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7/21/2019 Gen Prjct 02
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/gen-prjct-02 1/41
=
Tbj Hj`jsks Vrngjit
Ly
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Inpyrkhbt © <6=4-<6=:
Tbj Hj`jsks Vrngjit sjjcs tn u`djrstm`d tbj Jmrtb-Yu` systje ms m okaj sustmk`k`h systje,
bnw tn irjmtj n`j, m`d emk`tmk` tbj n`j wj morjmdy bmvj.
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K`tjrin``jitkn` K` @mturj 6=
Jvjrytbk`h n` jmrtb ks k`tjrin``jitjd. Kt ks tbj in``jitkn` ljtwjj` `mturmo jojej`ts tbmt
sustmk`s okaj. Tbj Ymbmrm djsjrt ks tbj omrhjst djsjrt n` tbj Jmrtb, tbrjj ekookn` squmrj
ekojs k` suramij mrjm. Kt ks mlnut tbj skzj na tbj Z`ktjd Ytmtjs. Xk`ds arne tbj jmst tn tbj
wjst okat mlnut =2< ekookn` tn`s na dust arne tbj Ymbmrm, m``umooy. Mlnut <8 ekookn` tn`sna tbmt wbkib mrj trm`spnrtjd 9,666 ekojs mirnss tbj Mtom`tki, mrj djpnsktjd k` tbj
Memzn` Lmsk`, tbj wnrod‛s omrhjst rmk` anrjst. Tbks dust in`tmk`s pbnspbnrus, m vmoumloj
`utrkj`t anr tbj rmk` anrjst. Kt wms tbj @MYM Imoypsn smtjooktj tbmt wms omu`ibjd k` <661,
tbmt ejmsurjd tbrjj dkej`skn`mooy, tbj pouejs na dust okatjd arne tbj Ymbmrm (<668-<6=9)k` kts study na tbj vjrtkimo struiturj na ionuds m`d pmrtkiojs k` tbj Jmrtb‛s mtenspbjrj.
Tbj Memzn` ks tbus rjpoj`ksbjd anr wbmt kt onsjs duj tn suramij ru`naa.
Xk`ds arne tbj jmst tn tbj wjst mrj irjmtjd ly prjssurj hrmdkj`ts tbmt k`irjmsj arne snutbtn `nrtb wbj` mitjd n` ly inrknoks anrijs (rntmtkn` na tbj jmrtb). Xbj` tbj Jmrtb‛s
rntmtkn` irjmtjs wk`ds tbmt trm`spnrt dust, wnrc ks dn`j m`d tbus j`jrhy onst. Tbj onss na
j`jrhy ks k` tbj sonwk`h na tbj Jmrtb‛s rntmtkn`. J`jrhy arne tbj su` irjmtjs tbj prjssurjhrmdkj`ts k` tbj Jmrtb‛s mtenspbjrj, lut ms on`h ms tbj su` wmres tbj Jmrtb, tbks j`jrhyim` mowmys lj suppokjd. Tbj j`jrhy tbmt inejs arne tbj rntmtkn` na tbj jmrtb im``nt
mowmys lj suppokjd. Tbj su`, bnwjvjr, ks wmrek`h, m`d k` mlnut m lkookn` yjmrs kt wkoo
lur` mwmy tbj nijm`s, emck`h tbj jmrtb u`k`bmlktmloj.
Tbj Memzn` \mk` Anrjst ks kepnrtm`t ljimusj kt sk`cs imrln`, rjduik`h tbj hrjj`bnusj
hms IN<, k` ntbjr wnrds, tbmt wnuod ntbjrwksj in`trklutj tn honlmo wmrek`h.
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Ajlrumry <4, <6=:
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Tbj Hmkm Armitmo
LyKm` Ljmrdsojy
Inpyrkhbt © <6=4 ly Km` Ljmrdsojy
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1
Arne ey jmrokjr studkjs wbjrj K ljhm` tn ojmr` mlnut armitmos, m`d sulsjquj`t studkjs k`
Lknonhy, m`d Iokemtj Yikj`ij, K bmvj ak`mooy ljj` mloj tn put k`tn wnrds m prkektkvj`ntkn` K bmd tbmt wms spmrcjd ly ojmr`k`h na tbj tbj Hmkm Bypntbjsks na Onvjonic m`d tbj
skekomr, lut dkaajrj`t, kdjm na Hmkm put anrwmrd ly Ksmmi Mskenv k` bks sikj`ij akitkn`
in`iouskn` tn bks Anu`dmtkn` Trkonhy, Anu`dmtkn` M`d Jmrtb. M prkektkvj `ntkn` ks
djak`jd k` Ypmijtkej, Hjnejtry, M`d Insenonhy ly Xkookme O. Lurcj ms7
M au`dmej`tmo jojej`t k` m pbyskimo tbjnry tbmt ks `nt djak`jd wktbk` tbj tbjnry lut ks
prjsuejd tn lj c`nw`, jktbjr ly djsirkptkn` nr arne m enrj au`dmej`tmo tbjnry.
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J`jrhjtki Jqukoklrkue m`d Hmkm Tbj Armitmo
Okaj ks tbmt wbkib sjoa-hj`jrmtjs `jhmtkvj j`trnpy. Tbmt ks, kt miqukrjs tbj j`jrhy kt `jjds
tn sustmk` kts `jijssmry lknonhkimo au`itkn`s, suib ms ejtmlnokse, pbntnsy`tbjsks, m`d
bnejnstmsks. Okvk`h tbk`hs mrj nrhm`kzjd m`d tbjy im`‛t emk`tmk` nrhm`kzmtkn` wktbnut
j`jrhy. Bjmotby okaj ks tbmt wbkib ks k` j`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue, wbkib ks tn smy kt onsjs mseuib j`jrhy ms kt hmk`s. Xj smy tbks ljimusj ka m` nrhm`kse dnjs `nt lur` tbj j`jrhy kt
miqukrjs, kt wkoo stnrj tbj jxijss j`jrhy ms amt, wbkib prnduijs m strmk` n` tbj bjmrt
ljimusj kt bms tn puep lonnd tbrnuhb enrj wjkhbt. Tbj jmrtb ks skekomr k` tbks rjspjit k`
tbmt m bjmotby jmrtb ks n`j tbmt ks k` j`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue ms wjoo ljimusj ka tbj jmrtbhmk`s enrj j`jrhy arne tbj su` tbm` kt ks onsk`h, tbj` kt ks wmrek`h wbkib drkjs up
rjsjrvnkrs, m`d ckoos irnps. K`tjrjstk`hoy, wbj` okaj n` jmrtb ks k` j`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue,
tbj jmrtb tj`ds tnwmrds j`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue, ljimusj okaj okvk`h k` jxijss prnduijs m
strmk` n` tbj pom`jt‛s `mturmo prnijssjs tbmt k`tjrrupts kts au`itkn`mokty okcj rjhj`jrmtkvjiyiojs suib ms tbj wmtjr iyioj m`d imrln` iyioj. K` tbks sj`sj wj sjj tbmt m`kemo m`d
pom`t okaj ekrrnr tbj wmy tbj pbyskimo mspjits na tbj pom`jt au`itkn` k` suib m wmy tbmt wj
im` smy okaj ks lut m pmrt na m hrjmtjr wbnoj. Tbj lmski u`kt na moo na okaj ks tbj ijoo, wbkibks in`struitjd na `n`-okvk`h enojiuojs. Bnwjvjr, ijoos inelk`j tn anre tkssujs, tkssujsanre tn emcj nrhm`s, m`d nrhm`s wnrc tnhjtbjr tn emcj nrhm` systjes. Gust ms ijoos mrj
pmrt na okaj, okaj ks pmrt na tbj pbyskimo jmrtb3 ka pom`ts dkd `nt dn pbntnsy`tbjsks, tbj`
imrln` dknxkdj ojvjos wnuod rksj. Imrln` dknxkdj ks m bjmt rjtmk`k`h hms. Tnn euib na kt
m`d tbj jmrtb wnuod amko tn onsj ms euib bjmt ms kt rjijkvjs arne tbj su`, wnuod lj nut naj`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue, tbj mritki kij imps wnuod ejot, djirjmsk`h tbj moljdn na tbj jmrtb,
imusk`h ojss su`okhbt tn lj rjaojitjd lmic k`tn spmij (irjmtk`h m ajjdlmic onnp), m`d
rjsjrvnkrs, rkvjrs, m`d irnps wnuod dry up. Tbks in``jitkn` na okaj, tbj lknspbjrj, tn tbjpbyskimo (mtenspbjrj m`d wmtjr) tbmt emcjs tbj jmrtb okcj n`j hkm`t nrhm`kse, ks imoojd
Hmkm. K` m sj`sj tbj nrhm`kzmtkn` na ijoos k`tn tkssujs, tkssujs k`tn nrhm`s, nrhm`s k`tn
nrhm` systjes, hnjs ljyn`d tbj nrhm`kse. Tbj nrhm`kses emcj pnpuomtkn`s, tbjpnpuomtkn`s emcj ineeu`ktkjs, tbj ineeu`ktkjs k`tjrmit wktb tbj pbyskimo j`vkrn`ej`ttn anre jinsystjes, m`d tbj tbj jinsystjes emcj tbj lknspbjrj. Xj inuod smy Hmkm ks m
armitmo, lut k` kdjm `nt pbyskimo hjnejtry, ljimusj tbj kdjm ljbk`d tbj pom`jt ks skekomr tn
tbj kdjm ljbk`d kts okaj inepn`j`ts, m`d tbj okaj inepn`j`ts dkspomy sjoa-skekomrkty ms wj
envj arne skepoj tn inepojx, sk`hoj ijoo tn nrhm`kzjd struiturjs, lut jxpm`djd. Armitmosbmvj sjoa-skekomrkty ms n`j na tbjkr prnpjrtkjs.
