. (mYN afpxy vwloN ies ivwc koeI kivqf sLfml nhIN kIqI. bysLwk mYnUM pqf hY ik pMjfb dI ikrqI-iksfn lihr dI pwqrkfrI dy ipwCy vI gLdrIaF dI rfjnIqI qy mfiek shfieqf df hwQ sI qy ikrqI lihr dI kivqf vI gLdr lihr dI kivqf ivwc sLfml hoxI cfhIdI hY. afjLfdI dy sMgrfm nfl sMbMDq dysI-prdysI pMjfbI pwqrkfrI qy bhuq sfrI pMjfbI kivqf ajy vI kysr isMG vrgy isrVI KojIaF dI AuzIk ivwc hY.) kysr isMG iek ivakqI nhIN, iek sMsQf df nF hY. ipMz mugl Kflsf, ijLlHf rfvlipMzI, ivwc aMdfjLn iek jnvrI 1912 nUM jMimaf, XqImI dI hflq ivwc BUaf qy BYx kol rihMidaF nOvIN jmfq qwk ividaf hfsl krky, GroN Bwj ky aMimRqsr dy XqImKfny ivwc pilaf kysr isMG afpxy jIvn-inrbfh leI keI pfpV vyl ky 1938 ivwc pInFg dy gurdvfry df skwqr bixaf qy gLdr pfrtI lihr dy dUjy pVfa dy gLdrIaF dy sMprk ivwc afieaf. ipwCoN jf ky jdoN ‘afjLfd ihMd POj’ ivwc srgrm hoieaf qF afjLfd ihMd POj dI isvl srkfr kfiem krn dI qjvIjL aDIn suBfsL cMdr bos vwloN Aus nUM isvl aYzimnstrytr Qfipaf igaf. pr jfpfn dI hfr qy afjLfd ihMd POj dy PylH hox mgroN Auh dysL af ky kuJ sflF leI isLromxI akflI dl dI skwqrI qy skUl aiDafpkI krdf irhf. pRfeIvyt qOr qy aYm[ ey[ bI[ tI[ qwk qflIm hfsl krky, 1957 ivwc ieMglYNz qy 1963 ivwc kYnyzf clf igaf. 1978 ivwc Auh zfierYktr afP gfeIzYNs aYNz kfAuNsilMg dy ahudy qoN rItfier hoieaf qy kYnyzf ivwc pwky qOr `qy rih ky glp isrjxf qy gLdr-ieiqhfs dI Koj ivwc pUrI qndyhI nfl juwt igaf. hux qwk Auh mdn lfl ZINgrf dI sLhIdI (1909-10) qoN lY ky afjLfd ihMd POj dy PylH hox `qy Bfrq dy afjLfd hox qwk, Bfrq qoN bfhr lVI geI afjLfdI dI lVfeI nUM drjn qoN AuWpr pusqkF ivwc klm-bwD kr cuwkf hY, ijnHF ivwc vDyry igxqI nfvlF dI hY. (kysr isMG bfry hor ivsQfr ivwc jfxn leI zf: jsbIr ‘kysr’ dI pusqk nfvlkfr k ysr is MG df j uJfr mfnvvfd).


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skwqrI, aiDafpkI qy kfAuNsilMg dy nfl nfl kysr isMG ny gLdr pfrtI lihr dy ieiqhfs qy sfihq dI Koj inrMqr jfrI rwKI. Auh ies lok-lihr nfl vcnbwD lyKk hY. gLdr lihr dI kivqf df sMgRih iesy vcnbwDqf df iek hor inwgr sbUq hY. ies smwgrI nUM iekwqr krn qoN bfad, kysr isMG ny mYnUM iek inwjI icwTI (10-11-1987) ivwc iliKaf sI:

ieh msflf iekwTf kridaF 20 sfl lwg gey hn. Krcy df qF koeI ihsfb hI nhIN. iek lwq inAUXfrk qy dUjI sfnPrFissko. Gr Gr iPr ky kfgjL iekwTy krdf irhf hF.

igafnI kysr isMG ny sLfied ies nUM iek ieiqhfsk dsqfvyjL smJ ky iekwqr kIqf hY, pr mYnUM ies kivqf df mhwqv dsqfvyjL qy rumFitk mnorMjn qoN vwzf jfpdf hY. ijwQy ies kivqf df sMbMD pMjfbIaF dy prvfsI anuBvF qy suqMqrqf sMgrfm nfl hY, AuWQy ieh Bfrq dy BivwK dI icMqf qy cyqnf nUM vI smripq hY. ivsLvIkrn dy nF hyT awj dI srkfr dI bhukOmI kMpnIaF nUM bdysLI mudrf dy invysL dI KulH dyx dI nIqI, aMqr-rfsLtrI mudrf kosL qy jgq bYNk qoN krjLy lYx dI pRsMnqf aqy mhFBogI sMsikRqI dy hmilaF ny Bfrq df punr-invysLIkrn krky ies nUM iek nvyN AupinvysL ivwc bdl idwqf hY. “jfpdf hY ik iesy sdI dy aKIr ivwc ieiqhfs iek vfr Pyr afpxy afp nUM duhrf irhf hY. pMjfb iek vfr iPr afriQk sMkt ivwc hY. rotI rojLI dI Bfl ivwc pMjfb dy nOjvfn hr jfiejL-njfiejL ZMg nfl amrIkf, kYnyzf, ieMglYNz qy XUrp dy hor dysLF ivwc jfx leI mjLbUr hn.” (sMpfdkI, ajIq, 26-9-1993). jy ies ruJfn nUM moVf nf ipaf qF myrf ivsLvfs hY ik gLdr pfrtI dI pihlI jnm-sLqfbdI (2013) iek nvIN gLdr pfrtI dI sQfpnf nfl mnfeI jfvygI. Aus smyN ies kivqf dI rfjsI-siBafcfrk kImq dI aslIaq hor vI cMgI qrHF AuWGV ky sfhmxy af jfvygI. afjLfdI qoN bfad vI Bfrq qy pMjfb dy iksfn-mjLdUr dy jIvn ivwc Auh KusLhflI nhIN afeI ijs dI klpnf ies kivqf ivwc kIqI geI sI. jfq-pfq dy Byd, sMprdfiek JgVy, AUcnIc, iBRsLtfcfr qy srkfrI dmn ivwc idno idn vfDf hI hoieaf hY. sLfied iesy leI srkfrF ienklfbI lihrF dy kfrnfimaF qy ivcfrF nMU lokf ivwc pRcfrn qoN hfly vI zrdIaF hn, pr lok-qMqr dy juwg ivwc ienHF nUM dyr qwk dbfa ky vI rwiKaf nhIN jf skdf. aigafq, PrjLI nfvF qy AupnfvF hyT CpIaF ieh kivqfvF AunHF ienklfbIaF dIaF rcnfvF hn ijhVy jMgy-afjLfdI ivwc Kud sLfml sn, dUr KVHy drsLk nhIN sn. ienHF ivwcoN bhuigxqI AunHF grIb, nfmkty POjI iksfnF dI sI jo afpxy twbrF dI inrDnqf nUM dUr krn leI dUr pUrb, amrIkf, qy kYnyzf nUM qur gey sn. ijhVy dysL ivwc iksfn sn Auh prdys ivwc jf ky mjLdUr bxy. ies leI dohF vrgF df sFJf anuBv ienHF kivqfvF dI mUl vwQ hY. ienHF ivwc iksfn-mjLdUr-gLdrI dy prdysI jIvn dy pirvysL df prqO vI hY aqy gLdrI ‘bfibaF’ dI sUrbIrqf df jws vI. ieh iek lokmhFkfiv hY ikAuNik ieh ivakqIaF dI rcnf huMidaF hoieaF vI smUh dI aiBivakqI hY. iek qrHF ieh ieko hI lMmI kivqf hY. lihr dI sFJ kfrn ieko joq qy ieko josL sfrI kivqF ivwc TfTF mfrdf hY. mYnUM AumId hY ik lok rfjnIqI nfl juVy pfTk ies pusqk nUM gLdr lihr dy mhFkfiv dy rUp ivwc jI afieaF nUM kihxgy qy lok-kfiv vFg hI ies df afnMd mfxngy.

***


7

ies sMgRih ivwc smuwcI gLdr lihr dI kivqf sLfml nhIN, kyvl Auh kivqf hI sLfml hY jo kYnyzf qy amrIkf siQq gLdr pfrtI dI sQfpnf leI pRyrnf bxI, pfrtI dI sQfpnf qoN bfad Aus dy prcfr df mfiDam rhI qy gLdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad vI ies dy pRBfv aDIn ilKI jFdI rhI. cMd kivqfvF nUM Cwz ky, ieh kYnyzf-amrIkf ivwc siQwq qy srgrm pMjfbIaF dI rcnf hY, jo igafnI kysr isMG ny kYnyzf-amrIkf ivwc pRkfsLq hoey pMjfbI pwqrF, pYNPiltF qy hor soimaF qoN iekwqr kIqI hY. kysr isMG dy ies AuWdm nUM afjLfdI qoN pihlF dI prvfsI pMjfbI pwqrkfrI dy jnm qy ivkfs nUM vI sfzy sfhmxy ilaFdf hY, ijs df sMKyp vyrvf dyxf kuQF nhIN hovygf. (1) s ud ys L s yvk: bkOl nfvlkfr kysr isMG, kYnyzf dI DrqI AuWqy pMjfbI bolI qy gurmuKI ilwpI ivwc ieh pihlf mfsk pwqr sI jo 1909 dy aKIr jF 1910 dy sLurU ivwc, amr sLhId bfbU hrnfm isMG kfhrI sfhrI (Auh ipMz sfhrI, ijLlf huisLafrpur dy jMppl sn) ny jfrI kIqf. BfeI sMqoK isMG (sMpfdk ikrqI) vrgI sLKsIaq dy suafmI, qfrknfQ dfs qy pMizq gurUdwq kumfr dy sihkrmI qy aMgryjLI pVHy ilKy (sLfied aYm ey) bfbU jI ies prcy dy srprsq vI sn qy sMpfdk vI. prcy nUM clfAux ivwc AunHF nUM pMizq gurUdwq (jI[ zI[) kumfr df ivsLysL sihXog pRfpq irhf. ieh prcf 1632-sYkMz aYvyinAU, vYst PyarvIAU, vYnkUvr qoN hwQ ilKq rUp ivwc sfeIklo huMdf sI. ies dy awT sPy, kImq ds sYNt qy sfl df cMdf iek zflr sI. ies dy pihly sPy (jF tfietl pMny) AuWqy iek AurdU-numf sLyar gurmuKI ilwpI ivwc aMikq huMdf sI:

mrn Blf Auskf jo apny lIey jIey jIqf hY voh jo mr cukf hY iensfn ky lIey.

pihly sPy `qy ies qoN bfad iliKaf huMdf sI: “ies dys syvk prcy kI mfrPq asIN afpxy dys BfeIEN kI syvf krnI cfhqy hYN.” Aus qoN hyTF: ੧E siqgur shfie. Pyr moty awKrF ivwc

prcy df nF: s ud ys L s yvk, qy hyTF aMk df nMbr qy qfrIK. muwK pMny dy ies inwky ijhy vyrvy qoN hI prcy dI imsLrq BfsLf, Dfrimk ijhI idwK qy dysL syvf dy AudysL df pqf lwg jFdf hY. bfbU hrnfm isMG s ud ys L s yvk dI aYzItrI vI krdy sn qy rfq smyN pMjfbIaF nUM aMgryjLI vI pVHfAuNdy sn. nfl hI Auh pRo: qyjf isMG (sMq msqUafxf) dI sQfpq kIqI ‘gurU nfnk mfeIinMg aYNz trwst kMpnI ilmitz’ dy mYnyjr sn qy ies kMpnI dy zfierYktrF ivwcoN iek zfierYktr vI sn. (ies kMpnI dy pRDfn BfeI Bfg isMG iBKIivMz (aMimRqsr) qy skwqr BfeI inrMjn isMG sn). loV pYx `qy, bfbU hrnfm isMG afpxy lokF dI duBfsLIey vjoN muPq syvf vI krdy sn. Aus smyN df ieMmIgRysLn aPsr, ivlIam hfpiknsn, vI duBfsLIey df kMm krdf sI ikAuNik Auh pMjfbI qy ihMdosqfnI dovyN bol lYNdf sI. (igafnI kysr isMG anusfr Auh pMjfb df jMmpl sI qy Aus dI mF jlMDr CfAuxI dI pMjfbx sI.) Auh duBfsLIey df kMm prdysI pMjfbIaF qoN pYsy lY ky krdf sI qy afpxf eykfiDkfr smJdf hoieaf nhIN sI cfhuMdf ik bfbU hrnfm isMG muPq ieh kMm kry. ies ikV ivwc Aus ny hrnfm isMG nUM kYnyzf ivwcoN kZvf idwqf qy Auh isaftl (amrIkf) cly gey. AunHF dI gYrhfjLrI ivwc kuJ aMk Cpy qy iPr prcf bMd ho igaf. AunHF dIaF dysL-ihqYsLI srgrmIaF kfrn 1910-1911 ivwc AunHF nUM amrIkf qoN vI jlfvqn kr idwqf igaf qy bfad ivwc AunHF ny afpxIaF gLdr


8

srgrmIaF kfrn ‘mFzly (brmf) sfijsL kys’ ivwc PFsI cVH ky sLhfdq df jfm pIqf (hor ivsQfr leI dyKo kysr isMG df nfvl j MJ lfiVaF dI.) s ud ys L s yvk df ivsLf qy BfsLf-sLYlI kYnyzf dI DrqI `qy aOkVF ivwc Psy vIhvIN sdI dy sLurU dy prdysI ihMdI (XfnI pMjfbI) mjLdUrF dI afqmf df sLIsLf hY. ies dI bolI pMjfbI qy ihMdosqfnI (XfnI AurdU) df rilaf-imilaf rUp hY qy ilwpI gurmuKI hY. hQly sMgRih ivwc ies prcy ivwcoN kyvl iqMn kivqfvF sLfml kIqIaF geIaF hn qy ieh iqMny BfeI ibsLn isMG dIaF rcnfvF hn. ienHF ivwc aKbfr dI mhwqqf, mulk dI brbfdI dy kfrn, nvyN Xuwg ivwc msLInF dI mhwqqf aqy aMgryjL dI akl afid QIm ley gey hn. (2) snsfr/s Msfr: ieh pihlf prcf sI jo ihMdusqfn qoN bfhr, kYnyzf dI Drq `qy gurmuKI tfiep ivwc Cipaf. ies df pihlf aMk 1912 ivwc inkilaf. jLfihr hY ik ieh aMimRqsroN Cpdy Kflsf smfcfr df smkflI pwqr hY, pMjfbI pwqrkfrI dy ieiqhfs ivwc ieh axgOilaf hI irhf hY. ies dy srvrk AuWqy swjy pfsy iliKaf huMdf sI: “sMsfr knyzf, Xunfietz styts, arjntInf, pYnfmf, iPjI qy cIn afdk kul tfpUaF dy ihMdosqfnIaF df iekwlf kOmI aKbfr hr mhIny dI 5 qy 20 qrIk nUM pRkfsLq huMdf hY.” qy Kwby pfsy iliKaf huMdf sI: “sMsfr dI mdd leI hr jgHf Audm kro, cMdy Byjo, shfieqf Gwlo. hor BrfvF nUM ies dy shfiek bxfAu. apny BrfvF dIaF hr tfpU qoN KbrF Gwlo.” qy ienHF dy ivckfr gurbfxI dI iek quk qy gur mMqr aMkq huMdf sI:

sc sBnF hoie dfrU pfp kwZy Doie ੧E siq gur pRsfd

Kwby pfsy dy not qoN ies prcy dI kOmI qy kOmFqrI aihmIaq qy ies dy arD-mfsk (pMdrvfVf) hox df pqf lwgdf hY. gurbfxI dI quk qoN ies dy Dfrimk insLcy qy ies dy mnorQ df pqf lwgdf hY: prdysI pMjfbIaF dy jIvn-swc nUM prsfrq krnf. tfpU sLbd ieQy mlfieaf, hFgkFg afid leI vriqaf igaf hY. ieh prcf ivktorIaf (kYnyzf) qoN inkldf sI qy ies dy sMcflk-sMpfdk sn BfeI krqfr isMG huMdl, ijhVy ies prcy ivwc pRkfsLq kivqfvF vI ‘akflI’ Aupnfm hyT afp ilKdy sn. huMdl ny ‘akflI’ Aupnfm AudoN vriqaf jdoN akflI lihr ikDry nyVy qyVy vI nhIN sI. jfpdf hY ik ieh qKwls akflI Pulf isMG dI sLKsIaq dy pRBfv hyT apxfieaf igaf. huMdl ipwCoN jf ky iek hor pwqr ie M izaf aY Nz kn yzf dy sMcflk qy sMpfdk vI rhy. huMdl df ipMz bMzflf (aMimRqsr) sI. 1909 ivwc AunHF ny Kflsf kflj skUl, aMimRqsr qoN mYtirk pfs kIqI qy AucyrI pVHfeI leI kYnyzf jf puwjy, pr kYnyzf ivwc rihMdy ihMdIaF dy duwK dyK ky, pVHfeI df iKafl Cwz ky, AunHF dI syvf ihwq snsfr (jF sMsfr) cflU kIqf. ies kMm ivwc zf[ suMdr isMG qy BfeI ipafrf isMG lMgyrI AunHF dy sihXogI sn. zf[ suMdr isMG bVy ivdvfn pursL sn qy afpxy lokF dIaF smwisafvF nUM aMgryjLI pVHy lokF qwk iljfx leI pihlF hI aMgryjLI ivwc e yrIan nF df iek prcf kwZ rhy sn. (afpxy lokF dI afvfjL kYnyzf invfsIaF qwk phuMcfx leI sMsfr dy do sPy vI aMgryjLI ivwc Cfpy jFdy sn). sMsfr ihMdI mjLdUrF nUM AunHF dIaF kTnfeIaF dy kfrnF qoN sucyq krky, ividaf pRfpqI leI pRyr ky, dys dI gulfmI df aihsfs krvfAuNdf sI. pr ijhVy nvIN soc vfly bMdy ieh smJdy


9

sn ik afjLfdI gLulfmI kyvl ‘swc’ dy igafn nfl sulJx vflf mslf nhIN qy ies dy leI rfjsI sMgrfm dI loV hY, Auh s Msfr dI nIqI nUM nrm smJx lg pey qy kuJ hor kfrnF krky vI s Msfr df ivroD hoieaf. Audfhrn leI, BfeI Bgvfn isMG (ipMz ivxg, ijLlf aMimRqsr) jdoN hFgkFg qoN nvyN nvyN kYnyzf gey qF AunHF ny ieh gwl qor idwqI ik s Msfr sfrI kOm dI mlkIaq hoxf cfhIdf hY ikAuNik ieh ihMdI mjLdUrF dy cMdy nfl cwldf hY; iek iek do ivakqIaF dI jfiedfd nhIN bxnf cfhIdf. ‘Kflsf dIvfn susfietI vYnkovr’ ny ies sMbMD ivwc iek mqf vI pfs kr idwqf qy JgVf vD igaf. ies JgVy dy dOrfn hI bdnfm gwdfr bylf isMG ijafx (huisLafrpur) ny hfpiknsn dy kMn Br ky, Bgvfn isMG nUM musLkf bMnvf ky kYnyzf ivwcoN kZvf idwqf. ies Gtnf dy ipwCy vI s Msfr dy cflk df hwQ smiJaf igaf. iesy arsy ivwc (21 meI qoN 21 julfeI 1914) kfmf-gftf mfrU vYnkovr phuMc ky vfps ho cuwkf sI aqy srkfr kYnyzf, ies dy hmfieqIaF qy ihMdI nrmdlIaF dy Ault iek muhfjL bx igaf sI. sMsfr dy cflkF nUM nrmdlIey smJ ky afp pfTkF ny imlvrqx dyxI bMd kr idwqI qy agsq 1914 df prcf Cfp ky huMdl ny prcf bMd kr idwqf aqy afp torFto cly gey. hQly kfiv-sMgRih ivwc s Msfr ivcoN leIaF swqy kivqfvF krqfr isMG huMdl AurPL ‘akflI’ dIaF hn, ies leI ienHF ivwc aKbfr qy aYzItr nUM pysL afey Aukq sMktF dy sMkyq imldy hn. aKbfr nUM msLInI tfiep AuWqy Cfpx dI gwl, ies dIaF kiTnfeIaF, pfTkF dI byruKI qy ‘akflI’ dy torFto vwl qur jfx df ijLkr ieAuN kIqf igaf hY: -pUrf sfl hY hon dy nyV afieaf jdoN kMm aKbfr df CyiVaf sI. syvf kTn sI bhuq pr loVvMdI iesy leI ieh morcf ryiVHaf sI. aMq kZ aKbfr msL In ivwcoN jgHf jgHf nUM zfk ny Pyiraf sI. - imrkx aqy knyzy dy vIr myry qusIN eys apxq nUM mfiraf ikAuN? sfzI kOm df ieho aKbfr kwlf, qusF Pyr snsfr ivsfiraf ikAuN? - clo clIey gFhF knyzVy nUM, kMm kfr nUM jfie dy mwlIey jI. eys mulk nUM dyKIey KUb iPr ky bYTy icrF dy jrf hux hwlIey jI. (3) g Ldr/ih Md osqfnI g Ldr (hPqfvfrI): g Ldr aKbfr bfry bhuq smyN qwk sfzI jfxkfrI aDUrI hI rhI. afjLfdI qoN pihlF ieh BUmIgq irhf qy afjLfdI qoN bfad axgOilaf. kuJ pVHy-ilKy isafsI swjn vI ies nUM ‘gLdr gUMjF’ hI kihMdy rhy. ies BulyKy vws jgjIq isMG anMd vrgy sulJy hoey nyqf qy pwqrkfr ny vI iek QF ies nUM gLdr gUMj hI ilK idwqf:


10

sfzI sdI dy dUjy dhfky dy pihly awD ivwc hI gLdr pfrtI pRdysF ivwc kfiem ho geI qy Aus dy afjLfdI leI mr imtx dy AudysLF-ivcfrF df pRqIinD ‘gLdr gUMjF’ Aus dy nfl hI hoNd ivwc afieaf. (dyKo: sMp[ igafnI Bjn isMG, p MjfbI p wqrkfrI-iek srvyKx, pM[ 14) iesy qrHF ieh vI BulyKf hY ik g Ldr qy ih Md osqfn g Ldr do awz awz prcy sn. pr asl ivwc ieh ieko prcy dy do nF hn: sLurU sLurU ivwc ies df nF g Ldr qy apRYl 1914 qoN bfad ih Md osqfn g Ldr (hPqfvfrI) hI irhf. pihlf prcf AurdU ivwc XugFqr afsLrm, sfnPrFissko qoN iek nvMbr 1913 nUM inkilaf. pMjfbI ivwc ieh dsMbr 1913 ivwc sLurU hoieaf qy ipwCoN hor BfrqI jLubfnF (ihMdI, gujrfqI, bMgflI, psLqo, inpflI afid) ivwc vI Kfs nMbr Cpx lwgy. XugFqr afsLrm ‘ihMdI aYsosIeysLn afP pYsyiPk kost’ df dPqr sI. pr gLdr aKbfr dI hridl-ajIjLI df iewQoN pqf lwgdf hY ik ies aKbfr dy nF AuWqy ‘ihMdI aYsosIeysLn’ df nF ‘gdr pfrtI’ qy ies dy dPqr df nF ‘gdr afsLrm’ pY igaf. g Ldr jF ih Md osqfn g Ldr dy srvrkF dy ijhVy nmUny AuplBD hn (dyKo aMqkf 2) AunHF dy izjLfienF df aiDaYn afpxy afp ivwc idlcspI qoN KflI nhIN hovygf. izjLfien qoN hI pfrtI dI rfjnIqI, XuwDnIqI qy insLfinaF df pqf lwg jFdf hY. BfvyN ieh nhIN pqf ik ieh izjLfien bxfAuNdf kOx sI, pr Auh jLrUrI koeI isafsI qOr `qy suliJaf hoieaf klfkfr hovygf. asIN dyKdy hF ik srvrk dIaF dohF nuwkrF AuWqy bMdy mfqrm qy ivckfr gurbfxI dIaF qukF, QoVHIaF ijhIaF lok-muhfvry anusfr bdl ky, ilKIaF geIaF hn:

jy icq pRym Kylx df cfAu isr Dr qlI glI myrI afAu.

prcy dy nF dy awKrF dy izjLfien pihlF pihl sfdy sn, Pyr ‘d’ qlvfr vrgf qy dfqI vrgf ho igaf. Pyr awKrF dy AuprlI lkIr df afrMB qy aMq do qlvfrF vrgf qy ‘m’ ‘r’ iqRsLUlF ivwc bdl gey, Pyr ienHF ivwc qIr-kmfn vI sLfml kr idwqf igaf, pr 23 agsq 1919 dy prcy dy nF df jo izjLfien pRfpq hoieaf hY Aus ivwc Puwl qy qlvfr dy icMn jfxoN srsvqI qy durgf (sqXM, isLvM, suMdrm) dy pRqIk bx ky AuWGVy hn. ienHF izjLfienF ivwcoN sFJI pMjfbI kOmIaq, hiQafrbMd ienklfb dI loV qy ienklfb leI sfihq klf dI aihmIaq dI sucyqnf sfPL njLr afAuNdI hY. pRfpq srvrkF qoN ieh vI pqf lwgdf hY ik prcy dy nF dy awKrF dI bxqr ivwc afeIaF qbdIlIaF dy nfl nfl gurbfxI dI quwk dI QF ihMdosqfnI BfsLf dI iek hor sqr ny lY leI sI: aY mrdfno ihMdI jvfnoN jldI lo hiQafr qy hyTF iliKaf jfx lwgf sI: “aMgRyjLI rfj df pwkf dusLmux gurmuKI, AurdU, ihMdI aKbfr.” ieh qbdIlIaF pMzr rfm cMdr dy smyN hoeIaF jfpdIaF hn. gLdr AurP ihMdosqfn gLdr pwQr dy Cfpy AuWqy Cpdf sI qy ies dy vwzy sfeIjL dy awT sPy huMdy sn. ies dy pihly sPy AuWqy hmysLF ‘aMgRyjLI rfj df kwcf icwTf’ dI surKI hyT brqfnvI sfmrfj vloN ihMd dI luwt-Ksuwt, ies rfj dI bdOlq pY rhy kfl, plyg, afid df nukqyvfr vyrvf huMdf sI. AunHF ivwcoN iek nukqf ieh huMdf sI ik 1857 dy gLdr nUM 57 sfl ho gey hn, hux dUjy gLdr dI loV hY. ies qoN ‘gLdr’ dI inrMqrqf XfnI ies dy lihr srUp hox df qy