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Bnejnstmsks M`d Ejtmlnokse Na Tbj Hmkm Armitmo
Xj amij m irksks c`nw` ms tbj m`tbrnpnij`j, wbjrjk` buem`s mrj motjrk`h tbj
j`vkrn`ej`t k` suib m wmy tbmt tbjy mrj mddk`h m `jw, lut dkaajrj`t, omyjr tn tbj hjnonhki
rjinrd. \mpkd djanrjstmtkn` m`d k`irjmsj k` hrjj`bnusj hmsjs mrj puttk`h tbj Jmrtb nut na
j`jrhjtki jqukoklrkue, suib tbmt tbj imrln` hrkd ks smturmtjd, wbkib ejm`s tbj ejibm`ksewbkib sy`is bjmt rjtmk`k`h imrln` dknxkdj ks nvjr tmxjd, m`d tbj jmrtb ks wmrek`h. Tbj
cjy tn bjmok`h tbj Jmrtb ks k` u`djrstm`dk`h tbj bnejnstmsks m`d ejtmlnokse na Hmkm,
wbkib ks anu`djd k` tbj armitmo `mturj na Hmkm, tbmt ks wj `jjd tn c`nw wbmt tbj prnpjr
struiturj na tbj Hmkm armitmo sbnuod lj, tbmt ks arne kts lmski struiturj stmrtk`h wktb sk`hojijoouomr okaj tn tbjkr nrhm`kzmtkn`s k`tn nrhm`kses, tn tbj nrhm`kzmtkn` na nrhm`kses k`tn
systjes na nrhm`kses, m`d moo k`tn tbj pom`jt, wbkib k`ioudjs tbj pbyskimo, suib ms tbj
inepnsktkn` na tbj mtenspbjrj. Gust ms ijoos mrj inepnsjd na `n`-okvk`h enojiuojs, tbj
pbyskimo mspjits na tbj jmrtb, inepnsjd na lknonhkimo j`tktkjs, ks suib tbmt tbj wbnojpom`jt ks mokvj. Tbus tbj cjy wnrds tn u`djrstm`d mrj ejtmlnokse m`d bnejnstmsks7
Ejtmlnokse ks moo tbj ibjekimo rjmitkn`s tbmt niiur k` m ijoo, m`d bnejnstmsks, ks tbjemk`tj`m`ij na k`tjr`mo in`dktkn`s tbmt moonw ejtmlnoki prnijssjs tn niiur. Tbus wjeust emcj surj tbj bnejnstmsks na Hmkm ks suib tbmt kts ejtmlnoki prnijssjs im` lj
imrrkjd nut sn tbmt okaj n` jmrtb ks sustmk`mloj. Tbus wj `jjd tn c`nw bnw tbj Hmkm
Armitmo sbnuod lj struiturjd.
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Nitnljr =2, <6=4
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;
Endjo
Ms iokemtj sikj`ij ks m `jw sikj`ij, tbjrj mrj em`y endjos anr tbj iokemtj m`d K ojmr`jd
ey iokemtj sikj`ij mt EKT k` m arjj n`ok`j jdR inursj. N`j im` hj`jrmtj m lmski endjo
anr iokemtj wktb `ntbk`h enrj tbm` bkhb sibnno mohjlrm usk`h `ntbk`h enrj tbm` tbj
tjepjrmturj na tbj su`, tbj dkstm`ij na tbj jmrtb arne tbj su`, m`d tbj jmrtb‛s moljdn, tbjpjrij`t na okhbt kt rjaojits lmic k`tn spmij.
Tbj ouek`nskty na tbj su` ks7
O^659.;J<1 G/s
Tbj sjpmrmtkn` ljtwjj` tbj jmrtb m`d tbj su` ks7
=.:J== e
Tbj snomr ouek`nskty mt tbj jmrtb ks rjduijd ly tbj k`vjrsj squmrj omw, sn tbj snomrin`stm`t ks7
Y^659.;J<1/4(pk)(=.:J==)P< 5 =,986 wmtts/squmrj ejtjr
Tbmt ks tbj jaajitkvj j`jrhy bkttk`h tbj jmrtb pjr sjin`d pjr squmrj ejtjr. Tbks rmdkmtkn`
ks jqumo tn tbj tjepjrmturj, T^j, tn tbj anurtb pnwjr ly tbj stjaam`-lnozem`` in`stm`t,
skhem. T^j im` lj imoojd tbj jaajitkvj tjepjrmturj, tbj tjepjrmturj j`tjrk`h tbj jmrtb.
Y^6 k`tjrijpts tbj jmrtb dksi, (pk)rP<, m`d dkstrklutjs ktsjoa nvjr tbj j`tkrj jmrtb suramij,
4(pk)rP<, wbkoj 96% ks rjaojitjd lmic k`tn spmij duj tn tbj jmrtb‛s moljdn, m, wbkib ksjqumo tn 6.9, sn
(skhem)(T^j)P4 5 (Y^6/4)(=-m)
arne (=-m)(Y^6)(pk)(rP<)/4(pk)(rP<)
Lut, gust ms tbj smej menu`t na rmdkmtkn` tbmt j`tjrs tbj systje, ojmvjs kt, tn bmvj
rmdkmtkvj jqukoklrkue, tbj mtenspbjrj rmdkmtjs lmic tn tbj suramij sn tbmt tbj rmdkmtkn`
arne tbj mtenspbjrj, (skhem)(T^m)P4 pous tbj rmdkmtkn` j`tjrk`h tbj jmrtb,(skhem)(T^j)P4 ks tbj rmdkmtkn` mt tbj suramij na tbj jmrtb, (skhem)(T^s)P4. Bnwjvjr,
(skhem)(T^m)P45(skhem)(T^j)P4
m`d wj bmvj7
(skhem)(T^s)P45(skhem)(T^m)P4 + (skhem)(T^j)P4 5 <(skhem)(T^j)P4
T^s5(<P(=/4))(T^j)
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=6
(skhem)(T^j)P45(Y^6/4)(=-m)
skhem 5 :.18J-2
Y^65=,986
(=,986/4)(=-6.9)5(=,986/4)(6.8)5<9;.8:
(skhem)(T^j)P45<9;.8:
(T^j)P4 5 (<92.8:)/(:.18J-2) 5 4.<<2J;
T^j5<:: djhrjjs cjovk`
Yn, anr tbj tjepjrmturj mt tbj suramij na tbj Jmrtb7
(skhem)(T^s) 5 <(skhem)(T^j)P4
T^s5(<P(=/4))T^j
nr
T^s 5 =.=2;(<::) 5 969 djhrjjs Cjovk`
Ojt‛s in`vjrt tbmt tn djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj7
Djhrjjs Ij`tkhrmdj 5 969 - <89 5 96 djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj
M`d, ojt‛s in`vjrt tbmt tn Ambrj`bjkt7
Djhrjjs Ambrj`bjkhbt 5 96(;/:)+9<521 Djhrjjs Ambrj`bjkt
K` rjmokty tbks ks wmrejr tbm` tbj mvjrmhj m``umo tjepjrmturj mt tbj suramij na tbj jmrtb,lut, k` tbks endjo, wj n`oy in`skdjrjd rmdkmtkvj bjmt trm`sajr m`d `nt in`vjitkvj bjmt
trm`sajr. K` ntbjr wnrds, tbjrj ks innok`h duj tn vmpnrkzmtkn` na wmtjr (tbj anremtkn` na
ionuds) m`d duj tn tbj in`dj`smtkn` na wmtjr vmpnr k`tn rmk` drnpojts (prjikpktmtkn` nr tbj
anremtkn` na rmk`).