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gLdr pfrtI dy mnorQF df pqf lwgdf hY qy ieh vI sMkyq imldf hY ik gLdr pfrtI dy sfhmxy sMGrsL df mfzl 1857 dI hiQafrbMd jMg sI. gLdr pfrtI dI cVHq smyN ies prcy dI Kpq vDI. 1916 ivwc ieh iek hPqy df ds lwK Cpx lwg ipaf sI. ies prcy duafrf sfry gurduafiraF ivwc ieh pRcfr kIqf igaf sI ik sB ‘pMjfbI’ gLdr pVHn. ies dy leI qy hor gLdrI sfihq pVHn leI ihMdUaF qy muslmfnF ny vI pMjfbI iswKI. ies df muwK insLfnf BfvyN ihMdosqfn dI afjLfdI sI, pr ieh prcf sB gulfm dysLF dI afjLfdI qy mnuwKI hwkF df alMbrdfr bixaf. afpxI gulfmI ivruwD jUJdy sB dysLF dy hwk ivwc ies ny afvfjL AuTfeI. ies ivwc mYksIko gLdr dI hmfieq, cIn dy zf[ snXuq syn dI qfrIP, rUsI duiKafiraF dI hmdrdI qy afiersL sMGrsL dy hwk ivwc lyK ilKy jFdy sn. gLdr lyKk ieh smJdf sI ik jd qwk sB bsqIaF afjLfd nhIN huMdIaF AudoN qwk ihMdosqfn afjLfd nhIN ho skdf. amrIkf, kYnyzf, pfnfmf, brfjLIl, iPlpfienjL, mlfieaf, isafm, brHmf, arjntfeInF, ihMdosqfn afid ijwQy ijwQy vI pMjfbI rihMdy sn AunHF nUM ieh muPq Byijaf jFdf sI. ies dI hrmn-ipafrqf bfry jgjIq isMG (qrnqfr) ny afpxI pusqk ivwc iek imsfl idwqI hY ik “iek bIbI g Ldr dy pricaF nUM rysLmI rumflF ivwc vlHyt ky sFBdI rhI.” (pM[ 59) 1916-17 ivwc pfrtI dI DVybMdI kfrn ih Md osqfn g Ldr nF dy do prcy dohF DiVaF vloN smfnFqr inkldy rhy. pihlf BfeI Bgvfn isMG ‘pRIqm’, BfeI sMqoK isMG qy rfm isMG Dulyqf dy DVy vloN qy dUjf rfm cMdr psLOrIey dy DVy vloN. 1917 dy aKLIr ivwc ieh hPqfvfrI prcf bMd ho igaf qy ies dy julfeI 1917 qwk dy aMkF ivcoN kivqfvF, hwQly sMgRih ivwc idwqIaF geIaF hn, pr sfnUM ies prcy df 23 agsq 1919 df iek tfeItl sPf vI pRfpq hY (dyKo aMqkf 2). keI sfl bfad ieh prcf muV mfhvfrI rUp ivwc pRclq hoieaf aqy gLdr-pwqrkfrI keI hor nfvF hyT 1949 qwk jfrI rhI. pRiswD KojI, sLmsLyr isMG asLok ny sLfied iesy leI itwpxI kIqI hY: sMn 1949 ivwc ies pwqR dI QFvyN igafnI Bgvfn isMG ‘pRIqm’ dI aYzItrI hyT ‘nvF jug’ nfmI mfsk pwqR lfs aYNjls (kYlIPornIaf) qoN sLurU hoieaf, jo QoVf icr cwl ky bMd ho igaf. (p MjfbI sf ihq k os L , Bfg qIjf, pM[86). ies prcy leI ilKx, sMpfdn, ikqfbq, CpfeI qy hor pRbMD ivwc ijhVy ivakqI gLdr afsLrm ivwc smyN smyN kulvkqI kfmy rhy AunHF ivwc lflf hridafl, krqfr isMG srfBf, hrnfm isMG (kotlf nOD isMG) AurPL tuMzIlft, krqfr isMG lqfVf, BfeI bsMq isMG coNdf (pitaflf), iprQI isMG afjLfd, BfeI Bgvfn isMG ‘pRIqm’, BfeI sMqoK isMG, Kym cMd dfs, pMzq jgq rfm, mohn lflf, munsLI rfm, mihbUb alI qy ienfieq Kfn dy nF AuWGy hn. gLdr dy ieiqhfsF ivwcoN ieh vI sMkyq imldf hY ik inDfn isMG mhysLrI (iProjLpur) qy ibsLn isMG ihMdI (sdf isMG vflf) 1915 ivwc gLdr afsLrm ivwc af ky aKbfr dy stfP mYNbrF ivwc sLfml hoey sn. sMpfdkF ivwc iqMn nF vDyry pRiswD rhy hn: lflf hridafl, rfm cMdr psLOrIaf qy BfeI Bgvfn isMG pRIqm. afm krky aKbfr AuWqy iksy sMpfdk df nF nhIN sI Cpdf, pr jdoN pfrtI-dPLqr Cwz ky alihdf ho ky pMzq rfm cMdr ny smfnFqr prcf kwZ ilaf qF Aus ny pihly sPy dy hyTF afpxf isrnfvF qy aYzItr vjoN afpxf nF Cfpxf sLurU kr idwqf:


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rfm cMdr, aYzItr ihMdosqfn gLdr post bfks nM[ 16, sfnPrFissko. AudoN hr hPqy prcy BfvyN do inkldy sn, pr ienHF dI nIqI qy sfihqk imafr ivwc koeI Kfs Prk nhIN sI. lflf hridafl prcy dy sMcflk qy pihly sMpfdk sn. Auh AurdU ivc ilKdy sn qy AunHF dIaF ilKqF qrjmf ho ky pMjfbI ivwc vI CpdIaF sn. Auh idwlI (Aus vyly pMjfb) dy jMmpl sn; bI[ ey[ idwlI qoN qy aYm[ ey[ gOrimMt kflj lfhOr qoN kIqI sI. AuWQoN srkfrI vjLIPf lY ky, AucyrI ividaf pRfpq krn leI afksPorz (ieMglYNz) phuMcy sn. AuWQy sfvrkr dy sMprk qy ividafrQI jIvn dIaF aOkVF dy anuBvF ny AunHF nUM dysL dI afjLfdI leI kMm krn leI pRyiraf qy Auh srkfrI vjLIPy df iqafg krky amrIkf phuMc gey. kYlyPornIaf, aOrgyn qy visLMgtn ivwc AunHF ny ihMdI mjLdUrF dy zyiraF ivwc jf ky afjLfdI dI jMg CyVn leI vwzy vwzy iekwTF ivwc lYkcr idwqy. bfbf sohx isMG Bknf, pMzq kFsLI rfm, kysr isMG TwTgVH, afid pihlF hI iek sMgTn bxfAux dI ivAuNq bxf cuwky sn. hridafl dy jfx `qy ies ivAuNq nUM amlI rUp dy ky, meI 1913 qwk ‘ihMdI aYsosIeysLn afP pYsyiPk kost’ nF dI jQybMdI KVHI kr leI geI. ieho bfad ivwc ‘gLdr pfrtI’ dy nF nfl msLhUr hoeI. g Ldr aQvf ih Md osqfn g Ldr dy cwl inklx qoN bfad, (pihly mhFXuwD ivwc amrIkf dy sLfml ho jfx krky), brqfnIaf srkfr dy jLor pfAux `qy amrIkf srkfr ny lflf jI dy vrMt kwZ idwqy qy AunHF nUM sqMbr 1914 ivwc amrIkf ivwcoN inkl ky, XUrp ivwc luk iCp ky gLdr df prcfr krnf ipaf. dUjI vwzI sMsfr-jMg iCVn qoN pihlF Auh muV amrIkf cly gey sn. BfvyN pfrtI nfl hux AunHF df rfbqf nhIN sI irhf, pr jMg sLurU hox qoN iek mhInf pihlF AunHF nUM Byq Bry ZMg nfl iPlzYlPIaf ivwc kql kr idwqf igaf sI. Aus smyN AunHF dI Aumr 55 sfl 4 mhIny sI. (ivsQfr leI dyKo: DrmvIr, hridafl aY Nz dI r Yv o ilAUs LnrI m Uvm Y Nts afP L iets tfeIm). lflf hridafl dy amrIkf qoN cly jfx bfad QoVHy icr leI aKbfr df kMm hrnfm isMG kotlf nOD isMG (tuMzIlft) dy ijLMmy lwgf pr 1914-15 ivwc, jMg dy dOrfn gLdr krn dI skIm aDIn bhuq sfry isrkwZ gLdrI Bfrq af gey; Bgvfn isMG qy sMqoK isMG mnIlf, cIn, jfpfn, isafm qy brHmf ivwc srgrm rhy. gLdr afsLrm qy aKbfr df kfrobfr pMzq rfm cMdr psLOrIey dy hvfly ho igaf. pMzq rfm cMdr ipsLOr df rihx vflf sI qy kYnyzf ivwc pVHn leI igaf sI. iek vfr Bfrq afieaf qF kYnyzf srkfr ny Aus nUM muV ky kYnyzf nhIN sI vVn idwqf. qy Auh sIaftl (amrIkf) clf igaf sI qy ipwCoN jf ky Auh gLdr afsLrm qy gLdr aKbfr df krqf Drqf bx igaf sI. gLdr ieiqhfskfrF ivwcoN kuJ iek df mq hY ik Auh Auh pfrtI dy nF `qy jrmnI qoN pYsy lY ky KFdf irhf, vhI KfiqaF ivwc Gplf krdf irhf qy iesy pYsy ivcoN Aus ny afpxy iek amrIkn imwqr ilAUs qy Aus dI sLRI mqI nUM iek mkfn bxf ky idwqf. ienHF qwQF dy afDfr `qy hI Bgq isMG iblgf ny Aus nUM ‘byeImfn’ ikhf hY. (gLdr lihr dy axPoly vrky, pM[ 111-112). gLdr dy PylH hox `qy bhuq sfry afgU sLhId ho cuwky sn qy keIaF nUM Aumr kYdF qy lMmIaF sjLfvF dy ky kflypfxI Byj idwqf igaf sI. pfrtI dy pRDfn BfeI Bgvfn


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isMG pUrbI dysLF ivwc srgrm sn. pr AunHF 1916 ivwc BfeI sMqoK isMG qy rfm isMG Dulyqf afid nfl sfnPrFissko phuMc ky dyiKaf ik rfm cMdr ny afpxf iek awz DVf bxf ky gLdr afsLrm qy aKbfr `qy kbjLf kr ilaf hY. jdoN AunHF ny vI jrmn srkfr nfl qflmyl kr ilaf (ikAuNik pfrtI dI nIqI brqfnIaf dy dusLmx, jrmnI qoN shfieqf pRfpq krn dI sI) qF rfm cMdr dI pol cMgI qrHF KulH geI. pYsy dy ihsfb ikqfb qoN JgVf hoieaf qy rfm cMdr nUM pfrtI ivwcoN kwZ idwqf igaf. dUjy pfsy rfm cMdr ny afpxI vwKrI pfrtI bxf ky AunHF iqMnF nUM pfrtI ivwcoN kwZ idwqf. pr BfeI Bgvfn isMG df DVf gLdr afsLrm AuWqy kfbjL ho igaf. rfm cMdr ‘vwKrI gLdr pfrtI’ df jnrl skwqr bixaf irhf qy vwKry ih Md osqfn g Ldr df sMpfdk vI. prcf Aus ny afpxy nF rijstr vI krvf ilaf sI. pr amrIkf srkfr ny jrmnI nfl gwTjoV qy brqfnvI rfj ivruwD bgfvqI sfjsL rcx dy dosL ivwc dohF iDrF dy gLdrIaF AuWqy mukwdmf clf idwqf. ies nUM ieiqhfs ivwc ‘sfnPrFissko sfjsL kys’ dy nF nfl jfixaf jFdf hY. pMzq rfm cMdr jLmfnq AuWqy sI, pr jdoN 23 apRYl 1918 nMU Auh pysLI Bugqx igaf qF sfnPrFissko dI kcihrI ivwc Aus nUM rfm isMG Dulyqf ny golI mfr ky mfr idwqf qy rfm isMG nMU amrIkn mfrsLl ny golI mfr idwqI. ih Md usqfn d y g Ldr dy qIjy AuGy sMpfdk BfeI Bgvfn isMG pRIqm gLdr kfiv dy sB qoN vDIaf qy msLhUr kvI hoey hn. AunHF bfry gLdrI kvIaF dI jfx-pCfx (aMqkf-1) ivwc pVHo. (4) X ugFqr (mfsk): sfnUM ies dy jUn, julfeI qy akqUbr 1917 dy iqMn aMk pRfpq hoey hn. akqUbr aMk dy tfeItl AuWqy iliKaf hY: ijld nM[ 1, pRcf nM[ 6, ijs qoN jLfihr hY ik ieh pwqr meI 1917 ivwc sLurU hoieaf hovygf. iksy smyN bMgfl ivwc iek ienklfbI aKbfr inkldf sI: X ugFqr, ijs df lPjLI arQ hY Xuwg df aMqr jF Xuwg –pirvrqn. sLfied ies pRBfv aDIn pfrtI dy dPqr df nF XugFqr afsLrm qy ies prcy df nF vI XugFqr rwiKaf igaf hovygf. ‘XugFqr’ sLbd nUM ‘XugMqr’ qy ‘XUgFqR’vI iliKaf jFdf irhf hY. ieh prcf vI ih Md usqfn g Ldr p R Ys ivwc hI Cpdf sI qy ies dy srvrk AuWqy Bfrq dy nksLy AuWqy, swjy hwQ ivwc qlvfr DUh ky KVHI Bfrq mF qy Aus dy AuWpr ibgl vjfAuNdy AuWzdy dyviqaF df icqR huMdf sI. ivckfr dyvngrI ilwpI ivwc ‘bMdy mfqRm’ iliKaf huMdf sI qy hyTF imlx df pqf (dyKo: aMqkf-2) hPqfvfr ih Md usqfn g Ldr dy nfl nfl hI mfhvfrI X ugFqr pRkfsLq huMdf sI. Prk ieh hY ik ies ivwc vDyry vfrqk qy nvyN vfrqk rUpF (mOilk jF anuvfdq nfvlI aMsL) nUM QF idwqI jFdI sI. swiqaf aYWm[ rfey anusfr jdoN pfrtI df punr gTn hoieaf qy BfeI rqn isMG prDfn, BfeI sMqoK isMG jnrl skwqr qy BfeI sMqf isMG ies dy KjLfncI bxy qF ihMdusqfn gLdr (spqfhk) dy nfl nfl do mfsk pwqr vI afrMB kIqy gey: aMgryjLI ivwc ie MzIp Y Nz Y Nt ih Md usqfn qy pMjfbI ivwc XugFqr. Auh ieh vI ilKdI hY ik ihMdusqfn g Ldr qy X ugFqr dIaF Bfrq qy hor dysLF nUM pMJI-pMJI hjLfr kfpIaF muPq ByjIaF jFdIaF sn (doKo: pMjfbI hIroiek tRYzIsLn) XugFqr ivwc trkI, cIn qy rUs ivwc vfpr rhIaF GtnfvF qy qbdIlIaF sMbMDI ivsLysL jfxkfrI idwqI jFdI sI qy AunHF qoN pRyrnf lYx leI ikhf jFdf sI. sMpfdk vloN afjLfd Bfrq dy rfj-pRbMD qy gLdr pfrtI dy aMqm insLfny, prjf rfj sMbMDI itwpxIaF kIqIaF jFdIaF sn. sMpfdk sLfied Bgvfn isMG pRIqm sn. ies prcy dI ikqfbq AunHF dI hI hQ-ilKq ivwc hY qy ‘pRIqm’ dI Aus lMmI kivqf df iek aMsL vI XugFqr dy akqUbr aMk ivwc pRkfsLq hY ijhVI ipwCoN g Ldr dI g U Mj nM[ 6 ivwc CfpI geI.


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(5) ih Md usqfn g Ldr (mfsk): gLdr pfrtI, jo iek vfr iKMz geI sI, df punr-sMgTn 1927-28 ivwc hoieaf, ijs df iek bfkfiedf sMivDfn iqafr kIqf igaf qy sovIaq XUnIan dy smfjvfdI ienklfb nfl vfprIaF qbdIlIaF dI rOsLnI ivwc nvINaF nIqIaF qih kIqIaF geIaF. gLdrI kvI ny rUsI ienklfb nUM vI ‘gLdr’ df hI nF idwqf qy hux Auh Bfrq ivwc Ausy qrHF dy ‘gLdr’ leI sMGrsLsLIl sI. 1917 qoN pihlF vI ‘gLdrI’ ‘rUsI dysL BgqF’ qoN pRBfivq sn, pr rUsI kRFqI ipwCoN qF BfeI rqn isMG, BfeI sMqoK isMG qy hor keI afgU rUs jf ky kimAUinst nyqfvF qoN agvfeI pRfpq kr cuwky sn. BfeI sMqoK isMG qy hor gLdrIaF dy XqnF nfl pMjfb ivwc ikrqI pfrtI hoNd ivwc af cuwkI sI qy 1926 ivwc ies pfrtI vloN ikrqI spqfihk vI afrMB ho cuwkf sI. asl ivwc mYzm kfhmf ijhIaF gLdr-pRyrk hsqIaF df 1906-7 qoN hI kimAUinst ieMtrnYsLnl nfl sMprk sI, pr BfeI sMqoK isMG qF lYinn nfl ivcfr vtFdrf krky kimAUinst ieMtrnYsLnl qoN iswDI isafsI agvfeI lY rhy sn. brkquwlf (ijnHF ny rfjf mihMdr pRqfp nfl iml ky kfbl (aPgfinsqfn) ivwc afrjLI afjLfd ihMd srkfr kfiem krky kfPI dyr clfeI sI) vI ienHF dy nfl sn. ikrqI-iksfn pfrtI dI nIqI brqfnvI sfmrfj qoN afjLfd ho ky, Bfrq ivwc smfjvfdI smfj pRbMD sQfipq krn dI sI. iesy AudysL nfl BfrqI kimAUinst pfrtI vI bx cuwkI sI. sovIaq XUnIan qoN ieh nvIN isDFqk cyqnf lY ky bfbf gurmuK isMG llqoN, qyjf isMG suqMqr, awCr isMG CInf, rqn isMG afid afgU smfjvfdI ienklfb dy hfmI bx ky sfnPrFissko phuMc gey sn aqy ienHF ny hI gLdr pfrtI nUM AuWQy jf ky muV jQybMd kIqf sI. ies nvIN jQybMdI ny ihMdusqfn gLdr muV cflU kIqf, pr hux ies nUM spqfhk dI QF mfsk kr idwqf igaf. hux ieh hwQ nfl nhIN sI iliKaf jFdf, sgoN nvyN gurmuKI tfeIp (awKrF) ivwc kMpoj ho ky Cpdf sI. ieh tfiep jrmnI qoN mMgvfieaf igaf sI (dyKo bfbf iblgf dI pusqk, pM[ 160). bkOl nfvlkfr kysr isMG, ies df pihlf aMk mfrc 1929 ivwc inkilaf, pr Ausy sfl bhuq sfry Aukq gLdrI ivcfrDfrk qy POjI isKlfeI lYx leI sovIaq rUs nUM cly gey qy agsq 1930 df aMk Cfp ky ieh prcf bMd ho igaf. spqfhk ih Md osqfn g Ldr dIaF rvfieqF anusfr ies AuWqy vI iksy sMpfdk df nF nhIN sI huMdf qy iksy kvI dI kivqf Aus dy aslI nF Qwly nhIN sI CfpI jFdI (dyKo aMqkf-2 ivwc akqUbr 1929 df tfeItl) (6) ih Md osqfn sfnPrFissko (mfsk): ieh prcf iek qrHF ih Md osqfn g Ldr dy brfbr qy ivroD ivwc kwiZaf igaf. ies df kfrn ieh sI ik gLdr pfrtI, bwbr akflI, ikrqI-iksfn qy ihMdosqfn irpbilikn sosLilst aYsosIeysLn, afid KfVkU jQybMdIaF dy dbfa hyT kFgrs pfrtI nMU afpxIaF nIqIaF ivwc qbdIlI krky lokF dy vDyry nyVy jfx qy lok lihrF nUM afpxI srdfrI hyT clfAux dI loV pY geI sI. ies ny vI lokF dIaF BfvnfvF nUM BFpdy hoey brqfnvI rfj df iqwKf ivroD krnf afrMB idwqf qy ‘pUrn svrfj’ df pRsqfv vI pfs kr idwqf. ies bdlI hoeI siQqI ivwc pMjfb dy aMdr qy bfhr dy gLdrIaF ivwc vI punr-ivcfr sLurU ho geI. ijvyN kFgrs lok-lihrF vwl afeI, gLdrIaF ivwcoN vI kuJ ivakqI kFgrs vwl iKskxy sLurU ho gey. ies df asr amrIkf ivcly gLdrIaF AuWqy vI hoieaf. AuWQy vI iek aijhf DVf pYdf ho igaf ijhVf afl ieMizaf kFgrs dIaF nvINaF nIqIaF df smrQn krdf sI. qy Aus ny ‘ihMdosqfn nYsLnl pfrtI’ bxf ky AuWQoN hI ih Md osqfn nF df smfnFqr prcf kwiZaf, ijs ivwc brqfnIaf srkfr qoN afjLfd hox leI aihMsk XuwD-nIqI qy jLor idwqf jFdf sI, jd ik ih Md osqfn g Ldr dy kvIaF vwloN aihMsf,


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sLFqI qy gFDIvfd dI inKyDI kIqI jFdI sI. qF vI ih Md osqfn ivwcoN kuwJ aijhIaF kivqfvF pRfpq hoeIaF hn ijnHF ivwc dysL BgqI qy gLdrIaF dI isPq qy kFgrs dIaF kmjLorIaF dI inMdf imldI hY. BfvyN ienHF ivwc gdrIaF dI jMgI nIqI dI muKflPq hY, pr gLdrI sLhIdF nUM akIdq pysL kridaF ienHF kvIaF ny afpxy afp nUM gLdrI ikhf hY. ies dy sMpfdk aqy prcy dI idwK bfry koeI vyrvf pRfpq nhIN. (7) ie M izaf aY Nz k Yn yzf (hPqfvfrI): krqfr isMG huMdl ‘akflI’ ny pfrtI rfjnIqI qoN ivwQ `qy rih ky vI dysL dI afjLfdI qy nvyN smfj dI AusfrI leI pwqrkfr dy morcy AuWqy slfhuxXog kMm kIqf hY. gLdr pfrtI dI sQfpnf qoN vI pihlF Aus ny gurmuKI tfeIp ivwc snsfr (jF sMsfr) pRkfsLq kIqf sI. 1930 ivwc Aus ny vYnkUvr qoN nvF hPqfvfrI ie MzIaf a Y Nz k Yn yzf afrMB kIqf. ieh prcf vI KUbsUrq gurmuKI tfeIp ivwc Cpdf sI. sfnUM pRfpq aMk ijld pihlI, nMbr 10, vIrvfr julfeI 1930 df hY. ies df mqlb hY ik ieh prcf ds hPqy pihlF, meI 1930 dy sLurU ivwc afrMB hoieaf hovygf. ies dy srvrk AuWQy gurbfxI dI Auho quk CfpI jFdI sI jo sMsfr AuWqy sI: ‘sc sBnf hoie dfrU pfp kzY Doie’. pr Aus qoN hyTF ‘੧E siqgur pRsfd’ dI QF hux ‘੧E vfihgurU jI kI

Pqh’ iliKaf jfx lwgf sI. pMj zflr slfnf ies df cMdf sI. ieh prcf do BfsLfvF ivwc Cpdf sI: awDf pMjfbI ivwc qy awDf aMgryjLI ivwc. pr sfnUM pRfpq aMk dy srvrk AuWqy do notF qoN ieh vI pqf lwgdf hY ik ies prcy dI aMgryjLI aYzIsLn mfsk pwqr dy rUp ivwc vwKrI CfpI jFdI hovygI. Kwby pfsy df not hY: ‘gurmuKI eyzIsLn – ieh aKvfr hr vIrvfr nUM pRdysI ihMdI BrfvF nUM hr QF Bfrq mfqf dy kul dunIafF dIaF KbrF pucOx qy AunHF nUM Kbr-dfr qy jQybMd krn leI gurmuKI ivwc pRkfsLq huMdf hY.” qy swjy pfsy iliKaf hY: “aMgryjLI eyzIsLn – kYnyzf qy amrIkf dy goiraF ivc ihMd qy ihMdIaF df kOmI qy mulkI pRcfr PylOx leI hr mhIny aMgryjLI ivwc Cpdf hY. Aus df sflfnf cMdf isrP do zflr hY.” (dyKo aMqkf-2) ies prcy dy nIqI afjLfd sI, pr Auprokq not ivcly AudysL ivwc prdysI ihMdIaF nUM jQybMd krn vflI gwl qoN dysL BgqF qy gdr lihr nfl ies dIaF hmdrdIaF df sMkyq imldf hY. iesy leI ies ivwc pRkfsLq kivqfvF nUM gLdr lihr dI kivqf ivwc sLfml kIqf igaf hY. (8) s os Ll s uDfr: Kflsf dIvfn susfietI (gurduafrf vYnkovr) vloN 1942 ivwc s os Ll s uDfr nF df prcf jfrI kIqf igaf. ies prcy ivwc kivqfvF hwQ nfl ilKIaF jFdIaF sn qy Auh gurduafiraF ivwc pVHIaF jFdIaF sn qy jo kivqfvF gurduafiraF ivwc pVHIaF jFdIaF sn, Auh ies ivwc ilK ky vMzIaF jFdIaF sn. ieh prcf iswK iPrky nfl qy iswK sMsQf nfl sMbMDq sI, pr ies ivwc CpIaF kivqfvF dI sur dysL BgqI vflI sI. ieho kfrn hY ik kuJ kivqfvF ies ivwcoN hwQly sMgRih ivwc idwqIaF geIaF hn. Auprokq aKbfrF qy pwqrF qoN ielfvf, sfnPrFissko ‘gLdr afsLrm’ qoN ikqfbicaF dy rUp ivwc hor vI bhuq kuJ Cfipaf jFdf irhf hY, ijs nUM ‘gLdrI sfihq’ df nF idwqf igaf. ies gLdrI sfihq dy prcfr leI g Ldr dI g U Mj nM[ 6 dI dUjI Cfp (1933) ivwc iek apIl CpI hY: ‘gLdrI sfihq pVHo. ies qoN gLdrI sfihq dI loV, sfriQkqf qy ies dIaF isafsI aOkVF df pqf lwgdf hY:

gulfm ihMdusqfn dy bMDn kwtx vfsqy qVp rhy kOm prsqF nUM ienklfbI rsqy pur ilaOxf bVf jLrUrI hY. ‘gLdr pRYs’ ienklfbI sfihq pYdf krn vfsqy rfq idn iek kr irhf hY qy axKI


16

ihMdusqfnIaF nUM dusLmx pur krfrI swt mfrn vfsqy vMgfr irhf hY. bdysLI hkUmq vfsqy mOq df sunyhf ljfx vflf eyh gLdrI sfihq iswDf dysL nhIN Byijaf jf skdf, pr jo swjx jyl rUpI dys qoN bfhr hn Eh KusLiksmq hn ikAuNik Auh hr qrHF df ienklfbI sfihq suKYn hI hfsl kr skdy hn qy keIaF ZMgF nfl dys ivwc BI Gwl skdy hn.

gLdrI pwqrkfrI qoN pRfpq kivqf qoN ielfvf ieQy iek kivqf BfeI dXf isMG kvIsLr dI idwqI jf rhI hY, jo Aus ny 1945-46 dI gurduafrf irport dy rUp ivwc Cfp ky sMgqF nUM ByNt kIqI. ies kivqf ieQy kuQF lgdI hY, pr ies dI dsqfvyjLI mhwqqf kfrn ieQy idwqI jf rhI hY. iesy qrHF dI iek kivqf bfbf hrI isMG Ausmfn dI igafnI kysr isMG nUM ilKI icwTI dy rUp ivwc hY. iek-awD hor ivkoilqrI kivqf vI ies sMgRih ivwc sLfml kr leI geI hY. gLdr lihr dI ieh sfrI kivqf pMjfbIaF dy prdysI jIvn, ieiqhfs, rfjnIqI, siBafcfrk srokfr, pMjfbI bolI qy kfiv-isLlp dI sihj Xogqf dy keI pwKF qoN bhuq mhwqvpUrn hY. gLdrI sfihq dI sMpUrn Koj qy pRkfsLn qoN bfad vIhvIN sdI dy pMjfbI sfihq, bolI qy pMjfb dI isafsI siBafcfrk cyqnf dy ivkfs dI khfxI nvyN isirEN ilKI jfvygI, aijhf myrf ivsLvfs hY. hQly kfiv-sMgRih dy aijhy mhwqv dI crcf hyT ilKy isrlyKF ivwc vMz ky kIqI jf skdI hY. (1) prdys dy mfmly (2) ieiqhfsk sMdrB (3) isafsI pirvysL, pirpyK qy pRqIbwDqf (4) siBafcfrk qy BfsLfeI srokfr (5) kfiv-cyqnf qy kfiv isLlp

(1) prdys d y mfmly

gLdrI kfiv prdysIN gey pMjfbIaF dI rcnf hY. AunHF leI sB qoN pihlF qy vwzf mfmlf qF GroN byGr ho ky prdysF ivwc jf vsx leI mjLbUr hoxf hI sI, ijs df mUl kfrn dI dysL dI gulfmI:

asIN vqn vfly prdys ruldy ieh PrMg sfzf dys mwl igaf jy.

AunHIvIN sdI dy aMq ivwc, brqfnIaf srkfr vloN nvyN suDfrF dI afV ivwc pMjfbI iksfnI AuWqy Tosy nvyN mfmilaF, afibafinaF qy krijLaF ny iqMn lfielfj ibmfrIaF idwqIaF: ‘kfl plyg qy grIbI’. iksfnI dy sfhmxy ienHF qoN Cutkfry dy rfh vI iqMn hI sn: POj dI nOkrI, hor CotIaF nOkrIaF qy prdys. “vIhvIN sdI dy afrMB ivwc pMjfb dy rfjsI qy afriQk kfrnF ny hjLfrF pMjfbI iksfnF nUM mjbUrIaF {mjLdUrIaF?} krky afpxf pyt pflx, krjLy Auqfrn qy jIvn nUM KusLhfl bnfx leI pRdysF vwl Dwk ky bfhr kwiZaf. ienHI idnIN amrIkf qy kYnyzf ivwc srmfeydfrI ZMg AuWqy nvINaF jLmInF afbfd ho rhIaF sn. srmfeydfrF leI ssqy, mjLbUq qy cMgy kfmy mjUrF dI bhuq loV sI. pMjfbI iksfnF nUM jdoN kYnyzf qy amrIkf ivwc mjUrF dI loV qy AuQy pMj Cy Cy rupey rojLfnf dI mjUrI dI sUh lwgI, qF AunHF ny AuDr nUM vhIrF Gwq idwqIaF. 1906-1913 qwk lgBg pMj hjLfr pMjfbI iksfn kYnyzf ivwc, ieqny


17

ku hI amrIkf ivwc phuMc gey sn. kYnyzf qy amrIkf ivwc Bfrq dy hor pRFqF d kuJ lok vI gey pr AunHF dI igxqI pMjfbI iksfnF ivwc msF pMj PI sdI hovygI. pMjfbI iksfn mjUrF qoN ibnF ienHF ivwc kuJ ihMdI prcfrk, ividafrQI qy vpfrI vI sn.” (hIrf isMG drd, p MjfbI d unIaF, PrvrI 1960, pM[ 14-15) igafnI hIrf isMG drd df Auprokq kQn gLdr-lihr qy gLdrI kfiv dy jmfqI ikrdfr df inrxf krn leI bhuq iDafnXog hY, pr ieQy asIN prvfsI jIvn dy kTn anuBvF dy kfiv-pRgtfvy dI hI gwl kr rhy hF. 1908 qoN hI kYnyzf srkfr vloN ihMdIaF dI afmd AuWqy lg rhIaF rokF ny pMjfbIaF nUM afpxy Gr, afpxy ‘dysL’ dI hoNd qoN sucyq kIqf, byvqnI ny ienHF nUM vqn-pRsqI df jjLbf, nvIN gulfmI ny afjLfdI df aihsfs qy bygfngI dI siQqI ny svY-pCfx dI soJI idwqI:

Gr qoN bgYr asIN nhIN sjdy kulI kulI asIN sfry jg vjdy.

“jd ienHF pMjfbI iksfnF ny amrIkf vrgy afjLfd dysL ivwc pYr Diraf, vwK vwK afjLfd kOmF dy lokF nfl sMprk bixaf, nvIN dunIaF dI afjLfdI dI hvf lwgI aqy keI afjLfd lokF vloN ‘kulI, kulI’, ‘gulfm ihMdI’ ‘qIh kroV ByzF’ afid dy idl ivMnvyN qIr vwjx lwgy, qF ienHF dy sIny ivMny gey.” (drd) qy ies kTor swc nUM ieAuN sLbd-bwD kIqf igaf:

- Gr sOhiraF dy nhIN ZoeI imldI, nhIN pyikaF dy sfn Qfn ikDry. - dysoN pYx Dwky bfhr imly ZoeI nf, sfzy prdysIaF df dys koeI nf.

ienHF sqrF ivwc prdysI ihMdI aQvf pMjfbI dI Auh sMktmeI dfsqfn hY ijs dI jfxkfrI qoN ibnF ienHF dy Bfv-boD dI aihmIaq nUM smiJaf nhIN jf skdf. gLdr lihr dI kivqf df pihlf srokfr iek pCVy hoey qy luwty puwty dys ivwcoN geI prdysI iksfnI dI Aus mnodsLf nUM pRgtfvf dyxf sI jo prdys dy smfjk rfjnIqk mfhOl dy dbfvF hyT brVf brVf ky AuWTdI hY. ieh kivqf rudn nhIN, bVbVfht hY. bfhrI afriQk pRbMD ivwc jkVy lokF dy aMqrmuKI anuBvF dy qxfE nUM pysL krky ieh kivqf gulfmI-afjLfdI dy QImk qxfAu nUM isrjdI hY. ies ivwc ijwQy afpxI qqklIn siQqI qoN pRfpq aihsfs-kmqrI hY AuWQy afpxI juJfr ivrfsq, siBafcfr svwC afdqF qy axK nfl jIAux dy isdk df gOrv vI hY. ihMd ivwc pihlF kMpnI rfj qy iPr brqnfvI rfj ny pyNzU svY-inrBr afriQkqf nUM Kqm krky jLmInI suDfrF, rylF, KfxF qy nihrF afid dy ivkfs nfl afpxI iejfrydfrI aDIn, vpfrI pUMjI qy sLfhUkfry nUM AuqsLfihq kIqf. pr 1857 dy gLdr qoN zr ky arD-jgIrU, BUmIpqI vrg qy rjvfiVaF nUM irafieqF dy ky, qy AunHF nfl gwTjoV krky ihMd nUM isrP kwcy (aQvf mMzI dy) mfl (nIl, kpfh, qy hor ijnsF) dI Kfx qy brqfnIaF dy kfrKfinaF ivwc bxy mfl dI Kpq-gfh bxf ky rwK idwqf. ies nfl dysL dy snaqI qy qknIkI ivkfs ivwc KVoq pYdf hoeI; nvyN pRbMDkI suDfrF kfrn iksfn krjLeI hoieaf qy grIb vrgF ivwc vfDf hoieaf. amIr grIb dy ihwqF dI twkr dy iqwKf hox nfl afm afdmI leI afDuink iswiKaf-sfDnF dy ivkfs, Drm inrpyK jIvn muwlF dy psfry qy jmhUrI aml dI rPqfr ivwc aiVwky


18

pYdf hoey. ienHF hflqF ny pMjfb dy iswK-ihMdU-muslmfn iksfnF, mjLdUrF, nfmkty POjIaF, ividafrQIaF afid nUM prdysF vwl Dwikaf qy Auh iek hor gulfmI ivwc phuMc gey. pMjfb dy pyNzU iksfn = POjI amrIkf kYnyzf jf ky sLihrI mjLdUr bxy, KyqF, afrf imwlF, qy ryl ptVIaF `qy kMm kIqf qy nvyN sLosLx df isLkfr hoey. nvyN kMmF ivwc mfhr nf hox kfrn Gwt Aujrq AuWqy mjLdUrI, KfnfbdosLI, asMgTn, afid dy kfrn AunHF df AuhI hfl hoieaf jo 1845-57 ivwc AunHF afiersL iksfnF df hoieaf sI jo aMgryjLF dI kIqI qbfhI dy PlsrUp ilvrpUl qy glfsgo af gey sn. ipwCy dysL ivwc rih gey pirvfrF df ivCoVf, Kymy-JuwgIaF-zyiraF dI irhfiesL, Gwt Kurfk, nslI ivqkry, nPrqF qy ihMsk hmilaF df tfkrf prdysI pMjfbI dIaF muZlIaF sMvydnfvF df afDfr hn. nslI nPrq df hlf ieh sI ik pMjfbI ijnHF zyiraF ivwc rihMdy sn AuWQy nhfAux-Dox qy sLOc df koeI mfkUl pRbMD nhIN sI qy jdoN Auh KyqF ivwc jFdy sn gory lok AunHF AuWqy hmly krdy sn. iewQoN qwk ik ihMdIaF kol afpxy murdy Pukx leI QF nhIN sI. kYnyzf dI DrqI `qy pihlI mOq 1907 ivwc arjn isMG nF dy ivakqI dI hoeI, ijs df sskfr luk-iCp ky jMgl ivwc kIqf igaf sI. (dyKo kysr isMG, k Yn yzIan is wKs). pr iesy sMktmeI siQqI ny pMjfbIaF nUM afpxI klcr df gOrv, axK dI Bfvnf, eykqf dI mhwqqf qy hiQafr-bMd twkr dI soJi krvfeI: - aj rih gey asIN byaxK kfier gey sUrmy ihMd dI jfn ikwQy. kflf lok zrtI aj kYhx sfnUM, gey ihMd dy Auh adbo sLfn ikwQy. - ihMdI rihxgy ivwc knyzVy dy, afE gj ky pk vKf dyeIey. afE bIj pYlI JuwgI pf leIey, krky tfkry swc suxf dyeIey. s Msfr ivwc CpI iek itwpxI qoN klcr dy PrkF qoN AuqpMn hoeIaF musLklF dy iqwKy pRqIkrm df sMkyq imldf hY:

2 akqUbr vYnkUvr sYNtrl skUl dy ipRnsIpl ny 3 iswK bflkF leI jo ik AuWQy dfKl hox leI gey sn hukm idwqf hY ik jy Auh pVHnf cfhuMdy hn qF skUl ivwc dsqfrF Auqfr ky aOx. [[[ AumYd hY ik iswK kOm jy ijAuNdI hY qF ies afpxI kOmI byiejLqI nUM sux ky ibafkl hovygI qy ies hukm dy ivruwD rOlf pOx leI dyr nhIN lfvygI.

kYnyzf dI DrqI `qy pMjfbIaF df bfhrly siBafcfrF nfl jo sMprk hoieaf Aus qoN AunHF nUM ielm dI aihmIaq, qknIkI AuWnqI df igafn qy aKbfrF dI loV df aihsfs hoieaf. dUjy siBafcfrF dy cMgy gux gRihx krn, vpfr qy hor DMidaF ivwc AuWdm krn dI rIs pYdf hoeI. keI kivqfvF ivwc nvyN Xuwg dI nuhfr dI Jlk dy ky qy imwlF PyktrIaF dy nF igxf ky pMjfbIaF nUM msLInI Xuwg nfl sFJ pfAux leI pRyrq kIqf igaf. pr ieh nvIN cyqnf AudoN isafsI sUJ ivwc bdldI hY jdoN kYnyzf srkfr ihMdIaF nUM AuWQoN kwZx dIaF godF guMddI qy nvyN kfnUMn bxfAuNdI hY. nvyN kfnUMnF ivwc pRmuwK sn: (1) ihMdI afpxy pirvfrF nUM nhIN ilaf skdy, (2) tuwtvyN jhfjL `qy sPr krky kYnyzf nhIN Auqr skdy, qy (3) kYnyzf phuMcx leI hr iksy kol 200 zflr hoxy jLrUrI hn. 1908 ivwc, kYnyzf dy sB ihMdIaF nUM gulfmF vFg hFzUrs tfpU ivwc Byjx dI skIm bxfeI geI, jo isry nf cVH skI. 5 agsq 1913 dy sMsfr ivwc iliKaf hY: “do hPqy qoN ivktorIaF ivc eyCIaf {eysLIaf} dy lokF nUM ies dysL


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ivcoN kwZ dyx leI quPfn mc irhf hY. goiraF ny bVy bVy kT krky ies kumytI eyCIaYitk aYkskulIAuXn lIg bnfeI hY ijs df mqlb eyCIaf dy lokF nUM knyzf ivwcoN kwZxf hY.” do so zflr idKfAux dI sLrq pUrI krn dy qF pMjfbI Xog sn, pr Bfrq qoN kYnyzf iswDy jhfjL dI sLrq bVI sKq sI. ies kfnUMn dy ivrwuD kYnyzf vfsI pMjfbIaF ny 1908 qoN 1914 qwk Etvf, lMzn qy ieMizaf nUM zYpUtysLn Byj Byj ky afpxy jfiejL aiDkfr pRfpq krn leI ivDfnk lVfeI lVI. jdoN koeI vfh nf cwlI qF bfbf guridwq isMG ny kfmfgftfmfrU df pRbMD kIqf. ieh jhfjL 21 meI qoN 21 julfeI 1914 qwk smuMdr ivwc KVHf nvyN kfnUMn df mUMh icVfAuNdf irhf, lVdf irhf, pr musfPrF nUM kYnyzf Auqrn dI iejfjLq nf idwqI geI. hfr ky vfps priqaf qy bj bj Gft dy sfky nfl ieh muihMm smfpq hoeI. ies qoN bfad prdys dy mfmly kyvl prdysI smfjk jIvn dy sMkt nf rhy, sgoN rfjsI sMktF ivwc bdl gey. kfmfgftfmfrU dI Gtnf ny ihMdIaF nUM ihMsf qy dihsLq df sbk isKfieaf. inhwQy musfPrF ny hiQafr-bwD kYnyzI puils df tfkrf jhfjL lwdy pwQr dy koilaF nfl kIqf. ies Gtnf df vrxn keI kivqfvF ivwc imldf hY. gLdrI kivqf ivwc suwqy ihMdIaF nUM jgfAux df Auprflf vI hY qy AunHF supinaF df vrxn vI. sfbkF POjIaF qy iksfnF qoN mjLdUr bxy prdysI pMjfbIaF nUM anuBv hoieaf ik Auh ijLMdgI jIAUx leI ijLMdgI vyc rhy hn. ieh anuBv iek qrHF nvyN jnm dy igafn vrgf sI, ijs dI bdOlq Auh msLIn qoN muV mnuwK bxy qy afpxy twbrF nUM afpxy kl rwK ky iensfn bx ky jIAUx dI locf krn lwgy. ies qoN vI awgy AunHF ny afjLfd sLihrI bx ky afpxy hI dysL ivwc vwsxf cfihaf. iesy iewCf qoN dysL BgqI df jjLbf qy ‘bMdy mfqRm’ df nfhrf jnm lYNdf hY. prdysI kfmy nUM gulfm ikrq msLIn bxfAuNdI hY, pr kfiv-krm muV Aus nUM afpxI iensfnIaq nfl joVdf hY. inwq dI hwz BMnvIN imhnq, nslI ivqkiraF df sMqfp, kflf hox df qfhnf qy gulfm hox dI nmosLI qoN plF iCxF leI afjLfd ho ky jdoN Auh afp muhfry kivqf GVdf hY qF iek asDfrn iensfn ho inbVdf hY. inwq jIvn dI sDfrnqf dI grd lfh ky Aus nUM afpxf afp anoKy jlOa ivwc ilsLkdf pRqIq huMdf hY qy Auh nvyN ienklfbI, aiqvfdI, dysLBgqk, asDfrn qy ihMsk kfrnfimaF leI kmrkwsf krdf njLr afAuNdf hY. prdys ivwc kivqf inwq-jIvn dI ijLwlq qoN Cutkfry df rfh vI hY qy Aus dy svY-pRgtfvy df sfDn vI:

aflU puitaF qoN pYsf juVy nfhIN, gozI kridaF dy gozy lfl ho gey. pYsf juVy nf nfl mjLdUrIaF dy. iJVkF sYNhidaF nUM keI sfl ho gey. kI kuJ Kitaf jy imrkx ivwc af ky, dys CwizaF nUM keI sfl ho gey. kulI kulI kih ky dunIaF nwk cfhVy, vIro asIN bysLrm kumfl ho gey. hovy axK qy smJIey Jt sYnq, zMzy KfidaF dy Zuzr lfl ho gey.

ieho ijhI kivqf Qwky-tuwty qn-mn df afsrf qy jUJx leI pRyrnf bxdI hY. iesy ivwc ies dI sfihqk sfriQkqf hY. kfiv-nfiek df supnf qy svY-soJI vrqmfn qoN afr-pfr pUry ieiqhfs ivwc PYldI hY qy nfiek-mn dI ienklfbI qbdIlI Aus dy pRqIroD qy ivdroh df


20

ibMb bx ky idRsLmfn huMdI hY. ieh TIk hY ik prdysI jIvn dI qRfsdI hr pRkfr dy ikqfbI igafn qoN vDyry swcI qy iswiKaf –BrpUr hY. afpxy Drm qy siBafcfr df ieiqhfs jo pihlF hI Aus dy anuBv df ihwsf sI, hux Aus dI cyqnf df aMg bxdf hY. ieho gLdrI kivqf df igafn-mUlk rol hY. ieh kivqf Aus nUM vfr vfr aihsfs krvfAuNdI hY ik jy vrqmfn qyrf nhIN qF nf shI, aqIq qF qyrf sI, BivwK qF qyrf ho skdf hY. jy qUM awj kYd ivwc hYN qF kdy nf kdy mukqI vI imlygI. iek pRkfr dy bMdI jIvn dy anuBv nUM pRgt krdI hoeI vI ieh kivqf Aus nUM idRV krvfAuNdI hY ik jy smyN dI rON Aus dI iewCf qoN vwD sLkqIsLflI hY qF vI Aus nUM Audfs qy AudfsIn ho ky sB kuJ nUM ‘hoxI’ {ievyN hoxf sI} AuWqy nhIN Cwz dyxf cfhIdf. ieho idRVqf Aus ivwc nvF jyrf qy hONslf pYdf krdI hY.

(2) ieiqhfsk s MdrB

gLdr dI kivqf amUrq ivcfrF qy klpnfvF dI kivqf nhIN, ies ivwc ieiqhfs-mUlk smUrq hvfly QF QF iKlry pey hn. ieiqhfs dy igafn qoN ibnF ies df TIk aiDaYn sMBv nhIN qy ieiqhfs df igafn dyxf ies df iek sucyq mnorQ vI hY. ieh kivqf gLdr lihr dy ieiqhfs nUM pMjfb dy, Bfrq dy qy iPr ivsLv dy aqIq qy BfvI pirpyK ivwc siQq krky, aMikq krdI hY. ieh pMjfbIaF dI rcnf hY, ies leI sB qoN vwD hvfly ies ivwc pMjfb dy ieiqhfs ivwcoN hn. ienHF hvfilaF dI syD ivwc sB qoN pihlF ies kivqf dy avcyqn nUM Prolx dI loV hY. ies dy avcyqn ivwcoN pMjfb dy ihMdU-iswK ivrsy dIaF rvfieqF, pMjfbI icMqn-Dfrf dy pRqImfn qy ies dy jMgjU ivrsy dy nroey aMsL vI imldy hn qy iswK pMjfbIaF dI aprfD-cyqnf qy dosL-gMZ df vI pqf lwgdf hY. ies kivqf dy rom rom ivwc pMjfb df lVfkU, axKIlf qy afjLfdI-psMd iksfn-kbfielI cirqR smfieaf hoieaf hY. ies dy cyqy ivwc iswK ieiqhfs ivwc vfprIaF kuJ aijhIaF kuqfhIaF, glqIaF, jF dosL pey hn ijnHF qoN mukq ho ky ieh muV iswK isDFq qy iswK ieiqhfs dIaF mfnvI kImqF qy rvfieqF nfl juVn leI jUJ rhI hY. gurF ny pMQ sfijaf sI srbwq mfnvqf dy Bly leI qy ihMd dI cfdr bxn leI, pr Auh kMm asIN Bulf idwqf hY; hOlI hOlI asIN ‘bgly Bgq’, pfKMzI qy byaml aflm bx gey hF; ihMd dI afjLfdI leI jUJ mrn dI jfc sfnUM Xfd nhIN rhI. ieho hfl bfkI DrmF df vI hY, pr iswKF df afpxy ‘Kflsf Drm’ qoN prHF cly jfxf kvI nUM ivsLysL qOr `qy cuBdf hY. awj dy smyN ivwc, ‘ihMd dI afjLfdI’ leI mr-imtxf hI aslI ‘Kflsf Drm’ hY:

kfjLI pMzqF aqy igafnIaF ny XuD krn df bcn sunfvxf nf. BONkx rfq idny BuKy tukiVaF dy KflI rihxgy iZz Brfvxf nf. hwzI pUM pY jU Qozy Kflsf jI, mfVf Dn pUjf vflf Kfvxf nf. vjf momnf dI kMm luicaF dy zIl zOl nUM dyK Bul jfvnf nf. sfnUM loV nf aYimaF aYiPLaF dI, ielm rgV PoVy AuWqy lfvnf nf.


21

ies AupdysL-afdysL dI qih ivwc qy ies kivqf dy avcyqn ivwc iswKI dI sIs qlI `qy rwKx dI rvfieq peI hY:

- sfzy vIrnoN qusF byKLqr (byKLbr) rihxf asIN afpxy hwQ idKf idaFgy. asIN qlI pur rwiKaf sIs afpxf kyrf ihMd ivc gLdr mcf idaFgy. - do do mIl joDy isroN bfJ lV gey sfnUM duK jqlfAux dI loV kIey.

dUjI tUk ivwc ‘duwK’ sLbd gulfmI dy sMktF qy iswKI rvfieqF qoN prHF ht jfx dy duwK vwl sMkyq krdf hY: duwK qF hY pr duwK df ielfj roxf-Doxf nhIN, ies ivruwD jUJxf hY. brqfnvI rfj dy hmfieqI qy cfplUs ieiqhfskfrF qy iswDy sfdy lokF dIaF PYlfeIaF aPvfhF kfrn iswK-smUh iek aijhy ‘gunfh dy aihsfs’ df isLkfr hoieaf, jo smuwcI gLdr lihr qy gLdrI kivqf dy acyq ivwc kMm krdf irhf hY. do gunfhF df KLfs qOr `qy kvI-mn AuWqy boJ hY. pihlf gunfh sI iswKF qy PrMgIaF dI pihlI jMg vyly mhfrfxI ijMdF vloN bfrUd dI QF srHoN Byjxf:

srHoN jgf bfrUd dI Byj idwqI eys nfr rfxI ijMd kOr bylI.

dUjf ‘klMk’ sI 1857 dy gLdr ivwc iswKF vloN aMgryjLI rfj dy iKlfP bgfvq dI QF, sgoN Aus dI shfieqf krnf. ijwQy vI ieh kivqf iswK-smUh nUM sMboiDq huMdI hY AuWQy ies klMk vwl sMkyq jLrUr krdI hY:

- vyKo vFg sqvMjy nf Buwl jfxf, KUb rKxf vkq nUM Xfd isMGo. AuTo jldI klMkI dI dfgL DoeIey vfk gurU dy jy qusF Xfd isMGo. - jdoN sMn sqvMjf ivc gLdr hoieaf, afieaf pMQ nUM bhuq jvfl isMGo. awj mulk ajLfdI ivc Kyzxf sI, krdy ipafr jy gLdr dy nfl isMGo. jwtF isiDaF nUM koeI dosL nfhI, sfzy lIzrF df mMdf hfl isMGo.

ies ‘klMkI dy dfgL’ qy ‘dosL’ df aihsfs vI iek kfrn sI ik pMjfb df iswK ies lihr ivwc sB qoN mUhry ho ky liVaf. iswK rfj dI hfr dI nmosLI qy sqvMjf dy gLdr df dosL gLdrI nfiek vrqmfn qy BivwK ivcfly kMD vFg KVHy BUqkfl dI inafeIN hY, pr afpxy BUqkfl nUM jdoN Auh sucyqnf dI pwDr `qy icqvdf hY qF, ‘pRym Kyln kf cfAu’ ‘pMQ dI sfjnf’ ‘aTfrvIN sdI df isMG-aMdoln’ ‘kUkf ivdroh’ qy 1907 dI ‘pwgVI sMBfl’ lihr dI punr-isrjxf


22

krky qy AunHF nUM afpxy vrqmfn amlI jIvn qy kivqf df pRfxDfrI aMg bxf ky aqIq dI kuqfhI qy dosL dI kMD nUM Zfh ky awgy vDxf cfhuMdf hY:

ipClI klMkI sfrI cuwkI jfAUgI. hoAUgI afjLfdI nsl suK pfAUgI.

iesy aml duafrf gLdrI kvI ieiqhfs dy sucyq kfiv-krx dy kfrj ivwc pRvysL krdf hY. Auh aMgryjL dIaF nIqIaF qoN sucyq ho ky Aus dIaF isrjIaF ieiqhfsk imwQF dy Ehly ho rhI Bfrq dI luwt qoN prdf cuwkdf hY:

ihMd df bpfr kfr roiVHaf jhfn AuWqoN, afpxf bpfr asmfn `qy cVHf ilaf. Gwt nf gujLfrI mfr DfV kIqI ihMd ivc, Ehly Ehly Dn ieMglYNz nUM pucf ilaf. kIqI bMd ividaf skUl aKbfr cMgy ihMd dy nvfsIaF nUM mUrK bnf ilaf.

gLdrI kivqf ivwc ihMd dy ieiqhfs df sucyq ismrx qy vrxn iqMn mnorQF aDIn hoieaf hY: (i) ieiqhfs dy pRfxDfrI qwqF qy mfnvI ivrsy nUM afqmsfq krky nvF ieiqhfs isrjx leI (ii) qqklIn GtnfvF dy ivvyk nUM smJx-smJfAux leI (iii) gLdr dI hfr dI inrfsLf qy ivsLfd qoN bcx leI hux qwk jo ieiqhfs brqfnIaf rfj ny isrijaf qy iliKaf sI Auh ihMd df nhIN, ihMd dI luwt df ieiqhfs sI. jdoN ieiqhfs dI vfgzor gLdrI sMBfldf hY qF sfmrfj dI luwt df ieiqhfs Kqm krn leI afpxy lokF nUM vMgfrdf hY qy afpxy ieiqhfs dIaF kRFqIkfrI GtnfvF df cyqf krvfAuNdf hY. gLdr-kfiv dI pUrbkflI (19vIN sdI) qy smkflI pMjfbI kivqf ivwc vI ivrsy dy punr-AuQfn qy nvyN suDfrF dI gwl hoeI hY, pr Auh kivqf ieiqhfs nUM afpxy bcfE ihwq aqIq dy punr-inrmfx qy nvyN smJOiqaF dI idRsLtI qoN Xfd krdI hY, jd ik gLdrI kivqf afpxy ivrsy dy nroey QMmF AuWqy afpxy BivwK dy supny dy mhwl Ausfrn qy aMgryjLI sfmrfj nUM qihs-nihs krn leI ieiqhfs nUM cyqy krvfAuNdI hY. ieh supny dI, BivwK dI, hmly dI, guwsy-roh-ivdroh qy ihMsf dI kivqf hY. ies ivwc ihMsf dy ivvyk nUM TIk iswD krn leI afpxy juJfr ivrsy dy hF-vfcI arQF nUM Aujfgr kIqf igaf hY. ieiqhfsk GtnfvF dy vrxn rfhIN aMgryjL dI ihMsk qy lotU rfjnIqI nUM nMigaF krky afpxI ihMsfvfdI XuwD-nIqI nUM jfiejL Tihrfieaf igaf hY. sfmrfjI ieiqhfskfrF ny sfzy ieiqhfs nUM ivgfV ky pysL kIqf sI. AuhnF dI rIsy kuJ BfrqI ieiqhfskfrF ny vI BfrqI smfj dI afDuinkIkrx dI pRikiraf nUM brqfnvI rfj dIaF nIqIaF aDIn hoeI qknIkI AuWnqI nfl joV ky ies dI pRsMsf kIqI. pr gLdrI kvI qknIkI AuWnqI dI isPq krdf hoieaf vI aMgryjL srkfr, rfijaF qy rfey bhfdrF nUM ihMd dI gulfmI qy aDogqI dy ijLMmyvfr TihrfAuNdf hY aqy nPrq nfl AunHF leI ‘bFdr’ sLbd dI vrqoN krdf hY:

rfey bFdrF mulk vYrfn kIqf ipafr rKdy bFdrF nfl isMGo. sfnUM pfs aMgryjL dy vyicaf hY,


23

afp mulk dy bxy dlfl isMGo. ijwQy sfmrfjI ieiqhfskfrF ny 1857 dy jn-ivdroh (ijs ivwc dysI rfjy, sYink qy afm lok sLfml sn) nUM gLdr kih ky BMzx dI koisLsL kIqI qy keIaF ny ies nUM sfmMqvfdI rjvfiVaF dy KLud-pRsqI nfl joV ky dyiKaf AuWQy kfrl mfrks, PrYzirk eyNgljL qy sfvrkr ny ies nUM ihMd dI afjLfdI dI pihlI jMg ikhf. ieMglYNz ivwc cwl rhy cfritst (mjLdUr) aMdoln dy kvIaF ny ies nUM ihMdI ispfhI dI dysL BgqI qy mfq-BumI dI cyqnf nfl sMbMDq kr ky dyiKaf. Aus aMdoln dI iek kivqf ivwcoN kuJ sqrF hn:

jiQaF dy jQy ispfhI sYink jfgy afKLr af hI igaf Xfd AunHF nUM iek AunHF dI vI koeI mfqBUmI hY.