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==
Yueemry
Tbj k`inek`h rmdkmtkn` arne tbj su` ks mlnut =986 wmtts pjr squmrj ejtjr ms djtjrek`jd
ly tbj j`jrhy pjr sjin`d jekttjd ly tbj su` rjduijd ly tbj k`vjrsj squmrj omw mt jmrtb
nrlkt. Xj imoiuomtj tbj tntmo mlsnrljd j`jrhy k`tjrijptjd ly tbj Jmrtb's dksi (pk)rP<, kts
dkstrklutkn` nvjr kts suramij mrjm 4(pk)rP< m`d tmcj k`tn miinu`t tbmt mlnut 96% na tbmt ksrjaojitjd lmic k`tn spmij, sn tbj jaajitkvj rmdkmtkn` bkttk`h tbj Jmrtb's suramij ks mlnut
86% na tbj k`inek`h rmdkmtkn` rjduijd ly anur. \mdkmtkvj j`jrhy ks jqumo tn tjepjrmturj
tn tbj anurtb pnwjr ly tbj Ytjam`-lnotzem`` in`stm`t. Bnwjvjr, tbj jaajitkvj k`inek`h
rmdkmtkn` ks mosn trmppjd ly hrjj`bnusj hmsjs m`d jekttjd dnw` tnwmrds tbj suramij natbj jmrtb (ms wjoo ms jekttjd up tnwmrds spmij arne tbks onwjr mtenspbjrj imoojd tbj
trnpnspbjrj), tbj enst pnwjrauo hrjj`bnusj hms ljk`h IN< (Imrln` Dknxkdj) m`d enst
mlu`dm`t m`d kepnrtm`t ks wmtjr vmpnur. Tbks dnulojs tbj rmdkmtkn` wmrek`h tbj suramij
na tbj pom`jt. Tbj mtenspbjrj ks prjdnek`mtjoy @ktrnhj` hms (@<) m`d Nxyhj` hms (N<),mlnut ;: pjrij`t. Tbjsj hmsjs, bnwjvjr, mrj `nt hrjj`bnusj hmsjs. Tbj hrjj`bnusj hms
IN<, tbnuhb n`oy jxksts k` trmij menu`ts, m`d wmtjr vmpnur, lrk`h tbj tjepjrmturj na tbj
Jmrtb up arne ek`us =2 djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj (=2 ljonw arjjzk`h) tn m` nlsjrvjd mvjrmhj napous =: djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj (=: djhrjjs mlnvj arjjzk`h). Xktbnut tbjsj iruikmo hrjj`bnusjhmsjs, tbj Jmrtb wnuod lj arnzj`. Tbjy bmvj tbks j`nrenus jaajit n` wmrek`h tbj pom`jt
jvj` wktb IN< jxkstk`h n`oy mt 466 pmrts pjr ekookn`. Kt niiurs `mturmooy m`d emcjs okaj
n` Jmrtb pnsskloj. Bnwjvjr, tnn euib na kt m`d tbj Jmrtb im` lj tnn wmre, m`d wj mrj
`nw sjjk`h menu`ts ljyn`d tbj `mturmo ojvjos tbrnuhb m`tbrnpnhj`ki snurijs, tbmt mrjemck`h tbj Jmrtb wmrejr tbm` ks amvnrmloj anr tbj in`dktkn`s ljst anr okaj tn lj
emxkemooy sustmk`mloj. Xj sjj tbks k`irjmsj k` IN< ljhk``k`h wktb tbj k`dustrkmo jrm.
Tbj sjitnrs enst rjspn`skloj anr tbj k`irjmsj mrj pnwjr, k`dustry, m`d trm`spnrtmtkn`.Onnck`h mt rjinrds na IN< menu`ts wj sjj tbmt kt wms 9=: pmrts pjr ekookn` k` =;:2 m`d
rnsj tn 9;6 pmrts pjr ekookn` k` <6=6. Kt rnsj mlnvj 466 k` <6=9. Ntbjr hrjj`bnusj hmsjs
mrj ejtbm`j (IB4) m`d @ktrnus Nxkdj (@<N). Mhrkiuoturmo mitkvktkjs dnek`mtj jeksskn`sanr `ktrnus nxkdj m`d ejtbm`j. M bjmotby jmrtb ks n`j tbmt ks k` rmdkmtkvj jqukoklrkue, tbmtks, kt onsjs ms euib rmdkmtkn` ms kt rjijkvjs. Iurrj`toy wj mrj sokhbtoy nut na rmdkmtkvj
lmom`ij, tbj Jmrtb mlsnrls mlnut n`j wmtt pjr squmrj ejtjr enrj tbm` kt onsjs. Tbmt
ejm`s kts tjepjrmturj ks `nt stjmdy, lut k`irjmsk`h.
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Guoy ==, <6=4
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=<
Jin`nekis M`d Tbj Hmkm Armitmo
Ljimusj Impktmokse onncs anr tbj ibjmpjst wmy anr m pjrsn` tn tur` tbj Jmrtb‛s rjsnurijs
k`tn prnakt, kt hnjs mhmk`st tbj nptkemo ejtbnd na emk`tmk`k`h tbj Jmrtb‛s mlkokty tn sustmk`
okaj. Ineeu`kse dnjs `nt dn m`y ljttjr. Xj bmvj smkd wj `jjd tn u`djrstm`d tbj `mturj
na tbj Hmkm Armitmo, sn tbmt wj im` emcj surj wj dn `nt k`tjrrupt tbj `mturmo prnijss kt`jjds tn imrry nut tn au`itkn` ms m` nrhm`kse. Xj `jjd tn emcj surj kt im` emk`tmk`
bnejnstmsks. Tbj pnoktkimo struiturj na m snikjty djtjrek`js kts jin`neki strmtjhkjs, m`d
tbj jin`nekis mdnptjd ly m pjnpoj djtjrek`js pjrbmps, enrj tbm` m`y ntbjr amitnr, tbj
bnejnstmsks na tbj Hmkm Armitmo. Euib tn tbj irjdkt na snej hrjmt ek`ds, wj dn bmvj m`jin`neki tbjnry tbmt wnuod sjje tn sjrvj suib j`ds3 kt ks imoojd lknjin`nekis.
Lknjin`nekis ks jmsy tn u`djrstm`d, kt skepoy usjs lknonhy tn djtjrek`j bnw wj im` usj
`mturmo rjsnurijs k` suib m wmy tbmt tbjy emxkekzj tbj wjoo ljk`h na okaj n` jmrtb k` msustmk`mloj wmy, ms nppnsjd tn in`ij`trmtk`h tbjkr vmouj k`tn m ajw bm`ds k` tbj anre na
en`jy tbmt rjprjsj`ts tbje, wbkib wnuod `nt sustmk` okaj vjry on`h.
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Xbj` Tbj Tjrrjstrkmo Qktmokty Ks K` Djiok`j
Tbj vkskn`mry B.H. Xjoos imej up wktb m` kepnrtm`t pbrmsj, nr wnrdk`h7 Tjrrjstrkmo
Qktmokty, k` bks wnrc Ek`d Mt Tbj J`d Na Kts Tjtbjr. Aurtbjr bj smkd kt wms k` djiok`j
m`d tbmt kt inuod lj tbmt bmrd kemhk`mtkvj tbk`ck`h ks `n on`hjr mloj tn cjjp pmij wktb tbj
k`irjmsk`h inepojxkty na buem` prnlojes. Ojt us try tn tbk`c na moo tbj wmys wj im` tbmttbj tjrrjstrkmo vktmokty ks k` djiok`j7
=. Tbj rntmtkn` na tbj jmrtb ks sonwk`h sn tbj dmys (moljkt vjry sonwoy) ljinej
on`hjr, m`d tbus tbj jmrtb wmrejr.