And Sepoy soldiers, waking band by band At last remember they have a fatherland. (See Rebellion, 1857)

gLdr pfrtI dy nyqfvF ny qy gLdr lihr dy kivaF ny aMgRyjL srkfr dy clfkI nfl idwqy sLbd ‘gLdr’ nUM sfvrkr dy hF-vfcI arQF ivwc ilaf qy ies nUM ‘ienklfb’ df smfnarQk smJ ky iek jMgI nfhry dy rUp ivwc apxfieaf. hF-muwK idRsLtI qoN sqvMjf df gLdr iek ienklfbI kfrnfmf sI, nf ik kyvl ies leI ik ies ivwc rfjy, POjI qy iksfn iek juwt ho ky ihMd dI afjLfdI leI lVy, sgoN ies leI vI ik ies ny ihMdIaF dI cyqnf qy rfjnIqI ivwc kuJ buinafdI qbdIlIaF pYdf kIqIaF. imsfl dy qOr `qy luwt qy gulfmI df Ehlf cuwikaf igaf qy ieh swc nMgf ho igaf ik ihMdusqfn srmfeydfrI dy aDIn hY. ies aMdoln ny ihMdU-muslmfn dI eykqf kfiem krky qy iswKF ivwc vI rfsLtrI Bfvnf (kUky) pYdf krky, kuwl ihMd dI pwDr `qy kOmI cyqnf, vqn dy ipafr qy BfrqI rfsLtrvfd df muwZ bMinaF; afm lokF ivwc isafsI sUJ, afjLfdI dI cfh qy buwDIjIvIaF ivwc svYmfx qy nvIN rOsLnI df sMcfr kIqf, ijs dy PlsrUp kFgrs pfrtI, isMG sBf, afid nrmdlI mwDvrg vI zYpUtysLnF, miqaF qy apIlF rfhIN suqMqrqf sMgrfm dI sVky ciVHaf. iek aihm qbdIlI ieh vfprI ik ies gLdr ny afAux vfly ienklfbF leI POj dI hF-muwK BUimkf nUM inqfr ky sfhmxy ilaFdf. ieho kfrn hY ik gLdr pfrtI, gLdr aKbfr qy gLdr dI kivqf dI mUl pRyrnf sqvMjf df gLdr bixaf. pRyrnf hI nhIN, gLdr lihr dI rxnIqI leI mfzl df kMm iesy gLdr ny kIqf. gLdr pfrtI dy sQfipq hox qoN pihlF vI pMjfb ivwc kUkf lihr qy ‘pgVI sMBfl’ aMdoln ny sqvMjf dy gLdr qoN hI AuqsLfh pRfpq kIqf sI. ijwQy brqfnvI sfmrfj ny gLdr dI pjfhvIN vrHygMZ ihMdIaF nUM bdnfm krn leI ieMglYNz ivwc mnfeI, AuWQy dysL dy bfhr `qy aMdr dy ienklfbIaF (iqlk, brkquwlf, kirsLn jI vrmf, mYzm kfmf, sfvrkr, arivMdo GosL, sUPI aMbf pRsfd qy ajIq isMG afid) ny ieh vrHy-gMZ gLdr dI ienklfbI siprt nUM muV kfiem krn leI mnfeI. 1907 ivwc sLhId Bgq isMG dy cfcy (ajIq isMG) qy ipqf iksLn isMG dI agvfeI hyT pMjfbI dI iksfnI ny kflonIal ibl df ivroD krn leI ‘pwgVI sMBfl jwtf’ dI lihr clfeI. ihMdU-iswK-musilm dI eykqf, bsqI-ibl dI vfpsI, ajIq isMG qy lflf lfjpq rfey dI jlfvqnI df KLfqmf, afid ies lihr dIaF ienklfbI pRfpqIaF sn. ihMd qoN bfhr mYzm kfmf Auh aOrq sI ijs ny gLdr dI siprt nUM kOmFqrI rUp dyx leI pYirs ivwc rihMidaF dUjI kimAUinst ieMtrnYsLnl nfl


24

qflmyl pYdf kIqf qy 1907 ivwc ies dI stuwtgfrt vflI kfnPrMs ivwc ‘pUrn svrfj’ df nfhrf dy ky BfrqI iqrMgf (lfl, kysrI qy nIlf) Julfieaf. ies JMzy dy rMg-pRqIkvfd bfry keI anumfn hn, pr jfpdf hY ik ieh iksy klfkfr ny BfrqI imiQhfs qoN pRBfivq ho ky bxfieaf hovygf:

lfl bRhmf = rcnf kysrI (pIlf) = ivsLnU- pflk (ikrqI smfj) nIlf = isLv= nfsLk = ienklfb

gLdr lihr dI kivqf ny sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy isMG-aMdoln qoN lY ky afpxIaF smkflI ieiqhfsk GtnfvF qy ivakqIaF qwk ibnF iksy Drm, jfq, ielfky qy dysL dy iBMnByd dy AunHF dy nroey qy ienklfbI qwqF nUM aMikq kIqf hY. rUs, cIn, afierlYNz, isMGfpur, Bfrq, ijwQy ijwQy vI koeI afjLfdI aMdoln iCiVaf, Aus nUM gLdrI kvI ny gLdr kih ky Aus dI pRsLMsf kIqI hY. iesy idRsLtI qoN Aus ny afpxIaF smkflI GtnfvF (kfmfgftfmfrU df sfkf, bwbr lihr, sLhId Bgq isMG qy sfQIaF dIaF srgrmIaF, afid) nUM kfiv-bwD kIqf. ies kivqf ny gLdr dy ienklfbIaF (sohx isMG Bknf, lflf hridafl qy krqfr isMG srfBf, afid) dIaF kurbfnIaF, sLhIdIaF, jylHF, qy BuwK hVqflF nUM vI nflo nfl aMikq kIqf hY. ijwQy ienklfbI sUrimaF dI vizafeI hoeI hY, AuWQy gLdfrF qy muKbrF (nvfb Kfn, amr isMG qy mUlf isMG afid) dI rwj ky inMdf vI kIqI geI hY. vrqmfn-kflI GtnfvF dy ivvyk nUM spsLt krn leI, hr Gtnf nUM ienklfbI ieiqhfs dy pirpyK qy pRqImfnF dy pRsMg ivwc ibafn kIqf igaf hY. lihr dI inrfsLf qy ivsLfd dy dOr ivwc ies kivqf ivwc ieiqhfs dy romFs df shfrf vI ilaf igaf hY:

- jyVHy aj gulfm nkfr hoey, kdy nfm blvfn sdFvdy sI. murdf kOm pukfrdf jg ijnHF, BUpq hoie ky rfj kmFvdy sI.

(iewQy ‘BUpq’ qy ‘rfj’ sLbd df sMkyq mhfrfjf rxjIq isMG dy rfj vwl jfpdf hY.) ies bcfE ivDI aDIn nvyN ienklfbIaF dIaF sLhIdIaF dI mhwqqf nUM Aujfgr krn leI purfxy sLhIdF df guxgfx kIqf igaf. iKMzfE qoN bcx leI ivrsy dIaF kurbfnIaF dI sLfn nUM aqkiQq rUp ivwc AuBfiraf igaf:

jykr jIvIey jIvIey mrd ho ky, aYvyN zMg tpfAux dI loV kI ey. lwKF nfl kwly kwly lVy sUry, sfnUM idl dYhlOx dI loV kI ey.

idl dy dihl nUM Gwt krn leI aqIq qy BivwK dy romFs dI isrjxf ies kivqf ivwc hoeI hY:

aqIq: kdoN asIN vI sihnsLfh mulk dy sF


25

qfj qKq sI rfj drbfr sfzf. BivwK: asIN lVFgy krFgy gdr jldI, KLbrdfr ho icq zulfvnf kI. iklf dysL pRym df bhuq pwkf, nhIN tuwtxf idl dYhlfvxf kI.

Auprokq iqMnF mnorQF aDIn gLdrI kvI ny jo ieiqhfs df kfiv-krx jF kivqf df ieiqhfs-krx kIqf hY Aus qoN iek gwl sfP hY ik gLdrI kvI kol smfjk ieiqhfs df iek qRYkflI cOKLtf (pYrfzfeIm) qy dUr dI idRsLtI (ivjLn) mOjUd sI. Auh ieQoN qwk bygrjL qy XQfrQvfdI sI ik Aus nUM pqf sI ik gLdrI qF gLdr dy lyKy lwg jfxgy, pr afAux vflIaF pusLqF rfj krngnIaF:

rfj krygI asF dI nsl ipafrI sfnUM rfj kmfvxF Krf aOKf.

pr iek afdrsL-smfj dI isrjxf df supnf Aus dIaF awKF ivc jLrUr sI, ijs nUM prjf-rfj jF pMcfieqI rfj kihMdf hY:

ihMdosqfn `coN kZ PrMgIaF nUM, prjf-rfj dI jVH lgfvny nUM.

ies ivwc sfvIN afriQk vMz, sB leI ividaf qy Drm-inrpyK imhnqI smfj hovygf. ieh nksLf Aus vyly dy sovIaq smfj dy sMklp qoN pRBfivq qy Aus nfl imldf-juldf hY:

- ipwCoN gLdr dy mfmlf mfP sB nUM, KyqI krFgy mOj bhfr vflI. - ivwidXf bQyrI vD jfeygI afjLfdI hoieaF, iksy nf mjfl Pyr sfnUM atkfn dI. bsy rsy hsygf qF sfrf hI afjLfd ihMd, hOlI jdoN hoeI pMz tYks lgfn dI. hovygI qrwkI ipwCoN bhuq hI suKflI sfzI, kr lO iqXfrI pYihlF gLdr mcfx dI. mUrK nf koeI hovy, sBy ivdvfn hox sBy Dnvfn loV iksy nf curfn dI. - mulF pFDy BfeIaF dI ikqy vI loV nf. dso asIN eyhnF kyhVy hl joVnf. myhnqI musLwkqI ijnHF dy sfQI ny, AuhnF kfhnUM bMnxy sPLYd hfQI ny.


26

(3)

rfjnIiqk pirvys L , pirp yK q y p RqIb wDqf

prdys dy mfmilaF qy ieiqhfs dy sihj igafn ny prdysI pMjfbIaF qy gLdrI kvIaF nUM isDFqk isafsI sUJ qy sMgTn dI aihmIaq qoN sucyq kIqf:

-pfxI pwiqaF nUM iksy kMm nfhIN, vylf af igaf jVHF nUM pfvxy df. rfjnIqI dI rIq nUM PVo Xfr, jykr sLOk hY cYn mnfvxy df. - qusIN pFvdy ho pfxI pwiqaF nUM, jVHF vl nf dosqo iKafl ho gey. Kyl rfjnIqI vflI Buwl bYTy, qF hI dosqo hfl byhfl ho gey.

nvIN rfjnIqI dI Kyz nUM smJfAux vflI gLdrI kivqf ny jo isafsI BUimkf inBfeI hY Aus dy afDfr `qy ies nUM ‘polItIkl kivqf’ jF isafsI kivqf kihxf vDyry Xog hY. asl ivwc ieh sDfrn kivqf nhIN, ieh ivsLysL rfjnIqk pirvysL ivwc rfjsI ienklfb dy pirpyK qoN ilKI, pfrtI pRqIbwDqf dI kivqf hY. ies nUM Aus pfrtI dy dfiery dI rcnf smJ ky hI ies df shI muwl pfieaf jf skdf hY. rfjnIqk prcfr ies dI kfivkqf df jIvMq aMg hY. ies kivqf dI sLkqI hI ies gwl ivwc hY ik ieh gLdr lihr dI muwK nIqI, XuwD nIqI qy kfrj ivDI df iswDf prcfr krdI hY. nIqI dy qihq ieh sMgTn (pfrtI) dI loV qy sQfpnf, pfrtI dI ivcfrDfrf (eykqf, bMdy mfqRm qy gLdr), gLdrI ikrdfr (sFJIvfl, prsuafrQI, sdfcfrI, josLIlf, hosLmMd, kurbfnI df puqlf, isdkvfn, sLhId) qy ihMd dy afpxy JMzy df prcfr krdI hY. XuwD nIqI ivwc aKbfr qy prcfr dI mhwqqf, gurIlf bgfvq qy hiQafrbMd ienklfb AuWqy jLor idwqf igaf hY aqy kfrj-ivDI (dfapyc) ivwc gupqvfs, gupqsfihq, gupq hiQafr, XUrpI jMg qoN lfB AuTfAux, BfrqI POj nUM nfbrI leI pRyrn, muKbrF qy srkfrI eyjMtF nUM soD ky dihsLq pfAux, hiQafrF qy mfieaf leI zfky mfrn qy rfsLtrI-aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr `qy dUjIaF pfrtIaF nfl loVINdy gwTjoV krn dIaF qrkIbF dy mhwqv vwl iDafn iKwicaf igaf hY. ienHF isafsI pihlUaF nUM awz awz krky ies kivqf ivwc idRsLtIgocr kIqf jf skdf hY. (A) nIqI: pwiqaF (XfnI suDfrvfd) dI jVHF (XfnI brqfnvI rfj vloN isrijaf lotU arQ-qMqr qy rfj-qMqr) nUM smJ ky, dysL dI afjLfdI leI jUJx dI jo nIqI Dfrn kIqI geI Aus dI pihlI loV sI pfrtI, sMgTn jF jQybMdI:

lIVy lfh PrMg ny nMg kIqf, sfnUM imly ikDry ZoeI ipafr nfhIN. kyVHI gl ijs qy dury dury hovy, jQybMdI qy axK qlvfr nfhIN.


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iesy loV aDIn, gLdr lihr afpxy ieiqhfsk sPr ivwc anykF jQybMdk rUpF ivwcoN lMGI. sB qoN pihlI prdysI ihMdIaF ny afpxIaF smwisafvF nfl nijwTx leI gurduafry qy Coty Coty iekwT kfiem kIqy. iswKF dI bhuigxqI kfrn vYnkUvr dy gurduafry dI AusfrI hoeI qy ‘Kflsf dIvfn sosfietI’ nF dI sB hoNd ivwc afeI. ihMdU-iswK-muslmfn ihMdIaF dy rfjsI iekwTF df sFJf kyNdr gurduafrf huMdf sI. ‘XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf lIg’ qy ‘Kflsf dIvfn sosfietI’ df dPqr gurduafry ivwc hI sI. isaftl (amrIkf) ivwc iek ienklfbI kyNdr 1906 qoN hI kMm kr irhf sI. bfad ivwc bfbU hrnfm isMG sfhrI qy AunHF dy sihXogIaF (rfm nfQ purI qy jI[zI[kumfr) ny kYnyzf qoN isaftl jf ky “XUnfeIitz ieMzIaf hfAUs’ nF df ienklfbI kyNdr sQfpq kIqf. pYirs qy lMzn ivwc vI aijhy kyNdr hoNd ivwc af cuwky sn. eyDr idwlI ivwc vI mfstr amIr cMd, BfeI lfl mukMd, avD ibhfrI bos qy lflf hridafl dy Audm nfl ‘krFqIkfrI dl’ df sMgTn ho cuwkf sI (iesy dl vloN 23 dsMbr, 1912 nUM idwlI ivwc lfrz hfrizMg AuWqy bMb suitaf igaf sI). jdoN apRYl 1911 ivwc hridafl ny amrIkf phuMc ky ‘ieMzIaf stUzYNt klwb’ bxfieaf AudoN qwk AuWQy hiQafrbMd sMGrsL dy AudysL nUM lY ky iqMn hor awzy hoNd ivwc af cuwky sn:

bfbf juaflf isMG df Pfrm stfktn df gurduafrf ihMdI ividafrQIaF df hostl (brkly)

meI 1913 ivwc bfbf sohn isMG Bknf qy sfQIaF dy XqnF nfl jo ‘ihMdI aYsosIeysLn’ bxI sI, hridafl dy sMprk nfl Ausy df nF ‘ihMdI aYsoseIeysLn afP pYsyiPk kost’ rwiKaf igaf, qy gLdr aKbfr dy pRcln qoN ipwCoN ieho sMsQf ‘gLdr pfrtI’ krky pRiswD hoeI. ies dy pihly pRDfn bfbf sohn isMG Bknf, jnrl skwqr lflf hridafl qy KjLfncI pMzq kFsLIrfm sn. (iehnF nfvF qoN pqf lgdf hY ik ies pfrtI df cirqR sLurU qoN hI Drm-inrpwK sI). ies df dPqr XugFqr afsLrm, sfnPrFissko (kYlyPornIaf, XU[ aYWs[ ey[) ivwc sI. gLdr aKbfr, gLdr afsLrm qy gLdr pfrtI, XfnI ‘gLdr’ sLbd dI msLhUrI kfrn 1920 ivwc pfrtI df jnm idn vI pihlI nvMbr nUM mnfieaf igaf sI aqy 1928 ivwc ies df punrgTn krky, ies dy sMivDfn ivwc ies df bfkfiedf nF ‘gLdr pfrtI’ hI rwiKaf igaf. AuNj 1928 qwk gLdr lihr dIaF sLfKfvF kOmFqrI pwDr AuWqy bhuq dUr dUr qwk PYl geIaF sn qy smyN nfl ies dy hor ikMny hI rUp hoNd ivwc af cuwky sn, ijvyN:

(i) pYris df ienklfbI kyNdr (mYzm kfmf, cwtopfiDafey) (ii) pUrbI PrMt (cIn, jpfn, iPlpIn, brHmf, mlfieaf, isMGfpur) (iii) brHmf df gLdrI morcf (sohn lfl pfTk) (iv) kfbl dI afrjLI srkfr (mihMdRopRqfp, brkquwlf) (v) briln kmytI (hridafl, qfrk nfQ dfs, brkquwlf) (vi) mfsko sYNtr (vii) bwbr akflI (pMjfb) (viii) ihMdosqfn sosLilst irpbilkn aYsosIeysLn (ihMd) (ix) ikrqI iksfn pfrtI (pMjfb)


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1920-34 dy smyN nUM ies lihr dI ivcfrDfrf df sMkRFqI kfl ikhf jf skdf hY. rUs dy akqUbr ienklfb dy asr, qIjI kimAUinst ieMtrnYsLnl dI agvfeI, pUrbI eysLIaf ivwc afjLfdI dy aMdolnF df jLor qy cIn dy lFg mfrc dI Gtnf ny ies lihr dI kivqf ivwc nvyN nvyN ivcfrF df vfDf kIqf qy ies ivwc dysL BgqI qy dysL dI afjLfdI dI cyqnf dy nfl nfl ikrqI-iksfn dy ihqF qy smfjvfdI ienklfb dI cyqnf vI pYdf hoeI. 1934 qoN ipwCoN gLdr lihr dy ihMdosqfn ivwc rihMdy aMsr ikrqI iksfn pfrtI, kimAUinst pfrtI qy smfjvfdI kFgrs dy nyVy cly gey, ijnHF df ieiqhfs qyjf isMG suqMqr dI lfl pfrtI qy dysL Bgq Xfdgfr kmytI, jlMDr qwk afAuNdf hY. Bfrq qoN bfhr vI eIrfn-blocsqfn ivwc KfnKojy; ieMzonysLIaf qy sLMGfeI ivwc hrI isMG Ausmfn; bYNkok ivwc svfmI siqafnMd purI, srdfr amr isMG qy igafnI pRIqm isMG; qy dwKxI QfeIlYNz ivwc bfbf cMdf isMG ny gLdr dy cMigafVy mGfeI rwKy sn qy ienHF cMigafiVaF ny hI jnrl mohn isMG, rfs ibhfrI bos qy suBfsL cMdr bos dI agvfeI hyT ‘afjLfd ihMd POj’ df rUp Dfiraf sI. igafnI kysr isMG dy kihx anusfr ‘afjLfd ihMd POj’ gLdr lihr df qIjf pVfa hY. sqvMjf dy gLdr nUM Auh ies df afrMB qy gLdr pfrtI dI sQfpnf nUM dUjf pVfa mMndy hn. sfnUM pRfpq gLdr lihr dI kivqf df iswDf sMbMD vI dUjy pVfa nfl hI hY, ies leI ies kivqf dy isafsI pirvysL qy pirpyK nUM smJx leI 1913 qoN 1934 qwk lihr dy jQybMdk kflk pfsfr qy kOmFqrI PylfE df Auprokq igafn jLrUrI hY. pfrtI isrP bfhrI sMgTn huMdf hY, ies df aMdrUnI sMgTnkfrI qwq huMdf hY ivcfrDfrf. gLdrI ivcfrDfrf iqMn ivcfrF aQvf iqMn pRmuwK isDFqk sMklpF AuWqy itwkI hoeI hY: eykqf, bMdy mfqRm qy gLdr. 1857 qoN bfad aMgryjLI srkfr ny ‘vMzo qy rfj kro’ dI nIqI ieKLiqafr kIqI. brqfnvI burjuafjLI ny Bfrq dIaF sfmqI sLkqIaF pRqI sulHfkul rvweIaf Dfrn krky, nvIN jgIrU jmfq nUM Auqsfihq kIqf qy nvIN pVHI ilKI mD-sLRyxI nUM nOkrIaF dy ky qy Aus nUM vqn-pRsqI qoN dUr krky iek suXog, svfrQI qy ssqf qbkf hoNd ivwc lY aFdf. jvfhr lfl nihrU dy sLbdF ivwc, “brqfnIaf srkfr ny Bfrq dIaF pRqIgfmI sLkqIaF nfl rl ky mwD-kflInqf dI rKvflI sLurU kr idwqI.” qy irafsqI rfijaF qy suDfrvfdI buwDIjIvIaF nUM afpxy nfl lf ky sfry DrmF dI rwiKaf dy nF hyT iPrkf-pRsqI PylfAuxI afrMB kr idwqI. pr ies dy nfl hI grIb iksfnI, snaqI mjLdUr sLRyxI qy isafxy vqn-pRsq buwDIjIvIaF vwloN, ‘vMzo qy rfj kro’ dI cfl df ivroD hoxf sLurU ho igaf. 1857 dy sMgiTq qy hmlfvr pRqIroD ny hI rfsLtrI eykqf df bIj bIj idwqf sI, jo smyN nfl CUq-Cfq, jfq-pfq, ielfkf-goq qy Drm-iPrky dy aMqrF qoN AuWpr AuWT ky, pihlf rfsLtrvfdI qy iPr aMqr-rfsLtrvfdI eykqf dy isDFq-sMklp df rUp Dfrn kr igaf. gLdr dI kivqf dy vwzy ihwsy ivwc ies eyky dy isDFq AuWqy bl idwqf igaf hY:

jy kr bcy qF bcFgy iek ho ky kly kly df nhIN jy qfx rihxf. rhI kOm qF rhygI ihMdIaF dI vqn irhf qF ihMdosqfn rihxf.

ienHF sqrF ivwc not krn vflI gwl ieh hY ik ieQy ‘kOm’ sLbd df pRXog iswK, ihMdU jF pMjfbI dy arQF ivwc nhIN, sgoN sfry ihMdIaF dy arQF ivwc kIqf igaf hY. ijwQy ihMdU sLfvnvfdI qfkqF jfq-pfq qy CUq-Cfq dIaF dIvfrF nUM pwikaF krky ihMdIaF dI iek-


29

muwTqf ivwc aiVwkf bx rhIaF sn, AuWQy gLdrI kvI ienHF dIvfrF nUM Zfh ky, BfeI BfeI bx ky, iek hox dI apIl kr irhf sI:

iml ky sB grIbF ny gLdr krnf, afs rwKxI nf sLfhUkfr vflI. CUq-Cfq df koeI iKafl nfhIN sfnUM prK nf cUhVy cmfr vflI. ihMdosqfn vfly sfry hYn BfeI, rIq rwKxI nhIN mkfr vflI.

iewQy eykqf dy ivcfr dy nfl nfl kvI dI jmfqI sUJ vI iDafn-Xog hY. brqfnvI sfmrfj qy dysI dlfl srmfeydfrI dusLmx hY, AunHF nfl twkr lYx leI bfkI sB jmfqF df eykf jLrUrI hY. iesy jLrUrq nUM muwK rwK ky kivqf ivwc mjLHb qy iPrkf-pRsqI qoN AuWpr AuWT ky vqn-pRsqI dIaF bulMdIaF nUM phuMcx dI pRyrnf idwqI geI hY. vqn-pRsqI nUM sB DrmF qoN AuWcf-suwcf Drm ikhf igaf hY:

- sfrI kOm idsy Xfro muridaF dI, iehdy ivc afjLfdI dI rUh hY nf. KUn nfieqPfkIaF nfl Biraf, iksy ivc imlfp dI bU hY nf. kdr mUl nf ihMd dI ihMdIaF nUM muslmfn aMdr awlf-hU hY nf. JUTy mjLhbF qoN mrn idn rfq lV lV, scy dIn dI iksy nUM sUh hY nf. -pYdf hoieky iek hI dysL aMdr, BYVf kMm PiVaf DVybMdIaF df. igaf dys df Buwl ipafr sfnUM irhf nhIN iKafl bulMdIaF df. jLflm vfl nf Cizaf iek isr `qy JgVf CyiVaf asF ny kMGIaF df.

gLdr df Drm sI hiQafrbMd ienklfb, jo smyN dI loV qy sB DrmF qoN ipafrf sI:

sfnUM loV nf pMzqF kfjIaF dI, nhIN sLOk hY byVf zubfvny df. jp qp df vkq bqIq hoieaf, vylf af igaf qyg AuTfvny df.

hr pRkfr dI byieqPLfkI, mjLHbI bKyVy, Kfnf jMgI qy Kfx pIx dIaF mnfhIaF jF PokI sLuwDqf AuWnI dyr bymfhnI hY ijMnI dyr dysL afjLfd nhIN huMdf. ies Puwt kfrn hI dusLmx nfl lVnoN ihMdIaF nUM zr lwgdf hY qy dusLmx nfl twkr lYx qoN zridaF hI afpo ivwc JgV rhy hn. kvI aijhy BfjvfdI ruJfn nUM sMboiDq hY:

qusIN dIn iemfn dy pey ipwCy,


30

iPkr qusF nUM igafn iDafn vfly. hIrf ihMd, hIrf Kf rol idwqf, rOly Gq ky vyd kurfn vfly. gfeIN sUr Jtkf jykr duwK idMdf, gory hYn iqMny cIjLF Kfx vfly.

gLdrI sLhId, myvf isMG lopoky ny PFsI dI koTVI ivwcoN BfeI imwq isMG (gRMQI) nUM ihMdIaF dy nF ijhVf sunyhf idwqf sI Aus ivwc eykqf dy isDFq df incoV af jFdf hY:

ies gulfmI dy srfp qoN bc ky inklx leI pUry jLor nfl Xqn kro. pr ieh kMm qF hI ho skygf jy ies ivwc ielfkfbMdI qy mjLHbI asihnsLIlqf iblkul nf rhy. nf mfJy mflvy qy duafby dy svfl AuWTx, nf hI ihMdU, musilm qy iswK mjLHbF dy svfl AuWTx (dyKo cFd PFsI aMk)

ijwQy ieh kivqf iswK-smUh nUM vI sMboiDq hY, AuWQy vI Drm dIaF PokIaF rsmF, krmkFzI PrkF qy ielfky-bMdIaF qoN mukq ho ky, iswK Drm dI afid klIn rIq (srbwq df Blf) nUM pflx AuWqy bl idwqf igaf hY:

iml ky nfl mrhwty bMgflIaF dy, muslmfn ihMdU hoeIey sLfd isMGo. afE iswK BfeIE swcy isMG bxIey, kfhnUM Bul bYTy rsm afd isMGo.