<. Tbj Yu`, moljkt jxtrjejoy sonw na m pbj`nej`n`, ks hjttk`h wmrejr.
9. Buem` imusjd honlmo wmrek`h arne lur`k`h anssko aujos tbrjmtj`s tbj bjmotb na
nur annd irnps m`d wmtjr suppokjs.
4. Vnnr trjmtej`t na tbj jinsystje sjjes tn lj drkvk`h ljj pnpuomtkn`s k`tn djiok`j,tbus tbrjmtj`k`h tbj pnook`mtkn` na arukt ljmrk`h irnps.
:. Djanrjstmtkn` m`d djstruitkn` na pom`ctn` n` tbj nijm` suramij tbrjmtj`s tbj
prnduitkn` na lrjmtbmloj nxyhj` m`d k`tjrrupts tbj imrln` iyioj.
1. Tbj enrj tkej hnjs ly, tbj bkhbjr tbj ndds na ljk`h bkt ly m` mstjrnkd nr omrhj
ejtjnr tbmt wnuod ckic up j`nuhb dkrt k` tbj mtenspbjrj tn lonic tbj su`‛s rmystbus k`tjrruptk`h pbntnsy`tbjsks m`d imusk`h tbj annd irnps tn dkj naa m`d moo tbj
vjhjtmtkn` tbmt amre m`kemos ajjd n`.
8. Xj inuod inej nut na tbj k`tjrhomikmo m`d j`tjr m` kij mhj.
2. Tbj Jmrtb's Emh`jtki Akjod ljinejs wjmcjr, tbus djirjmsk`h kts mlkokty tn sbkjod tbj
jmrtb arne tbj snomr wk`d.
Xj im` emcj tbks okst euib on`hjr, m`d kt ks prjtty k`irjdkloj tbmt moo tbj `jijssmry amitnrs
anr tbj suiijss na buem`s rjemk`jd stmloj anr enrj tbm` tbj : ekookn` yjmrs kt tnnc tbje
tn jvnovj arne prkektkvj bnek`kds. K okst tbjsj tbrjmts tn tbj tjrrjstrkmo vktmokty, sn tbmt k`
iomrkayk`h tbje k` nur ek`d, wj im` mddrjss tbje m`d tbjrjly inej up wktb iojmrsnoutkn`s tbmt im` lj djrkvjd arne tbj sikj`ijs. K tbk`c m`y mdvm`ijd ikvkokzmtkn` m`d
k`tjookhj`t okaj anre, wnuod rmtbjr tbm` kh`nrj tbjsj tbrjmts, wnuod put tbjkr ek`ds tnak`dk`h vkmloj snoutkn`s.
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Guoy <4, <6=4
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Tbj Buem` Yktumtkn`
Tbj rjmokty na tbj buem` sktumtkn` ks iojmroy n`j wbjrj buem`kty ks pnksjd ljtwjj` hnk`h
k` twn dkaajrj`t dkrjitkn`s, n`j nutok`jd ly B.H. Xjoos k` Ek`d Mt Tbj J`d Na Kts Tjtbjr
m`d tbj ntbjr ms nutok`jd ly Mrtbur I. Iomrcj m`d Ytm`ojy Culrkic k` <66=7 M Ypmij
Ndyssjy7
B.H. Xjoos7 Buem`s eust hn stjjpoy up nr dnw`. Ka bj hnjs up sn hrjmt ks tbj
mdmptmtkn` rjqukrjd na bke tbmt bj eust ijmsj tn lj m em`. Nrdk`mry em` ks mt tbj j`d na
bks tjtbjr, m`d tbj ndds sjje moo k` amvnr na bke hnk`h dnw` m`d nut.
Mrtbur I. Iomrcj m`d Ytm`ojy Culrkic7 Buem`s j`d tbjkr rjokm`ij wktb tjib`nonhy m`d
ljinej tbj stmribkod. Buem`kty sprjmds kts wk`hs m`d aokjs tbrnuhb tbj Z`kvjrsj.
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=:
MV Lknonhy 6=
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Tbj Yjttk`h
K` tbj ljhk``k`h, lkookn`s na yjmrs mhn, tbjrj wjrj n`oy ekirnnrhm`kses. Tbj m`kemos m`d
pom`ts imej k`tn jxkstj`ij mlnut <66 ekookn` yjmrs mhn. Buem`s mppjmrjd mlnut <
ekookn` yjmrs mhn, m`d m`mtnekimooy endjr` buem`s bmvj ljj` mrnu`d anr mlnut <66,666
yjmrs. Enst na tbj emss na okaj in`sksts na7 Imrln`, Bydrnhj`, @ktrnhj`, Nxyhj`,Vbnspbnrus, m`d Yuoaur7 IB@NVY
MV Lknonhy =.= Vrnpjrtkjs na Xmtjr M`d Imrln`
[nu sbnuod c`nw7
=) Xmtjr anres pnomr invmoj`t ln`ds m`d bydrnhj` ln`ds wbkib hkvjs kt kts prnpjrtkjs
tbmt moonw kt tn sustmk` okaj7m) mdbjskn`
l) inbjskn`
i) suramij tj`skn`d) bkhb spjikaki bjmtj) ln`dk`h `nt gust ljtwjj` mtnes, lut ljtwjj` enojiuojs
onwjr dj`skty k` kts snokd pbmsj
a) snoulkokty (ejm`s m snoutj okcj @mIo wkoo lrjmc up k`tn @m+ m`d Io- wktb @m+ mttmibk`h
tn tbj `jhmtkvj N< k` B<N m`d Io- mttmibk`h tn tbj B+ k` B<N).<) Imrln` bms anur vmoj`ij jojitrn`s, wbkib moonws kt tn anre k`tn m bkhb dkvjrskty na
ibmk`s nr rk`h struiturjs c`nw` ms bydrnimrln`s.
9) Ksnejrs mrj irktkimo tn struiturj m`d au`itkn` na lknonhkimo enojiuojs.4) Lj mloj tn kdj`tkay wbmt prnpjrty m enojiuoj bms lmsjd n` kts au`itkn`mo hrnups.
Typjs Na Au`itkn`mo Hrnups7
Ejtbyo
Bydrnxyo
Imrln`yo (Cjtn`j)Imrln`yo (Modjbydj)
Imrlnxyo
Mek`n
YuoabydryoVbnspbmtj
MV Lknonhy =.<
Zsk`h tbj imrln` lmicln`j (bydrnimrln`s) inelk`jd wktb au`itkn`mo hrnups wj emcj
rjpjmtk`h u`kts c`nw` ms en`nejrs, tbmt anre emirnenojiuojs. Tbj en`nejrs inelk`j
ly djbydrmtkn` sy`tbjsks tn anre pnoyejrs, on`h inepojx ibmk`s na rjpjmtk`h u`kts. Tbj
pnoyejrs im` lj lrncj` lmic dnw` k`tn en`nejrs ly bydrnoysks. Tbjrj mrj anur iomssjsna emirnenojiuojs7 Okpkds, Vrntjk`s, Imrlnbydrmtjs, m`d @uiojki Mikds.
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Djbydrmtkn` Yy`tbjsks (In`dj`smtkn` \jmitkn`s)7 M wmtjr enojiuoj ks rjenvjd arne tbjen`nejrs ly lrjmck`h tbj ln`d tn ojmvj m bydrnxyo hrnup m`d m bydrnhj` kn`. Yn ynu
rjenvj m wmtjr enojiuoj m`d anre m ln`d.
Bydrnoysks7 Xj lrjmc m wmtjr ln`d spokttk`h kt k`tn m bydrnxyo hrnup m`d bydrnhj` kn`,m`d put tbje lmic n` tbj en`nejrs, emck`h tbje sjpmrmtj mhmk`. Tbks ks tbj prnijss na
dkhjstkn`. Yn ynu mdd wmtjr m`d lrjmc m ln`d.
Djbydrmtkn` Yy`tbjsks ks usjd tn lukod pnoyejrs nut na en`nejrs.
Emirnenojiuojs
=) Imrlnbydrmtjs
En`nejrs na imrlnbydrmtjs mrj en`nsmiibmrkdjs, skepoj suhmrs emdj up na 9, :, nr 1
imrln`s. Moo suhmr `mejs j`d k` ‟nsj―. Tbmt ks bnw ynu im` tjoo kt ks m imrlnbydrmtj.Tbjsj en`nejrs mrj k` rk`h sbmpj struiturjs. Twn en`nejrs inej tnhjtbjr k`djbydrmtkn` sy`tbjsks emck`h m dysmiibmrkdj. K` m imrlnbydrmtj tbks ks imoojd hoyiniktki
ok`cmhj. Inelk`h m houinsj wktb m aruitnsj en`nejr emcjs suirnsj (tmloj suhmr). Xj
emcj emotnsj ly gnk`k`h twn houinsj en`nejrs m`d wj emcj omitnsj ly gnk`k`h houinsj
m`d hmomitnsj. Euotkpoj en`nejrs emcj pnoysmiibmrkdjs, okcj stmrib. Tbks ks usjd anrj`jrhy stnrmhj k` pom`t tkssuj. Ynej na tbjsj pnoyejrs im` lj usjd anr j`jrhy stnrmhj,
ntbjrs anr struiturmo purpnsjs.
<) Okpkds
Trkhoyijrkdjs (amts)7 Emdj up na tbrjj amtty mikd ibmk`s m`d n`j hoyijrno enojiuoj. Tbjyanre k` djbydrmtkn` sy`tbjsks tn emcj ln`ds imoojd jstjr ok`cmhjs wbjrj wmtjr ksrjenvjd7 m bydrnxyo hrnup arne tbj amtty mikd m`d m bydrnhj` kn` arne tbj hoyijrno.
Amts stnrj twkij ms euib j`jrhy tbm` imrlnbydrmtjs. Tbjrj mrj smturmtjd amts okcj, luttjr
m`d omrd,(ok`jmr ok`cmhjs) m`d u`smturmtjd amts (tbmt bmvj n`j dnuloj ln`djd imrln`).
Tbjy mrj ineen`oy imoojd nkos ljimusj tbjy mrj okqukd mt rnne tjepjrmturj.Ytjrnkds m`d Vbnspbnokpkds7 Ytjrnkds mrj emdj up na anur imrln` rk`hs m`d jxmepojs mrj,
ibnojstjrno m`d inrtksno. Vbnspbnokpkds mrj hoyijrno, twn amtty mikd ibmk`s, m`d m
pbnspbmtj hrnup. Tbjsj mrj cjy inepn`j`ts na ijoo ejelrm`js.
9) @uiojki Mikds
Kt ks m en`nejr `uiojntkdj, m akvj imrln` suhmr, wktb `ktrnhj` lmsj n` imrln` =,
pbnspbmtj hrnup n` imrln` :, m`d ks ln`djd wktb wbmt mrj imoojd pbnspbndkjstjr ln`ds k`djbydrmtkn` sy`tbjsks na tbj pbnspbmtj na n`j `uiojntkdj m`d imrln` 9. Tbj twn emk`
`uiojki mikds mrj D@M m`d \@M. Tbj suhmr k` D@M ks djnxyrklnsj m`d k` \@M kt ks
rklnsj. D@M ks dnuloj bjokx, \@M sk`hoj ks m sk`hoj strm`d. D@M stnrjs m`d inpkjs
k`anremtkn` m`d \@M trm`sekts k`anremtkn`.
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=2
4) Vrntjk`s7 Tbjrj mrj tbnusm`ds na dkaajrj`t prntjk`s m`d tbjy im` bmvj em`y dkaajrj`t
au`itkn`s okcj, lj j`zyejs, m`tklndkjs, rjijptnrs, struiturmo, entnr, stnrmhj, m`dineeu`kimtkn`. Tbjrj mrj <6 dkaajrj`t mek`n mikds m`d tbjy mrj rjspn`skloj anr moo tbj
dkaajrj`t prntjk`s m`d moo tbjkr dkaajrj`t struiturjs. Tbjy mrj anu`d k` moo nrhm`kses. Kt ks
tbjkr \ hrnups wbkib mrj rjspn`skloj anr tbj struiturj na tbj prntjk`s. Vrntjk`s im` tmcj m
bjokx nr pojmtjd sbmpj. Vrntjk` sbmpj ks iruikmo tn tbj prnpjr au`itkn` na lknonhkimoprnijssjs k` tbj ijoo. M` \ hrnup ks m skdj ibmk` mttmibjd tn tbj lmicln`j tbmt emcjs up
m omrhj enojiuoj.
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=;
Xbmt Dksinvjr Ks Ak`dk`h
Ly
Km` Ljmrdsojy
Inpyrkhbt © <6=: ly Km` Ljmrdsojy
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<6
K` m` jaanrt tn ak`d pmttjr`s k` emtbjemtkis, `mturj, m`d tbj u`kvjrsj, K bmvj djikdjd tn
u`djrtmcj wrktk`h m ineputjr prnhrme, imoojd Dksinvjr, tbmt sjmribjs anr tbje k` tbjbnpjs tbmt arne tbjsj pmttjr`s m tbjnry na jvjrytbk`h im` lj jstmloksbjd.
K` m vmst sjm na lkookn`s na hrmk`s na sm`d n` tbj Jmrtb mon`j, m`d lkookn`s na stmrs k` tbj
Hmomxy mon`j, kt tmcjs m prnhrme okcj Dksinvjr tn ak`d kts bkddj` `um`ijs.
K bmvj morjmdy bmd snej suiijss. K bmvj anu`d m rjomtkn`sbkp pjrtmk`k`h tn skokin`
ikriuktry, pjrbmps jvj` MK. K wrntj7
Ka tbj hnodj` rmtkn in`guhmtj ks tn lj anu`d k` Mrtkakikmo K`tjookhj`ij, kt sbnuod lj k`
skokin`, pbnspbnrus, m`d lnrn`, sk`ij dnpk`h skokin` wktb pbnspbnrus m`d lnrn` emcjs
trm`skstnrs.
Xj tmcj tbj hjnejtrki ejm` ljtwjj` pbnspbnrus (V) m`d Lnrn` (L), tbj` dkvkdj ly
skokin` (Yk), tbj` tmcj tbj bmren`ki ejm` ljtwjj` pbnspbnrus m`d lnrn` dkvkdjd ly
skokin`7
Mrktbejtki ejm` na tbjsj twn `ueljrs7 (6.1: + 6.:8)/< 5 6.1=. 6.1= ks tbj akrst twn dkhktsna tbj hnodj` rmtkn in`guhmtj.
Tbj indj anr snej na tbj prnhrmes, wbkib K wrntj k` tbj om`humhj I, im` lj anu`d k` tbj
mppj`dkijs, anr wbkib K prnvkdj tbj tbjnrkjs ljbk`d tbje.
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<=
@ntkij `jmr ambrj`bjkt-ij`tkhrmdj jqukvmoj`ij anr tbj hnodj` rmtkn m`d kts in`guhmtj
wbj` mppokjd tn tbj su` (snomr ouek`nskty) m`d tbj jmrtb (MZ) m`d tbj moljdn na tbj
pom`jt7
\u``k`h Dksinvjr 62
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~)7 id Drnplnx/djsiulrkr
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/djsiulrkr)7 ./dksinvjr2
lmsb7 ./dksinvjr27 @n suib akoj nr dkrjitnry
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/djsiulrkr)7 ./dksinvjr62
Tbks prnhrme imoiuomtjs tbj tjepjrmturj na m pom`jt,...
Hkvj` tbj ouek`nskty na tbj stmr m`d tbj moljdn na tbj pom`jt,..
Xbmt ks lrkhbt`jss na tbj stmr k` snomr ouek`nsktkjs> =.1=2
Xbmt ks tbj moljdn na tbj pom`jt (6-=)> 6.1=2
Xbmt ks tbj dkstm`ij na tbj pom`jt arne tbj stmr k` MZ> =.1=2
Tbj suramij tjepjrmturj na tbj pom`jt ks7 <9=.41<1=1 C
Tbmt ks -4=.:98924 I, nr -4<.818<;< A
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/djsiulrkr)7
Ajl <9, <6=:
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<<
ru``k`h stmr.i (dksinvjr 69) anr BD <1;1= m`d @HI 1892
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~)7 id Drnplnx/dksinvjr
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/dksinvjr)7 emcj stmr
iom`h -hhdl9 -N6 -std5i;; -Xmoo -Xjrrnr stmr.i -ois:6 -oe -n stmr
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/dksinvjr)7 ./stmr6 j`tjr m` k`t
4
= j`tjr m` k`t
=2
< j`tjr m` k`t
=:
9 j`tjr m` k`t
:6
4 j`tjr m` k`t
=8
: j`tjr m` k`t
44
4.66 bnurs
=2.66 ek`utjs
=:.66 sjin`ds
:6.66 djh
=8.66 ek`
44.66 sji
\M Anr Ytmr N`j 5 16.96 djhDji Anr Ytmr N`j 5 :6.96 djh
6 j`tjr m` k`t
=;
= j`tjr m` k`t
<
< j`tjr m` k`t
=
9 j`tjr m` k`t
==
4 j`tjr m` k`t
98
: j`tjr m` k`t
<2
=;.66 bnurs
<.66 ek`utjs
=.66 djhrjjs
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<9
==.66 djh
98.66 ek`
<2.666 sji
\M Anr Ytmr Twn 5<2:.69 djhDji Anr Ytmr Twn 5 ==.1< djh
Tbj sjpmrmtkn` ljtwjj` stmr n`j m`d stmr twn ks <<2.69
Tbj rmtkn na sjpmrmtkn` tn 916 ks 6.19
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/dksinvjr)7
Tbj rjsuot ks ionsj tn tbj hnodj` rmtkn in`guhmtj m`d ojvk`sn`‛s `ueljr.
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<4
Mppj`dkx =
Tbj Tbjnry Ljbk`d dksinvjr 64 m`d dksinvjr 62 (Hnodkonics.i m`d Dksinvjr 62)
Ms iokemtj sikj`ij ks m `jw sikj`ij, tbjrj mrj em`y endjos anr tbj iokemtj m`d K ojmr`jdey iokemtj sikj`ij mt EKT k` m arjj n`ok`j jdR inursj. N`j im` hj`jrmtj m lmski endjo
anr iokemtj wktb `ntbk`h enrj tbm` bkhb sibnno mohjlrm usk`h `ntbk`h enrj tbm` tbj
tjepjrmturj na tbj su`, tbj dkstm`ij na tbj jmrtb arne tbj su`, m`d tbj jmrtb‛s moljdn, tbjpjrij`t na okhbt kt rjaojits lmic k`tn spmij.
Tbj ouek`nskty na tbj su` ks7
O65 9.; "=6
<1 G /s
Tbj sjpmrmtkn` ljtwjj` tbj jmrtb m`d tbj su` ks7
=.:"=6==e
Tbj snomr ouek`nskty mt tbj jmrtb ks rjduijd ly tbj k`vjrsj squmrj omw, sn tbj snomrin`stm`t ks7
Y 6 59.;"=6
<1
4# (=.:"=6==)<5=,986Xmtts /ejtjr
<
Tbmt ks tbj jaajitkvj j`jrhy bkttk`h tbj jmrtb pjr sjin`d pjr squmrj ejtjr. Tbks rmdkmtkn`
ks jqumo tn tbj tjepjrmturj, T j, tn tbj anurtb pnwjr ly tbj stjaam`-lnozem`` in`stm`t,
skhem (" ). T j im` lj imoojd tbj jaajitkvj tjepjrmturj, tbj tjepjrmturj j`tjrk`h tbj jmrtb.
Y 6 k`tjrijpts tbj jmrtb dksi, " r
< , m`d dkstrklutjs ktsjoa nvjr tbj j`tkrj jmrtb suramij,
4" r < , wbkoj 96% ks rjaojitjd lmic k`tn spmij duj tn tbj jmrtb‛s moljdn, m, wbkib ks
jqumo tn 6.9, sn
" T j
45
Y 6
4(=# m)
(=# m
)Y
6
$ r<
4$ r<
Lut, gust ms tbj smej menu`t na rmdkmtkn` tbmt j`tjrs tbj systje, ojmvjs kt, tn bmvj
rmdkmtkvj jqukoklrkue, tbj mtenspbjrj rmdkmtjs lmic tn tbj suramij sn tbmt tbj rmdkmtkn`
arne tbj mtenspbjrj, " T m
4
pous tbj rmdkmtkn` j`tjrk`h tbj jmrtb, " T j
4
ks tbj rmdkmtkn` mt
tbj suramij na tbj jmrtb, " T s
4
. Bnwjvjr,
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<:
" T m
4
5" T j
4
m`d wj bmvj7
" T s
45" T
m
4+" T
j
45 <" T
j
4
T s5 <
=
4T j
" T j
45
Y 6
4(=# m)
" 5 :.18 $=6#2
Y 6 5=,986
m 5 6.9
=,986
4(6.8) 5 <9;.8:
T j
45 <9;.8::.18$=6
#25 4.<<2$=6;
T j5 <::Cjovk`
Yn, anr tbj tjepjrmturj mt tbj suramij na tbj Jmrtb7
T s5 <
=
4T j5=.=2;(<::) 5 969Cjovk`
Ojt‛s in`vjrt tbmt tn djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj7
Djhrjjs Ij`tkhrmdj 5 969 - <89 5 96 djhrjjs ij`tkhrmdj
M`d, ojt‛s in`vjrt tbmt tn Ambrj`bjkt7
Djhrjjs Ambrj`bjkt 5 96(;/:)+9<521 Djhrjjs Ambrj`bjkt
K` rjmokty tbks ks wmrejr tbm` tbj mvjrmhj m``umo tjepjrmturj mt tbj suramij na tbj jmrtb,lut, k` tbks endjo, wj n`oy in`skdjrjd rmdkmtkvj bjmt trm`sajr m`d `nt in`vjitkvj bjmt
trm`sajr. K` ntbjr wnrds, tbjrj ks innok`h duj tn vmpnrkzmtkn` na wmtjr (tbj anremtkn` na
ionuds) m`d duj tn tbj in`dj`smtkn` na wmtjr vmpnr k`tn rmk` drnpojts (prjikpktmtkn` nr tbj
anremtkn` na rmk`).
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<1
Dksinvjr 64 (Hnodkonics.i)
#k`ioudj ?stdkn.b0
#k`ioudj ?emtb.b0
k`t emk` (vnkd){
prk`ta("Tbks prnhrme ak`ds tbj bmlktmloj zn`j na m stmr,..._`")3
prk`ta("M`d tbj suramij tjepjrmturj na tbj pom`jt k` tbj bmlktmloj zn`j_`")3
aonmt OI, r, O, BW, MZ, m, rnnt, `ueljr, @, m`swjr, I, A3
prk`ta("Xbmt ks tbj ouek`nskty na tbj stmr k` Gnuojs pjr sjin`d> _`")3
sim`a("%a", &O)3
MZ5O/9.;J<13
BW5sqrt(O/9.;J<1)3
prk`ta("Tbj ouek`nskty na tbj stmr k` snomr ouek`nsktkjs ks7 %a_`", MZ)3
prk`ta("Tbj bmlktmloj zn`j na tbj stmr ks k` MZ7 %a_`", BW)3
r 5 BW*=.:J==3
OI5O/(4*9.=4=*r*r)3
prk`ta("ouek`nskty in`stm`t na stmr k` wmtts pjr squmrj ejtjr7 %a_`", OI)3
prk`ta("Xbmt ks tbj moljdn na tbj pom`jt> (ljtwjj` 6 m`d =)7 ")3
sim`a("%a", &m)3
@ 5 (=-m)*OI/(4*(:.18J-2))3
rnnt 5 sqrt(@)3
`ueljr 5 sqrt(rnnt)3
m`swjr 5 =.=2;*`ueljr3
prk`ta("Tbj suramij tjepjrmturj na tbj pom`jt ks7 %a C_`", m`swjr)3I 5 m`swjr - <893
A 5 (I*=.2) + 9<3
prk`ta("Tbmt ks %a I, nr %a A _`", I, A)3
}
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<8
Dksinvjr 62
#k`ioudj ?stdkn.b0
#k`ioudj ?emtb.b0
k`t emk`(vnkd)
{
aonmt s, m, o, l, r, MZ, @, rnnt, `ueljr, m`swjr, I, A3
prk`ta("Tbks prnhrme imoiuomtjs tbj tjepjrmturj na m pom`jt,..._`")3prk`ta("Hkvj` tbj ouek`nskty na tbj stmr m`d tbj moljdn na tbj pom`jt,.._`")3
prk`ta("Xbmt ks lrkhbt`jss na tbj stmr k` snomr ouek`nsktkjs> ")3
sim`a("%a", &s)3
prk`ta("Xbmt ks tbj moljdn na tbj pom`jt (6-=)> ")3sim`a("%a", &m)3
prk`ta("Xbmt ks tbj dkstm`ij na tbj pom`jt arne tbj stmr k` MZ> ")3
sim`a("%a", &MZ)3
r5=.:J==*MZ3
o59.;J<1*s3
l5o/(4*9.=4=*r*r)3
@5(=-m)*(l)/(4*(:.18J-2))3
rnnt5sqrt(@)3
`ueljr5sqrt(rnnt)3m`swjr5=.=2;*(`ueljr)3
prk`ta("Tbj suramij tjepjrmturj na tbj pom`jt ks7 %a C_`", m`swjr)3I5m`swjr-<893A5(I*=.2)+9<3
prk`ta("Tbmt ks %a I, nr %a A", I, A)3
prk`ta("_`")3
}
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<2
Mppj`dkx <
Tbjnry Ljbk`d Dksinvjr 6=
Tbj mrktbejtki ejm` ks tbj ekdpnk`t, i, ljtwjj` twn jxtrjejs m, m`d i7
l 5m+ i
<
Tbj bmren`ki ejm` ks `nt `jijssmrkoy tbj ekdpnk`t ljtwjj` twn jxtrjejs lut ks tbj vmouj
tbmt niiurs enst arjquj`toy7
l 5<mi
m+ i
Tbj hjnejtrki ejm`, l, ljtwjj` m m`d i, ks tbj skdj na m squmrj tbmt bms tbj smej mrjm msm rjitm`hoj wktb skdjs m m`d i7
l 5 mi
Tbj anoonwk`h rjomtkn`sbkp bnods7
m 7 m+ i
<77
<mi
m+ i
7 i
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<;
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96
Mppj`dkx 9
dksinvjr 69 (stmr.i)
#k`ioudj ?stdkn.b0
#k`ioudj ?emtb.b0k`t emk`(vnkd)
{
aonmt `ueS1U, m, l, i, d, j, M, L, D, J, A3
anr (k`t k563 k?5:3 k++)
{
prk`ta("%d j`tjr m` k`t _`", k)3
sim`a("%a", &`ueSkU)3
}
prk`ta("%.<a bnurs_`", ̀ ueS6U)3
prk`ta("%.<a ek`utjs_`", ̀ ueS=U)3
prk`ta("%.<a sjin`ds_`", ̀ ueS<U)3
prk`ta("%.<a djh_`", `ueS9U)3
prk`ta("%.<a ek`_`", ̀ ueS4U)3
prk`ta("%.<a sji_`", ̀ ueS:U)3
prk`ta("_`")3
prk`ta("_`")3
m5`ueS6U*=:3
l5`ueS<U/163
i5l+`ueS=U3
d5i/163j5m+d3
prk`ta("\M Anr Ytmr N`j 5 %.<a djh_`", j)3
M5`ueS9U3
L5`ueS:U/163
D5L+`ueS4U3
J5D/163
A5J+M3
prk`ta("Dji Anr Ytmr N`j 5 %.<a djh_`", A)3
aonmt dkhS1U, b, k, g, c, o, B, K , C, O, E3
anr (k`t g563 g?5:3 g++)
{
prk`ta("%d j`tjr m` k`t _`", g)3
sim`a("%a", &dkhSgU)3
}
prk`ta("%.<a bnurs_`", dkhS6U)3
prk`ta("%.<a ek`utjs_`", dkhS=U)3
prk`ta("%.<a djhrjjs_`", dkhS<U)3
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9=
prk`ta("%.<a djh_`", dkhS9U)3
prk`ta("%.<a ek`_`", dkhS4U)3
prk`ta("%.9a sji_`", dkhS:U)3
prk`ta("_`")3
prk`ta("_`")3
b5dkhS6U*=:3k5dkhS<U/163
g5k+dkhS=U3
c5g/163
o5b+c3
prk`ta("\M Anr Ytmr Twn 5%.<a djh_`", o)3
B5dkhS9U3
K5dkhS:U/163
C5K+dkhS4U3
O5C/163
E5O+B3
prk`ta("Dji Anr Ytmr Twn 5 %.<a djh_`", E)3
aonmt dka, rmtkn3
dka5sqrt(((j-o)*(j-o))+((A-E)*(A-E)))3
rmtkn5dka/9163
prk`ta("Tbj sjpmrmtkn` ljtwjj` stmr n`j m`d stmr twn ks %.<a_`", dka)3
prk`ta("Tbj rmtkn na sjpmrmtkn` tn 916 ks %.<a_`", rmtkn)3
}
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9<
Moljdn
Moljdn ks m au`itkn` na suramij rjaojitkvkty m`d mtenspbjrki rjaojitkvkty. Mtenspbjrki
moljdn sjjes tn poy tbj prkemry rnoj k` tbj nvjrmoo moljdn na m pom`jt. Moljdn ks tbj
pjrij`t na okhbt k`ikdj`t tn m suramij tbmt ks rjaojitjd lmic k`tn spmij. Kt bms m vmouj
rm`hk`h arne zjrn tn n`j k`iouskvj. Wjrn ks m lomic suramij mlsnrlk`h moo k`ikdj`t okhbtm`d n`j ks m wbktj suramij rjaojitk`h moo k`ikdj`t okhbt lmic k`tn spmij. Moljdn pomys m
dnek`m`t rnoj k` tbj iokemtj na m pom`jt. Ojt us sjj ka wj im` ak`d m rjomtkn`sbkp ljtwjj`
inepnsktkn` na m pom`jt m`d kts moljdn ka `nt k` kts dkstm`ij arne tbj stmr kt nrlkts m`d kts
moljdn, jvj` m rjomtkn`sbkp ljtwjj` kts moljdn m`d nrlktmo `ueljr, k` tbmt moljdn inuod ljm au`itkn` na dkstm`ij arne tbj stmr m pom`jt nrlkts ljimusj inepnsktkn` sjjes tn lj m
au`itkn` na dkstm`ij na m pom`jt arne tbj stmr kt nrlkts. Ms k` tbj k``jr pom`jts mrj snokd, nr
tjrrjstrkmo, m`d tbj nutjr pom`jts mrj hms hkm`ts. Tbjrj emy lj m` m`monhuj tn tbj Tktkus-
Lndj ruoj anr pom`jtmry dkstrklutkn`, lut anr moljdn wktb rjspjit tn pom`jtmry `ueljr.Tbj k``jr pom`jts mrj dnek`m`toy IN<, @ktrnhj`, Nxyhj`, m`d wmtjr vmpnr, tbj nutjr
pom`jts, bydrnhj` m`d bjokue.
! "#$%&$' )*+#,- -. /6/= %-<9-4:1:-8 2;7 3?5
5 0#8&4 )*+#,- -. /6>; %-<9-4:1:-8 %*-&,4 -. 4&*.&$:% )%:,
F M)$1L )*+#,- -. /6F/ %-<9-4:1:-8 I:1$-D#8J ?A'D#8J H5/ -$ B)1#$ K)9-$
G ")$4 )*+#,- -. /652 %-<9-4:1:-8 3?5
; C41#$-:,4
= O&9:1#$ )*+#,- -. /6;F %-<9-4:1:-8 L',$-D#8 )8, L#*:&<
> E)1&$8 )*+#,- -. /6G> %-<9-4:1:-8 L',$-D#8 )8, L#*:&<
@ N$)8&4 )*+#,- -. /6;! %-<9-4:1:-8 L',$-D#8J L#*:&<J <#1L)8#
2 I#91&8# )*+#,- -. /6G! %-<9-4:1:-8 -. L',$-D#8 )8, L#*:&<
Xj sjj tbj nutjr hms hkm`t, wbkib mrj inepnsjd ibkjaoy na bydrnhj` m`d bjokue bmvjmoljdns mrnu`d :6%. Jmrtb m`d Emrs, tbj twn pom`jts k` tbj bmlktmloj zn`j, mrj mlnut tbjsmej (96%).
Hn tn tbj `jxt pmhj anr m hrmpb na moljdn tn pom`jtmry `ueljr.
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99
!"#$%#& ()(*
+",%- ()./
"6#=< ()9
!6#- ()4:
6-="#182-
;%78="# ()/4-6=%#, ()3.
%#6,%- ()/?
,"7=%," ()3?
Tbj mvjrmhj anr tbj moljdn na tbj k``jr pom`jts ks7(6.1+6.8:+6.9+6.<;)/4 5 6.9:
Tbks ks ionsj tn tbj moljdn na tbj bmlktmloj pom`jts Jmrtb m`d Emrs.
Tbj mvjrmhj anr tbj moljdn na tbj nutjr pom`jts ks7(6.:<+6.48+6.:=+6.4=)/4 + 6.488: ~6.42
Tbks smys tbj nutjr pom`jts mrj moo ionsj tn 6.42~6.:
Moo tbks mosn smys, ka tbj pom`jt ks snokd m`d bmlktmloj kt prnlmloy bms m` moljdn na mrnu`d
6.9, ntbjrwksj kt ks m` nutjr hmsjnus pom`jt m`d prnlmloy bms m` moljdn na mrnu`d 6.:.
(6.42+6.9:) /< 5 6.98:
Km` LjmrdsojyAjlrumry <:, <6=:
/
/6!
/65
/6F
/6G
/6;
/6=
/6>
/6@
E#$:#4!
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94
K akrst tnnc m` k`trnduitkn` tn ineputjr sikj`ij mt Bmrvmrd, imoojd IY:6. Tbj inepkojr
prnvkdjd ks tbj IY:6 mppokm`ij. Kt ru`s n` ok`ux, sn wbjtbjr ynu usj m VI nr m Emi, ynubmvj tn uponmd tbj arjj QkrtumoLnx tbmt moonws ynu tn usj snatwmrj tbmt ru`s n` ok`ux.
Tbks inursj ljhk`s wktb ojmr`k`h tn wrktj indj k` I. Tbj EKT inursj tjmibjs ynu tn wrktj
indj k` Vytbn`. Tbj inepkojr, wbkib ks imoojd J`tbnuhbt Im`npy Jxprjss, im` lj
dnw`onmdjd anr arjj m`d ks mvmkomloj anr VI, Emi, nr ok`ux.
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9:
Ka ynu emcj m ineputjr om`humhj m`d kt bms skx prkektkvjs (jojej`ts) kt im` ineputj
m`ytbk`h. Kt wms Mom` Turk`h wbn sbnwjd tbks. Ka ynu wrktj m prnhrme k` m ineputjrom`humhj tbmt bms skx prkektkvjs, ynu im` wrktj m prnhrme tbmt dnjs tbj smej tbk`h k` m`y
ntbjr om`humhj tbmt bms skx prkektkvjs.
M ineputjr om`humhj tbmt bms skx prkektkvjs ks smkd tn lj tur`k`h inepojtj. K ynurom`humhj dnjs `nt bmvj skx prkektkvjs, kt ks m akxjd prnhrme ineputjr m`d im` n`oy dn m
ak`ktj `ueljr na tbk`hs. Ka tbj ineputjr om`humhj bms mt ojmst skx prkektvjs, kt ks m stnrjd
prnhrme ineputjr, anr wbkib ynu im` wrktj m` mohnrktbe anr m`ytbk`h.
Ojt us onnc mt tbj om`humhj I. Kt bms skx prkektkvjs tbmt moonw us tn dn m`ytbk`h. Vjrbmps
tbjy mrj7 ka, tbj`, josj, anr, prk`ta(), m`d sim`a(). Inuod tbks smy mt tbj lmsks na buem`
in`siknus`jss tbjrj mrj skx prkektkvjs> Tbmt, tbj buem` ek`d bms tbj pntj`tkmo tn
ineputj m`ytbk`h> Ks jvnoutkn` gust `nt tbj djvjonpej`t na m enrj m`d enrjsnpbkstkimtjd sjt na prkektkvjs, lut tbj djvjonpej`t tbj prkektkvjs m`d mddjd jojej`ts
emdj arne tbj lmski prkektkvjs>
Km` LjmrdsojyAjlrumry <=, <6=:
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91
Xkckpjdkm wrktjs7
‟Tn sbnw tbmt snejtbk`h ks Turk`h inepojtj, kt ks j`nuhb tn sbnw tbmt
kt im` lj usjd tn skeuomtj snej Turk`h inepojtj systje. Anr
jxmepoj, m` kepjrmtkvj om`humhj ks Turk`h inepojtj ka kt bms
in`dktkn`mo lrm`ibk`h (j.h., "ka" m`d "hntn" stmtjej`ts, nr m "lrm`ib ka
zjrn" k`struitkn`. Yjj NKYI) m`d tbj mlkokty tn ibm`hj m` mrlktrmrymenu`t na ejenry onimtkn`s (j.h., tbj mlkokty tn emk`tmk` m` mrlktrmry
`ueljr na vmrkmlojs). Yk`ij tbks ks moenst mowmys tbj imsj, enst (ka
`nt moo) kepjrmtkvj om`humhjs mrj Turk`h inepojtj ka tbj okektmtkn`s na
ak`ktj ejenry mrj kh`nrjd.―
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98
Ojt‛s sjj ka Turk`h wms rkhbt3 tbmt ynu im` wrktj tbj smej prnhrme k` m`ntbjr om`humhj kalntb bmvj skx prkektkvjs. Bjrj ks wbmt ey akrst prnhrme k` pytbn` onncs okcj
`mej.py
`mej5rmw^k`put('J`tjr ynur `mej7 ')3
prk`t('Mrj ynu ' +`mej+ '>')3
m`swjr5rmw^k`put('M`swjr7 ')3
prk`t('Tbm`c ynu')3
\u``k`h kt dnjs tbks7
J`tjr ynur `mej7 Km` Ljmrdsojy
Mrj ynu Km` Ljmrdsojy> K tbk`cs sn.
Tbm`c ynu.
Bjrj ks tbj smej prnhrme k` I (`mej.i)
#k`ioudj ?stdkn.b0
k`t emk` (vnkd)
{
ibmr akrstS=:U, omstS=:U, m`swjrS=:U3
prk`ta ("J`tjr ynur omst `mej7 ")3
sim`a("%s", omst)3
prk`ta ("J`tjr ynur akrst `mej7 ")3
sim`a("%s", akrst)3
prk`ta("Mrj ynu %s, %s>_`", omst, akrst)3
sim`a("%s", m`swjr)3
prk`ta("Tbm`c ynu, %s_`", m`swjr)3
}
\u``k`h kt7
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/djsiulrkr)7 ./`mej
J`tjr ynur omst `mej7 Ljmrdsojy
J`tjr ynur akrst `mej7 Km` Mrj ynu Ljmrdsojy, Km`>
yjs
Tbm`c ynu, yjs
gbmrvmrdFmppokm`ij (~/Drnplnx/djsiulrkr)7
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92
Lrm`ibk`h Vrnhrmes
squmrj.py
y5aonmt(rmw^k`put('J`tjr m `ueljr7 '))
prk`t('squmrj na y7 ')prk`t(y*y)
rjemk`djr.py
x5k`t(rmw^k`put('J`tjr m` k`t7 '))ka x%< 55 67
prk`t(' ')
prk`t('jvj`')josj7prk`t(' ')
prk`t('ndd')
prk`t('Dn`j wktb in`dktkn`mo')
`jstjd.i
x5k`t(rmw^k`put('J`tjr m` k`t7 '))
ka x%<5567ka x%95567prk`t('Dkvkskloj ly < m`d 9')
joka x%95567
prk`t('Dkvkskloj ly 9 m`d `nt ly <')
josj7prk`t('@nt dkvkskloj ly < nr 9')
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9;
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46
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Tbj Mutbnr