eykqf dy isDFq nUM muwK rwK ky hI gLdr-lihr ny afpo afpxy Drm dy dfiery ivwc rih ky vI iek Drm-inrpwK BgqI df sMklp idwqf, dysL-BgqI df sMklp. dysL pRym nUM inwq-jIvn ivwc idRV krfAux leI vwK vwK DrmF dy sMboDnF (nmsqy, slfm, siq sRI akfl) dI QF iek sFJf sMboDn pRclq kIqf: bMdy mfqRm. bMgflI nfvlkfr bMikm cMdr dy nfvl afn Md m wT ivwcoN ley gey ienHF sLbdF nMU Bfrq dy suqMqrqf sMgrfm ivwc ieMnI pRiswDI pRfpq hoeI ik afjLfdI qoN bfad ieh rfsLtrI DunI dI pdvI gRihx kr gey. bMdy-mfqRm, dysL BgqI qy dysL dI afjLfdI df afdrsL gLdr-ivcfrDfrf df pihlf pVfa hY. pihly pVfa AuWqy ‘gLdr’ df arQ sI: dysL dI afjLfdI leI hiQafr-bMd ho ky jUJxf, pr ies lihr dy agly pVfvF `qy ‘gLdr’ aijhy smfjI-rfjnqIqk ienklfb df pirafvfcI ho inbiVaf ijs df aMqm insLfnf smfjvfdI qy sfmvfdI smfjk ivvsQf dI sQfpqI sI. amrIkf ivcly gLdrIaF ny rUsI smfjvfdIaF nfl afpxy sMbMD kfiem kr ley sn. Aus qoN vI pihlF 1916 ivwc rUsI ienklfbIaF dI hmdrdI ivwc gLdr afsLrm duafrf aMgryjLI-pMjfbI ivwc r UsI g Ldr dIaF khfxIaF nF df ikqfbcf Cfipaf igaf sI. rUs qoN dys prq ky BfeI sMqoK isMG ny ikrqI prcf kwiZaf, ijs ivwc smfjvfdI ivcfrF df prcfr huMdf sI. ikrqI iksfn pfrtI, nOjvfn Bfrq sBf, ihMdusqfn irpbilkn sosLilst pfrtI aYsosIeysLn, afid rfhIN ‘bMdy mfqRm’ qoN ‘ienklfb ijLMdfbfd’ qwk df isDFqk sPr qih ho cuwkf sI aqy 1931-32 qwk gLdr lihr kOmFqrI smfjvfdI lihr nfl ieksur ho geI sI. hux ies df AudysL dysL dI suqMqrqf qwk sImq nhIN sI irhf, sgoN suqMqrqf dy nfl hI smfjvfdI ‘pMcYqI’ rfj, ikrqI-iksfn rfj qy ihMdy dy ‘smfj’ df nvF rUp isrjx df bx igaf sI. ies bdlI hoeI ivcfrDfrf df prqO kivqf ivwc vI dyiKaf jf skdf hY:

- rfj pMcYqI kfiem krIey,


31

bfdsLfhF dI alK mukf dyeIey. - nvF rUp rcf ihMd dy smfj df quKLm Auzfxf jLflmF dy rfj df.

hux dusLmxI kyvl kOmI nhIN, jmfqI vI sI. ikrqI-iksfn kyvl brqfnvI sfmrfj nUM hI nhIN, blik aMdrlIaF jokF (rfjy, srmfeydfr qy sLfhUkfr) nUM vI afpxy qy afpxy dysL dy dusLmx smJdy sn. nvF ikrqI-smfj isrjx dI mUl pRyrnf insLcy hI akqUbr ienklfb qy sovIaq XUnIan dI sQfpnf qoN pRfpq hoeI sI. Auprokq ivcfr-crcf qoN gLdrI kivqf dI ivcfrDfrf dy iqMn pwK smwsLt huMdy hn:

(i) pfrtI, pfrtI anusLfsn qy pfrtI pRogrfm AuWqy jLor. (ii) kOmI eykqf qy jmfqI eykqf kfiem krky iek jnqk lihr Ausfrn df pRogrfm. (iii) ‘bMdy mfqRm’ qoN ‘ienklfb’, jF Bfrq dI afjLfdI qoN smfjvfd qwk dI isafsI smfj-idRsLtI df ivkfs.

gLdr lihr dI kivqf pfrtI qy ivcfrDfrf dy imkfnkI qy isDFqk rUpF nfloN vI vwD ienHF dy amlI rUpF AuWqy jLor idMdI hY. ienHF df amlI rUp hY gLdrI df ikrdfr. kvI dy sfhmxy gLdrI-ikrdfr dy do pRqImfn AuGVvyN rUp ivwc mOjUd sn: pihlf gurU goibMd isMG df qy dUjf kfrl mfrks df. lflf hridafl ny kfrl mfrks nUM ‘irsLI’ ikhf sI qy gLdr dI kivqf ivwc ‘sMq ispfhI’ dI prMprf anusfr gLdrI nUM ispfhI kih ky sMboDn kIqf igaf hY. ieh vI ikhf igaf hY ik gLdrI hoxf AuWc kotI df ‘jogI’ hox smfn hY qy gLdr dI iPlfsPI nUM afpxy aml ivwc Zflx dI jLrUrq qy kTnfeI df ijLkr keI vfr afieaf hY:

- bfl bwcf srbMs iqafg dyxf, swcf jog kmfvxf KLrf aOKf. - syvf dysL dI ijLMdVIey bVI aOKI, gwlF krnIaF Zyr suwKlIaF ny. ijnHF dys syvf ivwc pYr pfieaf, AuhnF lwK musIbqF JwlIaF ny. - mUMhoN gLdrI kihxf sOKf aOKf krm kmfAuxf hY.

pr gLdr-lihr ivwc anyk aijhy sUrmy hoey ijnHF ny ies aOKy kMm nUM krky idKfieaf. ies lihr ivwc bfbf sohn isMG Bknf, krqfr isMG srfBf, bfbU hrnfm isMG, sohn lfl pfTk, myvf isMG lopoky, hrI isMG Ausmfn, qyjf isMG suqMqr qy hor ikMny hI aijhy ikrdfr imldy hn ijhVy dfrsLink soc, dIdf dlyrI, prsuafrQ, BfeIcfrk sFJ, iqafg, swcy-suwcy cirqR, kurbfnI qy isdk dy puwqly sn. ienHF ivcoN bhu-igxqI pMjfb dI iksfnI ivwcoN sI qy ieh sfry hI prdysI mjLdUr sn. iksfn leI DrqI mfqf qy prdysI leI Bfrq mfqf sB qoN ipafrIaF vsqF sn. ienHF dy ipafr aqy gLdr afsLrm dy sFJy kMm qy sFJy lMgr ny AunHF dy ikrdfr nUM iek nvIN iksm dy iensfn dy rUp ivwc zOilaf. kOmI Bfvnf, anusLfsn, isdk qy sdfcfr df pwlf AunHF ny zkYqIaF dOrfn vI nhIN Cwizaf. AunHF dy anusLfsn qy isdk dI iek


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ieiqhfsk imsfl ieh hY ik jdoN sohn lfl pfTk qy bfbU hrnfm isMG nUM brHmf jf ky gLdr leI kMm krn leI Byijaf igaf qF AunHF ny rMgUn phuMc ky bhfdr sLfh ‘jLPr’ dI kbr lwBI qy Aus `qy KVH ky shuM KfDI ik afpxy lhU dy afKLrI qubky qwk Auh BfrqI dI afjLfdI leI jUJxgy. bfad ivwc dovyN igRPqfr hoey qy horF sfQIaF smyq PFsI cVHy. (dyKo kysr isMG df nfvl j MJ lfiVaF dI). gLdr dy PylH hox qy AunHF ny qsIhy, jylHF, kflypfxI dIaF kYdF kwtIaF pr afpxf cirqR bulMd rwiKaf. gulfmF qy psLUaF vrgf jIvn jIAuN rhy ivakqI hI kiTn sMGrsL ivwc pY ky bMdy bxy. nvIN jfgRqI qy krVy anusLfsn ny sDfrn bMidaF nUM vI nfiek bxf idwqf. gLdr dI lihr ny ienHF mnuwKF nUM nvIN mnuwKqf, nvIN kivqf, nvIN jIvn lYa qy nvIN BfsLf pRdfn kIqI. ieho gLdrI ikrdfr gLdr dI kivqf df nfiek vI bixaf qy kvI vI. ieho kfrn hY ik ijhVy ivakqI gLdr dy sMgTn qy isDFq qoN bfgI ho ky KudgrjL, muKbr, gwdfr (eyjMt) qy mOkfpRsq ho gey, ijLMdgI qy kivqf dohF ivwc AunHF df nfmo insLfn imtfAux dI ies lihr ny ksr nhIN CwzI. gLdr lihr dI nIqI df cOQf aihm aMg hY JMzf. ‘JMzf’ insLfn hY pfrtI, ivcfrDfrf qy ikrdfr df. gLdrIaf df insLfnf sI gulfm smfj qy rfj df Kfqmf krky nvyN KusLhfl smfj dI isrjxf krnf. ies insLfny dy pRqIk iqMn rMgy JMzy dI rUp-rcnf mYzm kfmf qy hor ienklfbI dysL Bgq kfPI pihlF qoN kr cuwky sn. Ausy nUM QoVHf ijhf bdl ky gLdr pfrtI ny vI afpxy JMzy nUM iqrMgy dI hI sLkl idwqI. ies JMzy dIaF vI iqMn pwtIaF sn: AuqlI lfl, ivckfrlI kysrI qy hyTlI hrI. sfry JMzy dy ivckfr do qlvfrF sn (dyKo aMqkf-2). lfl rMg ienklfb df, kysrI kurbfnI df qy hrf KusLhflI df icMn sI. qlvfrF hiQafr-bwD XuwD nUM drsfAuNdIaF sn. gLdrI kvI dI pRbl iewCf sI ik iksy idn ieh qrMgf JMzf Aus nUM afpxy afjLfd mulk ivwc cfVHn df mOkf imly:

kuwt PrMgI ieMglYNz vfVnf. iqMn rMgf JMzf ieMzIaf df cfVHnf.

(a) X u wD nIqI: gLdrI XuwD dy do muhfjL sn: pihlf rfsLtrvfdI idRsLtIkox qoN brqfnvI sfmrfj dy ivruwD qy dUjf smfjvfd idRsLtIkox qoN rfey bhfdrF, dysI srmfeydfrF-rjvfiVaF qy ipwTUaF ivruwD. pfrtI df aMqm insLfnf ihMdusqfn ivwc hiQafr-bMd ienklfb krky jmUhrI rIpbilk kfiem krnf sI. ies aMqm insLfny dI pRfpqI leI brqfnvI rfj dy iKlfP qF XuwD CyiVaf hI hoieaf sI; pr ies iswDI twkr ivwc aMgryjL dI Zfl bxn vflIaF qfkqF nUM byasr jF alwg Qlwg krnf vI jLrUrI sI:

-pihlF KLbr lY ky dysL GfqIaF dI, CfqI dusLmxF dI asbfr ho jfE. - mjLhbI JgiVaF ny sfzf nfs kIqf jLrf eynHF nUM pry htf leIey. keI dysL GfqI iPrn iel vFgUM, bfjL gLdr nUM asIN AuVf leIey.

dohF qrHF dy dusLmxF nfl XuwD krn leI jo rxnIqI iqafr kIqI geI Aus dIaF do muwK prqF sn: jnqk lihr dI AusfrI qy hiQafr-bMd lVfeI. jnqk lihr dI AusfrI leI jnqf nUM sucyq krnf jLrUrI sI qy ies dy leI aKLbfr qy hor pfrtI-sfihq Cfp ky muPq vMizaf jFdf sI. lVfkU gLdrIaF qy ihMdI POjIaF nUM josL dy nfl nfl hosL pRdfn krn leI vI


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aKbfr dI loV sI. aKbfr qy hor gLdrI sfihq gLdr dI rxnIqI df iek jLrUrI qy pRmwK aMg sI, ijs df ijLkr hQly kfiv sMgRih ivwc vfr vfr afieaf hY:

- BfeIE Dnbfd kro gLdr aKbfr df, prcy CyvF jLbfn ivwc aOx lwg. - ikvyN gLdr aKbfr dI isPq krIey pqf afx idwqf gwlF cMgIaF df. - pihlF gLdr pfrtI sfry dysL ivc pRcfr kry. KulHm KulHf prjf qfeIN corF QIN huisLafr kry. kZ rsflf ‘inaf jLmfnf’ sB dy hQ PVf dyeIey. ‘gLdr gUMj’ kr ihPjL jLbfnI sB ky Cyr suxf dyeIey. ilK aKbfrF KuPIaf qOr qy PojF ivc pONcf dyeIey.

gLdr lihr mUl rUp ivwc pMjfbI iksfn qy nfm-kty POjIaF dI lihr sI. iesy leI pMjfb df kbfielI-iksfn ivrsf qy sYink dI lVfkU mfniskqf ies dI XuwD nIqI ivwc pRmuwKqf hfsl kr geI. dyiKaf jfvy qF kUkf lihr qoN lY ky vrqmfn KfVkU lihrF qwk pMjfb dIaF juJfrU lihrF ivwc iksfn qy sYink df rol hI pRmuwK irhf hY. axK qy bdly dI Bfvnf gLdrI nUM ivrsy ivwc imlI sI; iCwqr nfl GuwgI kuwtx df muhfvrf Aus dy jIvn dy ivwc sI. prdys dy mfhOl qy dys dI gulfmI dovyN Aus dy leI ihMsk sn, ies leI Auh smJdf sI ik ihMsf df mukfblf ihMsf nfl hI kIqf jf skdf hY:

-kro nf imnq aYvyN bxo kfier nf. PVo qlvfr ienHF nhIN Tihrnf. agy vIro arjIaF ny kI bxf ilaf jLflm PrMgIaF ny dysL Kf ilaf.

amr sLhId mdn lfl ZINgrf ny 1909 ivwc afpxy adflqI ibafn ivwc ikhf sI: “myrf ivsLvfs hY ik ijhVI kOm sMgIn dy jLor nfl gulfm rwKI jFdI hY, Auh lgfqfr XuwD dI siQqI ivwc rihMdI hY.” (doKo: cFd, PFsI aMk). iewQy vI XuwD df Bfv hiQafr-bMd XuwD sI qy gLdr lihr ny iesy qrk anusfr afpxI ihMsk XuwD-nIqI nUM ihMd dy afjLfdI-aMdoln dIaF aihMsk, suDfrk qy punr-AuQfnvfdI nIqIaF dy mukfbly ivwc shI Tihrfieaf hY: - kdy mMigaF imlx afjLfdIaF nf, huMdy qrilaF nfl nf rfj loko. ies nIqI dy ivroD ivwc BfeI prmfnMd ny ikhf sI, “gdr pfrtI nUM clfAux vfly aMnHy jjLby dy asr hyT kMm kr rhy hn.” pr ieh kQn gLdr lihr dy sfry pVfvF bfry swc nhIN. 1914-15 dy gLdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad afqm-sLkqI, hiQafr sLkqI qy lok sLkqI dy sumyl dI smJ pYdf hoeI qy ies gwl `qy vDyry jLor idwqf igaf ik ienklfb dI asl sLkqI imhnqI lok huMdy hn, ijnHF dIaF inwq dIaF smwisafvF nUM lY ky AunHF nUM sMgiTq krnf qy AunHF ivwc isafsI sUJ pYdf krnI inhfieq jLrUrI hY aqy XrkfAU aiqvfd dI QF iek sfrQk juJfrU rxnIqI Ausfrn dI loV hY. dUjy pfsy afdrsLvfdI suDfrvfd dI ies sImf nUM vI njLr aMdfjL nhIN kIqf igaf ik ieh iksy isstm df ivroD qF krdf hY, pr Aus nUM


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muwZoN-suwZoN bdlx dI rucI qy sLkqI inry smJOiqaF ivwc nsLt ho jFdI hY. gFDIvfd kFgrsI nIqIaF gLdrI XuwD-nIqI df ieho muwK ivroD sI. PrvrI 1930 dI iek kivqf: ‘gLdr pfrtI dIaF kFgrs nfl do gwlF.” ies kivqf ivwc dohF dI XuwD-nIqI df spsLt inKyVf kIqf igaf hY. iewQoN qwk ik gFDI sLFqIvfd dI asPlqf df mKOl vI Auzfieaf igaf hY: “pfxI iPr igaf sfrIaF nIqIaF qy, iervn kwZ jd TuwT ivKf idwqf.” hor vI bhuq sfrIaF kivqfvF ivwc aihMsf dI nIqI df KMzn AuprlI qrk `qy afDfirq hY:

- gYrq axK vflf jykr KUn huMdf, dyhlI qKq jLflm sfQoN Kwsdy nf. bYinr, ibipn, gFDI, mdnmohn vrgy, ieh PrMgIaF dy bUt Jwsdy nf. - zYpotysLnF qy rYjolysLnF qy muPq Dn Krfb krfieaf ikAuN nrm idl kFgrsI lIzrF nUM, qusIN suwiqE lIzr bxfieaf ikAuN.

pfrtI dI iesy XuwD-nIqI kfrn gLdr lihr dI kivqf df kyNdrI QIm hY: ihMsf. (e) kfrj-ivDI (dfa-pyc): gLdr dI nIqI, XuwD nIqI qy dunIaf Br dy juJfrU aMdolnF dy qjribaF qoN jo kfrj-ivDI iqafr hoeI Aus ivwc awT gwlF pRmuwK sn:

(1) KuPIaf sBf susfietIaF bxfE qy KuPIaf kMm kro. (2) pihly mhF XuwD dy mOky qoN lfB AuTfAu. (3) ihMdI POjIaF nUM nfbrI leI pRyr ky POjF ivwc bgfvq PYlfE. (4) dusLmx df dusLmx dosq dy dfa-pyc anusfr brqfnvI sfmrfj dy dusLmxF (jrmnI afid) qy afpxI kOmI afjLfdI leI lV rhy sfry sMgTnF nfl gwTjoV kro. (5) gurIlf XuwD dI ivDI nfl dusLmx AuWqy iswDf hmlf kro. (6) srkfr nUM lgfn/mfmlf dyxf bMd kro. (7) srkfrI eyjMtF (gwdfrF) qy muKbrF nUM soDo. (8) sMgTn qy hiQafrF leI mfieaf iekwqr krn leI zfky mfro.

gLdr pfrtI qy gLdr lihr dy ieiqhfsF ivwc ies kfrj-ivDI qy ienHF afdysLF dI crcf Kfsy ivsQfr ivwc imldI hY, ies leI iewQy ienHF dI ivafiKaf dI loV nhIN. gLdr lihr dI kivqf ivwc ienHF dfa-pycF df prcfr BrpUr mfqrf ivwc hoieaf hY ijs ivwcoN hr iek dfapyc nfl sMbMDq iek-iek tUk nmUny-mfqr dyxI hI kfPI hovygI:

(1) Gr Gr gupqI sBf bxfE logn ko mMqr sKlfE hr iek idl myN joq jgfE ibnF jUq ieh BUq nf jfeI jldI gLdr mcf idE BfeI.

(aMgryjL lyKk, pYtrI ‘gLdr’ nUM qfhIEN iek ienklfbI ‘sfjLsL’ kihMdf hY. KuPIaf kfrj-ivDI kfrn hI adflqF ivwc gLdrI mukwdimaF nUM ‘sfjLs-kys’ ikhf igaf.)


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(2) sohxy ies cFs qoN lvo kMm jI. kr dyvo sfry hux dUr qm jI.

(agsq 1914 ivwc jdoN brqfnIaf jMg ivwc jrmnI nfl AulJ igaf qF gLdrIaF ny bhuq cFGIaF mfrIaF qy ‘mOkf sMBflo’ df nfhrf idwqf.)

(3) POjF vfilE qusF dI mwq mfrI lokF vfsqy kro lVfeIaF ikAuN. vYrI qusF df Gyiraf ivwc XUrp, vylf sFB lE ZyrIaF ZfeIaF ikAuN.

(iewQy ‘lokF vfsqy’ qoN Bfv hY gYrF-vfsqy. ies dfapyc anusfr pihlI sMsfr jMg smyN krqfr isMG srfBf qy hor gLdrI lIzrF ny ihMd ivwc af ky POjI CfAuxIaF ivwc bgfvq krfAux df pRogrfm AulIikaf sI qy iesy dy afDfr `qy dUjy mhF XuwD vyly jpfn dy kYdI ispfhIaF qoN bgfvq krvf ky ‘afjLfd ihMd POj’ iqafr kIqI geI sI.)

(4) bVf ibljIam srvIaf kr awgy Diraf. idqI AuNgl rUs nUM mUrK jf miraf. ietlI AuWlU Ps igaf ivc PfhI af ky. EVk ipwCy muVygf pr dMd quVf ky. PVf PrFs ivcfrVf pYrF ivc dilaf. sLyr bhfdr jrmnF mwKI ijAuN milaf.

(ienHF sqrF ivwc ‘dusLmx df dosq dusLmx’ qy ‘dusLmx df dusLmx-dosq’ dy nym muqfbk pihly mhF-XuwD ivwc aMgRyjL-pwKI mulkF dI inMidaf qy aMgRyjL ivroDI jrmnI dI pRsMsf hY.)

(5) ikqy KUb grIbVy vfr krIey. ijvyN dfE lwgy iqvyN lf leIey.

(afqm-GfqI dsqy iqafr krny qy ‘mfro jF mro’ dy asUl nUM muwK rwK ky lVnf gurIlf jMg df hI dfa hY. jgjIq isMG ilKdf hY: “gLdr pfrtI lihr dusLmn AuWqy iswDf kfrI vfr krky hMny bMny krn vflI hiQafrbMd lihr sI nf ik inXmk, suDfrk qy smJOqf ZUMzU lihr” (pM[ 63).

(6) ipMzF vfilE mfmly bMd kr lo, kro iqafrIaF lut mcfn vfly.

(iksfnI ivwc pRcfr kIqf igaf sI ik lgfn qy mfmly df bfeIkft kIqf jfvy).

(7) Xfro mrn ajMt PrMgIaF dy, ijhVy gLdr nUM rokxf cfhuMdy hn.


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(ieh kyvl bd-duaf nhIN, pfrtI ny eyjMtF qy muKLbrF nUM soDx dI bfkfiedf skIm bxfeI sI, ijs dy qihq bdnfm gLwdfr qy muKLbr bylf isMG ijafx qy hor keIaF dy kql hoey.)

(8) zfky mfr zfkUaF Auqy kwTy BI hiQafr kry. jYsf jYsf mOkf dyKy sfrf kfr ivhfr kry.

(jdoN hiQafr qy pYsf bfhroN nf afAux idwqf igaf qF zfky mfrn df PYslf kIqf igaf, muZlI skIm ieho sI ik srkfrI bYNkF qy sLfhUkfrF nUM luwitaf jfvy. jy axsrdy iksy dy Gr zfkf mfiraf qF vI mnuwKI sdfcfr df pwlf Cwz ky lutyry nhIN bxy). gLdr dI XuwD nIqI qy kfrj-ivDI ivwc kuJ aijhIaF qruwtIaF rih geIaF ik gLdrIaF nUM sPlqf pRfpq nf hoeI. pihlf mhF-XuwD gLdrIaF dy anumfn qoN pihlF ho igaf. anumfn ieh sI ik XuwD 1917 ivwc iCVygf. sLfied iesy leI kvI Bfrq mfqf dy mUMhoN aKvfAuNdf hY;

vIro afieaf sqfrF nf jfey KflI, mfqf afKrI vfsqf pfieaf mYN.

gLdrI pUrI iqafrI nf kr sky. dUjI qruwtI ieh sI ik sohn isMG Bkny vrgy isrkwZ afgU rfh ivwc hI PVy gey. KuPIaf skImF bhuq KuPIaf nf rih skIaF, sgoN KuPIaf puils pfrtI dIaF sPF ivwc Ds geI aqy POjIaF aqy irafsqI rfijaF ny loVINdf sihXog nf idwqf. amrIkf-kYnyzf qoN hiQafr qy pYsf dovyN nf phuMc sky. gLdrIaF df ieh aMdfjLf vI glq inkilaf ik Bfrq aQvf pMjfb dy lok iksy vwzy ienklfb leI iqafr sn. 1914-15 dI hfr qoN bfad vI lwgBg ieho ijhy hI kfrnF krky bwbr akflI lihr qy ihMdusqfn sosLilst irpblikn afrmI (Bgq isMG afid) dI hor hoeI qy gLdr lihr ivwc iek inrfsLf PYl geI. ienHF hfrF qoN AuprMq ijhVI kivqf ilKI geI Aus ivwc rudn, Pirafd, bynqI qy qrs-Bfvnf dI sur AuWcI hY. Audfhrx leI ‘pirvfr shfieqf kmytI’ vloN apIl dy rUp ivwc jo kivqfvF ilKIaF geIaF AunHF ivwc gLdrIaF dI qrs-Xog hflq df vrxn hY:

vFg puwqrF jfx ky qrs Kfvo. mfieaf ByjxI lfvo nf vfr vIro.

pr hfr ny inrfsLf nhIN idwqI, nvIN isafsI cyqnf vI pYdf kIqI. gLdr pfrtI dI sB qoN vwzI dyx ieho hY ik ies ny suwqy lokF nUM jgfieaf:

gLdr pfrtI pUrf kIqf afpxf PrjL adf loko. suqI bhuq icrF qoN gfPl idqI kOm jgf loko.

pfrtI dy aMdr vI rfjnIqk punr-icMqn hoieaf, ijs dI gLdr-kfiv ivwc iek pRmfixk imsfl hY: ‘crcf gLulfm ihMdI qy gLdrI ihMdI’ (gLdr dI gUj nM. 6). ieh kivqf gLdrI rfjnIqI dy sfry pwKF df nftkI qy inwgr rUpFqrx hY.

(4) siBafcfrk q y Bfs L feI sr okfr


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rfsLtrI afjLfdI leI lVn df iek arQ afpxy kOmI siBafcfr dI afjLfdI leI lVnf vI sI. punr-AuQfnvfdI qy suDfrvfdI ivakqI qy sMsQFvF afpxy siBafcfr dI sMBfl qy nvyN mfnvI muwlF dI isrjxf kyvl prMprk siBafcfrk kImqF dI rfKI qy bdysLI siBafcfr dy ‘guxF dI sFJ’ dy nym anusfr kr rhIaF sn, pr gLdr lihr ny ienHF dy smfnFqr afm lokF dI inwq dI jdo-jihd dI scfeI nUM mhwqv dy ky qy Aus dI isPq-slfh krky iek nvyN icMqn-mMzl ivwc ivcridaF, nvIN ‘jnqk kOmI klcr’ dI isrjxf kIqI, ijs ivwc BgqI, pRym qy sFJIvflqf dy Drm-inrpwK qy iPr Drm-inrpyK muwlF nUM mUhry ilaFdf igaf. rfsLtrvfdI qy mfnvvfdI icMqkF ny ies idRsLtI qoN gLdr-lihr dy sfihqk, BfsLfeI qy siBafcfrk srokfrF nUM koeI mhwqv nhIN idwqf, ijs krky asIN pMjfbI icMqn-Dfrf dy ivkfs nUM shI isDFqk pirpyK ivwc smJxoN asmrwQ rhy hF. asIN ieh gwl Gwt hI gOlI hY ik gLdrI siBafcfr df muwZlf isrf BgqF-sMqF dI bfxI, gurUaF dI bfxI qy BfeI gurdfs dIaF vfrF nfl jf juVdf hY qy afKrI isrf pRgqIvfdI, juJfrvfdI kivqf qy nvIn glp-sfihq ivwc ivlIn ho jFdf hY. ies leI gLdrI siBafcfr nUM iek nvIN lok-Dfrf dI isrjxf nhIN smJxf cfhIdf, nf hI ies nUM iek amUrq lokvfd (pfpUiljLm) smJx dI Buwl krnI cfhIdI hY. ieh iek aMqrrfsLtrI pwDr dI kOmI jdo-jihd ivwcoN isrijaf igaf siBafcfr hY, ijs nUM lokDfrf qy lok-vfd qoN awzrI iksm dy kOmI siBafcfr dy rUp ivwc hI smiJaf jf skdf hY. gLdrI dy ivhfr, Aus dy Bfv-mMzl, cyqnf qy cyqnqf qy sMGrsL, sB ny rl ky ies nvIN klcr dI AusfrI kIqI. BgqI lihr qoN iswK lihr dI klcr nfl ies dI sFJ ieh hY ik ieh iPrkf-pRsqI qoN AuWpr kulIn dy ivruwD afm lokF dI klcr hY qy guxfqmk Prk ieh ik hmlfvr bsqIvfd dy iKlfP ieh iek kOmI klcr hY. aijhI kOmI klcr nUM PrFjL PYnn dy sLbdF ivwc ieAuN pirBfsLq kIqf jf skdf hY:

kOmI klcr koeI lok-Dfrf nhIN huMdI qy nf hI ieh aijhf amUrq lokvfd huMdI hY, ijs nUM vihm hY ik ieh lokF dy shI suBfa nUM Koj skdf hY. (dyKo: dI r Yc wz afP dI arQ)

ieh nvIN ‘kOmI klcr’ iek bMny gLdrI dI kOmI cyqnf df afDfr sI qy dUjy bMny nvIN kOmI cyqnf df pRgtfvf. ieh duvwlI pRikiraf sI, ijs ivwc klcr qy isafsq aiBMn rUp ivwc juVIaF hoeIaF sn qy ienHF dohF df inqfrf iekwilaF iekwilaF sMBv nhIN sI. lflf hridafl dy Aus smyN dy iek lyK, ‘gulfmI df jLihr’ ivwc ies nvIN klcr dI AusfrI dy mhwqv nUM ivsQfr ivwc smJfieaf igaf sI, ijs dIaF afKrI sqrF ivwc ies duvwlI pRikiraf df sfr-aMsL ieAuN idwqf igaf hY:

gulfmI ivc afqmf zr aqy JUT dy hyTF dwbI rihMdI hY. gulfm dy leI afqmk afjLfdI aqI kiTn hY. gulfmI dy nfl afqmf Gol Gul ky mr jFdI hY. jy ihMdusqfn ivwc afdmI pYdf krny hn qF gulfmI nUM dUr kro aqy jy gulfmI nUM dUr krnf hY qF afdmI pYdf kro.

afjLfd iensfn nvyN afjLfd siBafcfrk mfhOl ivwc pYdf ho skdf hY, pr afjLfd siBafcfrk mfhOl dI isrjxf afjLfdf iensfn hI kr skdy hn. ienHF dohF ivwcoN pihl iks dI hY; ieh dwsxf musLikl hY. dovyN nflo-nfl ivksq huMdy hn. gLdrI kivqf dy siBafcfrk srokfrF dy sMbMD ivwc iek gwl ieh vI cyqy rwKx Xog hY ik gLdrI kivqf dI siBafcfrk sImf BfrqI suqMqrqf sMgrfm dI rfsLtrvfdI jF kOmvfdI sMsikRqI qoN pfr jnqk kOmFqrI idshwidaF qwk hY. ieh ‘kOmvfdI’ klcr nhIN, ‘kOmI qy kOmFqrI’ jnqk klcr hY. kOmI afjLfdI dI jwdo-jihd ny gLdr lihr nUM dunIaf dIaF hor kOmF dy suqMqrqf sMgrfmF nfl joiVaf qy ies dI kOmI-klcr dy aMdroN kOmFqrI cyqnf qy


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ivsLv-siBafcfr df aMkur Puwitaf. ieh aMkur ivkisq ho ky iksy idn nroey ivsLv-siBafcfr df rUp Dfr skdf sI. gLdrI kvI afpxI klpnf sLkqI nfl ies nvyN siBafcfrk mMzl ivwc phuMc ky hI afpxy afp nUM qy afpxy sroqy/pfTk nUM afqm-pCfx leI vMgfrdf hY:

qum iks ky pUq khfqy ho? iks nfm sy jfny jfqy ho? jo aMndfqf kihlfqy hYN. voh aMn qumHfrf Kfqy hYN. voh dysL qumHfrf lUty hYN. jo dunIaf Br ky JUty hYN.

kvI dI klpnf ivwc ihMdI ikrqI-iksfn dI smfjk siQqI Auh nhIN jo Auh hux qwk smJdf afieaf hY, sgoN Aus qoN Ault hY. ieh iek nvyN swc qy nvIN siBafcfrk cyqnf df afvysLkfr hY, ijs anusfr ‘aMndfqf’ Auh nhIN jo swqf `qy kfbjL hY, sgoN ‘aMndfqf’ Auh hY jo aMn pYdf krdf hY. swqfDfrI ikrq dI luwt kr irhf hY. nvIN cyqnf dI rOsLnI ivwc gLdrI kvI afpxy afp nUM kyvl Bfrq mfqf df nhIN, sfrI dunIaf df ‘spUq’ smJdf hY. BfrqI lok-klcr dy nroey qwqF nMU iekwTy krky Auh iek ivsLv-klcr dI isrjxf kr irhf hY. afpxy dysL dI iksmq nUM ‘kuwl jhfn’ nfl joV ky dyKdf hY qy qulnf ivDI nfl nvIN siBafcfrk soJI Aujfgr krdf hY:

iksmq kul jhfn dI qyjL hoeI, Bfg igr gey ikAuN ihMdosqfn qyry. ibjlI bwqIaF jg ivwc sLor pfieaf, Gr ivc cmkdy nhIN sLmHfdfn qyry. lokF kuwlIaF qoN suMdr mihl pf ley, vsdy ho gey sLihr vYrfn qyry. dunIaf eyroplyn iqafr kIqy, ikwQy hYn Auh qyjL ivvfn qyry. kdr aflmF dI hr iek mulk aMdr, jlfvqn bYTy ivdvfn qyry. sqXuwg ivc sfry XUrp bIqdf hY, klXuwg pysL pY igaf byeImfn qyry.

iksy dys-kOm df rihx-sihx Aus dy siBafcfr df imafr huMdf hY. Auprokq sqrF ivwc ihMdusqfn dy rihx-sihx dI qulnf XUrp nfl krky ieh iswD kIqf igaf hY ik aMgryjLI rfj ny sfzy purfxy siBafcfr nUM iCMn iBMn krky sfnUM iek kljuwgI siQqI ivwc suwt idwqf hY. aijhIaF keI hor kivqfvF ivwc vI PrMgI rfj dy jLulmF qy Bfrq nUM pwCiVaF rwKx dIaF nIqIaF kfrn dysL dy siBafcfrk pqn vwl iDafn kyNdirq kIqf igaf hY qy aMgRyjL dIaF GVIaF ivkfs dIaF imwQF nUM qoiVaf igaf hY. jnqf nUM luwtx leI nslF, jfqF, iPrikaF, DrmF, qy CUaf-Cfq dy AuhilaF qoN prdf cuwkx leI gLdrI kivqf ivwc ‘nPrq’ qy ‘ihMsf’ sLbd dI vrqoN sfrQk siBafcfrk muwlF vjoN kIqI geI hY.


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Dfrimk pfKMz, vihm-pRsqI qy iPrkf-pRsqI dy KMzn, gLdfrF dI BMzI, iesfeI Drm dy dbdby hyT Bfrq dI mjLHbI Puwt dy insLyD qy afriQk luwt qoN AuqpMn hoeI kMgflI dI icMqf duafrf ies kivqf ivwc sfkfrk siBafcfrk muwlF dI loV `qy vfr vfr jLor idwqf igaf hY:

jLflm luwt lY gey PrMg mYnUM, dygF ho geIaF kuwl msqfnIaF vy. nhIN socdy akl dI gwl koeI, bYTy gFvdy gIq ruhfnIaF vy. Byd ds ky kOm df, dusLmxF qoN, jf ky Kfvdy rojL mihmfnIaF vy. JUTy vYihm df qusIN isLkfr hoey, pey lVdy ho vFg jLnfnIaF vy. juwqI KVkdI ihMdUaF muslmfnF mulk mwilaf afx krfnIaF vy.

bMdy dI kdr krnf hI Dfrimk igafn hY; afpxy isdk-eImfn qy kfiem rihxf hI muslmfn leI rmjLfn hY; Drm hyq kurbfnI hI iswK leI sMgq hY; ihMdusqfn dI iewjLq leI lVnf hI ihMdU leI vyd-purfxF dy pfT dy quwl hY. ies kivqf ivwc khIaF ieh gwlF iensfnI kImqF dIaF sUck hn. Drm dy nvyN lok-BfvI qy kOm BfvI arQF ivwc KfVkU siBafcfr dI sucyqnf dyxf ies kivqf dy siBafcfrk mnorQF df iek AuGVvF pihlU hY:

grMQ qy kurfn ivc aYx iliKaf. ijQoN sfnUM imlI hY amol isiKaf. dys hyq lVy sUrf soeI jfxIey. Kyq ko nf Coz afp ko rMvfxIey.

gLdr lihr ny Drm, sfihq qy BfsLf nUM sfmrfjI siBafcfr dy iKlfP hiQafr vFg vriqaf. hukmrfnF dI koisLsL sfihq nUM rfjnIqI qoN dUr dws ky afpxy hwk ivwc BugqfAux dI huMdI hY, pr jdoN ieho sfihq rfj-sLkqI qoN ivrvI prjf nUM cyqMn krdf hY qF ieh iek hiQafr ho inbVdf hY. ienHF arQF ivwc vI gLdrI kivqf rfjnIqk kivqf hY qy iesy leI ieh nvyN siBafcfr dI AusfrI leI dysL dy lokF nUM rfj-swqf AuWqy kfbjL hox leI pRyrdI qy ieh dwsdI hY ik rfj swqf nUM guaf bihxf hI afpxI klcr dI pRgqI qoN hwQ Doxf hY:

dy ky hwQoN rfj aj ho gey kMgly. goiraF ny luwt ky bxf ley b Mgly.

‘bMglf’ iewQy cMgy rihx-sihx qy Aucyry siBafcfr df pRqIk hY. iesy pRsMg ivwc iswiKaf dy pfsfr qy ivigafnk ividaf dI Gft sMbMDI icMqf pRgt kIqI geI hY:

nf Auh ielm ieKlfk dI Dn dOlq rfj Xog qy bRhm df gXfn ikAuN nhIN. bwcy qVPdy ividaf bfJ sfzy, kflj KulHdy sdf vgXfn ikAuN nhIN.


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sFJy kOmI qy kOmFqrI jnqk siBafcfr dI AusfrI leI ieh kivqf ijwQy Drm, sfihq, ividaf, ivigafn qy AuWnq iksm dy rihx-sihx nUM afm lokfeI dy jIvn df aMg bxfAux `qy bl idMdI hY AuWQy lok-pRcwlq, afm Pihm sLbdfvlI qy AupBfKfeI BfsLf rUpF dy pRXog nUM vI kfiv-rcnf df inrAucyc ivhfr bxf ky pRcwlq kr idMdI hY. Auprokq tUkF qoN iswD hY ik gLdrI kvI BfsLf dI pMzqfAU sLuwDqf vwl koeI iDafn nhIN idMdf. sMqF, BgqF qy iswK gurUaF vFg Auh imsLrq BfsLf df hI sihj pRXog krdf hY. keI kivqfvF ivwc AurdU ihMdI dy ikRaf-rUpF dy pRXog df kfrn ieh vI hY ik ienHF ivwcoN bhuqy kvIaF ny skUlI iswiKaf AurdU ivwc pRfpq kIqI sI qy keI ihMdU siBafcfrk ipCokV vfly (rfm cMdr vrgy) swjn vI ies lihr ivwc srgrm sn. gLdrI kvI pMjfbI iksfn dy bfgI puwq qy prdys dI DrqI dy sqfey hoey mjLdUr sn. ieho kfrn hY ik ies kivqf dI BfsLf ivwc ivdrohI iksfn-klcr qy dusLmx pRqI nPrq boldI hY. prdys ny AunHF nUM iGrnf dI awK nfl dyiKaf qy kulI kulI kih ky pukfiraf qy AupinvysLI rfj swqf ny jLflmfnf lut krky, AunHF nUM afpxy mfnvI afpy qoN dUr kIqf qy byjLubfn, bypCfx psLUaF hfr bxf idwqf. gLdr dI kivqf ny AunHF nUM afpxI afpxI guafcI mfnvI pCfx qy jLubfn dy ky prvfsI mfhOl qy bdysLI rfj-swqf nfl twkr lYx leI iqafr kIqf. aMgryjL hfkmF, AunHF dy ipwTUaF qy srkfrI muKbrF leI ies kivqf ivwc pihlI vfr ‘gflH’ dI BfsLf dI isrjxf hoeI: sfly, hrfm dy quKm, JuzU, pfmr afid. aijhI kOVI BfsLf kbIr qy nfnk dI bfxI ivwc imldI BfsLf dI Xfd qfjf krdI hY qy ieAuN ies kivqf dI BfsLf dI mUMhI BgqI lihr dI BfsLf nfl jf imldI hY. aMgryjL dI dirMdgI ny gLdrI kvIaF nUM pfsLvI jgq leI rfKvIN BfsLf df pRXog krn `qy mjLbUr kIqf, qF ik hkUmq dy pfsLvI ivhfr nUM nMgf kIqf jf sky. iesy leI aMgryjL srkfr leI kF, bFdr, BUrf irwC, swp, isAuNk qy (jdoN jrmnI qoN hfr geI qF) icVI afid sLbdF dI vrqoN kIqI geI hY. eIsf dy jnm dI imwQ df hvflf dy ky aMgryjL hfkmF nUM ‘hrfmjLfdy’ qk ikhf igaf hY:

bVf jLulm krdY nhIN KOP KFdY, jLflm jfpdy puq kumfrIaF dy.

dysI rfijaF, rfey bhfdrF, srdfr bhfdrF qy muKbrF nUM dys GfqI, bFdr qy kuwqy iliKaf igaf hY:

- dysI kuwiqaF nUM jrf srm cfhIey kfhnUM jMm pey ihMdusqfn aMdr. - dunIaf rhI hYrfn hY dyK DobI kuwqy. nf Gr dy nf Gft dy curfhy suwqy.

ienHF nUM srkfr vwloN idwqy iKqfbF df vI mKOl Auzfieaf igaf hY. ijvyN ‘aOnrybl’ nUM iliKaf hY aOnr-bYl. BfrqI jnqf dI eykqf dy mukfbly ivwc iPrMgI nUM kmjLor ‘icVI’ qy Bfrq nUM ‘bfj’ afiKaf igaf hY (icVI PrMg Bfrq bfj). prdysI jIvn dy krVy jIvn XQfrQ dy pRgtfvy, qy jLflm srkfr dy tfkry qy afm lokF dI sucyqnf jgfAux leI gLdrI kvIaF ny afpxy smkflI aMgryjLI pVHy, mDvrgI kvIaF nfloN


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awzrI iksm dI pyNzU pMjfbI bolI qy iswDI, spft, vkRokqI-rihq, pwQr vrgI inwgr sLbdfvlI df pRXog kIqf:

-gryp qoVdy sylrI lfAuNidaF dy, sIz guzidaF dy gozy lfl ho gey. nfl PwitaF pft gey hwQ sfzy, idn kwtxy bVy KusLhfl ho gey. - jIhnUM afp sRkfr sRkfr kYihMdy, bfJoN luwt dy ies dI kfr nfhIN. dIvf idny hI bfl ky luwtdI hY, huMdy ihMd vfsI KLbrdfr nfhIN. - jLflm PrMgIaF dy icqVF `qy lOx ihq kry sIK lfl kho Aumry luhfr nUM.

aijhIaF kivqfvF sux ky hI aMgryjL jwjF ny afpxy adflqI PYsilaF ivwc gLdrI BfsLf nUM ‘KUnI’ BfsLf ikhf hY. ‘gdr’ aKbfr dI bolI sMbMDI ikMnIaF hI adflqI itwpxIaF imldIaF hn: “slqnq dy dusLmxF nfl iml ky bgfvq KVHI krn dy ierfdy nfl ihMd jfx, sfry XUrpIn aqy vPLfdfr ihMdusqfnIaF nUM mfr mukfx, aqy hux vflI hkUmq df qKqf Aultf ky pMcfieqI rfj kfiem krn df ieh (gLdr) pRcfr krdf sI. ies dI bolI ieksfr KUnI aqy dubDf qoN rihq sI.” (jgjIq isMG, g Ldr pfrtI lihr, pM[ 61), mFzly kys dy PYsly ivwc ‘gLdr aKbfr’ dI BfsLf bfry ieh itwpxI hY: - ieh (gLdr) aYn Esy qrHF hY ijs qrHF ies df nfm hY. [[[ sfjLsL amUmn afpxy Bfv lukvyN qrIky nfl dohry arQ rKx vfly lPjLF dI Et lY ky jLfihr krdI hY, pr gLdr luko nhIN rKdf aqy iswDI gwl krdf hY. (AuhI) ieh hor kys dy PYsly ivwc iliKaf hY: “gLdr ny pMjfbI iksfn dy idl dI afpxI bolI bolI, jo Aus dy suBfE dy aYn muqfbk sI.” (AuhI) gLdrI kvIaF ny afpxI mF-bolI, pMjfbI nUM pihl idwqI. ies df kfrn AunHF df Gwt pVHy hoxf jF aMgryjLI qoN nfvfikP hoxf nhIN sI; kfrn ieh sI ik Auh afpxy duwKF dI qy ienklfbI isafsq dI soJI afpxy dys dI afm jnqf nUM dyxI cfhuMdy sn. iesy leI ies kivqf ivwc inwq dI bolcfl qy pMjfbI dy AupBfKfeI rUpF dI vrqoN BrpUr mfqrf ivwc hoeI hY. kuwJ sLbdF dy ilKqI rUp ieMn-ibMn AuvyN rwKy gey hn ijvyN Auh awz awz ielfikaF (mfJf, mflvf qy duafbf) qy sQfnF ivwc boly jFdy hn. ijvyN bupfr, KulfvyN, CONk (sLOk), KuCI, Cyr, jflI (aXflI), Bfmf (BfvyN) afid. iek QF ‘ikRqGx’ sLbd nUM ‘kIqy nUM nf Buwlx vlf’ dy arQ ivwc vriqaf igaf hY ikAuNik afm bolcfl ivwc kIqy nUM Buwl jfx vfly nUM ‘aikRqGx’ ikhf jFdf hY. kvI smJdf hY ies nfloN ‘a’ kwt dyx nfl ieh nFh-vfcI arQ dy skdf hY, jd ik ‘ikRqGx’ qy ‘aikRqGx’ dy arQ ieko hn: pihlf qqsm hY, dUjf qdBv. aijhIaF inwkIaF inwkIaF qruwtIaF sLbd-joVF ivwc vI iml jFdIaF hn, ijnHF nUM sihjy hI njLr-aMdfjL kIqf jf skdf hY. gLdrI kivqf nUM ilKidaF do hI ivsLrfm icMn vrqy gey hn: zMzI qy dUhrI zMzI. ikqy ikqy kOmy dI vrqoN hoeI hY. nhIN qF mwDkflI kvIaF vFg gLdrI kvI vI arD ivrfm leI zMzI qy pUrn ivrfm leI dUhrI zMzI vrqdf hY. (hQly kfiv-sMgRih dIaF kivqfvF ivwc tfieipst ny ajoky pRcln anusfr arD-ivrfm dI QF


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kOmf lf idwqf hY qy asIN AuvyN rihx idwqf hY. ies qrHF suwqy-iswD sLbd-joVF qy ivsLrfm icMnHF sfQoN kuJ hor qbdIlIaF vI ho geIaF hn.) aMq ivwc, gLdrI kfiv dy BfsLfeI srokfrF bfry do hor bVIaF mhwqvpUrn gwlF not krn vflIaF hn. pihlI ieh hY ik ies kivqf ny pMjfbI sroiqaF/pfTkF nUM rfjnIqI nfl sMbMDq aijhI sMklpk/isDFqk sLbdfvlI idwqI, ijs qoN afm pMjfbI ies qoN pihlF jfxU nhIN sI (ijvyN, gLdr, gLdrI, gurIlf-jMg, kOm, zYpUtysLn, afid). dUjI, vpfr qy qknIkI AuWnqI nfl sMbMDq bhuq sfry sLbd ies kivqf ny afm vrqoN ivwc ilaFdy (ijvyN kMpnI, klfvF, zflr, iml-sfeIzoN imlkx jF imrkx (amrIkn), eyroplyn, vfierlYs, ibjlI bwqIaF (ibjlI dy blb), afid.) gLdrI kfiv dI kfivk smrwQf df inrxf ies dy isafsI, siBafcfrk, lokDfrfeI qy BfsLfeI srokfrF nUM axizwT krky sMBv nhIN hovygf, BfvyN kfiv-isLlp dI idRsLtI qoN vI ies kivqf df aiDaYn Gwt mhwqvpUrn nhIN.

(5) kfiv-cyqnf q y kfiv-is Llp

hux qwk asIN gLdr lihr dI kivqf nUM pMjfbI sfihq dy ieiqhfsF qy Koj-smIiKaf dy Kyqr qoN Aus qrHF CykI rwiKaf hY ijvyN Bfrq dI afjLfdI dI qfrIKL ivwcoN gLdr pfrtI qy smuwcI gLdr lihr nUM. jy ikDry ies kivqf dI gwl hoeI vI hY qF vI ies nUM Gwt pVHy iksfn-mjLdUrF qy nfm-kty POjIaF dI rcnf smJ ky inrI qukbMdI kih ky gwl mukf idwqI jFdI rhI hY. prvfsI jIvn qy ieiqhfsk-isafsI pirpyK, siBafcfrk pRkfrj, kfiv-cyqnf qy kfiv-isLlp dy pRsMgF ivwc ies df kdy ivsLlysLx nhIN hoieaf. prdysI jIvn-XQfrQ, ieiqhfs, isafs qy siBafcfr dy nukqy qoN ipwCy gwl ho cuwkI hY. ies dy kfivk mhwqv nUM Aujfgr krn leI sfihqk nukqy qoN ijnHF pwKF vwl sMkyq krnf lfjLmI hY, Auh hn ies kivqf dI:

(i) kfiv-klcr (ii) kfiv-cyqnf (iii) kfiv-swc qy suhj (iv) kfiv-rUp (v) kfiv-sLYlI (vi) kfiv-jugqF (vii) kfiv-isLlp (CMd, ibMb, pRqIk, alMkfr afid)

(i) kfiv-klcr: gLdrI kvI df jIvn BfvyN iek prdysI df jIvn sI, pr Auh ijs sfihqk klcr qy kfiv-rIq nfl juiVaf hoieaf sI, pMjfbI kivqf ivwc Aus df afrMB bfbf PrId dy ies sLlok nfl ho cuwkf sI:

PrIdf bfir prfieaY bYsxf sFeI muJY nf dyih.. jy qUM eyvyN rKsI jIAu srIrhu lyie.. 42..


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kbIr jI dy ‘sUrf so pihcfnIaY’ aqy gurU nfnk sfihb dy ‘swc sBnf hoie dfrU’ qy ‘jy qAu pRym Kyln kf cfAu’, afid sLbdF dI pRyrnf aqy purfqn vfrF, jMg nfimaF qy ikwsf-kfiv Dfrf dIaF isLlpI rvfieqF gLdrI kivqf dy avcyqn df aMg bx geIaF sn. iesy krky igafnI hIrf isMG drd ny gLdrI kivqf nUM ‘dysL ipafrf Dfrf dI isKr’ ikhf hY. (pMjfbI dunIaF, PrvrI 1960, pM[ 12). pr mYN ies nUM isafsI ienklfbI kivqf smJdf hF ikAuNik gurU nfnk dy bfbr vfxI vfly sLbdF qoN lY ky AuWnIvIN sdI dy aMq qk dysL-BgqI dy jjLby qoN pRyirq ho ky ijhVI kivqf rcI geI Aus ivwcoN vDyry mfqrf Aus kivqf dI sI jo purfxy nUM hI muV sQfipq krn dy afhr ivwc sI qy, ies leI Auh iek qrHF dI BUqmuKI cyqnf vflI kivqf sI. gLdrI kvI sLfied smuwcy Bfrq ivwc pihly kvI sn (pMjfb ivwc qF sn hI) ijnHF ny BivwK-muKI cyqnf vflI ienklfbI kivqf dI rcnf kIqI. ies kivqf ny rfsLtrI cyqnf qoN pihlF dI (pRI-nYsLnilst) lok-muK qy Drm-sfpyK rfsLtrvfdI pMjfbI kivqf nUM nf-kyvl Drm-inrpyK afDuink rfsLtrvfdI kivqf qwk ilaFdf, sgoN pMjfbI kivqf nUM nvIN aMqr-rfsLtrI nuhfr vI pRdfn kIqI. sovIaq rUsI icMqk, afeI syrybrIafkov ny pMjfbI sfihq dy ieiqhfs nUM cyqnf dy ivkfs dy pwKoN iqMn pVfvF ivwc vMizaf hY: pUrv rfsLtrI, rfsLtrI qy aMqr-rfsLtrI. aMqr-rfsLtrI cyqnf dy pVfa df afrMB Auh 1935-36 dI pRgqIvfdI sfihqk lihr qoN mMndf hY, pr gLdr-kfiv dy aiDaYn qoN ies Dfrnf ivwc soD kr ky ieh mMnxf pvygf ik pMjfbI kfiv-klcr ivwc aMqr-rfsLtrI cyqnf df afrMB gLdr dI kivqf nfl, 1930 qoN pihlF hI ho igaf sI. gLdrI kvI Kud aMqr-rfsLtrI isafsI sMgTnF ivwc sLfml sI qy Aus dI sLKsIaq ivwc iksfn, kRFqIkfrI, kOmFqrIvfdI qy kvI df anUTf smyul hY. bfvf buwD isMG ny aijhI kivqf nUM sB rvfieqI kfiv-DfrfvF qoN inKyVn leI, koiel kU (1916) ivwc aijhI kivqf df nfmkrx kridaF, ies nUM ‘pulItIkl kivqf’ ikhf sI. ies nvIN kfiv-Dfrf df afrMB Auh ‘pgVI sMBfl jwtf’ (lflf bFky idafl dy) gIq qoN mMndf hY:

jd kfnUMn nvIN afbfdI pfs hon nUM sI, ar lfielpur afid QFvF dy jwtF ny sLor pfXf, ajIq isMG ny mUMh qoV ivKXfn idwqy, Aus vyly pMjfbI dI kivqf df hor rMg hoieaf. pulItIkl kivqf ilKI jfn lwgI, ijs df sB qoN msLhUr nmUnf ‘pgVI smfl jwtf pgVI smfl E’ hY (bfvf buwD isMG rcnfvlI, ijld pihlI, pM 71)

Ausy pulItIkl kfivDfrf dy ivkfs df aglf pVfa gLdr lihr dI kivqf hY. (ii) kfiv-cyqnf: srkfrI dmn-cwkr qy pfrtI dI KuPIaf nIqI kfrn gLdr dI kivqf aigafq kvIaF dI rcnf qF hY, pr acyq kvIaF dI rcnf nhIN. ies kivqf df kuwJ ihwsf sihj suBfvk jF Bfv-ivrycn dI mjLbUrI vws kIqI qwtPwt qukbMdI ho skdf hY, pr ies df bhuq ihwsf sucyq kfiv-rcnf dy Gyry dI cIjL hY, ijs ivwc afpxy smyN dI srb sDfrn sihj cyqnf qoN AuWpr AuWT ky qy bfkfiedf isDFq-bwD ho ky, Bfrq ivwcoN brqfnvI sfmrfj df qlfmUl cuwkx qy nf-brfbrI qy grIbI nUM mlIaf-myt krn df pRx ilaf igaf hY. ies kivqf dy ienklfbI kvI aQvf kfiv-nfiek dI afpxy kfj pRqI insLTf byjoV hY qy Aus dIaF sMvydnfvF dy qxfE ivwcoN iek qrk df jnm huMdf hY. dysL-pRym qy kRFqI pRym dy qxfE ivwcoN Aus nUM afpxy BUq qy BivwK dy ieiqhfs dy ivvyk dI smJ afAuNdI hY; lokfeI dy roh qy jfbr srkfr dI twkr ivwcoN Aus nUM ieh gwl smJ afAuNdI hY ik sLFqmeI sMgiTq sMGrsLF nUM dusLmx iks qrHF ihMsf qy arfjkqf ivwc bdl ky PylH kr idMdf hY.


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gLdrI kvI aijhy dIvy-lok sn, ijnHF ny gulfmI dI hnyrI rfq ivwc vI afjLfd kivqf dI sLmHF rOsLn kIqI, pr afp gumnfm hI rhy. AunHF AuWqy Auh sLyar aYn Zukdf hY ijhVf sLhId Bgq isMG ny sLhId krqfr isMG srfBf dy sMbMD ivwc iliKaf sI:

nhIN hoqf hY muhqfjy numfiesL PYjL sLbnm kf, aMDyrI rfq myN moqI lutf jfqI hY gulsLn myN.

Auh pMjfbI kivqf dIaF rvfieqF qy rUVHIaF qoN pRBfivq sn, pr afpxy ivsLysL isafsI mnorQF aDIn AunHF rvfieqF dI sImf-ryKf nUM AulMG jfx bfry sucyq vI sn. imsfl dy qOr `qy 27 jnvrI 1914 dy ‘gLdr’ ivwc sMpfdk vloN iek not idwqf igaf hY:

kvqf Byjx vfly BfeIaF dy vfsqy jLrUrI hY ik suMdr qy josL dyx vflI kvqf Byijaf krn. bYNq ilKo qo aYsI jYsy kflIdfs qy vfrysLfh dIaF bYNqF dI cfl hY. korVf CMd aYsf hovy jYsy guridq isMG df rUh buwq df ikwsf. Jok aYs qrIky pr ilKo, “vgdI sI rfvI ivc bUtf krIr df/drsLn krnf asIN afpxy pIr df.” jo TIk kvqf hovygI Aus ko aKbfr ivc Cfpf jfeygf. jo bysurI kvqf hovygI Es ko nhIN Cfp skdy. kvqf ivc bolI sfP hoxI cfhIey.

ies not qoN ieh spsLt hY ik gLdr df kvI-sMpfdk afpxI pfrtI dIaF ivsLysL nIqIaF qy kivqf qy kfivk qkfijLaF nUM muwK rwK ky, ‘TIk kivqf’ qoN pMj gwlF dI mMg krdf hY: (1) isLlpkfrI leI lok-kivqf (Jok) jF lok-pRiswD kivqf (vfrs sLfh, mfn isMG kflIdfs gwujrFvflIaf qy Aus smyN df iek hor kvI, guridwq isMG KVg, ijs dI rUh buwq df ivCoVf rcnf kfPI pRiswD hoeI) dIaF qrjLF qy CMdF nUM mfzl bxfieaf jfvy. (2) kivqf sur-sMgIq lYa ivwc hovy (qF ik sroiqaF nUM kMn-rs pRdfn kr sky). (3) kivqf suMdr hovy (XfnI suhj dy inXmF anusfr hovy). (4) kivqf josLIlI hovy (XfnI Bfvuk hovy). (5) kivqf dI BfsLf sfP spwsLt hovy (qF ik afm afdmI dI smJ ivc af sky). ienHF hdfieqF qoN ieh BulyKf lwg skdf hY ik gLdrI kivqf afm pRiswD lok kivqf jF lokBfvI kivqf df hI ivsQfr hY. pr aijhf hY nhIN ikAuNik lok-kivqf qy lok-BfvI kivqf dI kfiv-sImf afpxy sroqy dI mfniskqf nUM smfj-siBafcfr dy Gyry ivwc rwK ky, vfpr cuwky isafsI-smfjk pirvrqnF dy anukUl Zfln qwk huMdI hY, jd ik gLdrI kivqf purfxI sfmMqI ivvsQf qy nvIN sQfipq bsqIvfdI rfj-swqf nUM Aultf ky lok-ihqF dy anukUl Zflx dy Xqn ivwc sI. gLdr lihr iek Xuwg pltfAU aMdoln sI, ies dI kivqf vI Xuwg-pltfAU sI. ieh gwl vwKrI hY ik Xuwg kyvl kivqf nfl nhIN pltdy qy gLdrI kvI afpxI ies sImf qoN vI sucyq hY:

klm dusLmx df sIs jy klm krdI, koeI lvy qlvfr df nfm kfhnUM.


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pr kivqf dI ies sImf qoN sucyq ho ky vI gLdrI kvI nUM AudoN afpxI klm dI hiQafr vrgI sLkqI df aihsfs hoieaf jdoN g Ldr aKbfr qy gLdr sfihq nUM srkfr vloN jLbq kIqf jfx lwgf:

kIqf klm ny kMm hY qop vflf, jLflm rfj dI inE ihlf idqI. - klm sXfhI dy gLdr qoN zrn gory nhIN inklI qyg imXfn ivcoN.

jy hiQafr nhIN qF afpxI kivqf dy prcfr (AupdysL) qy aOsLDI hox bfry qF Aus nUM Borf vI sLk nhIN:

- huMdf hY jLulm ihMd hoeI hY grk vIro, kr Aupdys suwqy idlF nUM AuBfrIey. - ipaf jfpdf krygf qurq rfjLI, PVI gLdr hkIm ny nfV sfzI.

ih Md osqfn g Ldr ivwc Cpy iek not ivwc AuWc kotI dy prcfr qy suKYn sMcfr dI mMg vI kIqI geI hY. iliKaf hY ik ies ivwc Cpx vflIaF rcnfvF, ijwQoN qk ho sky afm lokF dy smJ skx kfbl aqy sfdI jLubfn ivc hox, afeIzIaf AuWcy qoN AuWcf ho skdf hY. ‘AuWcy iKafl qy sfdf jLubfn’. hYrfnI huMdI hY ik ieho sfihq-pRqImfn lYinl qy mfE ijhy XoDy-icMqkF ny afpo-afpxy smyN ivwc sfihqkfrF dy sfhmxy rwKy sn. ieh gwl gLdrIaF dI lYinn qy mfE dIaF isafsI nIqIaF nfl sFJ dI vI sUck hY. gLdrI kvIaF dI kfiv-cyqnf nUM smJx leI mfrc 1930 dy ihMdosqfn gLdr (mfsk) ivwc iek inwkf ijhf not hor imldf hY, ijs df isrlyK hY, ‘gLdrIaF nUM suxvfeI’:

sfry gLdrIaF nUM asIN ieh jLor nfl khFgy ik afpxy iKafl kivqf Xf mjLmUn duafrf jLrUr dsdy irhf krn, qF ik pqf lgdf rhy ik sfzy aMdroN idno idn ikMnI ku afjLfdI dI awg BVk rhI hY. gLdr aKbfr hI iek aYsf vsIlf hY ijs duafrf ik asIN afpxy idl dI BVfs bfkI gLdrIaF dy kMnF qk phuMcf skdy hF.

ieh not ijwQy gLdr dI asPlqf qy gLdrIaF dy qsIihaF ivwcoN gujLrn qoN bfad dI bdlI hoeI isafsI siQqI vwl sMkyq krdf hY, AuWQy ‘kMnF’ sLbd sroqf-muwK kfiv-cyqnf dI sUcnf vI idMdI hY. ‘afjLfdI dI awg’ qy ‘idl dI BVfs’ gLdr dI hfr df pqf vI idMdy hn qy kvI sMpfdk dI Bfvuk-ivcfrmeI rcnfvF dI mMg df vI. g Ldr dy sMpfdk Kud kvI-lyKk sn qy rfhbr-aflock vI. AunHF leI kivqf jLjby-guwDy iKaflF df CMdmeI pRgtfvf sI. ‘awg’ qy ‘BVfs’ sLbd kvI dy Bfv-ivryck kfiv-krm dy pRqIk vI hn qy Bfv-pRgtfvy dy josLIly jF pRcMz hox dy vI.


46

gLdr dI kivqf dI isrjx pRikiraf, lokDfrk kfiv-isrjx nfl imldI-juldI hY, pr ies nUM lok-kfiv (Pok poietrI) kihx AuWicq nhIN; ieh jn-kfiv (pIpljL poietrI) dy Gyry dI rcnf hY. ieh lokF dI lokF leI qy lokF duafrf rcI aslI lokqFqirk kivqf hY. lokDfrfeI kfiv vFg ieh aigafq kivaF duafrf isrjI qy smUh vwloN pRvfnq sFJI isrjxf hY. ies df rcnhfr ieko kvI jfpdf hY: ieko joq, ieko Bfv-ivcfr qy ieko ijhIaF kfiv-ivDIaF. pr ies dy rcnhfrF df gumnfm rihxf AunHF dI vkqI mjLbUrI sI qy ies kivqf dy smUhk qy BfeIcfrk hox dy do kfrn sn: iek qF sMGrsL dy smUhk AudysL ny ivakqIvfd df Kfqmf krky smUhk cyqnf nUM jnm dy idwqf qy dUjy ies ivwc inwjI dI QF sFJy sMgTnkfrI sMboDnF (isMGo, BfeI, sfQI) dI vrqoN hoeI. lok-kfiv vFg ieh vI iksfnI-klcr qy iksfnI dy ikRafsLIl romFs dI kivqf hY. ies ivwc anykF ibMb, aKfx, muhfvry qy lok-DrmI sMkyq hn, ijnHF df sMbMD pMjfb dI iksfnI jIvn-crIaf nfl hY. ies nUM lok-Dfrf dy nyVy dI rcnf iswD krn leI ieh vI ikhf jf skdf hY ik ieh iek ivsLysL dfiery dy lokF (prdysI ihMdIaF) dI rcnf hY; AunHF dy duwK suwK afp-muhfry, qtPt qy iPlbdI rUp ivwc pRgt hoey hn; ieh ivsLysL mOikaF muqfbk lok pRcwlq DfrnFvF, CMdF qy kfiv-rUpF ivwc rcI geI hY; ies ivwc AupBfKfeI qy rlI imlI gwlbfqI BfsLf dI vrqoN hoeI hY; ies ivwc QImk duhrfE hY qy ieh gLdrI iekwTF ivwc jLubfnI pVHI/gfeI jFdI rhI hY afid. pr ienHF smfnqfvF dy bfvjUd gLdr-kfiv dI rcnf Pokloirk kfiv-rcnf qoN awzrI iksm dI hY. ieh lok-kfiv nhIN jn-kfiv hY qy ienHF dohF df inKyVf ipCFh-iKcU qy agFhvDU ivcfrDfrf dy Prk `qy inrBr krdf hY. gLdrI kivqf ivwc iksfnI dIaF sfmMqvfdI rvfieqF nUM qoV ky nvINaF lok-rfjI qy jnvfdI rvfieqF isrjx df afgRih hY. ies ivwc Drm-inrpwK/inrpyK, gYr-iPrkU, afDuink qy afjLfd smfj df sMklp, qfrikk icMqn qy ivakqIgq isafsI cyqnf AuWqy bl ies nUM lokDfrfeI kfiv qoN vwKrI pCfx pRdfn krdy hn. AupinvysLI pMjfb ivwc pMjfbI kivqf df pihlf ruJfn nvIN aMgryjLI klcr dy ‘guxF’ nfl sFJ pf ky, AunHF df guxgfn krn qy afpxI klcr nUM suDfrn dI iswiKaf dyx df sI qy jF iPr afpxy Drm-siBafcfr nUM nvyN dy pRBfv qoN bcf ky sLuwD rwKx df AupdysL dyx df; dUjf ruJfn sI bycYnI, qxfE qy svY-pCfx df qy qIjf ruJfn sI iswDf hmlf krn qy afjLfd klcr dI AusfrI krn leI vMgfrn df. ienHF iqMnF ruJfnF dy aDIn imldI kivqf lok-muhfvry df pRXog qF krdI hI hY, pr jdoN kOm bsqIvfd dy ivruwD isafsI, sLsqr-bwD sMgrfm leI mYdfn ivwc AuqrdI hY qF Aus dy leI afpxI sfrI prMprf dy arQ bdl jFdy hn. PrFjL PYnn ny afpxI pusqk dI r Ycz afP dI arQ dy cOQy aiDafie dy sLurU ivwc ienklfbI icMqk sYko qUry dy iksy BfsLn ivwcoN dI iek tUk idwqI hY, ijs ivwc Aus ny ikhf hY hY ik “aPrIkn kRFqI ivwc Bfg lYx leI ienklfbI gIq ilKxf hI kfPI nhIN; sgoN ienklfb df rfbqf lokF nfl kfiem krnf jLrUrI hY. jy qusIN ieh rfbqf kfiem kr idE qF iPr gIq AunHF vloN muhfry rcy jfxgy.” gLdr lihr ny jdoN gLdr df rfbqf lokF nfl joiVaf qF afp-muhfry jo kfiv-rcnf hoeI Aus nUM vI sucyq kfiv-rcnf hI kihxf pvygf. ieh XuwD qy hmly dI kOmFqrI jn-kivqf hY. ies dI rcnf lok-kfiv ivDIaF qy gLdrI kvI dI ivcfrDfrk pRqIbwDqf dy qxfE ivwcoN hoeI hY. jgjqI isMG (qrn-qfrnI) dI pusqk, g Ldr pfrtI lihr dI pihlI aYzIsLn df rIvIAu kridaF, dI ih Md usqfn tfeImjL dy rIvIAukfr ny itwpxI kIqI sI ik “gLdr lihr dI khfxI ieMnI afqmf nUM hlUxn vflI hY ik iek vwzy mhFkfiv dI sLkl ivwc, ies


47

df ibafn iksy kvI nUM krnf cfhIdf hY.” itwpxIkfr nUM AudoN sLfied pqf nhIN sI ik ies lihr dI afqmf-hlUxn vflI khfxI df iek mhFkfivk rUp Kud gLdrI kvIaF vloN ricaf jf cuwkf hY qy Auh hY gLdr lihr dI kivqf. bysLwk ieh mhF-kfiv nhIN, pr mhFkfivk jLrUr hY. ies mhFkfivk rcnf dy bhuq toty gLdrI XoiDaF nUM mUMh-jLbfnI Xfd sn, lok-kfiv vFg. ies dy BfvF-ivcfrF nUM afqm-sfq krn leI gLdrI AuvyN ies df jLubfnI pfT krdy sn ijvyN gurbfxI dy pfT dI pRQf cwlI af rhI sI qy PFsI cVHn smyN vI ies nUM gurbfxI vFg pVHdy sn. pr ijvyN gurbfxI ivwc lok-kfiv ivDIaF dy pRXog dy bfvjUd Aus nUM lokDfrfeI kivqf nhIN mMinaf jf skdf AuvyN gLdrI kivqf vI Poklor nhIN hY. hF, gLdrI pfTk ieh kivqfvF, “ienklfbI idlF dIaF zUMGfeIaF ivwcoN inkldIaF hox krky murdf idlF ivwc afjLfdI df josL Br idMdIaF sn.” (sohx isMG Bknf, jIvn s Mgrfm, pM[ 45). ies pRBfv dI iek ieiqhfsk imsfl vI imldI hY. ikhf jFdf hY ik hrnfm isMG (tuMzIlft), jgq isMG qy krqfr isMG srfBf, gLdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad, jdoN aMgryjLI srkfr dy pMjy qoN bcx leI srhwd twp ky bfhr jfx lwgy qF iek QF bYiTaF srfBy ny ‘bxI isr sLyrF dy kI jfxf Bwj ky’ gfAuxI sLurU kr idwqI. kivqf sux ky iqMny srhwd qoN vfps prq afey. ieh vI ikhf jFdf hY ik sLhIdy-afjLm srdfr Bgq isMG krqfr isMG srfBy dI Poto afpxI jyb ivwc rwKdy sn qy srfBy dIaF psMdIdf sqrF guxguxfAuNdy rihMdy sn:

syvf dys dI ijMdVIey bVI aOKI gwlF krnIaF Zyr suKwlIaF ny. ijnHF dys syvf ivwc pYr pfieaf, AunHF lwK musIbqF JwlIaF ny.

Bgq isMG afpxIaF ilKqF ivwc gLdrI kivqf ivwcoN tUkF vI idMdy sn. AunHF dI iek ilKq hY: ds meI df s L uB idn: Aus ivwc hyT ilKI kfiv-tukVI df hvflf idwqf igaf hY:

idlf drdIaF drd hjLfr BfvyN, ds meI df idl Bulfvxf nhIN. eysy rojL ‘afjLfdI’ df jMg iCiVaf, vkq KusLI df gmI ilafvxf nhIN.

ies kivqf ivcly josL, ies dI gfAux-Xogqf qy lok ipRXqf dy pRmfx vjoN hIrf isMG drd ny iliKaf hY: “mYnUM Xfd hY ik jd mYN 1922 ivwc imMtgumrI kYNp jyhl ivwc sF qF iek gLdrI bfby nUM Aus vyly qwk CpIaF sB gLdr gUMjF jLbfnI Xfd sn. Auh zfZy josL qy rsBrI afvfjL nfl idn-rfq ienHF nUM gfAuNdf rihMdf sI. Aus bfby df nF hI ‘bfbf gLdr gUMj’ pRiswD sI.” (p MjfbI kivqf q y c oxv y N kvI, pM[ 194). (ieWQy ‘bfbf’ sLbd df arQ ibrD nhIN; gLdrIaF nUM siqkfr nfl bfby ikhf jFdf irhf hY.) Auprokq gux-lwCxF kfrn hI ies kivqf df dUr dUr qwk asr hoieaf qy ies ny ihMdIaF ivwc axK, svYmfx, afqm-gOrv, kOmI qy kOmFqrI eykqf dI Bfvnf qy kurbfnI dy jjLby df sMcfr kIqf. iewQoN qwk ieh lokDfrf dy Gyry dI vsq hY, pr afDuink isafsI qy ienklfbI cyqnf pRdfn krn df jo pRkfrj ies ny inBfieaf Aus kfrn ies nUM pulItIkl jn-kfiv kihxf hI vDyry Xog hY.


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(iii) kfiv-swc q y s uhj: ies kivqf df swc gLdrI df swc hY. gLdrI kvI df awKIN dyiKaf, mihsUisaf qy soicaf afpxI ijLMdgI df swc, arQfq ikrqI, iksfn lokF dy afpxy njLrIey qoN gRihx kIqf afpxy hI jIvn df swc hY ieh. pr ies df ivDfn nf ieiqhfs vrgf hY qy nf hI ivigafn vrgf, sgoN ieh Aus df kfivk qy suhjfqmk swc hY. ies iek ivsLysL dysL-kfl dy pRsMg ivwc aijhy sMvydnsLIl qy jfgRq nfiek dI isrjxf hY jo ieiqhfs df vI krqf hY qy kivqf df vI. ieh kivqf swc-JUT, cMigafeI-burfeI, vPLf-Pryb qy suhj-kuhj bfry dfrsLink inrxy idMdI hY, pr hY ieh kivqf, drsLn nhIN. jdoN asIN ies nUM drsLn vFg pVHdy hF qF sfzy pwly kfiv-swc pYNdf hY qy jdoN kivqf vFg qF sfnUM kfiv-suhj pRfpq huMdf hY. ies dy kfiv-nfiek df swc Aus Xuwg dy vrqfry df, afpxI gulfmI dy ivruwD lV rhy pUrb df swc hY. ieh kivqf Bfrq dI afjLfdI nUM pUrbI AupinvysLF dI afjLfdI qy iPr smUh sLoisLq lokfeI dI suMqqrqf dy sMklpF nfl ieksur krky pysL krdI hY. ieh afjLfdI pRfpq krn dI ivDI vI dwsdI hY qy Aus nUM pRfpq krn dI vI pRyrnf vI idMdI hY. ivDI ies df swc hY qy pRyrnf, suhj. qwQF dI cox krky, mn-ieiCq mnorQ ihq swc dy pRgtfvy ivwc hI ies df suhj-inihq hY. smuwcy qOr `qy ieh josLIlI kivqf hY qy ies df josL hI ies dI suMdrqf hY. ieh sMkt, sMGrsL qy sLhIdI dy Bfvuk swc df suhj hY. sMkt (aMgryjL dI gulfmI), sMGrsL (iekmuwT ho ky, hiQafr cuwk ky, qn-mn-Dn nfl lVnf, mrnf qy mfrnf) aqy sLhIdF dI kurbfnI qy kfrnfimaF df ibafn ies dy qRfsidk suhj nUM jnm idMdf hY.) kfiv-nfiek dy ikrdfr df sB qoN KUbsUrq pRgtfvf AuWQy hoieaf hY ijwQy Auh afpxy inwjI suwK, aYsL-afrfm qy afls nUM iqafg ky XuwD dy mYdfn, jylH jF PFsI nUM cuxdf hY. keI kivqfvF ivwc gLdr, Bfrqmfqf jF Bfrq dI kuwl lokfeI nUM hI nfiek dy rUp ivwc pysL kIqf igaf hY qy lokfeI hI lokfeI nUM sMboiDq hY. gLdrI kvI afpxI kivqf dy prcfrvfdI pRkfrj qoN anjfx nhIN (pihlF gLdr pfrtI sfry dysL pRcfr kry), pr ieh ‘pRcfr’ vI AudoN kfiv-suhj bx jFdf hY, jdoN iksy nvyN swc df aivsLkfr huMdf hYU, jdoN ieh gLdrI nUM qy lokF nUM AunHF dy afpy dI nvIN pCfx idMdf hY. aqIq dI ismrqI, BivwK dy supny, AurdU rlI pMjfbI bolI qy afm bol-cfl dI sLbdfvlI dy pRXog vI iek suhjvfdI romFs pYdf krdy hn. ieh kivqf pMjfb dy prvfsI qy afdrsLvfdI nOjvfn ‘bfibaF’ dy pivwqr lhU nfl ilKI hoeI hY. ies ivwc gulfm kOm dy jIvn df iek smyN df sMpUrn swc, gLdr dy ispfhI dI afsLfvfdI jdo-jihd aqy Aus dy mr imtx dI khfxI hY. ieh Aus kOmI kihr, guwsy qy roh dI kivqf hY jo kOmF nUM kdy kdy hI cVHdf hY. dunIaf Br dI srmfeydfrI dy jLulm, luwt, BY qy JUT dy aiDkfr ivwc ieh kivqf gflH, hiQafr, inwzrqf qy swc dy nvyN sUrj dI ikrn vFg PuwtdI hY. gLdrIaF leI ieh kivqf mOky df hiQafr sI, pr ies dy nfiek dI, mfnv dI sdIvI mukqI leI jMg ies df sdIvI swc qy suhj hY. (iv) kfiv-rUp: gLdrI kvI afpxy jIvn-swc qy isDFq nUM kfivk suhj ivwc rupFqrq krn leI pRmuwK pMjfbI kfiv-DfrfvF ivwcoN kfiv-rUpF dI cox krdf hY. vIhvIN sdI dy pihly dhfky qwk ijnHF kfiv-rUpF df pRcln afm ho cuwkf sI Auh sfry hI CMd-bwD rUp sn qy AunHF


49

ivwcoN gLdrI ny sIhrPI, kfPI, gLjLl, gIq, pYNqIs awKrI, bfrFmfh, Bjn, lMmI njLm qy inwkI kivqf duafrf hI afpxy BfvF ivcfrF nUM ivakq kIqf hY. gLjLl, lMmI njLm, inwkI kivqf qy kvIsLrI df irvfj hfly nvF nvF hI ipaf sI, pr gLdr-kfiv dy afKrI crx qwk ieh vI pUrI qrHF pRcwlq ho cuwky sn. gLdrI kivqf ivwc pRXog ivwc afey ienHF kfiv-rUpF df sMKyp ijhf vyrvf iewQy kuQF nhIN hovygf. sIhrPI: ieh qIh-hrPI arbI vrxmflf anusfr ilKI AupdysLfqmk kivqf df iek rUp hY. ihMdI-pMjfbI ivwc bfvn awKrI qoN pYNqIs-awKrF dI rIq vFg sUPIaF, ikwsfkfrF qy bYNqbfjLF ny sIhrPI df irvfj pfieaf. hQly kfiv-sMgRih ivwc kyvl iek aDUrI sIhrPI hY, jo iksy rfmcMd-pwKI qy kfdrXfr dy ‘pUrn Bgq’ qoN pRBfivq gLdrI dI ilKI jfpdI hY. Audfhrx leI ies sIhrPI dI pMgqI hY:

sIn-sbk isKo AunHF sUiraF QoN, ijnHF ihMd dy nfm QoN jfn vfrI. ieh kfdrXfr dI hyT ilKI sqr nUM hI rqf bdl ky GVI geI hY: sIn-suxo loko ikwsy afsLkF dy, ijnHF rwb dy nfm qoN jfn vfrI.

kfP L I: kfPI nUM rfgxI vI mMinaf igaf hY qy kfiv-rUp vI. AunIvIN sdI ivwc sfDU eIsLrdfs ny kfPI nUM iek Kfs CMd vFg vI vriqaf hY qy jfpdf hY ik gLdrI kvIaF ny keI kfPIaF eIsLrdfs dy kfPI-CMd dy hI nmUny `qy ilKIaF hn. prMprk kfPI rUp dI bxqr, afm krky, iek sQfeI qy bfkI aMqiraF dy prspr qxfE duafrf bxdI hY. hQly sMgRih ivwc awT kfPIaF hn jo ienHF kvIaF dI isLlm-gq pikafeI df pRmfx hn. g Lj Ll: gLdrI kviaF qoN pihlF mIaF muhMmd bKsL qy mOlf bKsL kusLqf pMjfbI ivwc BfvyN kfPI igxqI ivwc gLjLlF ilK cuwky sn, pr afm krky ies nUM AurdU df kfiv-rUp hI mMinaf jFdf sI. ies sMgRih ivwc sLfml krqfr isMG huMdl (akflI) dI ilKI iek kivqf nUM muslsl gLjLl ikhf jf skdf hY, BfvyN kvI ny ies nUM gLjLl df nF nhIN idwqf. kivqf hY: jY aMDkfr pfpI. gIq: gIq pMjfbI dI hrmn-ipafrI kfiv-ivDf hY. ies dIaF jVHF lok-gIqF ivwc hn, pr gurbfxI qy sUPI kivqf df bhuqf Bfg vI gIq-sLYlI ivwc hI ricaf igaf hY. ies sMgRih ivwc vYsy qF sfrI kivqf hI gfAux leI ilKI geI hY, pr do kivqfvF nUM gIq ivsLysL ivDf df nF idwqf jf skdf hY. Auh hn ‘suwiqaf qUM jfg sLyrf’ qy ‘PrybI ksfeI’. kvIsLrI dy pRcwlq hox nfl jo nvINaF nvINaF qrjLF cwlIaF, gLdrIaF ny kuJ gIq AunHF qrjLF AuWqy vI ilKy hn: ijvyN ‘PrMgI Ps igaf’ qy ‘JUTf PrMgI’. p Y NqI (p Y NqIs) awKrI: ieh kfiv-rUp vI purfxf hY. ies dI rcnf gurmuKI vrxmflf dy pYNqI awKrF anusfr kIqI jFdI hY. pMjfbI ivwc gurU nfnk dyv jI dI rcnf ‘pwtI’ pYNqI awKrI df pRmfixk nmUnf hY. gLdr dI kivqf ivwc do kivqfvF ‘Bfrq mfqf dI pukfr’ qy ‘Xfd-vqn’ iesy kfiv-rUp ivwc ilKIaF geIaF hn.


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bfrFmFh: ilKqI pMjfbI kivqf ivwc bfrFmFh df afrMB vI gurU nfnk dyv jI dy ‘bfrFmFh quKfrI’ qoN mMinaf jFdf hY. ieh ivgocy df kfiv-rUp hY. ies dI QImk Xfqrf ivCoVy qoN imlfp vwl qy guafcy qoN qlfsL vwl huMdI hY aqy ies df bfhrI rUp sfl dy dysI bfrF mhIinaF dy nfvF anusfr GiVaf jFdf hY. hryk mhIny dI pRikrqI anusfr ibRhn dI mnosiQqI jF Aus dI ivjogI mnosiQqI anusfr pRikrqI df icqrx kIqf jFdf hY. gLdr-kfiv-sgRih ivwc drj bfrFmFh gLdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad dy hn. ieh asPlqf gLdrI kvI leI ieAuN hI sI, ijvyN hwQ afeI afjLfdI muV guafc geI hovy. do bfrFmFihaF ivwc qF apRfpqI df aihsfs ieMnf pRbl hY ik kfiv-pfqr (iek ivwc gLdrI qy dUjy ivwc Bfrqmfqf) bhuq inrfsL qy afpxy afp nUM iblkul alwg-Qlwg mihsUs krdy hn. pr ieh guafcy nUM pRfpq krn df kfiv-rUp vI hY. ies ivwc ismrqI dy shfry vrqmfn sMkt nUM Jwlx df ibrqFq isrijaf jFdf hY. pfqr dy mn dIaF iqMn avsQfvF (pRfpqI df cfAu, Xqn qy asPlqf) nUM Xfd df shfrf huMdf hY qy cOQI (AumId) nUM AuzIk jF supny df. iesy ivDI nfl ‘nvyN gLdr dy nvyN sLhIdF dI Xfd ivwc’ bfrFmFhf ivwc lgBg sfry isrkwZ gLdrIaF nUM Xfd kIqf igaf hY qy BivwK ivwc gLdr dI AumId lupq rUp ivwc mOjUd hY. Bjn: ieh ihMdI-pMjfbI df afm pRcwlq Dfrimk kfiv-rUp hY. ies sMgRih ivwc iek ‘gLdrI Bjn’ hY, ijs dI BfsLf ihMdusqfnI hY. l MmI nj Lm: lMmI, isrlyK vflI njLm df irvfj AuWnHIvIN sdI dy aMq aqy vIhvIN sdI dy afrMB ivwc ipaf. ieh iksy iek QIm nUM lY ky qy ivsLf-isrlyK (jF anuvfn) dy ky ilKI jFdI sI. ies sMgRih ivwc aijhI iek njLm hY: ‘bykfrI’ jo 1929-30 dy lfgy cfgy dI hY qy Aus smyN dy mMdvfVy dy pRsMg ivwc iek bI[ ey[ pfs nOjvfn dI durdsLf dy QIm AuWqy ilKI geI hY. ieh mnbcnI dI ivDI ivwc ilKI iek-pfqrI kivqf hY. ieh kivqf gfAux leI nhIN, kvI-drbfrF dy mMcF qoN Aucfrn leI hY. ies kivqf nfl gLdrI-kfiv ivwc nftkI pVnFv (mYN, qUM, qusIN, asIN, afid) prvysL krdf hY. ieh kivqf inbMD qy gIq dI sMboDn ivDI qoN vwKrI nftkI sMboDn-ivDI ivwc rcI geI hY. kvI jF pfqr, sroqy nUM sMboiDq hox dI QF afpxy afp nUM sMboiDq hY. in wkI kivqf: lMmI njLm vFg iekhry QIm qy isrlyK (anuvfn) vflI nftkI pVnFv-kyNdirq inwkI kivqf df irvfj vI kfPI purfxf sI, pr gLdrI kivqf ivwc ies df pRvysL vI 1930 dy afs pfs hoieaf. ies sMgRih ivwc zfktr dIvfn isMG kflypfxI dI kivqf ‘asIN qy qusIN’ aijhI inwkI kivqf df iek suMdr nmUnf hY. gLdr dI kivqf ivwc pRXog kIqy gey kfiv-rUpF df iewQy ivsLlysLx nhIN kIqf igaf, isrP vyrvf idwqf igaf hY, ieh dwsx leI ik gLdrI kvI inpwt anpVH qy afpxIaF sfihqk rvfieqF qoN tuwty hoey qukbMd nhIN sn, sgoN Auh afpxy kfiv-krm qoN Aus qrHF icMqn qy ivrsy nfl juVy hoey sn, ijs qrHF (1857) dy rUp nUM nvyN gLdr leI mfzl vjoN icqivaf AuvyN purfxy kfiv-rUpF ivwc nvIN gwl khI. asl ivwc ienHF sfry kfiv-rUpF df pRXog iek nvIN kfiv-ivDf dIaF jMmx pIVF vwl sMkyq hY. Auh nvIN ivDf sI: mhFkfiv. ieh kivqf sfry kfiv-rUpF dy pRXog duafrf ies nvIN ivDf vl ahul rhI sI, pr ies nUM pRgt hox df mOkf nhIN imilaf. jy gLdr sPl ho jFdf qF avwsL hI gLdr df mhF-kfiv ricaf jFdf. (v) kfiv-sL YlI: mhFkfivk pfsfr vflI hox krky, ies kivqf ivwc chuMaF kfiv-sLYlIaF (pRgIqk, ibrqFqk, vrxnI, qy nftkI) dI isrjxf hoeI hY.


51

ieh kivqf sroqf muwK hY qy gfey jfx dy AudysL nUM muwK rwK ky ies ivwc pMjfbI ikwisaF dy sur-sMgIq qy pRgIqk rUVHIaF df anusrx hoieaf hY. pr Prk ieh hY ik purfxIaF rUVHIaF nUM ies ivwc nvIN isafsI vwQ dy anurUp Zfilaf igaf hY. ies ivwc pRgIq dy iqMn rUp imldy hn: rudn, dosL-afropx qy apIl. ijwQy gLdrI kvI prdys dy mfmilaF dy duwK roNdf hY, AuWQy pRgIqk sLYlI rudn df rUp Dfr jFdI hY. ijwQy Auh sfrI kOm nUM suwqI hox jF iswKF nUM sqvMjf dy gLdr ivwc ihwsf nf lYx leI dosLI TihrfAuNdf hY AuWQy ies df rUp dosL-afropx df hY. pr bhuqI kivqf ivwc apIl, aYlfn, vMgfr, pukfr, AupdysL qy Pirafd dI pRgqIkqf dI isrjxf hoeI hY. BuqkflI qy smkflI GtnfvF, aMdolnF qy XuwDF df ibrqFq isrj ky ies kivqf nUM iek mhFkfivk pfsfr (aYpIkl zfiemYnsLn) idwqf igaf hY. sqfrHvIN-aTHfrvIN sdI df isMG aMdoln, sqvMjf df gLdr, kUikaF dI iviQaf, sfvrkr, iqlk, ajIq isMG, mYzm kfmf, afid grm-iKaflI suqMqrqf sMgrfmIaF dIaF srgrmIaF, kfmfgftfmfrU df sfkf, hridafl dI igRPqfrI dy vfrMtF vflI Gtnf afid nUM ibrqFqk sLYlI ivwc hI ivakq kIqf igaf hY. ijnHF kivqfvF ivwc, Kfs krky gLdr dI asPlqf qoN bfad, vfprIaF GtnfvF df ivsLlysLx qy crcf hoieaf hY, AunHF dI sLYlI vrxnI qy inbMD vFg BfsLxI hY. ies kivqf dI mUl vsqU ikAuNik ivdroh, twkr qy ihMsf dI hY ies leI nftkI sLYlI ies dy rom rom ivwc rmI hoeI hY. bfhrvrqI GtnfvF dy tkrfE qy gLdrI nfiek dy mn ivwc ivafpdy dvMdF nUM ies kivqf ny nftkI aMdfjL ivwc ibafn kIqf hY. nftkI sLYlI dI srboqm imsfl hY: ‘crcf gulfm ihMdI qy gLdrI ihMdI’. ies lMmI kivqf ivwc jo sMbfd isrijaf igaf hY smJo Auh sfrI gLdr lihr qy hr gLdrI dy mn ivclI duibDf dI nftkI aiBivakqI hY. cyqy rhy ik ieh nftkIaqf qRfsdI dI nftkIaqf hY, kfm dI jF pRhsn dI nhIN ikAuNik gLdrI kvI Kud kfiv-pfqr, XoDf qy icMqk hY. bfhr Auh brqfnvI rfj dI gulfmI nfl jUJdf hY qy aMdr afpxI gulfm jLihnIaq nfl. XuwD Aus dy aMdr-bfhr ivafp irhf hY. (vi) kfiv-jugqF: gLdrI kvI afpxy igafn, iPlfsPI, ivvyk, supny qy BfsLf nUM iqMn muwK kfiv-jugqF rfhIN ieksur krdf hY:

- XQfrQ qy afdrsL dI ivwQ-isrjxf - Tos ieiqhfsk vyrvy qy hvfly dy ky dsqfvyjLI isrjxf - inwjI jfxkfrI qy anuBv df sDfrnIkrn

XQfrQ qy afdrsL dI ivwQ (ijhVI ik ijLMdgI ivwc mOjUd sI) df kfiv-isrjxf ivwc iek qxfE qy pRmuwK jugq dy rUp ivwc afAuxf lfjLmI sI. jo hY Aus nfl sMqusLtI nhIN, jo sMqusLt hY Auh suwqf ipaf hY; ies kivqf ivwc ieh ivwQ-isrjxf afm imlygI. ieho gulfmI qy afjLfdI df Pfslf hY. ‘gulfmI’ ihMdI dy jIvn df XQfrQ hY qy ‘afjLfdI’ Aus df afdrsL. gulfmI nINd hY qy afjLfdI supnf. dUjI muwK jugq ieiqhfsk vyrivaF qy hvfilaF nfl dsqfvyjL isrjx dI hY. aijhIaF kivqfvF df rUp gvfhI jF sfKI vrgf hY. ijvyN kfmfgftfmfrU dI Gtnf sMbMDI ilKI kivqf ivwc ismrqI, aKbfrI irport qy inwjI anuBv iqMny iml ky iek dsqfvyjL df jF sfKI df


52

rUp Dfrn kr gey hn. aijhIaF kivqfvF nUM pVHidaF ieAuN jfpdf hY ijvyN ‘ieiqhfs’ Kud ienHF df nfiek hY, jo afpxI afjLfdI dy aMqm pVfa vwl vfho-dfhI Bwjf jf irhf hY. gLdrI kol TrHwmy qy vyrvy sihq ies ‘ieiqhfs’ df ibrqFq isrjx dI ivhl nhIN. sfrI kivqf qIr vFg iek insLfny vwl syDI rihMdI hY: afjLfdI qy smfjvfd. mfnvI dlyrI qy sMGrsL dy romFs dy nfl gVuwc aijhIaF kivqfvF nUM lok-sUrbIrqf dy kfiv-krn df nF idwqf jf skdf hY. afpxIaF smkflI GtnfvF qy inwjI anuBvF nUM afm pfTk/sroqy qwk sMcfrn aqy srbgRfhI qy ivafpk rUp dyx leI gLdrI kvI sDfrnIkrn dI icr-pCfxI jugq df pRXog krdf hY. ies dy leI Auh iek qrkIb ieh vrqdf hY ik ieiqhfs nUM kyNdrI pfqr dI ismrqI df aMg bxf ky afpxy inwjI sMkt/sMgrfm nUM Auh ieiqhfs ivwc PylfAuNdf hY: myry ijhy hor vI bhuq hoey hn. ieAuN kfiv-nfiek ivrlf-ivsLysL huMdf hoieaf vI afm jfpdf hY qy iek huMidaF vI srb-sfDfrn df rUp Dfr lYNdf hY. sDfrnIkrn dI dUjI qrkIb hY muhfvry, aKfxF jF lkokqIaF dI vrqoN. kvI afpxy swc nUM lokF dI afm isafxp nfl ieksur qy sUqrbwD krky muV AunHF hI lokF nUM moV idMdf hY. aKfx-muhfvry iek qrHF sihj-suBf rcI lok-kivqf hI huMdI hY. Aus ivwc jIvn-anuBvF df sDfrnIkrn qF pihlF hI ho cuwkf huMdf hY. ies leI ivsLysL kvI dIaF qukF ivwc iPwt ho ky Auh Kfs anuBvF nUM afm bxf idMdf hY. ies kivqf ivwcoN aKfx-muhfvry dI vrqoN dIaF anykF hI AudfhrnF iml jFdIaF hn. Auprokq muwK jugqF qoN ielfvf ies kivqf ivwc keI QfeIN qulnf ivaMg (ivzMbnf), ktfKsL, mKOl jF msLkrI dI jugq vI vrqI geI hY. aMgryjLI rfj DoKy-DVI nfl sfry Bfrq ivwc PYilaf sI qy ies dI sQfpqI leI keI imwQF isrjIaF geIaF sn. ies vrqfry dy bfhrI idKfvy qy aMdrUnI DoKy dI vfsqivkqf, XfnI bfhrI imwQ dy aMdrly swc dy tkrfE nUM sfkfr krky hI ies dI TIk smJ idwqI jf skdI sI. ies kfrj nUM gLdrI kivqf ivwc ivzMbnf dI jugq nfl sMpUrn kIqf igaf hY:

bco ihMdIE nf ikqy zs jfvy, rwsI njLr afvy ikqy mfr qF nhIN. gorf rMg nf dyKxf, KUbsUrq, pihly qfVnf ikqy aXfr qF nhIN. sfihb sfihb krdy Bwjy jFdy ho, pqf lvo hrfm dI mfr qF nhIN.

(ieQy ‘hrfm dI mfr’ kyvl gflH nhIN, blik eIsf dy jnm dI imwQ vwl vI sMkyq hY). gLdr dI hfr qoN bfad dysL-DRohIaF qy srkfr dy vPfdfr sYinkF AuWqy jo ktfKsL kIqf igaf hY Auh mKOl qy msLkrI dI hwd qwk phuMc igaf hY:

-mOj kul jhfn dI lYx gory, ihMdI Poky hI sMK bjfx vIro. - POjF vfilE kmr nUM bMn icmty, pYr Drq nf qusIN itkFvdy ho. mflk ikrc dy afpxy afp smJo


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aYpr jwg `qy kulI khFvdy ho. puls vfilE sq rupey Kfqr vqn syvkf nUM PVn jFvdy ho. - rUs PrFs PrMgVy Ps gey ksUqy. gey gulfm hmYq nUM ieh ihMdI DUqy. bMn dsUsy jFvdy dunIaF peI hwsy. afpxf mulk gulfm hY ieh iPrdy nwsy. - s- sMq rih gey jF PkIr rih gey, murdf idlF vfly bfJoN josL rih gey. byvkUP rih gey jF gulfm rih gey, zrpok rih gey, mfrI hosL rih gey. ipafry ‘pRIqmf’ lwd gey rqn sfry, bfkI bcy iblkul KfmosL rih gey.

(vi) kfiv-is Llp (C Md, ib Mb, p RqIk, alMkfr): ijvyN pihlF vI sMkyq kIqf igaf hY, gLdrI kvI afpxy kfiv-krm qoN sucyq hY qy Auh kivqf nUM afvysL jF afpmuhfrf svY-pRgtfvf nhIN smJdf, sgoN iek isLlpI vFg ies nUM afpxI kfrIgrI smJdf hY. Aus dy CMd-pRXog, ibMb-rcnf, pRqIk isrjx qy alMkfr-ivDfn nUM ies kfrIgrI df aMg mMn ky asIN hyT ilKy isrlyKF aDIn ivcfr skdy hF:

(A) CMd pRXog (a) ibMb-rcnf (e) pRqIk-isrjxf (s) alMkfr ivDfn

(A) C Md p RX og: gLdr dy kvIaF ivwc BfvyN ipMgl dy aiDaYn qy AusqfdI-sLigrdI dI pRQf df koeI sbUq nhIN imldf, pr AunHF dy CMd-pRXog qoN jfpdf hY ik sUPI kivqf qy ikwsf-kfiv ivwc AunHF dI zUMGI idlcspI sI qy afpxI kfiv-rcnf leI AunHF ny ienHF hI kfiv-DfrfvF ivwcoN CMd-cox kIqI hY. CMd pRXog leI, Kfs krky, vfrs-sLfh qy AunIvIN sdI dy msLhUr kvIaF (mfn isMG kflIdfs, guridwq isMG KVg, sfDU eIsLrdfs qy Bgvfn isMG) dI CMd-rcnf nUM afpxf mfzl bxfieaf hY. gLdrI kfiv ivwc ijnHF jfxy pCfxy 13 CMdF df pRXog hoieaf hY, Auh hn: svwXf, kibwq, kfPI, korVf, Jok, izAuZ, dvwXf, dohrf, do qukF, ibrhf CMd, bYNq, mnrMck, CMd qy imlfp CMd. svwXf: ies sMgRih ivwc ‘syvl’ nF dy kvI dy kuJ svwXy drj hn, ijnHF ivwc svwXy dy qIh ku rUpF ivwcoN kyvl iek rUp dI vrqoN kIqI geI hY:

XuwD myN kud pvo sm bIr, nf loB kI KuD my suD BulfeIey.

(bRjBfsLf qy CMd-cfl qoN ienHF svwXF AuWqy gurU goibMd isMG dI svwXf-rcnf df asr pRqwK hY.)


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kib wq: kibwq df lPjLI arQ qF kivqf hI hY, pr ieh bRjBfsLf qoN afieaf iek vrxk CMd hY qy ies dy keI rUp huMdy hn. kibwq df pRXog jxf-Kxf nhIN kr skdf, pr gLdrI kivqf ivwc ijMnIaF vI kivqfvF kibwq ivwc imldIaF hn AuhnF ivwc Bfv-jugq qy isLlpkfrI df slfhuxXog sumyl hY. ienHF dI sLbd-jVq qoN pqf lwgdf hY ik kvI afpxI rUp-rcnf qoN aiqMaMq sucyq hY:

- rMg ivwc BMg pf ky kIqf bdrMg sfnUM, lg igaf jMg ikQoN sfzI qlvfr nUM. - kIqf dys nMg icty rMg AuT kro jMg, nMg eyh PrMg ny nsLMg ihMd Kf ilaf.

kfPI: kfPI nUM afm krky iek kfiv-rUp mMinaf jFdf hY, pr jfpdf hY ik AunIHvIN sdI dy iek hrmn-ipafry kvI sfDU eIsLr dfs ny ieko qrjL dIaF kfPIaF ilK ilK ky ies nUM iek CMd vjoN vI pRcwlq kr idwqf sI. gLdrI kvIaF ny ies nUM iek CMd vjoN hI vriqaf hY qy keI QfeIN iliKaf hY: kfPI CMd. gLdr kfiv dI sB qoN pRiswD kfPI hY:

gLdr pfrtI bIVf cuwikaf ihMd afjLfdf krfvn df.

bRjBfsLf dI vrqoN qy cfr+do=Cy qukF df bMd qy hr bMd qoN bfad sQfeI qoN ieh kfPI eIsLrdfs dy gIq vFg ilKI iswD huMdI hY. Prk ieh hY ik gLdrI kvI ny eIsLrdfs dI Bfv-jugq nUM Aultf ky gLdrI isafsq dI ivafiKaf kridaF gLdr df hokf idwqf hY. k orVf: kibwq vFg korVf vI vrxk CMd hY. ies dI hr sqr ivwc 13 vrx huMdy hn. korVy df lPjLI arQ hY cfbuk. gLdrI kvI ny ies nUM cfbuk vFg vriqaf hY. ies kfiv-sMgRih ivwc korVy CMd ivwc ilKIaF kivqfvF Bfv dI qyjL gqI qy isKr nUM drsfAuNdIaF hn qy pVHn-suxn vfly nUM ‘korVy’ vFg vwjdIaF hn: - bxI isr sLyrF dy kI jfxf Bwj ky. J ok: Jok lok-gIq dI iek qrjL hY, pr gLdrI kvIaF ny ies nUM iek CMd hI mMinaf hY. ies sMgRih ivwc BfvyN iek Jok hY, pr ies dI hridl-ajLIjLI df pqf Aus not qoN lgdf hY ijhVf 9 dsMbr 1913 dy gLdr ivwc Cipaf hY:

ieh gIq Jok qy Bf AuWqy gfAuxy hn. AumYd hY ik sB BfeI eys nUM lCI qy bMqo dy gIqF nfloN awCI ingfh nfl dyKxgy ikAuNik ieh afjLfdI df iKafl idMdy hn qy Auh brbfdI df.

ies itwpxI qoN lok-DfrfeI kivqf qy gLdrI kivqf df aMqr vI spsLt ho jFdf hY. Jok dI pRiswDI df iek kfrn ‘pgVI sMBfl jwtf’ dI hrmn ipafrqf vI hovygf ikAuNik lflf bFky idafl dy ies gIq dI sQfeI vI Jok dI qrjL AuWqy hY. gLdrI Jok vI iesy qrjL `qy hY:

suiqaf qUM jfg sLyrf, suiqaf qUM jfg E.


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izAuZ (z yA uZ): ies CMd df nF duBMgI qy mdnhr vI hY. ies dI hr sqr dvwXy vFg 28 mfqrF dI qy nfl awDI sqr hor huMdI hY: sKq igr igaf jIvn sfzf, ies qoN cMgf mrnf, duK nhIN Brnf. dv wXf: ieh 28 mfqrF df CMd hY, jo dmodr dI hIr qoN lY ky bhuq sfry ikwisaF ivwc vriqaf jf cuwkf sI. ieh dfrsLink ivcfrF nUM ivakq krn vflf do-qukIaf jF chuM-qukIaf CMd hY. gLdrI kvIaF ny do-quky dvwXy ilKy hn:

hr hfl ivc mrnf Xfro agoN ipCoN mrnf. mulk mry iPr asIN nf mrIey jg rih ky kI krnf.

d ohrf: dohrf vI pMjfbI df purfxf CMd hY. sB qoN pihlF ies dI vrqoN bfbf PrId ny kIqI. ies ivwc ieko Bfv-ivcfr nUM 24-24 mfqrF dIaF do sqrF ivwc pRgt krnf huMdf hY. gLdr-kiv ivwc isrP 15 dohry imldy hn, jo ibsLn isMG dI rcnf hn qy s ud ys L s yvk ivwc pRkfsLq hoey sn. d oq ukf: nvIN kvIsLrI dIaF qrjLF `qy do kivqfvF (‘PrMgI Ps igaf’ qy ‘JUTf PrMgI’) do quikaF ivwc ilKIaF imldIaF hn. ibrhf C Md: ieh lMmI qrjL df iek sLokmeI gIq hY. ies ivwc gLdr dI hfr df aihsfs pihlI vfr ivakq hoieaf hY. isrlyK hY: ‘Bfrq mfqf bulONdI hY afpny ihMdI puqrF nUM’. b Y Nq: gLdr-kfiv df bhuqf Bfg iesy mfqRk CMd ivwc hY. ieh pMjfb ivwc ieMnf pRcwlq irhf hY ik keI anpVH pMjfbI vI bYNqF joV lYNdy sn. mukbl qy vfrs qoN lY ky gLdrIaF qwk chuM klIaF qy ‘KuwlHf bYNq’ hI vDyry pRcwlq sI. vIhvIN sdI ivwc 4+2 sqrF dy Cy klIey bYNq df vI irvfj ipaf. gLdr-kfiv ivwc ijLafdf vrqoN KuwlHy bYNq dI hoeI hY, pr 1929 dy ih Md osqfn g Ldr (mfsk) ivwc Cy klIey bYNq df pRXog vI imldf hY. sIhrPI qy pYNqI awKrI vI bYNq ivwc hn. mn or Mck: ies CMd ivwc ieko kivqf hY, ijs ivwc kOmI axK leI mr imtx leI vMgfiraf igaf hY.

hwQF bfJ krfiraF Xfro dusLmx hovy imq nhIN. vFg nfmrdF myhxy JlIey, muV ky jMmxf inq nhIN.

imlfp: ieh korVy df hI QoVHf bdilaf hoieaf rUp hY:

isafixE imlfp isKo gl Czo Put dI. vtI hoeI rsI lfieaF jLor nhIN tuwtdI.

(a) ib Mb-rcnf: gLdrI kivqf vDyry krky kQn dI ivDI duafrf rcI geI hY, pr ikDry ikDry ibMb-rcnf dIaF AudfhrnF vI imldIaF hn. ienHF ibMbF df afDfr pMjfb dI pyNzU


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pRikrqI qy sMsikRqI hY. ienHF ivwcoN vI AujVy Kyq, bfg qy Gr aqy kMgfl afdmI dy ibMb hI pRmuwK hn:

-ZfeI totrU Kf gey Kyq sfzf[[[[ - igwdV Kf gey Kyq cruMz myrf[[[[ - kYNcI pkV jLflm sLfKF kqrdf hY, qusIN vIrnoN nhIN htfieaf ikAuN. - ihMdosqfnIE ikAuN nIvIN Dox suwtI, mfro njLr Gr dy kyhVy hfl ho gey. - pfty kpVy ijsm kmjLor hoieaf, jusy josL qy ijgr df qfn ikAuN nhIN.

(e) p RqIk isrjxf: pRqIkF pwKoN ies kivqf ivwc not krn vflI gwl hY kuJ asloN nvyN pRqIkF dI isrjxf. ijvyN hyTlIaF sqrF ivwc isAuNk, kuwqI, CylI qy totrU afid.

- jVIN asF dI isAuNk df bfs hoieaf kdy pt ky Es nUM ZfEgy nf? kuwqI lwq nUM afn ky pkVdI hY, zMzf pkV ky ipCy htfEgy nf? - pfpI mfrdf dyvy nf rox iblkul, CylI vs biGafV dy afeI hY vy. - vfr gurIlf KUb clfvo, mfro jld totrU ZfeI.

(s) alMkfr ivDfn: ies kivqf ivwc sLbd-alMkfrF ivwcoN anupRfs qy arQ alMkfrF ivwcoN Aupmf, rUpk qy idRsLtFq dI vrqoN vDyry hoeI hY, pr ikDry ikDry Xmk, aqkQnI, pRsLnoqrI qy ivroD alMkfr vI imldf hY. lok jIvn ivwcoN ley idRsLtFqF ivwcoN iek idRsLtFq ipMzF ivwc BUq kwZx vfly sYrIaF (isafixaF) df hY. BUq kwZx dI ikRaf df idRsLtFq dy ky dwisaf igaf hY ik aMgryjL df BUq vI Bfrq ivwcoN juwqI nfl hI kwiZaf jfvygf:

dfrU Xfd afieaf kwcy BUqny df, afE qusF BI aj sKlf leIey. rKo DXfn dwsF pYhlf kMm vIro, ivsLty sMdVI DUP DuKf leIey. DuxI idMidaF sfr qVwk boly, kwcy cMm df bUt mMgvf leIey.


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qfV qfV puwTy mgjL ivc mfro, ieky jgf, nf hwQ hlf leIey. mfr mfr iCwqr GroN bfhr kZo, isrP GroN nf, jUh tpf leIey.

gLdr lihr dy kvIaF dI kfiv-cyqnf qy isLlpkfrI sMbMDI Auprokq crcf df mnorQ ies kivqf dy pRmuwK guxF-lwCxF dI insLfndyhI krky kyvl ieh invydn krnf sI ik ies kivqf nUM gLdrI kvIaF dI sLKsIaq, prdys dy sMdrB, AunHF dIaF ieiqhfsk-isafsI pirsiQqIaF qy AunHF dy sfihqk siBafcfr dy pRsMg ivwc smJ ky hI ies df shI mulMkx kIqf jf skdf hY qy iesy AumId nfl asIN ieh sMgRih pfTkF, KojIaF, ivdvfn smIiKafkfrF nUM sONpdy hF ik Auh ies kivqf df vwK vwK pwKF qoN vDyry zUMGf, aiDaYn-ivsLlysLx krngy. ●

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gdr lihr dI kivqf - sukhwanthundal.files.wordpress.com filegdr lihr dI kivqf –kysr isMG kysr 3 vqn – , " qihq gLdr dI gUMj nF dIaF swq pusqkF vI Cfp ky vMzIaF geIaF sn. lVI nM: