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ピーターのスキャン
Eri Banno t)j!l!f:J}d_l Yutaka Ohno :A!I!f*
Yoko Sakane j:JjfllJI-1-
Chikako Shinagawa .H.JII�-1-
The Japan Times
AN INTEGRATED COURSE IN
ELEMENTARY JAPANESE
GENKI
Eri Banno t/i!l!f:l}dlJ! Yutaka Ohno ::k!l!fm
Yoko Sakane t/itl/M-1-Chikako Shinagawa .?nJII$-1-
The Japan Times
Copyright© 1999 by Eri Banno, Yutaka Ohno, Yoko Sakane, and Chikako
Shinagawa
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher.
First edition: May 1999
32nd printing: November 2004
Editorial assistance: guild
Illustrations: Noriko Udagawa and Reiko Maruyama
Cover art and Editorial design: Nakayama Design Office Gin-o Nakayama, Mutsumi Sotoh, ond Mosotoko Muromotsu
Published by The Japan Times, Ltd.
5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 1 08-0023, Japan
Phone: 03-3453-2013
http:// bookclub.japantimes.co.jp/
ISB N4-7890-0963-7
Printed in Japan
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Preface
Producing the materials for this textbook involved a long process of
surveying students' needs, writing up the results, making detailed
revisions to the material based on the surveys, and responding to the
reactions and comments of students who used a trial version of this
text. It has taken more than four years to complete this project. Our
labor has been rewarded, however, because this book is based on our
original plan to produce the ideal textbook-one that will enable
students to learn Japanese smoothly, while also enjoying lively games
and helpful illustrations.
We have an extensive list of people to thank for the completion of this
textbook. First, our sincere thanks to Chiaki Sekido of the Publica·
tions Department of The Japan Times for seeing this book through the
publishing process. Particular acknowledgment goes to Kroko Toka·
shiki who helped in the production of Lesson 11 and following, to our
colleagues and trainees in the Asian Studies Program of Kansai Gaidai
University who attempted the trial version and made invaluable sug
gestions, to Kaori Tajima for her illustrations in the trial version, to
Judy Okawa for translating, and to the teachers whose heartfelt guid
ance encouraged us throughout the process. Finally, we would also like
to express our gratitude to the foreign students at Kansai Gaidai
University for providing us with the opportunity to write this book.
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• I� Llthl:::/Preface·································3
:$:�1:-:Jl \"L/Introduction·································a 1�/vi_.,J;
Japanese Writing System·································1a
�6� �� n ;\-- r � lvCD- s L\'!5 (;::'{;;
Greetings
New Friends
Shopping
Making a Date
The First Date
A Trip to Okinawa
A Day in Robert's Life
Family Picture
Barbecue
Kabuki
Winter Vacation Plans
After the Vacation
Feeling Ill
6
10
30
54·
72
96
114
132
150
170
190
210
226
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Hiragana 252
Katakana 257
Daily Life 262
Mary's Weekend 266
Travel 270
My Favorite Restaurant 276
Mary's Letter 282
Japanese Office Workers 287
Sue's Diary 292
The Folktale Kasajizo 298
Looking for Friends 304
T anabata Festival 310
Japanese-English 3 1 6
English-Japanese 329
Numbers 342
Conjugation Chart 344
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IQ b s � "'-?' -:? "- <- <-- '--
� � t-' v
Introduction
I Aim and purpose
GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a textbook for beginners in
the study of the Japanese language. Students can complete the elementary-level study
of Japanese in the 23 lessons of this text, which is divided into two volumes. The book
is designed mainly for use in uniYersity and college courses, but it is also effective for
high school students and adults who are beginning to learn Japanese either at school or
on their own. Hopefully, students will have at least a basic knowledge of English,
because grammar explanations are given in English.
GENKI: An Integrated Course in Elementary Japanese is a comprehensive approach
to developing the four basic language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing)
in order to cultivate overall Japanese-language ability. Much emphasis has been placed
on balancing accuracy, fluency, and complexity so that students using the material
would not end up speaking accurately yet in a stilted manner, nor fluently yet employ
ing only simple grammatical structures.
H Structure of the textbook
This textbook basically consists of three sections: Dialogue and Grammar, Reading and
Writing, and the Appendix. A detailed explanation of each part follows.
A.., Dialogue and Grammar The Dialogue and Grammar section aims at improving students' speaking and listening
abilities by learning basic grammar and increasing yocabulary. The Dialogue and
Grammar section of each lesson is comprised of the following components:
enialogue
The dialogues revolve around the lives of foreign students living in Japan, their friends,
and their families, presenting various scenes that students are likely to face in their daily
lives. By practicing natural expressions and aizuchi (responses that make conversations
go smoothly), students are able to understand how sentences are connected and how
some phrases are shortened in daily conversation. Because the Dialogue section of each
lesson covers a lot of ne\Y grammar and vocabulary, students may feel it is too difficult
•
• to understand at first. Don't be overly concerned, however, because the grammar and
vocabulary will gradually take root with practice.
Dialogues are recorded on the accompanying CD. Students are encouraged to practice
regularly by_ listening to the CD and carefully noting pronunciation and intonation.
evocabulary
The Vocabulary section presents all the new words encountered in both the Dialogue
and Practice sections of each lesson. Words that appear in the Dialogue are marked
with an asterisk ( * ) . Words are listed according to their function in Lessons 1 and 2,
and by parts of speech in Lesson 3 and following. In addition, all words presented in the
text are also found in the Index at the end of each volume.
Words found in the Vocabulary section of each lesson appear frequently in subse
quent lessons, thus students are encouraged to learn them little by little each day. After
Lesson 2, commonly used kanji equivalents of some words (J oyo Kanji) are also listed,
but students are not required to memorize them.
This textbook does not indicate a word's accents. The accent of a Japanese word
varies considerably, depending on the region, the speaker's age (including the genera
tion gap between speakers), the word's paradigmatic form, and its connection with
other vwrds. Therefore, don't be overly concerned about the accent, but try to imitate
as closely as possible the intonation heard on the accompanying CD.
eGrammar Grammar explanations are detailed, so that students can easily study them on their
own. Students at school are expected to read the grammar explanations before each
class.
This section also fully explains the items found in the Practice section that follows.
Necessary explanations for the grammar and vocabulary that are not found in the
Practice section can be found in the Expression Notes at the end of each Grammar
section.
ePractice This section includes questions related to what was taught in each section of the lesson,
providing students with both basic practice and application. By answering the ques
tions sequentially, students can naturally build up their Japanese-language ability. The
exercises with only one answer are marked with 8) and recorded on the ·c D, allowing
students the opportunity to practice on their own.
The last part of the Practice section contains Review Exercises, which incorporate
aspects of the lesson as a whole. For example, some questions combine various topics
covered in the lesson, and some call for the creation of new phrases based on what was
learned in the Dialogue section.
Introduction <IIIII • Supplement
Finally, some lessons include additional or supplementary information. This includes
expressions related to the topic of the lesson, as in "Time and age" in Lesson 1, or
expressions suitable at certain times or places, as in "At the station" in Lesson 10.
Words introduced in the Supplement section are found in the Index of each volume.
B ... Reading and Writing The Reading and \iVriting section aims to foster comprehension and writing ability by
learning Japanese characters and by providing opportunities to practice both reading
and writing. Hiragana is introduced in Lesson 1, followed by katakana in Lesson 2, and
kanji in Lesson 3 and following. From Lesson 3, each lesson contains the following
components:
Kanji 1ist Each new kanji introduced in a lesson is contained in a list, each with about 15 kanji.
This makes it easy to memorize a few each day, rather than be overwhelmed with so
many at once.
cp serial number
017
(?) kanji (1) reading
(boo�; basis)
(�) compounds including the kanji
* (it>') book ·a ?f. (.:::.;tY) Japan E?f..� (.:::.;l\Y:i) Japanese �*-�!v (�;t t t �lv) 1\Ir./i\Is. Yamamoto
(3) meaning (7) stroke order
(6) total strokes
Among the readings shown in (4) and (5), hiragana indicates the kun'yomi, or Japanese
readings for a kanji, while katakana indicates the on'yomi, or Chinese reading. Both
kun 'yomi and on 'yomi are sometimes altered in compounds of two or more kanji. For
example, the ordinary pronunciation of ¥ is "gaku," which becomes "ga(k)" when the
kanji is used in the word ¥;ft. Such derivative readings are also included in (4) and (5).
Although some kanji have many readings, only those readings that are useful at an
elementary level are included.
Shaded readings and words in each lesson should be memorized. The others are for
reference, so students don't need to memorize them. A practice sheet for each kanji is
provided in the Reading and Writing section of the ·workbook. Students should practice
• writing the kanji repeatedly, according to the stroke order shown on the kanji list in the
textbook.
ePractice GENKI I consists of kanji practice, readings for comprehension, questions about the
content of the readings, and writing practice. Kanji practice includes various types of
questions, such as having students reconstruct a kanji from its various parts or make
new words by combining kanji. By tackling these problems, students will realize the
goal of practice-to become more proficient in their use of kanji. Basically, the readings
are short and deal with subjects familiar to the students. They are easy to understand
if the student has learned the vocabulary and grammar taught previously in the
Dialogue and Grammar section. When readings include new words, a corresponding
word list is provided. Finally, composition topics are given for writing practice.
GENKI II contains readings for comprehension, questions about the content of the
readings, and writing practice. The readings employ various styles of Japanese, ranging
from letters and fables to essays and advertisements. With a knowledge of the previous
ly learned vocabulary, grammar, and kanji, the readings are easy to understand but
grow longer and more difficult in later lessons. \i\Tord lists are provided for newly
introduced vocabulary. Finally, composition topics are introduced.
C .. Appendix Volumes 1 and 2 both contain an Index. The Japanese-English Index, in hiragana order, lists words found in the Vocabulary and Supplement section of each lesson. The
number next to a word indicates the lesson in which the word was introduced. In the
English-Japanese Index, English equivalents to Japanese words are arranged in alpha
betical order.
Also included in the Appendix are tables of verb conj ugations as well as sound
inflections of the expressions related to numbers.
IH Orthography and font
The basic text is written in kanji and hiragana. Kanji is used for the most commonly
used characters, those that appear in the official list of J oyo Kanji. Hiragana is used
instead, however, when the J oyo Kanji equivalent would not be necessary for beginning
students of Japanese.
Introduction <411 • So that students can easily study the Dialogue and Grammar section, the pronuncia
tion of every kanji is indicated in hiragana. However, to lessen the burden on the
students and allmY them to study on their own, Greetings and Lessons 1 and 2 are
represented in hiragana and katakana, as well as by romanized forms. It is best not to
rely too much on the romanizations, but use them only as a learning aid. Students study
hiragana and katakana in Lessons 1 and 2, respectively, of the Reading and ·writing
section.
Students study kanji from Lesson 3 in the Reading and Vlriting section, where
pronunciations of the kanji already presented are not indicated in hiragana, in order to
promote the students' increasing acquisition of kanji.
The Japanese in the basic text is set mainly in the Textbook font, which resembles
handwriting and serves as a good model for students. Students will encounter a variety
of fonts used for Japanese materials, however, and should be aware that the shape of
some characters differ considerably, depending on the font used. Tote especially that
with some characters, we find two separate strokes in one style are merged into a single
stroke.
Example: Textbook font Mincho font Gothic font Handwriting
� '2 � --\" '- 1......
� � � -5( ' '--
� � rJ t) ), � - ..,
icJ b 0 ......,. '7 � "- (._ <-- '---
� � t-' �
• ( Japanese Writing System )
1 There are three kinds of characters in Japanese: hiragana, katakana, and kanji. All three
characters can be seen in a single sentence.
h 7 v t:• � Jt �--j�_ o
katakana � lJ.!f..C!ff�!?�-1 watch television.
Hiragana and katakana, like the alphabet, represent sounds. As you can see in the above
example, hiragana has a roundish shape and is used for conjugation endings, function
words, and native Japanese words not covered by kanji_ Katakana, which has rather
straight lines, is normally used for writing loanwords and foreign names. For example,
the Japanese word for "television" is written in katakana as Tv t:' (terebi). Kanji, or
Chinese characters, represent not just sounds but also meanings. Mostly, kanji are used
for nouns and the sterns of verbs and adjectives.
CDH i r a g a n a
1. Basic Hiragana Syllables There are forty-six basic hiragana syllables, which are listed below. Once you memorize
this chart, you will have the skill to transcribe all of the Japanese sounds.
� \ \ "
J � j? a z u e 0
ir � < tt �
'-ka ki ku ke ko
� '- L -t 1!- 2(-sa *shi su se so
f:. -t; -:J l (:: ta *chi *tsu te to
t: t: fi:J. tl (}) na m nu ne no
t1 u " """ tl ��'
ha hi fu he ho I I I
1There is another writing system called romaji (Roman letters) which is used for station names, signs,
and so on.
i h. c ma mz mu
Jf> ry ya yu
G f) .; ra rz ru
ib wa
I £ I n
I I
d) me
:fL re
I
t mo
l yo
; ro
� **o
I
Japanese Writing System .,.. •
*The syllables l, -t?, and -? are
romanized as shi, chi, and
tsu, respectively, which is
closer to the English pronunci
ation.
**�is also pronounced as "wo."
The romanization is given for general pronunciation reference.
2. Hiragana with Diacritical lVIarks
You can transcribe 23 additional sounds by adding diacritical marks. With a pair of short
diagonal strokes ( ,, ), the unvoiced consonants k, s, t, and h become voiced consonants g,
z, d, and b, respectively. The consonant h changes top with the addition of a small circle
C).
-/)f �' \..; ga gi
�,, '- L: za }Z
f!_ * t; da }Z
(;f' Tl ba bi
(i lj pa pz
<'' gu
f zu
* " -;; zu
..,.,._ �J" bu
pu
tj' ge
-tf' ze
-( de
""' be
pe
�'' '-go
�' zo
(::'' do
'1' bo
po
* t:;· (ji) and -5 (zu) are pro
nounced the same as t (ji) and ·f' (zu), respectively, and
have limited use.
• 3. Transcribing Contracted Sounds Small �, f1:>, and J: follow after letters in the second column (i-vowel hiragana, except "'\) and are used to transcribe contracted sounds. The contracted sound represents a single
syllable.
�� �vp �J: 5'� .Js;' \,.; vjJ .Js;' '- J: kya kyu kyo gya gyu gyo
L� Lvp LJ: L� Lvp LJ: sha shu sho ;a )U )0
t� t;;vp tJ: cha chu cho
1:: � l:: vjJ t:: J: nya nyu nyo
u� Uvp UJ: rl� (} vjJ rJ' J: hya hyu hyo by a byu byo
7;.� 7;-vp h.J: lj� ljvp LIJ: my a myu myo pya pyu pyo
�) � f) vjJ f) J: rya ryu ryo
4. Transcribing Double Consonants There is another small letter --:J, which is used when transcribing double consonants such
as tt and pp.
Examples: h' '"'? t:::. katta (won) cf. h' t:::. kata (shoulder)
� '"'? h' sakka (writer)
U: '"'? tJ ha12Qa (leaf)
�,- L - '"'? zasshi (magazine)
Note that double consonant n's, as in sannen (3 years), are ''vritten with lv + a hiragana
with an initial n sound (tj:, �=. �. b, or 0).
Examples: � lv :tl.lv sannen (3 years)
S lv ·� "' \ annaz (guide)
5. Other Issues Relating to Transcription and Pronunciation
A Long Vowels
When the same vowel is placed one right after the other, the pronunciation of the vowel
Japanese Writing System � • becomes about t"·ice as long as the single yoweL Be sure to hold the sound long enough,
because the length of the YO\Yel can change one word to another.
a a zz
uu
B t;f' ;it;> � !v obaasan (grandmother) cf. B ti' � !v obasan (aunt)
4-' l'' ' '�' n 1..- " - rv OJ11San
Sllllll
(grandfather) cf. }_; C � !v o;zsan (uncle)
(number)
ee The long ee sound is usually transcribed by adding an "'to an e-vowel hiragana. There are a few words, ho\Yever, in which :Z is used instead of "'·
� \. '1J"' eega (moYie)
B tl � � !v oneesan (big sister)
oo The long oo sound is in most cases transcribed by adding an -J to an
a-vowel lziragana. There are, however, words in which the long vowel is
transcribed with an B, for historical reasons.
B. Pronunciation of lv
hooritsu (Ia w)
too (ten)
lv "n" is treated like a full syllable, in terms of length. Its pronunciation varies, however,
depending on the sound that follows it. Japanese speakers are normally not aware of the
different sound ,-alues of lv. Therefore, you do not need to worry too much about its • • 2
pronunciatiOn.
C. Vowels to Be Dropped
The vowels i and u are sometimes dropped when placed between voiceless consonants (k, s, t, p, and h), or at the end of an utterance preceded by voiceless consonants.
Example: T .:X "'C"T s(u)kides(u) (I like it.)
20ne variety of the �pronunciation merits discussing here. When it is followed by a vowel or at the end
of an utterance, lv indicates that the preceding vowel is long and nasalized. (Nasalized vowels are shown
here with a tilde above vowel letters. You hear nasalized vowels in French words such as "bon," or the
English interjection "uh-uh," as in "no.")
n� � �' reai (romance) li � ho (book)
Followed by n, t, d, s, and z sounds, � is pronounced as "n."
B � >j: onna (woman)
Followed by m, p, and b sounds, �is pronounced as "m." ::> � ll' sampo (stroll)
Followed by k and g sounds, � is pronounced as "ng" as in "song."
1 �h: maoga (comics)
• D. Accent in the Japanese Language
Japanese has a pitch accent: all syllables are pronounced basically either in high or low
pitch. Unlike the English stress accent in which stressed syllables tend to be pronounced
longer and louder, in Japanese each syllable is pronounced approximately in equal length
and stress. The pitch patterns in Japanese vary greatly, depending on the region of the
country.
Examples: &.> �
it�i..
f::.IJ� I.\
_a_-__ _
sa
___ :ma .. � na
_ _ __ ka_. _
ta z
Q)K atak a n a
7 1 7 a z u
j; ;f 7 ka ki ku
� y .A sa *shi su
� 1- 'J ta *chi *tsu
-T - y. -na nz nu
/\ t 7 ha hi fu
-::< ' b ' ......
ma mz mu
f .:2
ya yu
7 1) Jv
ra rz ru
7 wa
/ n
(morning)
(name)
(high)
:L
e
7 ke
..tz-se
T te
;f-. ne
"""'
he
;< me
v re
;f 0
:1
ko
") so
r to
/ no
* ho
-f: mo
3 yo
0
ro
7 0 *The syllables Y, 7, and 'Y are
romanized as shi, chi, and
tsu, respectively, to give a
closer English pronunciation.
I jf ;f' �<> ga gz gu
-tf y :X za ]l Zll
5'� *-=f' * 'j'" da Jl zu
I /'\
I c' 7 .. ba bi bu
pa pz pu
�-\? �..:z. �3 kya kyu kyo
V-\? V..:z.
'l3 sha shu slzo
T-\? 7-..::z. 7-3 cha clzu cho
-=--\? -=-..:z. -=-3 nya nyu nyo
t-\? t..:z. t3 hya hyu lzyo
�� .... i
.... .::. ..:z. .... 3 ...... my a myu myo
') -\? ') ..:z. ') 3 rya Yj'll ryo
' 7' I
ge J -{! ze
_,, T de
-"( be
pe
;f'-\? gya
Y-\? ;a
t"-\? bya
to-\? pya
:f go
'/" zo
I'' do
$ bo
PO
Japanese Writing System � • I I
'
;f'..:z. gyu
YJ. ]U
c'..:z. byu
to..:z. pyu
•.:y (ji) and ':/ (zu) are pro
nounced the same as � (ji)
and ;( (zu), respectiYelr, and
have limited use.
;f' 3 gyo
Y3 ]0
t"3 byo
to 3 pyo
The pronunciation of katakana and its combinations are the same as those of hiragana,
except for the follo'\\ing points.
(1) The long vowels are written with -. Examples: 7J- kaa (car)
.A-t- sukii (ski)
.A-'Y suutsu (suit)
7-.::t- keeki (cake)
if--Jv booru (ball)
• \iVhen you write vertically, the - mark needs to be written vertically also.
Example:
if-' - Jv-
(2) Additional combinations with small vowel letters are used to transcribe foreign sounds
that originally did not exist in Japanese.
Examples: 7 1 .l'\ U rJ 1 - / harowiin (Halloween)
7 � / '\ 1 7 � 1 haiwee (highway)
7 :t � ;t ... 7 Jv ? :t - 5' - mineraruwootaa (mineral water)
S/ � S/ � lJ - sherii (sherry)
:; � � � - b. :A. jeemusu (James) 1- � 1- � '') 7 chekku (check)
7 7 7 7 ''/ S/ 3 / fasshon (fashion)
7 1 7 1 1) t:• / fi1-ipin (Philippine)
7 � 71 7 � kafe (cafe)
7 ;;t 7J 1) 7 ;;r Jv =- 7 kariforunia (California)
T 1 / � - -r 1 - paatii (party)
-r· 1 .:y 1 7... :1 disuko (disco)
-r· .:z. 7' .:z. - 7 dyuuku (Duke)
(3) The sound "v" is sometimes written with rf. For example, the word "Venus" IS
sometimes written as �:.·· - -r A or rf 1 --t A .
会話火法編
Greetings ---------------- 6
a;t:; t;, l, L\c=5�'5 New Friends ------- I o
x �i Y -c-r
Question Sentences
noun1 0) noun2
@l:i'IJ'Iv · c v Time/ Age · · · · · - - - - - · - · · · · · · - - · - · - · · · · · - - · · · · · · · · - - · · · · · · - - - - - · · · · · · · · - - - · · · · · · · · ·29
f.J'L\=50) Shopping ------------:{0
;: n -t n �n t· n ;: 0) I -t 0) I � 0) I t' 0) + noun
t!.tLOJ noun
;: ;: -t ;: � -t ;: c:· ;:
noun t
noun 0 � � � i � lv
---b./,..._, J:
®=cr � 5 Ll::> In the Classroom · · · · · - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - - · - - - - · · · · - - - - · - · · · · - · - · - - - - - · · · 53
7- J-..O)*!JJR Making a Date ---------5-1-t-> < t- <
Verb Conj ugation
Verb Types and the "Present Tense"
Particles
Time Reference
--- i �/v iP
Word Order
Frequency Adverbs
The Topic Particle �i
C M 4 � J ���(1)7- t'-.. The First Date -------72
X iJ� /b l'J * '9/ v � * 't
Describing \Vhere Things Are
Past Tense
t:. < f: lv -�Fa� l\t'_, t; IJ\A..
c {) ®illfi: Locations · · · · · · · · · · · - · · · · · - - · - · - · · · · · - · · - - · · · · · · - - - · · · - · · ·· · · · - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - · · - - - - - - - · - · · · ·94
�\ '5
®8 • im • F.J • � Days/Weeks/ Months/Years --- -- - - - - --- - - - - - --- -- - - - - -- - - - - -- 95 V' l,�j>5 -:>"" <'::(.,
it�Jll�ff A Trip to Okinawa ---------96 45i'!t,(biJJ:.::'5
Adjectives
w � ( � ) / � � " � ( �) ·t
Degree Expressions
'""' * G J: � I'""' * G J: � -h� Counting
®!B�FcDC' At the Post Office . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - · - · 1 1 2 IP?V'Iv""J;<
®�Jimc· At a Photo Shop .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · · · - - - - - - · - · · · - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·1 1 3 l,�l,lv "I'
Te-form ----- -c < tf.' f: v�
D/\- t'-.. c!lvCD-8 A Day in Robert's Life --- I I4 L\5(;::5
------c {) v � v ) --r· 9 I'""' -c �i v ) �1 * -lt !v
Describing Two Activities
-----iJ� � ----- * G J: � -h� ®i§1cfRI) < /f$.x Q Directions - - - - - - · - - · · - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - · · - - - - - - - - - - - · - - · - - - - - - - . . 130
ih'5 � <!;(.,
------r \-) � �il��v)-c-r 1J•h f,;.tJ;
l(&iO)�JI Family Picture ---------- 132 n' �< u"\>ulv
Te-forms for Joining Sentences
verb stem + �;: fi < ,_,
Counting People
@''f*0)$7.)' Parts of the Body---- · · · · · · --- - · · · · · ··· -·· · ·· · · · · - · ·· · · · · · · · ···· · · · · · · · - - - - - - - -1 -18 tJ'f:Jt: 13\ t3\fv ®'�Dt Family ·· -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - · - - - - --- -- - - -- ---- - - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - ---- - - - - --- - - - - - - - - -- -- 1--l-9
11' �<
Short Forms
1�-�::f.:L- Barbecue ---------- 1 50
Uses of Short Forms
'"'-' � v ) -c· < t!. � v) verb (f)iJWff � t:9
-�-iJf,
fa] h) and W � f.t.�: t..:t;
fJ'i5\:f!; Kabuki -------------- 170
Past Tense Short Forms
Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adj ectives
* t!. '"'--' -r " ) * -1t lv '"'--'h). � @'� Colors--- - --- - - - - - --- - - - - - - --- - - - - · -- - - - - ----- - - - - - - --- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - ------ - - - - - --- 1 89
l1'3
�f*�O)?le Winter Vacation Plans ------ 1 90 ,3,��9 J; LLI
Comparison
adjective/noun + (f)
'""-'-::::> � I] t!. adj ective + � �
c:· .:: il) �;:I c:· .:: �;: � -c· @'!RC' At the Station ·· -- -- -- --·· · -- -- - - · · - - --- -- - - - - -- - - -- -· - - ----- · · ·- ----- - - - -- - - - -- - - -- · 208
X.�
f*b(l)®c After the Vacation -------- 2 1 o '\'>�
-- t.:. lJ .-..... f.:_ lJ -t � .....__ .:: t iJ� J? � noun A � noun B
®B*�0)?5A z:· I n the Japanese Class-· · · · · · · · · · · · · ··· · · · · · · - ·· · · · · · · · · · ··· · 225 I� 1;;1v �
Feeling Ill -------------- 226
.-..... ,�v -r·-t ----'"9 �- � .-..... �� -5 iJ� v ) v ) -r· '"9 .-..... (]) c:·
---- i;t. < t? � 1,- ) �t * � lv --c:· G J: -5 ®111tic11ii� Health and Illness ·· · · · · · · · ·· ·· · · · · · · ··· · ·· ·· ···· ·· · ·- · ·· ·· · · ·· · -· ·· · · -246 111v�-5 UJ:?�
(...__?..:_.�:-=>'--'&..;..;JI_J_-_1'-_�) Expression Notes
CD i3 �i J: ? I t.o tJ iJ{ c -? � J: ? t:t t? T 17- � -tt lv 1.- ) 1.- ) ;Z 1.-) ? 'l t? ? � � 1.- ) I 1.-) ? 'l � � T /t.:.t.! 1.- ) *- I i3 -h� ;Z '? � � 1.- ) s
(2);00) ti l.- ll ;Z ;Z ;c. '5 -r-tiP Pronunciation of ti umbers GiYing one's
telephone number -tt /v -t!- 1.- ) � lv Referring to the person you are talking to
Japanese names l 7
@(��) < t.! � �) C��) JotliJ> I.- ) � � T (��) c ? "f On the pronuncia-
tion of number words Big numbers --------------39 ®ff < I*� t J: -::> c. --------------------6-1-
\ > < @ X OJW"i ;Z -::>110 -::> =�ra,� t � t � 82
�;(_ !: 1,; �·A.IJ:A. @1t L- v)/ t: �-�il' C 7:t) ------------------- 1 04
'l.JtfJf cv� < l)!f£ 1.- l c ? t 1 22
.t�� j)� @.i!it� --------------------------1 -1- 1 ;,� @ ....... T � 160
@� M c Lfi3tO)fJ! iJ{ t.o tJ � TiJ{. · · · · · 1 98 ::: t!lv �- ::: r.Jiv
@ti in negative sentences t.! it t;: F 7 1 7 � t;: ii ------2 I 7 1)>!/)
\�J .
① 惨会話文法編
|主Greetlngs
おはよう 。
こんばんは。
配『」
こんにちは。
号竺oおやすみなさ L、。
、ぐ
� LJ: J: "J o
� Li J: -7 .:·· �-- �.r \ :f To
.:_ 10 �= 't ljo
.: 10 tJ 10 t j 0
� J: ") 7J: t? o
� -\" T h 7J: � �.r \ 0
Jty � -/:;{ ?.:: -) 0
&tJ � -h{ ?.:: -7 .:·· �-- �, \ :f To
T h :f -tt h,o
\, \ "'? -{ � j To
�.r \ "'? --c G "'? L � �, \o
t: f:3_' \, \ ;f 0
� -/:;> ;Z_ � 7J: � \, \ 0
\, \ f::. f:3_- � j To
tj t o9) :f L --c o
?.::'' -J ·F J: � L < o
Ohayoo.
Ohayoo gozai masu.
Konnichiwa .
Konbanwa.
Sayoonara.
Oyasuminasai.
Arigatoo.
Arigatoo gozaimasu.
S u m i masen.
l i e.
lttekimasu.
ltterasshai.
Tadaima.
Okaerinasai.
ltadakimasu.
Gochisoosama.
Haj imemashite.
Doozo yoroshiku.
Good morning.
Good morning. (polite)
Good afternoon .
Good evening.
Good-bye.
Good night.
Thank you.
Thank you. (polite)
Excuse me.; I'm sorry.
No.; Not at all.
I'll go and come back.
Please go and come
back.
I'm home.
Welcome home.
Thank you for the meal.
(before eating)
Thank you for the meal.
(after eating)
How do you do?
Nice to meet you.
� �! ./ - f'-... E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s CD l:)(�J: 5 /® 0 ti'c 5 .,... Ohayoo is used between friends and family mem
bers, while ohayoo gozaimasu is used between less intimate acquaintances,
similarly with arigatoo and arigatoo gozaimasu. The rule of thumb is: if you
are on a first-name basis with someone, go for the shorter versions. If you
would address someone as Mr. or Ms., use the longer versions. To give a
concrete example, the social expectation is such that students are to use the
longer variants when they speak with a professor.
c!d::5 fclb .,... There are several good-bye expressions m Japanese, the
choice among which depends on the degree of separation. Sayoonara indi
cates that the speaker does not expect to see the person spoken to before she
"turns a page in her life"; not until a new day arriYes, or until fate brings
the two together again, or until they meet again in the other world.
t; � �, £ t.:.o jaa, mata.
(between friends, expecting to see each other again fairly soon)
l-'?tl, 1t l l- £ To Sh itsureesh imasu.
(taking leave from a professor's office, for example)
1, ) -::> l � £ To (leaving home)
lttekimasu.
9c1J�1:tlv .,... Sumimasen means (1) "Excuse me," to get another person's
attention, (2) "I'm sorry," to apologize for the trouble rou have caused, or
(3) "Thank you," to show appreciation for what someone has done for you.
l. \l. \;i .,... lie is primarily "No," a negatiYe reply to a question. In the
dialogue, it is used to express the English phrase "Don't mention it," or
"You're welcome," with which you point out that one is not required to feel
obliged for what you have done for them.
l. \? "C b ? v � l. \fl.\? "C � � 9/1: t't. l. \ �/l:) fJ' � 0 fJ <! l. \ .,... Ittekimasu
and itterasshai is a common exchange used at home when a family member
leaves. The person who leaYes says ittekimasu, which literally means " I will
go and come back." And the family members respond with itterasshai,
which means "Please go and come back."
Tadaima and okaeri are used when a person comes home. The person
who arri,·es home says tadaima (I am home right no·w) to the family
members, and they respond with okaerinasai (Welcome home).
p r a c t c e
Act out the following situations with your classmates.
1 . You meet your host family for the first time. Greet them.
2 . It is one o'clock in the afternoon. You see your neighbor Mr. Yamada.
3 . You come to class in the morning. Greet your teacher. Greet your friends.
4 . On a crowded train, you stepped on someone's foot.
5 . You dropped your book. Someone picked it up for you. 6. It is eight o'clock at night. You happen to meet your teacher at the convenience
store.
7 . You are watching TV with your host family. I t is time to go to sleep.
8 . You are leaving home.
9 . You have come back home.
10 . You are going to start eating.
1 1 . You have finished eating.
[ � ! � L E S S 0 N ...................... ........ 1] ct5t�6Ul \C=bt2� New Friends
D a o g u e
Mary, an international student who just arrived in Japan, talks to a Japanese student.
Mearii Sumimasen.
Takeshi juuniji han desu. /1) ;, ry \ '
lma nanji desu ka.
3 ;J. 7 1) - : ;ii) � -h{ t::. -J .::,, �-'" \ � T o Mearii Arigatoo gozaimasu.
4 t:::. tt L : Takes hi
2
3
4
<D t: tt L · cb CT) ' 0 11> 7 1; � < -lt 'v \ "('' T1J'o Takeshi A no, ryuugakusee desu ka.
h � �· � .., h � , ,
;}. 7 1) - • � � 0 7 1) '/-T t:.- " '-�;{ < CT) t;{ < -1t '- ' "('To Meari i Ee. Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu.
t: tt L .
Takeshi Soo desu ka. Senmon wa nan desu ka. .., h � , ,
;}. 7 1) - . Mearii Nihongo desu. l ma ninensee desu.
Mary: Excuse me. What time is it now?
Takeshi: It's half past twelve.
Mary: Thank you.
Takeshi: You're welcome.
Takeshi: Um . . . are you an international student?
Mary: Yes. I am a student at the University of Arizona.
Takeshi: I see. What is your major?
Mary: Japanese. I am a sophomore now.
* � CT)
* \. \ ;!
i_ \. \ ::..··
� ,0* "' '
* � ,0 t ,0
* ;c. -7 --e i" * t:_' \. \ f.; { <
"(',0;b
� t t::_''f?
IJ: :l i.
v
* IJ: ,0/ i;t. t :
* t : t i .Z,
* � tJ. .Z,� \. \
tJ,0 ::..·· -}
0
* � 11> -} f.;{ < � \. \
b t::. L
f;_ lu c a
a no
ima
eego
ee
gakusee
. . . go
kookoo
gogo
gozen
. . . sai
. . . san
. . . Jl
. . . jin
sen see
b
senmon
soo desu
daigaku
denwa
tomodachi
namae
nan/nani
Nihon
. . . nensee
hai
han
u I a r
urn . . .
now
English (language)
yes
student
y
language ex. t :: t.f ,0 ::..·· (nihon
go) Japanese language
high school
P.i\1.
A.i\1.
. . . years old
Mr./Ms . . . .
o'clock ex. \. ' � t (ichiji) one
o'clock
people ex. t : ti ,0 t ,0 (nihon
jin) Japanese people
teacher; Professor . . .
major
That's right.
college; university
telephone
friend
name
what
Japan
. . . year student ex. \. ' i? tl ,0 �
\. ' (ichinensee) first-year student
yes
half ex. t : t t.l ,0 (nijihan) half
past two
bangoo number
ryuugakusee international student
watashi I
• Words that appear in the dialogue
ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
C o u n t r e s
7 � l) tJ I> , ? >)• 1 �- 1) A '' � � T .:t - A r 7 1J 7
J; :.; T t: ;, � I> f;• lv ::.. <
/Z 7 :I. _ .:y / T i. i. -r:· "-t:, vp ") ::_·· <
M a i o r s
i:J• i:J'' <
7 :/ / lt /v � I'}> J I> l: I> tt \, \ �-- �, \ ::.. < � 1, \ f; • /v tt l. \
:::J / l:::" .::L - .Y -1-.. u� ., ; t: h
t lv ; \, \fJt <
-l:t i. ' L
c:· :; * ;z u• t: t> T
�)�'lvi:J" <
h � L O c c u p a t o n s
Am erika
lgir isu
Oosutoraria
Kankoku
Sueeden
Chuugoku
kagaku
ajiakenkyuu
keezai
kokusaikan kee
konpyuutaa
j inruigaku
seeji
bijinesu
bungaku
rekishi
L ::..·· � shigoto
" ' L � h• " ' L � " , lv
::.. "] ::.. "] -l:t- 1. \
L vp �).
t::·\, \ f; { < \, \ lv -l:t \, \
t::· \, \ f; ,. < -l:t \, \
""- lv ::..·· L F a m i l y
h f;• Jl:> � lv
h � J � Iv
h tl -Z � Iv
h t : \, \ � lv
\, \ t 7 �
h � J �
ish a
kaishain
kookoosee
shufu
daigakuinsee
daigakusee
bengoshi
okaasan
otoosan
oneesan
oniisan
imooto
otooto
U.S.A.
Britain
Australia
Korea
Sweden
China
science
Asian studies
economics
international relations
computer
anthropology
politics
business
literature
history
job; work; occupation
doctor
office worker
high school student
housewife
graduate student
college student
lawyer
mother
father
older sister
older brother
younger sister
younger brother
G r a m m a r
- X (� Y �g "It is 12:30." " I am a student. " "My major is the Japanese language." These sentences
will all be translated into Japanese using an appropriate noun and the word desu.
-c·9a It is . . .
t I1J ") t: t t.l A., --c··-t o (It) is half past twelve. Juuniji han desu.
I;� < -lt " \ --c·· -t 0 Gakusee desu.
t: ti lv .:··--c·· 1" o Nihongo desu.
(I) am a student.
(My major) is the Japanese language.
Note that none of these sentences has a "subject," like the "it," "I," and "my major"
found in their English counterparts. Sentences without subjects are very common in
Japanese; Japanese speakers actually tend to omit subjects whenever they think it is
clear to the listener what or who they are referring to.
What are we to do, then, when it is not clear what is being talked about? To make explicit
what we are talking about, we can say:
----u t: t i .z, .:·· --c·· 1" o wa nihongo desu.
--- is the Japanese language.
Where stands for the thing that is talked about, or the "topic," which is later in ---the sentence identified as nihongo. For example,
(My) major is the Japanese language. Senmon wa nihongo desu.
Similarly, one can use the pattern X wa Y desu to identify a person or a thing X as item
Y.
X (;t Y c·9 o X is Y As for X, it is Y
-t i :. t:
b f::. L t.l A. - · � L.. "(''To I am Sue Kim. Watashi wa Suu Kimu desu.
!11r. Yamashita is a teacher. Yamashita san wa sensee desu.
lv! ary is an A 'merican. Mearii san wa amerikajin desu.
Wa is a member of the class of \Yords called "particles." So is the word no, which we will
turn to later in this lesson. Particles attach themseh·es to phrases and indicate how the
phrases relate to the rest of the sentence.
Note also that nouns like gakusee and sensee in the above examples stand alone, unlike
their English translations "student" and "teacher," which are preceded by "a." I n
Japanese, there i s no item that corresponds to "a," nor i s there any item that corresponds
to the plural "-s" at the end of a noun. \Yithout background situations, a sentence like
gakusee desu is therefore ambiguous between the singular and the plural interpretations;
it may mean "We are/you are/they are students, " as well as "I am/you are/she is a
student. "
g Question Sentences It is very easy to form questions in Japanese. Basically, all you need to do is add ka
at the end of a statement.
ry rp 7 I;{ < -tt " \ "'{'' -t 0 Ryuugakusee desu.
(I am) an international student.
ry rp ") !;>.' \ -t!- \ \ '"(' "t 1J• o
1
Ryuugakusee desu ka. -(Are you) an international student?
The above sentence, Ryuugakusee desu ka, is a "yes/no" question. Question sentences
may also contain a "question word" like nan2 (what) . In this lesson, we learn how to ask,
and answer, questions using the following question words: nanji (what time), nansai
(how old), nannensee (what year in school). Note carefully that the order of words in a
sentence may be quite different from what you find in your language.
-t!- /v t /v tj: � /v "'('' "t1J'o Senmon wa nan desu ka.
What is your major?
( -tt lv t lv tj: ) ;(_ � \ .:· "'('' -t 0 (Senmon wa) eego desu.
(N!y major) is English.
1 lt is not customary to write a question mark at the end of a question sentence in Japanese.
2The Japanese question word for "\vhat" has two pronunciations: nan and nani. Nan is used immediate
ly before desu or before a "counter" like ji (o'clock). The other form, nani, is used before a particle.
Nani is also used in the combination nanijin (person of what nationality).
\, \ l � ,{, t "(''TiJ�o lma nanji desu ka.
What time is it now?
If> iJ I) \ ' _;( J 1) - � .Z, t.;l: � ,{, � \, \ '{''TiJ�o Mearii san wa nansai desu ka.
How old are you, Mary?
Nannensee desu ka.
What year are you in college?
"C'' h, b t.f',{, _::'' 7 tj � ,{, '{''TiJ�o Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka.
What is your telephone number?
0 noun10) noun2
( \ \ J ) \ t "C''To ( I ma) kuji desu.
It is nine o 'clock.
t � 7 � � 7 � '. \ '{'' To Juukyuusai desu.
I'm nineteen years old.
t : t;t .z, -li- "' \ --c-- To Ninensee desu.
I'm a sophomore.
1 86cry7343 "C''T o lchi hachi roku no nana san yon san desu.
It is 186-7343.
No is a particle that connects two nouns. The phrase Toozai daigaku no gakusee means
"(a) student at Tozai University." The second noun gakusee provides the main idea3
(being a student) and the first one Toozai daigaku makes it more specific (not a high
school, but a college student). No is very versatile. In the first example below, it acts like
the possessive ("x's") in English, but that is not the only role no can play. See how it
connects two nouns in the following examples.
t:. tt L � .z- cry --c-· ,{, b ti' ,{, .::-- 7 Takeshi's phone number Takeshi san no denwa bangoo
t�- '. \ i7 { < cry {t ,{, % \, \ a college professor daigaku no sen see
t : t l .Z, .:·'cry ]ji < {t \, \ a student of the Japanese language nihongo no gakusee
t : t l h, cry t�- '. \ ]ji < cr college in Japan nihon no daigaku
Observe that in the first two examples, the English and Japanese words are arranged in
the same order, while in the last two, they are in the opposite order. Japanese seems to
be more consistent in arranging ideas here; the main idea always comes at the end, with
any further description placed before it.
3Here is what we mean by the "main idea." In the phrase Takeshi san no denwa bangoo (Takeshi's
phone number), the noun denwa bangoo (phone number) is the main idea, in the sense that if something
is Takeshi's phone number, it is a phone number. The other noun Takeshi san is not the main idea,
because Takeshi's phone number is not Takeshi.
noun1 (])
t main idea
further restriction
A phrase of the form "noun1 no noun2" acts more or less like one big noun. You can put
it wherever you can put a noun, as in the following example:
Takeshi san no okaasan wa kookoo no
Takeshi's mother is a high school teacher.
sensee desu.
�JJ2 / - � E x p r e 5 5 i o n N o t e 5 (ij\ 0�5 1j'fu w
®(]) � Ano indicates that you have some reservations about saying what
you are going to say next. You may be worried about interrupting some
thing someone is currently doing, or sounding rude and impolite for asking
personal questions, for example.
lctL V XX� Both hai and ee mean "res" in response to yes-no questions.
Compared to hai, ee is more conversational and relaxed. In more informal
situations, un is used.
Hai is also used to respond to a knock at the door or to the calling of one's
name, meaning "Here," as follows. (Ee cannot be replaced in this case.) T .;,. T
Teacher: :A � A. � lv ? Sumisu san?
Student: kl:v)o Hai
JV!r. Smith?
Here.
t5c·91J'� Soo desu ka acknowledges that you have understood what
was just said. "Is that so?" or "I see."
Pronunciation of let� The particle �j: is pronounced "zva," not "ha." It
should be written with �i. All other instances of "zva" are written with b.
b t.:. l,. O) -c·�n �i� .::· ? kt 37-8667-c·-to Watashi no denwa bangoo wa san nana no hachi roku roku nana desu. My telephone number is 37-8667.
There are a few exceptions, such as konnichiwa (good afternoon) and
konbanwa (good evening). They are usually written with .:: � �;: iS �;!: and .::
lv �i � �;!: .
Numbers ..,. Many number words have more than one pronunciation. Refer
to the table at the end of this book for a general picture.
-t! 6 0 -li o and tu,> are both commonly used.
1 J.... > i? , but pronounced as J.... > -:J in 1,. > -:J l�/v (one minute) and J.... > -:J �
J.... > (one-year old).
2 �;: all the time. When you are reading out each digit separately,
as when you give your phone number, it may be pronounced with
a long vowel, as �: J.... > .
3 � lv all the time. The part that follows it may change shape, as
in � �.1:./v, instead of � lvl-,. /v.
4 J: lv is the most basic, but fourth-year student is J: blv-tt-V > and
four o'clock is J: C . In some combinations that we will later
learn, it is read as G (as in l,iJ)-:::>, April). The part that follows
this number may change shape too, as in J: lv.l:.lv.
5 .::-· all the time. When read out separately, it may be pronounced
with a long vowel, as .::·· ? .
6 ? < , but pronounced as ? -::> in ? -:J .1:./v.
7 t:t t:t is the most basic, but seven o'clock is L. iS C .
8 �;!: iS , but usually pronounced as �;!: -::> in �;!: -::J .1:./v and �;!: -:J � v> .
9 � �� ? is the most basic, but nine o'clock is < C .
10 C @> ? , but pronounced as C 19> -::> in C @> -::> .lP� and C 19> -:J � J.... > .
Giving one's telephone number ..,. The particle no is usually placed in
between the local exchange code and the last four digits. Therefore, the
number 012-345-6789 is zero ichi ni, san yon go no, roku nana hachi kyuu.
itJvitl. \ ..,. The word sensee is usually reserved for describing somebody
else's occupation. Watashi wa sensee desu makes sense, but may sound
slightly arrogant, because the word sensee actually means an "honorable
master." If you (or a member of your family) are a teacher, and if you want
to be really modest, you can use the word kyooshi instead.
<!" Jv ..,. San is placed after a name as a generic title. It goes both with a given
name and a family name. Children are referred to as chan (and boys in
particular as kun), rather than as san. Professors and doctors are usually
referred to with the title sensee. San and other title words are ne,·er used in
reference to oneself.
Referring to the person you are talking to � The word for "you," anata, is
not Yery commonly used in Japanese. Instead, \Ye use the name and a title
like san and sensee to refer to the person you are talking to. Therefore, a
sentence like "Ms. Hart, are you Swedish?" should be: �� � � + � � - � /\ - � � /v (j: j 7 .X. 2jc-:;.,t I_; /v "t"'TiPo Haato san wa sueedenjin desu ka.
-r ;t "- C' "" I� h 1: instead of �\- t- � lv,
Haato san, � i:t t.: �j: 'A ? .:r. - 7/ t; !v "C'TiPo anata wa sueedenjin desu ka.
Japanese names � \Vhen Japanese giYe their name, they say their family
name first and giYen name last. Gsually, they don't haYe middle names.
When they introduce themselves, they often say only their family name.
Here are some typical Japanese names.
Family name Given name
Men vVomen
� C: -j U' � G � -5 .: Sa too Hiroshi Yuuko
-t'f � 1,. :::. 1:;, � ? lb <• lJ. Suzuki lchiroo Megumi
t..: h�tj: L, �t lv t; < O'J. C: Takahashi Kenji Kumiko
t..: i;t iJ) �� -j � i:ttalJ. Tanaka Yuuki Naomi
1,. :::. t -3 * � u' � � J: -3 .:: I too Masahiro Kyooko
P r a c t c e
(D-y-5 v (Numbers)
1f ;, 0 -li o / tv " \
zero ree
... \ "l? I I t ..P 7 '1f \ l? ichi juuichi
2 t: 1 2 t � 7 t : n i juuni
3 � ,{, 1 3 t vp 7 � ,Z, san juusan
4 J:: ,Z,/ L / ( J: ) 1 4 t vp 7 J:: ,Z,/ t tP 7 L yon shi (yo) juuyon juushi
5 _,,
1 5 t 11> 7 .:" '-
go juugo
6 � < 1 6 t l1> 7 � < roku juuroku
7 � �/ L l? 1 7 L' 11> 7 � � / t 11> 7 L "l? nan a shichi juunana juushichi
8 t.l "l? 1 8 t 11> 7 tj "l? hachi juuhachi
9 � 11> 7 / \ 1 9 L l1> 7 � 11> 7 / t 11> 7 < kyuu ku juukyuu juuku
1 0 L l1> 7 20 t : t 11> 7 juu nijuu
A. Read the following numbers. @)
(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d)
(f) 8 (g) 2 (h) 6 ( i ) 4
B. Read the following numbers. @)
(a) 45
(f) I 00
(b) 83
(g) 38
(c) I 9
(h) 6 1
C. What are the answers? 8J
(d) 76
( i ) 24
(e) 1 0
( j ) 3
(e) 52
( j ) 97
30 � ,Z, t � 7 sanjuu
40 .J:: ,Z, t \1> 7 yonjuu
50 .:_'' t 11> 7 gojuu
60 � \ t tP 7 rokujuu
70 � � t l1> 7 nanajuu
80 t.l "l? t 11> 7 hachijuu
90 � 11> 7 L I1> 7 kyuujuu
1 00 U' � \ hyaku
(a) 5 + 3 (b) 9 + I (c) 3 + 4 (d) 6 - 6 (e) 1 0 + 9 ( f) 8-7 (g) 40 -25
Eill
0 u1J'Iv (Time)
~ OJ C9 \ d ; t t : t � � t
ichiji niji sanji
CD 0 0 7:> < t L i? t Li i? t
rokuji shichij i hachiji
~ C) l: vp ") \ \ i? t t Vi> ") t : t
juuichiji juuni j i
C9 CD l t =� t yoji goji
< t t vp -J t kuji juuji
(] \ \ i? t t;i �
ichij i han
A. Look at the following pictures and answer the questions. ED
Example:
(1)
Q : \. \ � � � l: "'(' TIJ� o lma nanji desu ka.
A : \ \ i? t tJ � ·e-to lchiji han desu.
(2)
(C) ------ e) (4) (5)
Q) co
Ex.(] (3)
0)" (6)
Q
B. Answer the questions. 6J
Tookyoo wa ima nanji desu ka.
A · ::�-lf lv � lv l' --c·-t o
0
Gozen sanji desu.
3. Nairobi 9 : 00 P.M.
@ cfvt>(�fv25 (Telephone Numbers) A. Read the following people's telephone numbers. 8J
Example: � � L t::. 283-9547 � t : tj 1? � /v t7) � IP -) ::·· .,t lv tJ: tJ:
1 .
2.
3 .
4 .
Yamashita
;/) ;, ') , , ;l 7 1) - 951-0326 Mearii
t::. �t L 362-4519 Takeshi T � 7-. - 691-4236 Suu 7, If i> 1::: o ; \'- r 852-1032 Robaato
ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana
B. Pair Work-Read the dialogue below with your partner. till)
Denwa bangoo wa nan desu ka.
B : 283-9547 "C" T o Ni hachi san no kyuu go yon nana desu.
A 283-9547"'C''Ttlo N i hachi san n o kyuu go yon nana desu ne.
B lj v \ , .f -J --c---t o Hai, sao desu.
C. Group Work-Use the dialogue above and ask three classmates their telephone
numbers.
name telephone number
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
® (: (�fu C.(J) jj' < ttL\
Translate the following phrases into Japanese using (]) (no) . ED
Example: student of the Japanese language � t : t i A..t :::..'' tJ) h { < -tt 'v \ nihongo no gakusee
1 . my teacher 2 . my telephone number
3 . my name 4 . Takeshi's major
5 . Mary's friend 6 . student of the University of London
7 . teacher of the Japanese language 8 . high school teacher
Look at the chart on the next page and describe each person using the cues
in (a) through (e). ED -r � ;'> i! ;, 1::
1 . f::. t t L � A..t 2 . ;z - � A..t 3 . D J \ - � � h.t 4 . � � L f::. -tt A..t -tt v \ Takeshi san Suu san Robaato san Yamashita sensee
(a) national ity /1) ;, '1 , , it) ;, '1 , , ;, "' � lr
Example: /- 7 l) - � A..t � /- T 1) - � h.t tj 7 .7- 1) n t A..t --c---t o Mearii san Mearii san wa amerikajin desu.
(b) year in school &!) i> l . \ *"> h ') � \
E 1 ..1 7 1) � I � ..1 7 1) - � I tj I : � I � \- \ __,.,, --:f- 0 xamp e: /' - ... IV /' - IV � ifcol iV� 1.. 'J Mearii san Mearii san wa ninensee desu.
(c) age 1/) 1> 'J \, \ ;, ;, '} l \
Example: ;l 7 1) - � lv � ;l 7 1) - � lv U: t I'P "7 � I'P "7 � \. '"C'' T o
(d) school
Mearii san Mearii san wa juukyuu sai desu.
"' ;, ') , , "' ;, ? , , ;, ? ·'<" '-: Example: ;l 7 1) - � lv � ;l 7 1) - � lv t.;i 7 1) '/-}- t::· ._. ,h� < (J)
(e) major
Mearii san Mearii san wa
h� < -1t "' ' --c-- -t o gakusee desu.
"' ;, ') , , "' ;, ? , ,
Arizona daigaku no
Example: ;l 7 1) - � lv � ;l 7 1) - � lv (J) -1:t lv t lv t.;i t: ti lv .:.-- --c-- -t o Mearii san Mearii san no senmon wa nihongo desu.
Hart, Mary Kimura Takeshi Kim, Sue Smith, Robert
Korean British Nationality American Japanese (f;•/v :.. < 1.:' .Z,) ( 1 f 1) J. 1.:' At)
kankokujin igirisujin
Year 2nd year 4th year 3rd year 4th year
Age 19 22 20 22
School U. of Arizona Tozai Univ. Seoul Univ. U. of London
history COI?;lP�t�r. business Major Japanese en � L ) � /... .., ·� , ,; n U' t: "' .,.
(:J / 1:' .2 - .1 -) ( 1::' :; * ;z) rekishi konpyuutaa bijinesu
B. Pair Work-Ask and answer questions using the given cues.
"' ;, ? l ' ;, ,., ? b· Example 1 : ;l 7 1) - � lv / 7 ;l 1) iJ t lv
Mearii san amerikajin n 4;. ? , , ;, ,., � lr
o · ;� 7 1) - � 1v t.;t 7 ;� 1) t.; t lv --c·-th'o Mearii san wa
A it it , -t "7 --c---r o Ee, soo desu.
amerikajin desu ka.
Yamashita sensee
Japanese
47
Tozai Univ.
(Japanese teacher)
n n �
Example 2: _I 7 1) - � lv / � lv b lv -tt '-< \ Mearii san sannensee
Mearii san wa sannensee desu ka.
A · '-< " '-< " � , t : b lv -tt �t \ -z-- -to
Mearii san
Mearii san
Takeshi san
lie, ninensee desu.
Arizona daigaku no
ichinensee
nihonjin
gakusee
Takeshi san Nihon daigaku no gakusee
Takeshi san juukyuusai i" 1 i" t. t. � /...
6 . A - � lv/ A ry .:r. -7' / t lv Suu san sueedenjin T .;
7 . A - � lv 0 -tt lv t lv / t t '-< " �-- '-< " (economics) Suu san no senmon keezai � � � � � L � T
8 . o F ,._ � � /v eT) -tt lv t lv / t:' :; i, A Robaato san no senmon bijinesu ;, I;· i> 1::
9 . 0 /" \-- � � lv / J: ;b. /v {t 'v \ Robaato san yonensee 1, 1.r � �
10. 0 l '\'- � � lv / t : t rp 1 '-< \ "'? � '-< \ Robaato san nijuuissai
Yamashita sensee nihonjin
Yamashita sensee Hawai daigaku no
@ a5 C: 5 �fv{� i.J'L' l.J t-' L 'fv c9
sen see
A. Look at the chart below and describe each person with regard to (a) and (b). tillJ
1 . }; tJ' ch � lv 2 . ;f:; t : �t \ � lv 3 . '-< \ t 1 � okaasan oniisan
(a) occupation/ school
Example: }; � 1 � lv �
otoosan
i mooto
.., ;, � l '
_� 7 1J - � lv (1) ;F:; � 1 � lv t.;t 1J, �t " L � " " lv --c-- -to Mearii san no otoosan wa kaishain desu.
(b) age &') /) II \\
Example: }; � � :: A,; � _?( 7 1) - :: A,; 0) b � � :: A,; U: l A,; t IP � ll '? :: � '"C''T o otoosan Mearii san no otoosan wa yonjuuhassai desu.
Mary's host family
}; � ') :: � }; i;• J1J :: � otoosan okaasan
(father) (mother)
n' "' ' L � "' ' � L 1-P .. ). Occupation/ kaishain shufu
School (works for (housewife) a company)
Age 48 45
B. Answer the questions using the chart above.
1 . }; � ') :: � 1.! iJ • I_, \ l � 1_, \ � "('TiJ'o Otoosan w a kaishain desu ka.
2 . }; � ') � � t.! � � � \- \ "("T iJ'o Otoosan wa nansai desu ka.
3 . }; i; • J1J � � t.! -tt �-tt " \ --c··-t i; • 0 Okaasan wa sensee desu ka.
4 . }; i;• J1J � � t.! � � :: \- \ "("T IJ'o Okaasan wa nansai desu ka.
5 . ;b t : \- \ :: � t.! iJ' " ' L � " ' � --c--tiJ·o Oniisan wa kaishain desu ka.
6 . ;b t: \- \ :: � t.! � � :: 1_, \ "('' T iJ'o Oniisan wa nansai desu ka.
7 . \- \ t ') � t.! t.:· " \ iJ>' < -tt \- \ --c·· -t i;• 0 lmooto wa daigakusee desu ka.
8 . \- \ t ') � t.! � � :: 1_, \ "('' TiJ'o l m ooto wa nansai desu ka.
}; t : � , :: � 1_, \ t ') � oniisan imooto
(elder brother) (younger sister)
t.:·� \I;>'< � \A,; -I!-� \ .: ') .: ') -t!:- 1.- \ daigakuinsee kookoosee
(graduate (high school student) student)
23 16
� * clt.J(J) nfv u � 5 (Review Exercises)
A. Class Activity-Ask five classmates questions and fil l in the chart below.
Example questions:
• 1? 7j .i i.. U: ? C\Yhat is your name?) Onamae wa?
• t:'' -:: n' I? � .i L f: iJ' o (\Yhere do you come from?) Doko kara kimashita ka.
· L _::'' t: (occupation) tj � ;\.; "'(' Tn'o Shigoto wa nan desu ka.
· ij ,4.; tl ,4.; -tt '- \ --r, T iJ, o annensee desu ka.
• 7j ;\.; � I. \ "'('' T n'o Nansai desu ka.
Senmon wa nan desu ka.
t\ame Nationality Occupation/
School
B. Self-introduction-Introduce yourself to the class.
Example:
Age
.,., ;, ry ' ' !.i. ;;. I: tj l.: � .i L --c o � 7 1) -
• / " - r "'('To Hajimemashite. Mearii Haato desu. n 'l .:r· �· 7 1) '/-T t::' l. \n� < � -I:J{ < -t!- �t \"'(''To lt \ .i Arizona daigaku no gakusee desu. I rna
ninensee desu . Senmon wa nihongo desu.
]uukyuusai desu. Doozo yoroshiku.
Major, etc.
C. Class Activity-Ask your classmates what their majors are, and find someone
who has the following major.
Senmon wa nan desu ka.
A : t: t.i lv ::--"'C' T o Nihongo desu.
name
1 . Japanese
2. econom1cs
3 . English
4 . history
;:> . business
I A g e
Time
hours
'- \ i? L ichiji
2 t : L 2 niji
3 � ,Z, L 3 sanji
4 J: L 4 yoji
5 .:·· c 5 goji ..
6 .; < t 6 rokuji
7 L i? L 7 shichiji
8 tJ: i? L 8 hachiji
9 < L 9 kuji
1 0 L � -7 L 1 0 juuji
I I L � -) �.- \ i? t juuichiji
1 2 L f1> -7 � = t juuniji
Nansai desu ka.
minutes
'. \ ""? --� : ,.\., ippun
t: .. ). lv nifun
� ,.\., '•,Z, - ..,...):a san pun
J: ,.\., "'�: ,.\., yonpun �-- ' lv '-- .,...) � gofun
.; ""? .-�: ,.\., roppun
ij: ij: .. ) ' ,.\., nanafun
tj: ""? .-) : ,.\., / tj: i? .-). ,.\., happun hachifun
� \1) -) .-). ,.\., kyuufun
L ¥P -? .-): ,z, juppun
Oikutsu desu ka.
I I
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
30
L ¥P -7 '- \ ""? .-�: ,z, juuippun
L ¥P -) t: .. ;. ,z, juunifun
L ¥P -7 � ,.\., ' •,Z, ..._ .... )� juusanpun
L ¥P -7 J: ,z, .. ;: ,z, juuyonpun
L ¥P -7 .:·· .. �. ,z, juugofun
L' ¥P -7 .; ""? .. ;: ,z, juuroppun
L' ¥P -7 ij: ij: "';, ,z, juunanafun
L' ¥P -) tj: ""? .. ; : ,.\., / juuhappun
L' ¥P -) ti i? .-L ,Z, juuhachifun
l' \1) -) � \1) -) .-). ,.\., j uukyuufun
�= t � --:> "'�� ,z, nijuppun
� ,Z, L ' • ,Z, � f1> ""? .-)' sanjuppun
The counter suffix ""' � " ' is used to indicate "-years old."
\, \ -? � '. \ 5 :: � " \ 9 � f'P J � I, \ issai gosai kyuusai
2 t : � " \ 6 .; < � I, \ 1 0 l' f-P -? � 1, \ nisai rokusai jussai
3 :: lv � \, \ 7 ij: ij: � \, \ I I t f1> -) \, \ ""? � I, \ sansai nanasai juuissai
4 J: ,Z, � \. \ 8 tj: ""? :: 1,. \ 20 tj: f.: i? * yonsai hassai hatachi
*For 20 years old, li t:= � (lzatachi) is usually used, although I: l "" -? � " ' (nijussai) can be used.
..
� ��� L E S s
7'J\l \=50) Shopping
D a 0 g u
{!) Mary goes to a flea market.
� � 'l \ l , ;l 7 1) - : T ;;.;. � -1:t !vo .: n t.i �., \ < G ---c·· ""t�J·o
Mearii
2 ;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C. Mise no hito "' h ry , ,
3 � 7 1) - :
Sumimasen. Kore wa ikura desu ka.
-t n t.i � !v -tr 1v ;Z 1v ---c··"T 0 Sore wa sanzen en desu.
0 N .............................. 2� e
Mearii Takai desu ne. )a a, ano tokee wa ikura desu ka.
4 ;;.;. -1:t � V' 'C. � n t.i � !v�!v ::: v "(=> < ;Z !v ---c··""to Mise no hito V> I> ') \ '
5 ;l 7 1) - : Mea rii
Are wa sanzengohyaku en desu.
Soo desu ka. Are mo takai desu ne.
6 ;;.;. 4:1: � V' 'C. • .:: n t .1 4:1: 1v u ""? lf "(=> < ;Z 1v ---c·· _, J: o Mise no hito Kore wa senhappyaku en desu yo. "' J, 'J . '
7 ;l 7 1) - : Mearii )a a, sono tokee o kudasai.
* *
A man finds a wallet on the ground.
a L G � \ \ Yf 'C .:: n t.i t=·n � � 1., \ ,..�. ---c··""tiJ·o Shiranai hito Kore wa dare no saifu desu ka. "' h ry · '
9 ;l 7 1) - : b t::. L � � �., \ ,..L "('To Mearii Watashi no saifu desu.
� ry 1.7 ,_- c::. 7 .::·· �-· '"' \ :i To Arigatoo gozaimasu .
*
([) After shopping, Mary goes to a restaurant.
"i .:t .:t r it T .,, .: ., 7 7 .x. - r v 7-. '- \ G ""? L "(=> '- \ � -1:t o � -=- ..:2. - � c::.·· 7 -t· o Ueetoresu lrasshaimase. Menyuu o doozo.
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
Mearii 1 � � c:: �·t T
Doomo. Kore wa nan desu ka.
7 :r... - r v A c-· n -z-- -t h, 0 ib ib , c 1v h, "":) -z-- -t 0 Ueetoresu � � '} � " ;( 7 1) -
Mearii -j ;( ;t � .fl. -;-
Dare desu ka. Aa, tonkatsu desu.
C /v -IJ• --:J ? � h' � "'(''Th'o Tonkatsu? Sakana desu ka.
7 J... - r v A . '. \ '. \ ,Z ' � h' � t � ;b ry � -\t lv o t : < "'(''T 0 ;b '. \ L '. \ "'("T J: 0 Ueetoresu
;( 7 1) - .
Mearii
*
lie,
)a a,
sakana ja arimasen.
kore o onegaishimasu.
Niku desu.
Mearii Sumimasen, otearai wa doko desu ka. j i._ ;( t' .tt -t
7 :r... - r v A ib :C :. -z-- -to Ueetoresu Asoko desu.
Mary: Excuse me. Ho\Y much is this?
Vendor: It is 3,000 yen.
Mary: It's expensive. \Yell then, how much is that watch?
Vendor: That is 3,500 yen.
Mary: I see. That is expensive, too.
Vendor: This is 1,800 yen.
Mary: Then, I'll take that watch.
* *
Stranger: Whose wallet is this?
Mary: It's my wallet. Thank you Yery much.
vVaitress: Welcome. Here's the menu.
Mary: Thank you. \Vhat is this?
Waitress: Which one? Oh, it is tonkatsu (pork cutlet).
Mary: Tonkatsu? Is it fish?
\;I,T aitress: No, it is not fish. It is meat. It is delicious.
Mary: Then, I'll have this.
* * *
Mary: Excuse me. Where is the restroom?
Waitress: I t is over there.
Oishii desu yo.
v W o r d s
* .: n
* � ft * ;b ft, * �--n
.: C') * � CT) * ;b cr)
�--CT)
* ;b � .: * �· .:
* t=.'fl,
F o o d
* J? �, , L �, , * � 1.1 - � * � !v ii•--?
* t : < * ;;( =- ::L -
;, 1: .. i � � I, \
T h i n g s
i lv l!--?
1.1· � 'h·tJiv ( --?
:;; - / ;(' L I ' "' -r t l .J: t "C iv l � L /v ,):/v
7 - / * � tt l, \
r v - -T -I:: It .t �o: ;,
0
T h a t
t� fv c a
p 0
kore
sore
are
dare
kono
so no
a no
dono
asoko
b n
doko
dare
oishi i
sa kana
ton katsu
niku
menyuu
yasai
enpitsu
kasa
kaban
kutsu
saifu
j i inzu
jisho
jitensha
shinbun
teepu
tokee
toreen aa
t
* Words that appear in the dialogue
u a r y
this one
that one
that one (over there)
which one
this . . .
that . . .
that . . . (over there)
which . . .
over there
where
who
delicious
fish
pork cutlet
meat
menu
vegetable
pencil
umbrella
bag
shoes
wallet
jeans
dictionary
bicycle
newspaper
tape
watch; clock
sweat shirt
J - �
P I a c e s
* }.; "'( if:> � \ \
� -? � "'C A..,
':}' h., :. -7 � L J: n· ,Z,
11> -? lf ,Z, � J: <
C o u n t r i e s
I ;J. 1) tJ ;, n � lr 1 �- 1) :7-. ' ' � � T IJ· Iv :. <
t_, V)l -7 :.·· < M a j o r s
tt \, \ �-· �, \
:J / t.o .:J.. - 7 -: A. r/ ,� "i t- J;. t.' � ;:t- A. :,o: l' n T n � L
F a m i l y
}.; 1J ' if:> � A, }.; � "J � ,Z,
M 0 n e y * \, \ < �
* � x. lv * t::. tJ' \, \
M a t t
E x p r e s s i o n s
* " ' � -? L � " ' .;t -tt * (� � ) J::;;tJ.n"" 'L.iT * ( � � ) < t:.· � \ \
* L � ib
* (""' � ) �-- -7 ·F * �-· -? t
nooto
pen
boos h i hon
otearai
kissaten
ginkoo
tos hokan
yuubinkyoku
Am erika
lgirisu
Kankoku
Ch uugoku
keezai
konpyuutaa
bij inesu
rekishi
okaasan
otoosan
e r s
ikura
. . . en
takai
irasshaimase
notebook
pen
hat; cap
book
restroom
cafe bank
library post office
U.S.A.
Britain Korea
China
economics
computer
business
history
mother
father
how much
. . . yen
expensive
Welcome (to our store)
( . . . o) onegaishimasu . . . , please.
( . . . o) kudasai Please giye me . . .
jaa
( . . . o) doozo
doomo
then . . . ; if that is the
case, . . .
Here it is.
Thank you.
G r a m m a r
What do we do when we want to talk about things that we do not know the names of?
We say "this thing," "that one," and so forth. In Japanese, \Ve use kore, sore, and are.
= n u: \, \ < � -·c--tn'o Kore wa ikura desu ka .
.C n Lt :: A.t -tf A.t X. A.t --c--To Sore wa sanzen en desu.
How much is this?
That is 3, 000 yen.
Kore refers to a thing that is close to you, the speaker (" this thing here"). Sore is
something that is close to the person you are talking to ("that thing in front of you"), and
are refers to a thing that is neither close to the speaker nor the listener ("that one over
there").
"' /...,
.--: /..., &�; n tj: h t::. L o:> ...-..::. / --c-- -t o Are wa watashi no pen desu.
.--: /...,
= n tj: b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c---t o .C n tj: b t::. L o:> ...-..::. :,.- --c---t o Kore wa watashi no pen desu. Sore wa watashi no pen desu.
There is also an expression dore for "which." Here we \Yill learn to use dore in sentences
like:
t''n "'C"Tn'o Which one is it (that you are talking about)? Dore desu ka.
In this lesson, \\·e \Yill not explore the full extent to \Yhich the \\·ord dare can be put to use,
because there is a slight complication \Yith question \Yards like dare. Question v.rords like
dare and naui cannot be follo"·ed by the particle wa. Instead, you must use the particle
ga and say:
" h. (::''ft. h � � 1j: t: 0 "'"' / "{'' -t h > 0 Trhiclz one is your pen? Dore ga anata no pen desu ka.
0 'Z.(J)/t(J)/'®(J)/ c.'(J) + noun
If you want to be slightly more specific than kore, sore, and are, you can use kono, sono,
and ana together with a noun. (Note here that the re series must always stand alone,
while the no series must ahyays be follo\Yed by a noun.) Thus, if you know that the item
in your hand is a \Yatch (tokee), instead of:
-= n tt \, \ < b "{''-th·o Kore wa ikura desu ka.
you can say:
Kono tokee wa ikura desu ka.
How much is this?
How much is this watch?
Similarly, if you are talking about a \Yatch that is held by the person you are talking to,
you can say:
That watch is 3, 000 yen. Sono tokee wa sanzen en desu.
And if the watch is far from both the speaker and lhe lislener, you can say:
That watch over there is 3,500 yen. Ano tokee wa sanzengohyaku en desu.
If you already know that one of several watches is 3,500 yen but do not know which, you
can say:
Which watch is 3, 500 yen? Dono tokee ga sanzengohyaku en desu ka.
Since dono is a question word, just like dare discussed above, we cannot use the particle
wa with it; we must use ga.
To summarize:
z: n Clet-)
-ttL (let-)
®n Clet-)
c:n CtJ-)
0 t::fLO) noun
Z:(J) noun
-t(J) noun
®(J) noun
c(J) noun
(let-) close to the person speaking
(let-) close to the person listening
(let-) far from both people
(1J''-) unknown
In Lesson 1 , we learned how to say things like Mearii san no denwa bangoo (Mary's
phone number) and Takeshi san no okaasan (Takeshi's mother). vVe now learn how to
ask who something belongs to. The question word for "who" is dare, and for "whose,"
we simply add the particle no.
-= n tJ: t::-n C1) �.�, t.f 1v --c--i" �.�, 0 Kore wa dare no kaban desu ka.
Whose bag is this?
D
-t 1 f n tJ: ;z_ - :: 1v 0 n' tJ'Iv--c--i"o Sore wa Suu san no kaban desu.
That is Sue's bag.
Vv e will learn j ust one more ko-so-a-do set in this lesson: koko, soko, asoko, and doko are
words for places .
...,.. ...,.. (._ (._ here, near me
there, near you
over there
where
You can ask for directions by saying:
Sumimasen, yuubinkyoku wa doko desu ka. Excuse me, where is the post office?
If you are close by, you can point toword the post office and say:
(The post office is) right over there. (Yuubinkyoku wa) asoko desu.
We will learn how to give more specific directions in Lesson 4.
0 noun =5 In Lesson 1, \Ye learned how to say '·Item A is this, item B is that." \Ye now learn how
to say "Item A is this, and item B is lhis, Loo."
Takeshi san wa nihonjin desu.
h. t? ::. � h., t t : t i h., t h., "(•' ""t 0 Michiko san mo nihonjin desu.
Takeslzi is a Japanese person.
J1ichiko is Japanese, too.
Note that these two sentences are almost identical in shape. This is natural, as they both
claim that a certain person is Japanese. The second sentence, however, is different from
the first in that \Ye do not find the particle wa in it. \Ye have mo instead. Jl!Jo is a particle
that indicates that that item, too, has the given property. One thing that you should watch
out for is exactly "-here the particle is placed. In English, the \Yord "too" can be placed
after the sentence as a whole, as in the example above. Not so in Japanese. In the above
example, mo must directly follo''" J1iclziko san.
A let . B · =5 1'
two items
X c·9o X · c9o 1'
1 shared property
g noun Li � ® O �tt/v
A is X. B too is X.
To negate a statement of the form X zva Y desu, where Y is a noun, you replace desu
with ja a rimasen.2
� j f�.' � h., lj IJ� < -t!" \, \ L � J6 � j -t!" A.,o Yamada san wa gakusee ja arimasen.
Mr. Yamada is not a student.
1 We cannot use mo to describe a situation like the following: Our friend, Pat, has dual citizenship; Pat
is a Japanese, but at the same time. she is an American. To describe the second half of this situation,
'''e cannot say, Patto mo amerikajin desu, because the sentence would mean that Pat, in addition to
somebody that has been mentioned, is an American. leither can we say, Patto wa amerikajin mo desu.
(Japanese speakers would say, Pallo zva amerikajin demo arimasu.)
2 l n the dialogues, there are two sentences that end with desu, which call for special attention: Are mo
takai desu ne (That one too is expensiYe), and Oishii desu yo (It is delicious). These sentences cannot
be negated by replacing desu ·with ja arimasen, because takai and oislzii are not nouns. Are mo takai
ja arhnasen and oishii ja arimasen are therefore not grammatical. Instead, one would haYe to say
takaku arinwsen and oislziku arimasen. We will learn about the conjugation pattern of adjectives in
Lesson 5.
Ja in ja arimasen is a contraction of dewa. In written Japanese, the uncontracted form
is more common; thus, the above sentence more likely appears in writing as Yamada san
wa gakusee dewa arimasen.
affirmative: (X I�) Y c·9 o
negative: (X I�) Y l./ f.> ® � *itlvo
X is Y
X is not Y
Statements often end with the tags ne or yo, depending on the way the speaker views the
interaction with the listener. If the speaker is seeking the listener's confirmation or
agreement to what has been said, then ne ("right?") could be added.
') � \ l) - :: /v Cl) -lt /v t /v tj v)� /v l.J>' < "(' T tlo Rii san no senmon wa bungaku desu ne.
.: n tj t: < t � � � l -tt lv tlo Kore wa niku ja arimasen ne.
Ms. Lee, your major is literature, right?
This is not meat, is it?
Another particle, yo ("I tell you"), is added to a statement if the speaker wants to assure
the listener of what has been said. With yo added, a statement becomes an authoritative
decree.
� !v ;Q�-:::> tj :: ;Q� ij: t � � � � -tt lv J: 0 Tonkatsu wa sakana ja arimasen yo.
Let me assure you. "Tonkatsu " is not fish.
"t 7. "t ' ' "' � T A � A :: /vlj 1 .:f 1) A t lv "C''T J: o Sumisu san wa igirisujin desu yo.
(In case you 're wondering,} Mr. Smith is British.
�JR / - � E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s (�)\ V' J:5 l::f A.r \.i!)
(-�) < t.:<!L , .._. ( . . . o) kudasai is "Please giye me X." You can use it to
request (concrete) items in general.
(-�)<t:>�t.i'L Ho�*9 .._. ( . . . o) onegaishimasu too is a request for item X. When used to ask for a concrete ob.iect, ( . . . o) onef{aishimasu sounds
slightly more upscale than ( . . . o) kudasai. It is heard often when ordering
food at a restaurant ("I will haYe . . . ") . ( . . . o) onegaishimasu can also be
used to ask for "abstract objects," such as repairs, explanations, and
understanding.
(-�)c' -5 � .._. ( . . . o) doozo is used when an offer is made with respect to
item X. In the dialogue, the restaurant attendant uses it when she is about
to hand the menu to the customer. It may also be used when a person is
waiting for you to come forth with item X; a telephone operator, asking for
your name, would probably say Onamae o doozo . ( 0 is a politeness marker.
Therefore onamae is "your honorable name.")
On the pronunciation of number words .._. Note that the words for 300, 600, 800, 3,000 and 8,000 involve sound changes. "Counters" whose first sound is
h , like hyaku (hundred), generally change shape after 3, 6, and 8. Some
counters that begin with s, like sen (thousand), change shape after 3 and 8. Refer to the table at the end of the volume.
Big numbers .._. In addition to the digit markers for tens (juu), hundreds
( hyaku), and thousands (sen), which are found in Western languages as
well, Japanese uses the marker for tens of thousands (man). Thus 20,000, for
example, is niman ( =2 x 10,000), rather than nijuusen ( =20 x 1,000). 'While
the next unit marker in vVestern languages is one million, Japanese
describes that number as 100 x 10,000, that is, hyakuman .
More complicated numbers can be considered the sums of smaller
numbers, as in the following examples.
234,567 - 23 X 10,000 �� t.:: � -) � lv * lv (ni juusanman) -
4 X 1,000 J: lvitlv (yon sen)
5 X 100 ::··v � < (gohyaku)
6X 10 -? < t.:: � -3 (rokujuu)
7 l;t l;t (nana)
ttfvlJ�5 p r a
CD95 u (Numbers)
1 00 V' "'(=' < hyaku
200 � = V' "'(=' < nihyaku
300 � � if "'(=' < sanbyaku
400 l � V' "'(=' < yonhyaku
500 ::..·· u "'(=' < gohyaku
600 � � tf "'(=' < roppyaku
700 i;J. ij: V' "'(=' < nanahyaku
800 u. � tf "'(=' < happyaku
900 � 1-P -? V' "'(=' < kyuuhyaku
c
I , 000
2 , 000
3 , 000
4 , 000
5 , 000
6 , 000
7 , 000
8 , 000
9 , 000
t c e
* � sen
� = -1t � nisen
� �-1{� sanzen
J: � -\t � yon sen
::_''-1t � go sen
� < -1t � rokusen
i;J. i;J. -\t � nanasen
tj: � -1t � hassen
� !-P -? -1t � kyuusen
A. Read the following numbers. @)
(a) 34
(f ) 5 1 5
(k) 8 , 900
(b) 67
(g) 603
( 1 ) 35 , 000
(c) 83
(h) 850
(m) 64, 500
(d) 99
( i ) I , 300
(n) 92 , 340
1 0 , 000 \, \ i? l � ichiman
2 0 , 000 �: l � niman
3 0 , 000 � � l � san man
40 , 000 d: � l � yon man
5 0 , 000. ::_·' 1 � go man
6 0 , 000 � < l � rokuman
70 , 000 t:t t:t l � nanaman
80 , 000 l:J. "t? l � hachiman
90 , 000 � 1-P -? l � kyuuman
(e) 1 25
(j ) 3 , 400
B. Look at the pictures and answer how much the things are. @) � lv
Example: Q : � / tj: \ ' < � ··e -t h�o Pen wa ikura desu ka.
A : t.i t? t 11> -? ;Z. � --c-·-t o Hachijuu en desu.
@)
--.: h., Ex. � /
/ I ¥8o I
(4) t:i lv
1 ¥1,5oo 1
cs) -�;- tr 1v
1 ¥2o,ooo 1 '7) ;? t:
(12) / - �
(1) ;{_ lv 7.f-J
� I ¥5o I
- � �. .. ..... ��·
(5) 7 - 7°
tlfJfJ 1 ¥6oo 1
(9) l: L J:
1 ¥8,ooo 1 (13) tl' -J L
1 ¥2,soo 1
� 2 � ...
(2) -h' :: (3) L /v ,)� lv
1 ¥1 ,ooo 1 1 ¥110 1
(6) < -J (7) � �t \ \
&� 1 ¥3,5oo 1 1 ¥1o.ooo 1
t: · ' h., -t' (10) :; - / 7..'' (11) l: "C iv L �
1 ¥9,ooo 1
C. Pair Work-One of you looks at picture A and the other looks at picture B
(p. 50). (Don't look at the other picture.) Find out the price of al l items.
Enpitsu wa ikura desu ka.
Hyaku en desu.
8
Picture A
j¥1 ,2001 j¥36,0001 j¥10,oool
I ¥s,ooo 1
A. Items (1) through (6) are near you, and items (7) through (12) are near your friend. Your friend asks what these things are. Answer the questions. Pay attention to �n (kore) and trt (sore). @)
Example 1 : your friend : � n Li � lv i:'' T 1;� 0 Sore wa nan desu ka.
� /\-You : -: (ttj: """ / i:'' To
Kore wa pen desu.
Example 2: Your friend : .: (t tj: iJ iv i:''Th'o Kore wa nan desu ka.
t: .fl. ;( �· n You : � n tj: � v - -r - --c,--:r 0
Sore wa toreenaa desu .
Ex. 1
/
f�
Ex. 2 (?) tl#[J (� 6
(g)u
(1�� Friend
(2) �
�� You (6� B. Look at the picture and tell what each bui lding is. SJ
Are wa nan desu ka.
A : Gb n U: � L J: IJ· !v "C''To Are wa toshokan desu.
L i b .-a. ry 0 1:1 0 0 o o 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 D 0
o o Tozo.i o o o o Univer-sity o o
0 0 D 0 0 0
(1)
BANK
(2) (4)
C. Pair Work-Point out five things in the classroom and ask your partner what
they are using Z:;tt (kore), tft (sore), or �;tt (are). Refer to the picture on p. 53
for the vocabulary.
Example 1 : Example 2 :
A • Gb n u: ij: lv "('' -t h > 0 A ' f ;ft lj 7J: lv "('' -t h > 0 Are wa nan desu ka. Sore wa nan desu ka.
.-.: A-8 J1J n t;t � tt 1.. ' "{'·--to 8 .:: n t;t "" / "(' -t 0
Are wa tokee desu. Kore wa pen desu.
D. Pair Work-One of you looks at card A and the other looks at card 8 (p. 51). Ask
and answer questions to f ind out the price of each item. Use Z:O) (kono), t-0) (sono), or 650) (ana) appropriately.
Example: Customer : .:: 0) ti lv t;t 1.. ' \ G "C"T h· o Kono hon wa ikura desu ka.
Store attendant : t: -1:t lv V' � < ;t lv -z·· -;-o Nisen hyaku e n desu.
Card A
Ex. � ,-------'-,Je # /(5) , ¥2,100 r
Part I. You are a store attendant. Tell
the customer how much each item is.
Part II. You are a customer. Ask for the
prices ·of items (1)-(J).
Pair Work-Point at each item below (picture A) and ask whose it is. Your partner
wi l l refer to the picture 8 (p. 52) and tell you who it belongs to.
Example: A : .: n U: t:·n0 h' � --c·· -tn'o
Picture A
Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka. ,., 1: •
8 : ./- 7 1} - � /v O) -h ' � •'(-'To Mearii san no kasa desu.
(1) (2)
ca� (3) c w n (5) � Switch roles ''"ith your partner.
(6) (7)
&D @J 8 (8)
� �*t.:�Jv=B r;: ta=Jv l.lfvc9 Look at the pictures below and describe each picture. 6J
Example: Ex. Japanese Father Mother
Otoosan wa nihonjin desu.
Okaasan mo nihonjin desu.
(1) second year
Mary Tanaka
(2) ¥5,800 (3) 22-years old
Takeshi Robert
(4) � tt " \
0
I
(5) vegetable (6) U. of London students tokee
Robert
/1) ® � !,)
® � Y U -��� �� �� �� � � � � *tt� A. Look at the chart on the next page and answer the questions. @)
If> 3> ') \ '
Example: Q · ;J 7 1) - � ,.Z, t.;l: t: L I ,.Z, t ,.z, -r·-t�;�o Mearii san wa nihonjin desu ka.
lie, nihonjin ja arimasen.
Takeshi san wa chuugokujin desu ka.
7, l;f .n � j, V; ? ,. 2 . o r ,·- � � ..Z. t:i 7 ;; 1) 7J t ,.z, --c·· T �;� o
Robaato san wa amerikajin desu ka.
Yamashita sensee wa kankokujin desu ka.
7, l;f h �
4 . 0 / '\·- � � ,.Z, � -t!-,.Z, t ,.Z, t;i t : ti ,.Z, .:_''"(·'-f/;�0 Robaato san no senmon wa nihongo desu ka.
1" 1 5 . /Z - � A, � -tt" ,.Z, t ,.Z, tj tt \, \ �·· \, \ -{''T/;�0
Suu san no senmon wa keezai desu ka.
Takeshi san wa Toozai daigaku no gakusee desu ka.
Amerikajin desu.
� h q , , ;; /... c /... 7 . � 7 1) - :: � U: o / r·· / t:· " \-hi < r7J -h" < * " \ i:··-t n'o
Mearii san wa Rondon daigaku no
8 . t: tt L :: � t.:i t : h. � -tt ... \ ··c-·-tt; · o Takeshi san wa n inensee desu ka.
T -; 9 . A. - :: � t.:i " \ 1? h. � -tt- " \ -c··-t t;·o
Suu san wa ichinensee desu ka. ;; If h l:
10. O r \'- r :: � tj: J: b � -tl- \ \ '"C"T-h'o Robaato san wa yonensee desu ka.
Hart, Mary � <L' � t::. �t L Kimura Takeshi
Nationality American Japanese
School U. of Arizona Tozai Univ.
Major Japanese history
Year 2nd year -!-th year
gakusee desu ka.
Kim, Sue Smith, Robert
Korean British
Seoul Univ. U. of London
computer business
3rd year 4th year
� � L t:-l!-.0-lt�, Yamashita sensee
J apanese
Tozai Univ.
(Japanese teacher)
---------B. Pair Work-Ask your partner whose belongings items (1) through (7) are. Your
partner wi l l refer to the p icture on the next page and answer the questions .
Example:
(1)"
., h q , ,
A · .:: n t.:i � 7 1) - :: � r7J :: " \_.� . ... C"T-h'o Kore wa Mearii san no
n ;, ') \' saifu desu ka.
B · " \ " \ X.. , � 7 l) - :: � r7J :: " \ .. ) • t � � ry j -tt � o
Ex. (J lie,
A ' .:: n t.:i Kore wa
8 ' ;{_ ;{_ ' Ee,
(2)
�
Mearii san no saifu ja arimasen. q \' lJ - :: � (/) Rii san no
q \ ' l ) - :: � (/) Rii san no
� I, \ ' 1:•'1" -h· .._ .... �� 0 saifu desu ka.
� " \ , 1:··-r - ..... J ll 0 saifu desu.
(3)
' (4) (5)
� (6) (7)
� � � , , ? " ;l j l) - l) - l -) .:.
Mearii Rii Yooko
@ * cl1J(J) ftiv u � 5 (Review Exercises) A. Role Play-One student is a store attendant. The other is a customer. Use
Dialogue I as a model.
B. Role Play-One student is a waiter /waitress. The other student goes to a restaurant. Look at the menu below and order some food or drink, using Dialogue II as a model.
--c " ' L J: <
Af'!!!l
I> \' 1" < '> \' L· 7 1 '7-- 7 1) - L.
�=�-
l: ,, ? -t S/ .:z. - 'A
- �· . - n ..,
!" h. � \\ "? t, 1f / r-· 1 ·; 1-
li /.., If h h' h / \ / / \' - jf-
Pair Work CD C.�====================��������������==
Example: A : 7.. lv 7..f"'J Li \ ' < G i:''Th'o Enpitsu w a ikura desu ka.
Hyaku en desu.
Picture B
1 ¥3,7oo 1
1 ¥4,soo 1 I ¥9,ooo 1 1 ¥7,ooo 1
Pair Work (D D.��==::::::::::��==���======��======�==::::::::::====�
Example: Customer : .:: � ti lv l;i " \ < ?:, �C"T IJ'o
Card B
Kono hon wa ikura desu ka.
Store attendant : t ::: -tt lv U' � < .:t lv ""(·· To
Ex. (3)
Nisen hyaku en desu.
(1� ---�-
1 ¥7.3so 1 �#� 1 ¥2,1oo 1
Part I. You are a customer. Ask for the
price of items (1)-(5). Part II. You are a store attendant. Tell
the customer how much each item is.
Example: A · :: n tJ: t.:· n O) h' � i:''Th'o
Picture 8
-r � 7-. -Suu
Kore wa dare no kasa desu ka. � � ? � \
8 ;l 1 1) - � A.- 0) h' � ··e-r 0 Mearii san no kasa desu.
}!/) J; ') \ \ t::. tt L ;l / 1) -
Takes hi Mearii
7, I! J? t 0 / \· - r- � 1 L t:*lv*" '
Robaato Yamashita sensee
I n t h e C l a s s r o o m
.:. < l.f' A_, kokuban r v t·
terebi
keshigomu
tsukue
Useful Expressions
t-· ;, -;: /.., t; - j- / kaaten
.i �-· mado
I I
;f:d;• ry .i L f.: o ---------- 1 understand./! understood. Wakarimashita.
.f:J 7;• � .i -{t- h-o - ------- ! don't understand./! don't know . Wakarimasen.
I'P -? < � '- ' -? -z < t:.' � '- 'o ------ Please speak slowly. Yukkuri itte kudasai.
t -? '- ' t? �-· '- ' -? -z < t:.' � '- 'o ----- Please say it again. Moo ichido itte kudasai.
t? .J: -? � .i -? -z < t:.' � '- 'o ------ Please wait. Chotto matte kudasai.
(;e3a l t E s s o N .............................. 3') T- �O)m�5R Making a Date
-\':>< t-<
D a o g u e
(!) Mary and Takeshi are talking.
1 t: tt L : � 7 ') - � lv ... il! *- l;i f: I,. \ "( 1,. \M � L 1 Th'o L •-» "} J: -? �':
2 � 7 ') - : -c '? "C'' Tbo t: \. \ "( \. \ '? "t:, "'(''�5� L l To --c·· t , t: � t:'' � B*.@J � Jt l
3 To
-...:..{.._:: !-) .t \ \ I;• J-J.
4 f: tt L : -c J "(•' T h' "• • • • L � .;b , ± Bi 8 t : �@j � Jt l -\:t /v h'o
5 � 7 ') - : ± Hi 8 l;i t:, .;: -::> t: . . . . . . !::" .t 1 U'
� l: -; ! .. l ;t \ ' i;' ;,.
6 t: tt L : l: � .:b ... B llii B l;i �·· '? "C'' Th'o ! : ? .t 1 V'
([) On Sunday morning, at Mary's host family's.
1 � 7 'J - : B t;t l '? .:·· �-· �,- \ 1 To
2 ;b � � /v : ;b l;i J: 7 o _lf- 1,. \ "'('' T bo � A ��
3 � 7 ') - : .Z .Z , � 8 l.:i *�� t :1t � l To *�� --c··�w � Jt l To � .t -) =·.!: 1 t= \ \ ,:. . .t 1 t' it \ \ IJ' h.
4 B � � lv : I,. \ 1,. \ "('' Tb.o M* .:·· .; �;� ry l Th'o IrA >;.:,(, I: 1ht
5 � 7 ') - : Jt* ::.: .; "(•''t 0 < L
6 ;b � � /v : B)t .:·· l;i /v l;i ? IrA IH.
7 � 7 1) - : �""' l -lt /v o '=
s B � � lv : :C 7 "C''Th'o l: � it; , " \ --:) "C G -::> L � " \o
9 � 7 'J - : �,. \ -? --c � 1 To
Takeshi: :\Iary, what do you usually do on the "·eekend?
Mary: Let's see. I usually study at home. But I ometimes see moYies.
Takeshi: I see . . . then, "-ould �·ou like to see a moYie on Saturday?
:\Iary: Saturday is not a good day. (lit., Saturday is a little bit [ inconYenient] . . . )
Takeshi: Then, how about Sunday?
l\lary: That's fine.
:\Iary: Good morning.
Host mother: Good morning. You are early. aren't you?
Mary: Yes, I'm going to Kyoto today. I will see a moYie in Kyoto.
Host mother: Good . . -\round what time ,,-ill you come back?
l\Iary: Around nine.
Host mother: How about dinner?
Mary : I will not eat.
Host mother: I see. Well, ha,·e a nice dar.
l\Iary: Good-bye_
* t.:.fv
V o c a b N o u n s
Enterta inment and Sports * ;Z_ I. \ I,rt
j? A_, 1;>' < �- L - -?
:A ;f - '/ y-··- ]' j- :::. ;z. 7 v t:··
�::·· ::r-;;f Foods and Drinks
if:> � .::·· U: A_,
j? � tt
:t? t? f>
::1 - l:: -
* ti A_, .::·· (;;l: A_,
Pla ces 1,. \ .:{_
* � t?
L L ..::r..JL-.1:./V 1;>'-? .:: �
Time
.:: .z, tr .z,
* L !'P � .i --:::> * �·· J: � u· * t : t? J: � Zl
�@I 13� :/.t.Ro � ;fa o��
.fJH�rt&. :t?5�
j? >-t-/'K
1Jt1ifpi[
�{ifpi[
7�
�1!5t �* ±BI B
B ifili B
* Words that appear in the dialogue
u
;n: p �
2':
I a
movie
music
magazine
sports
r y
date (romantic, not calendar)
tennis
TV video tape; VCR
breakfast
sake; alcohol
green tea
coffee
dinner
hamburger
lunch
water
home; house
home; house; my place
language lab
school
morning
tomorrow
when
today
at about
tonight
weekend
Saturday
Sunday
j � q : "t -lii:- 8 .;1 \. \ (JA,. �l!Jt
u - v e r b s * \. \ < ff < * 1;• X. "6 1� "6
� < lllj < cry �· �k�' t.;l: 1j: -t �-t
J: <L' �� ��
R u - v e r b s j:; � "6 � � "6
* t=. """ "6 �""" � h. � :i_ "6
* h. � Ji "6
I r r e g u I a r v e r b s
< � *- "6 * -t � * ""' A,. � J: -? -t � SfH� -t -!>
A d j e c t i v e s * � \ � \
* l.;l:� � \ .!f. \. \
A d v e r b s J:i> .i � + negatiYe
-lf A-. -tf'A-. + negatiye �� * t=. � \ "'( \. \ ::k :m:. * i? J: -:> � * � � �-· � * /.(
J: <
E x p r e s s o n s * ;c -? "'(•' -t � * "'('' t * �-· -? "'(•' -t 1;'
eYery day
eYery night
to go (destination t : l ""-) to go back; to return
(destination t : I""-) to listen; to hear ("-' � )
to drink ("-' � ) to speak; to talk
(language � I "'C") to read ( "-' � )
to get up
to eat ("-' � )
to sleep; to go to sleep
to see; to look at; to watch
("-' � )
to come (destination t: I""-) to do ("-' � )
to �tudy ("-' � )
good
early
not much
not at all
usually
a little
sometimes ·
often; much
That's right. ; Let me see.
but
How about . . . ?; How is . . . ?
G r a m m a r
0 Verb Conjugation
Verbs in Japanese conjugate, or take various shapes. In this lesson, we learn three forms:
(1) the "dictionary forms," (2) the present tense affirmative forms, and (3) the present
tense negative forms.,
There are two kinds of verbs that follow regular conjugation
patterns, and an example of each is below.
verb bases
dictionary forms
present, affirmative
present, negative
stems
ru-verb
tabe
�"(.@ (to eat) �
�"'*9 �
�"'*ttlv �
�"' �
u-verb
ik
fj< (to go) �I
1jTI*9 �I
r:r�*ttlv �I
fj� �I
iz.......::: � belongs to the group of verbs called the " ru-verbs." Ru-verbs are so called, because t:
you add the suffix ru to the verb base (tabe, in the above example) to form the dictionary
form. For the two long forms we learn in this lesson, you simply add the suffixes masu
and masen, instead of ru, to the bases. V\Te learn four ru-verbs in this lesson:
Another major group of verbs is called the "u-verbs." The dictionary form of an u-verb
like it < can be broken down into the base (ik in the above example) and the suffix u . The , ,
long forms like 1t � � T and 1t � � -\t lv, then, are formed with the base plus suffixes , . l •
imasu and imasen. You may find the u-verb conjugations slightly more difficult than the
ru-verb conjugations, because of the extra vowel i. We learn six u-verbs in this lesson:
1t < I .Hi: , ,
1The use of the term "dictionary forms" is by no means restricted to listings in a dictionary. They also
appear in various constructions in actual sentences. We will learn their uses in later chapters. Don't be
misled by the names given to the long forms too; the "present tense" in Japanese can indicate both the
"present" and the "future." We will return to this issue in Section 2 below. For the moment, we will
concentrate on the forms, not the meaning of these Yerbs.
In later lessons, we "·ill haYe many opportunities to refer to the parts like iz� and .ff � , t:. \ •
which come before l T and l -1t lv in the long forms. For the sake of ease of reference, we
will call these parts (same as bases \Yith ru-Yerbs, and bases plus i with u-Yerbs) "stems."
In addition to ru-verbs and u-verbs, there are two "irregular verbs ." Note that the vowels
in their bases are different in the short (dictionary) forms and the long forms.
dictionary forms
present, affirmative
present, negative
stems
irregular verbs
9-Q (to do)
u*9 u*ttfv u
< -@ (to come)
�*9 �*iifv
These two verbs are also used to form compound verbs. In this lesson, we learn the verb
>'fM! T 6 , which conjugates just like the verb T 6 . .....;A...;.!.;
I t is important to remember which verb belongs to which conjugation class. I t is a good
idea, therefore, to memorize each verb as a set: instead of memorizing just the dictionary
form, try to memorize the dictionary form and the present tense affirmative, like .ff < -,, .ff � j T. This is especially important with verbs that end with the hiragana 6 , because
"
they may be irregular verbs like T 6 and < 6 , or ru-verbs, or u-verbs whose bases just
happen to end with the consonant r. If you know the verb classes and the rules that apply
to them, you know why it is wrong to say x Jt � l T and x ')\i l T.2
verb bases
long forms
stems
�.@ (= a ru-verb) h
mi
� lr i..
�m-@ (= an u-verb that ends with -@) ty.;<_
kaer
2Things are not as bad as you might expect after reading the above paragraph. The key lies in the second
from the last syllable in a dictionary form. The irregular verbs set aside, if you see the vowels a, o, or
u right before the final .; , you can be absolutely sure that they are u-verbs. (We have not learned any
such verbs yet.) Unfortunately for us, the logic does not follow in the other direction; there are ru-verbs
and u-verbs that have the Yowels i and e before the final ; . � ; has the vowel e before ; and is a "
ru-verb. ·�· ; , on the other hand, has the same sound sequence, but is an u-verb. h· ...
0 Verb Types and the "Present Tense"
In this lesson we learn about a dozen verbs that describe basic human actions. These are
often called "action verbs," and the "present tense" of these verbs either means (1) that
a person habitually or regularly engages in these activities, or (2) that a person will, or is
planning to, perform these activities in the future.
Habitual actions:
I often watch TV.
Future actions:
I will go to Kyoto tomorrow.
A - � !v tJ: � a � i? t : IJ� ry j: -1!- lvo Sue will not return home today. C. 1 i lr ;<_
0 Particles
Nouns used in sentences generally must be followed by particles, which indicate the
relations that the nouns bear to the verbs.3
In this lesson, we learn four particles: ·c, t : ,
"""'-, and � .
C The particle --c· indicates where the event described by the verb takes place. 4
I will read books in the library.
I will watch TV at home.
(;::: The particle t: has many meanings, but here we '"ill learn two: (1) the goal toward
which things move, and (2) the time at which an eYent takes place.
(1) goal of movement
I will not go to school today.
I will return home.
3ln spoken language, particles are often "dropped." "�e will learn more about such cases in Lesson 15. 4ln later lessons, we will be introduced to Yerbs that require particles other than "'(· to express location.
(2) time
I u·ill go to Kyoto on Sunday.
�-:� t : ;Jl J "fo ... . ;;., , .., .... 1-
I zcill go to bed at elaeu .
(Some time words stand alone. "\Yithout the particle 1: tagging along, "\Yhich "\Yill be
discussed in Section -! below.)
Approximate time references can be made by substituting :.·· � or :.· � 1: for 1 : . Thus,
+- * :.'' .; ( t : ) ;oc l -t 0 L Ill-_:,� \ !"� � 1'-
I will go to bed at about eleven.
� The particle """'-, too, indicates the goal of moYement. The sentences in (1) above there
fore can be rewritten using """'- instead of r : . Note that this particle is pronounced "e."
I will not go to school today.
I u:ill return home.
Note that """'- may replace the particle t : only in the goal-of-moYement sense. The particle
t: for time references and other uses. "\Yhich "·e "·ill learn about in later lessons, cannot
be so replaced.
� The particle � indicates "direct objects," the kind of things that are directly involved
in, or affected by, the eYent. �ote that this particle is pronounced "o ."
I dri11k coffee.
I listen to tapes.
I watch TV.
0 Time Reference
You need the particle t : "\Yith (1) the days of the week like "on Sunday," and (2) numerical
time expressions, like "at 10:42," and "in September."
T*Ia+.::. � t = � � l 'to t'l:>-1 1: ..t A....lt:Ji t: .; . .<, :.>
I will go on SzmdaJ•.
I get up at 10:42.
:fL � t : lJ* � j --r 0 I will go back in September. ( /;'-? I;· ;t
You do not use the particle � = with (1) time expressions defined relative to the present
moment, such as "today" and "tomorrow," (2) expressions describing regular intervals,
such as "every day," and (3) the word for "when."
I will come tomorrow.
I watch TV every evening.
When will you go?
You normally do not use t : with (1) the parts of a day, like "in the morning" and "at
night," and (2) the word for "weekend. " Unlike words like s L t: and .titlJ)t above, how· ! ... JJ\.
ever, these words are sometimes followed by � = . depending on styles, emphases, and
personal preferences.
I read the newspaper in the morning.
What will you do on weekends?
You can use .i -\t !v iJ · (= the present tense negative Yerb, plus the question particle) to
extend an invitation. It should be noted that its affirmative counterpart, .i TIJ>, cannot be
so used. Thus a sentence like � ::..·· t.i lv � "t""- l Th' can only be construed as a question,
not as an invitation.
� ::._'' l.± /v � 1;:� j -\t /v 'h' o [t <. to
1,. \ \. \ "C'' T Po
j- :::.. :A � L j -\t /v 'h'o
-J - /v , i? l ---:> C:: o
0 Word Order
:,• ;. t,
What do you say to having lunch with me?
Sounds great.
Will you pla31 tenn is with me?
Um, it's slightly (inconvenient for me at this moment).
Japanese sentences are fairly flexible in the arrangement of elements that appear in them.
Generally, sentences are made up of several noun-particle sequences followed by a verb
or an adjective, which in turn is often followed by a sentence-final particle such as 1.1', �.
or l . Among the noun-particle sequences, their relati,·e orders are to a large extent free.
A typical sentence, therefore, looks like the follO\Ying, but seYeral other arrangements of
noun-particle sequences are also possible.
�l di 4'- 8 �:ltg--c· 8 7.f.'-.� � ifa1� L j 'to hi..:L � .: .; !::: ...,. : :·;._ . : .! ;,... .: ""A- "" ·; topic time place object
- -Yerb
I will study Japanese in the library today.
J: < .ht.:L L :-� .... .-:;· .{ topic frequency time goal Yerb
I often go back lzome at around seven.
H Frequency Adverbs
You can add a frequency adYerb such as �.�, (even-day), l < (often), and � � �-· � (sometimes) to a sentence to describe how often you do something.
I sometimes go to a coffee shop.
In this lesson, we also learn two adverbs "·hich describe how infrequent an activity or an
event is; -tf �-1£ � (never; not at all) and Jr.> � ry (not often; not very much). These adverbs
anticipate the negatiYe at the end of the sentence. If you use -1f �-1£ lv or && � � , in other
words, you need to conclude the sentence with � -1t � -
I do not watch TV at all.
t:: tt L :?: 10 ti � 1 ry Jfa1� L j -\!- 10o Takeshi does not study much. -.:,{,�·.:"
a The Topic Particle (� As we saw in Lesson 1, the particle t.i presents the topic of one's utterance ("As for item
X, it is such that . . . "). I t puts forward the item that you want to talk about and comment
on. You may have noted that the topic phrases in sentences such as � 7 1) - � � t.i..:=.Sf� ;:, A-hA--Iti .
·r·-;- (Mary is a third-year student), and �t- cry..W.r, t.i E ;.f..'*-c··-t (My major is Japanese hf.:l �� t. h.. .: f!k .::
language), are the subjects of those sentences. A topic phrase, however, need not be the
subject of a sentence. \Ve see three sentences in the dialogue of this lesson where
nonsubject phrases are made topics with the help of the particle t.i.
Jl ; 1) - :?: 10� il! ;f:. ti t:: " \ "C \ \M � L 1 -t-h'o L�z;-, J ? �:t :
Mary, what do you usually do on the weekend?
� E tJ: *:li� t : ff � .1 To � .t "l �.ti � � \
I'm going to Kyoto today.
In the above two examples, t.l promotes time expressions as the topic of each sentence. Its
effects can be paraphrased like these: "Let's talk about weekends; what do you do on
weekends?" " Let me say what I will do today; I will go to Kyoto."
lDt ::_'' tJ: lv tJ: ? iz"'"' J: � /vo l .t k t:
How about dinner? I will not eat.
I n this example, t.± is used m directing the listener's attention and thereby inviting a
comment or completion of a sentence. You may also note that the broached topic, BJt ::..-· t.± .lh,
lv, does not stand in subject relation to the verb, but is rather its direct object.
�J.JI / - " E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s ffi O.ic51:ffv �
n < I*� .... When you move to a place where the hearer is, you say "I'm Ll <
coming." in English. However in the same situation, fL�i1T � i T is used in bt:l- "
Japanese. * � is a movement toward the place where the speaker is. 1-T < < \'
is a movement in a direction away from the speaker.
I 'm coming.
speaker's viewpoint
o c::l:: -::> C: ..,. i:> J: -:> t literally means "a little," "a bit, " "a small amount," as
in i:> J: -:> t < t.:: � 1.- > (Please give me a little) and i:> J: -:> t 1�-:> -r < f!_ � 1.- >
(Please wait for a moment). It is commonly used for a polite r�fusal. In this
case, it means "inconvenient," "impossible," and so on. Japanese people
don't normally reject requests, suggestions, or invitations with 1.- > I, > .:Z_ ( 1o),
because it sounds too direct.
Will you see a movie on Saturday,'?
Saturday is not convenient.
{lit., Saturday is a little bit.)
P r a c t c e
CD ��mc,�1J:�di*9 c '-' d: fJ'Iv l3:1v J;
A. Change the following verbs into -*9 and -*ttfv. @D
Example: t:: � .:f> � t:: � -J. T
t::. � -:f> � t::. � j -l:t A-
1 . 0) ;t· 2 . � < 3 . 7;;. -:f> --1 . T .:f> ;) . ti � T
6 . I, \ < 7 . < ; 8 . -/; > � .:f> 9 . tl .:f> 10 . J: iL' 1 1 . }; � � 12 . � h.- � J: '? T .:f>
B. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. @D (a) Add the appropriate verbs to the following direct objects.
(1) 7 - 7° (2) T ..=.. :A
library/2:00 L.L./4:30 school/Saturday McDonald' s/5: 00
(4) :1 - t - (5) 7 v t·· (6) 8 *� .: !!k :::
t \ " r-�----_--v
coffee shop/3:00 home/tonight college/ every day
(b) Add the place to the above sentences.
C. Look at the pictures below and make sentences using the cues. GJ
Example: go to the post office -
Ex. go to the post office (1) go to the library
1 : 00
(3) come to the coffee shop (4) return home
Sunday
-��·@
/,\ 5:30
(2) come to school
8:30
(5) return to the U. S.
tomorrow
D. Pair Work-Make questions, using verbs we have learned in this lesson.
Example: A : 0:$i'g'"(''��;t � �fth .i T IJ'o � l ! rrl. �.., L .!:
B : i._ i._ , �Jt h .i To / 1.. \ \r \ i._ , �Jt h .i -1t /0 o J: .t
E. Pair Work-Guessing game
Ask questions and find out the items your partner has chosen.
1 . Before you start, both of you "·ill choose one item in each row of the table
and mark it.
2 . In each ro\\·, using the Yerb and one of the four items, make a yes-or-no
question sentence and find out \Yhich item your partner has chosen.
3 . You can ask at most two questions with one verb. If you have guessed
correctly the item your partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner
will not giYe a\\·ay the right answer when you ask a wrong question.
4 . \Vhen you have asked questions about all the verbs in the table, switch roles
with your partner and anS\Yer their questions.
5 . Tabulate the score. You \Yin the game if you haYe scored higher than your
partner.
Example: A : �1X t : ;ft � l Tn'o /)' '? ::. � . '
B : \. ' \. ' .Z � 1t � l % ,Z,o
A : "��� -"1t � .i T n' o � .., :::- "(,.{. � \
B : t;± \. ' � 1t � l To (A guessed what B marked, therefore A won.)
"' �=tr !t � -t post office I school coffee shop I library
"' � � � .., TY I mone video I cartoon ( � A-. h'') '"'-' � 1kh � -t � sake I green tea water coffee
"' � �ith � -t book I newspaper magazine Japanese book
"' � L � -t date I study I telephone I tennis
01DJB�(���*97J' tJ.Iv l..i <13
A. Look at Mary's schedule and answer the following questions. BJ Mary's Schedule
7:30 A.M. get up
8:00 eat breakfast
8:30 g o to school
12:00 eat lunch
3:00 P.M. drink coffee
4:00 play tennis
5:00 go home
6:30 eat dinner
7:00 watch TV
8:00 study
11 :30 go to bed
1 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tjfPJ* t = � � � --JIJ•o lj:h- l: b
2 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tjfPJ* t : � ;fi l :-f'J � � --JI;•o '..' A- l: 6'? ::. i , ,
3 . ;J. 7 1 ) - � fv tjfPJ* t : � ::_'' (j fv � 1z""' � --Jh•o t.,:A- t: u ; t,
4 . ;J. Y 1) - � � lj-'fPJ* t: ::Z - C - � �;j. � Th'o ":A- l: 'l)
5 . ;!. 7 1) - � lv t:J:1PI* t= ") � t: 1}� 0 � 'Th'o l.th- l: /)';(_
6 . ;J. 7 1) - � � tjfPJ* t : � ;fti L � --Jh'o lj: h- l: -< iv .:O.d
7 . ;J. 7 1) - � fv tjfPJ* t : :Jt � Th'o '..:lv l: h
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner what time they do the following things.
B : .1\..* t : � � � To l.;i;';, l: b
Your partner's schedule
time
) get up
) eat breakfast
) go to school
) eat lunch
) go home
) go to bed
C. Look at the pictures in I -B (p. 65) and I -C (p. 66}, and add the time expressions
to the sentences. @D Example: 2:00 �
(!) :::J - t:-��(h.*ttlvtJ\ 0)
A. Make suggestions using the cues below. BJ Example: drink coffee � :1 - 1:: - � tth. .i -\t /v iJ'o
7:'
1 . see a moYie 2 . come to my house 3 .
-1 . eat dinner i) . study i n the library 6 .
7 . drink tea at home 8 . listen to the music
play tennis
talk at a coffee shop
B. Pair Work-Ask your friend out for the activities in the pictures.
Example:
Ex. (1) (2) (3)
(4) (5) (6)
®ma2i-'��a;.*9 £ L \ 1='!5 fil:/v J::
How often do you do the following activities? Answer the questions using the expressions below.
1. ;z if-' - 'J � L � Th�o
2. *!t� � �fth � Th'o � .., L J:
3 . � :!" it t :: .ff � � Th�o 1:: L ! &·A- "
4. �@ � )L � Th'o ;t \ ' lr ;<,.
5 . :::1 - t: - � 1x h l Th�o 11) 6 . 8 * 0) � � � 8fJ � l Th'o
t: 1! 1... t-;h,IJ'( _:.
7. -*JJ .:·· ti A.t � 1z""' � T 1.1� o ;, � t:
(i) * t:61JO)**� (Review Exercises) nlvul1>?
A. Answer the following questions.
1 . 2 .
3 .
4 . 5 .
6 . 7 . 8.
-Mat t :: kl � � Th�o �A, L: t-;
t:'' _: "'(''�5£ L � TIJ�o ..-.::A.-�.!1
It \ -:J T V t:' � Jt l Th�o ;<,.
;z if-' - 'J � L � Th'o
iJ!?jZ tj: �-- _: t::,ff � l T h'o L•,-).1 � , ,
-*JJ � -M' � 1z""'( l Th'o ;, � �· I : b� 7 � .: /,IJ.h,
�BJt� j \ ' l.fh,
f:
M � L l Th'o �:!:
Mat .:··� :OC 1 T h'o � A, L: b
B. Tell your classmates what your plans are today/tomorrow/on the weekend.
Example: � 8 tj: ..::at t:: L L t ::.:ft � l To .:=..at t :: � :!" n --c-· 8 *� � �5! L l To .C. t � : : l: Lil-LI; ' ' :·h- 1.: l:: l ! b•A, : : I.!A, .:· .....;1(,:-!i
� at .:·· � -J i? t:: lJi ry � To ;;, ( l: &· ;t
C. Class Activity-Find someone who . . .
name
1 . gets up at 7 o'clock.
2 . eats breakfast eYery day.
3 . speaks French.
4 . watches TV at home.
5 . listens to Japanese music.
6 . plays tennis.
D. Suggest to a classmate that you do something together over the weekend. Use
Dialogue I as a model.
Example: A : B � lv ti 7 .:::.. .A � L 1 T'h'o B : li " 'o
A : t � &.> , E � B � : j- .:::.. .A � L l {t lv 'h'o .: ?.! .; :f
B : 8 Hi E !.i i; J: -? t: . . · · · · o � : t? J: 1 U
A ' ;c 7 "(''T'h'o l' � &_, , ±� E tj t:'' 7 "(''T'h'o 1::" .l: .; (l
B : X.. X.. , " ' " ' i:''T bo
( •4• I L E s s 0 N .............................. 41
�JJ 6i)CO)T- � The Fi rst Date ld:L/
a o g u e
(!) Mary goes downtown.
1 � 7 1) - : -t ;j.. ;i -tt lvo 7 7 F -t- JL-- F t;± t:'' .: "C't'IJ·o
2 �o � � " \ ;..__ : <b rJ)f-_, \'- � rJ)ijff··c-- -t J: o L �� 1 �
3 � 7 1} - : Jb � IJi t: ") .:-- �-- 1. \ l To
{!) In the evening, at Mary's host family's house.
1 � 7 1) - : t::. t::' " \ l 0
2 B X: � Iv : B IJ · � � � � '- \o B5tl® tJ: t:'' -J "C' L t::. IJ'o
3 � 7 1) - : JL :i -tt !v "C' L t::. o t::. tt L � !v t.;UI� .. :i -tt !v --c- L t::. o � �
4 B X � lv : � --::> , r-- -J L i: --c--t 1J • o l:: i
5 � 7 1} - : biJ• � l -lt /vo f3_'1; • � ' -J..... "(''*� t: }j � � : :ft 2 l L f::. o V' t: ') !14 "\., � ; . .
6 B X: � Iv : J.....IJif::. < � !v �t \ :i L t::. IJ'o � -; �\ t:
7 � 7 1) - : lj: l. \o j::; � "(--�� � f::. ( � /v� � l L f::. o � ; l � L � l::
8 .:j-".1 \'- � t: t :ft 2 l L f::. o lj: l. \ , J::; ;j.. � t·f"(''To
9 B X: � lv : ib � t;•' t: -J o
.).> ..lp. � } • 1 0 n ·'->,j.. - tv .
1 1
"
@ On the phone.
1 t::. �t L : t.;t � ' , ;f..#"("T o � t: ?
2 ;�. 7 1) - t L t L , t::. � t L � A.- --c··-tf.l'o ;1. 7 1J - ---c··-to 3 t::. �t L � A.-, � E *- .i -tt A.- ---c·· L t::. tlo 4 t::. �t L :
5 ;1. 7 1) -
6 t::. �t L :
CD
� .: .:. � :ff � .i L t::. l o / " - 7 / y-· ''J 'Y 0) WI "C''- * M 1� i? .i L t::. o '- ' .! :t . d ? L: lrlv � .:Z "? o / " - -'f / y-· ''J 'Y L � � � .i -tt A.- J: o 7 7 F -J- lv F ---c·-T l a
7 7 F -T lv F' · · · · · · -:··60 h- ij: � " ' !
Mary: Excuse me. Where is :\1cDonald's?
Stranger: It is in front of that department store.
Mary: Thank you.
0 Mary: I'm home.
Host father: Welcome home. How ''"as the movie?
Mary: I didn't see it. Takeshi didn't come.
Host father: Oh, why?
Mary: I don't know. So, I went to a bookstore and a temple alone.
Host father: Were there a lot of people?
Mary: Yes, I took many pictures at the temple. I also went to a department store.
Here's a souvenir for you.
Host father: Thank you.
Host mother: Oh, Mary, you had a phone call a little while ago.
Takeshi: This is Kimura.
Mary: Hello, is this Takeshi? This is Mary. Takeshi, you didn't come today, did you?
Takeshi: I went there. I waited for one hour in front of the Haagen-Dazs place,
Mary: iot Haagen-Dazs. l\IcDonald's!
Takeshi: McDonald's . . . I'm sorry!
V o c a b u
N o u n s
Activities
T ll"'/ " 1 r h' \. \ t � 7 7 'A
People and Things
}.> � t�
\. \ .tcl * ;l? h. � if'
.: �-- t .:'' lJ: lv
* L � L A., -:J < i.-"( h{ h
;1-J .:
Places
* r·,� {- r / '\A, "( \ \
tf' ;r 7 \. \ lv
;t 7 Jv
* t i lv� � t:, v A. r 7 :.---
Time
* "-' t h' lv
cf. \. \ t:, t h' lv
* ;)? ±� -1-1� {!fp� �A *JL .,_� 1tii
* Words that appear in the dialogue
I a r y
part-time job
shopping
class
you
dog
souvenir
child
rice; meal
picture; photograph
desk
letter
cat
bread
person
temple
park
supermarket
department store
bus stop
hospital
hotel
bookstore
town; city
restaurant
yesterday
a little while ago
hour
one hour
� "f "'? J: -J u·
1r J: -J u·
T " \ J: -J u·
t < J: -J Z.f
� � J: -) if'
U - v e r b s
� -)
* � .:6
1,]> -)
1,] > <
* C:: .:6
* j: "'?
* b iJ' .:6
R u - y e r b
* \ \ .:6
Jj � E j(� E J}c.� E *-� E 1t� E
last \Yeek
when . . . ; at the time of . . .
(�c?)) :\1onday
Tuesday
\Yednesday
Thursday
Friday
to meet; to see (a person)
(person t : )
there is . . . ( � f.J") to buy ( � � ) to write (person t: thing � ) to take (pictures)
to wait ("" � ) c� � )
to understand ( �f.J")
(a person) is in . . . ; stays at . . .
(ptace t:)
A d v e r b s a n d O t h e r E x p r e s s o n s
"" <·· G " \
* :.·tt> � f;j: � \ \
* t-:.' iJ' G
* f= < ::- lv
"'-' C::
* c::" -J L --c
* 7.f c:: 0 --e
* t L t L
L o ( a t
7;;.. � 7.f t3.' 0
* j ;t -J L .;
fJ. 1,]> } iZ.
o n w o r d
:Jp ii_ _,_.,_ �lJ 1k .; � J:
s
about (approximate measurement)
I'm sorry.
so; therefore
many; a lot
together with (a person)
why
alone
Hello? (used on the phone)
right (�c?)) left ( '""'-' c?)) front ( ""'-' c?)) back ( '""'-' c?)) inside ( '""'-' c?)) on ( '""'-' c?))
L t: f t;f � � � � \ \t�' f .: '- '-
T
� M
under ( "-' 0)) near ( "-' 0) ) next ( "-' 0)) between (A � B 0) ) there here
G r a m m a r
X 1.7{ JiJ ry 1 -t means "there is/are X (nonliYing thing)." The particle 1.7'' introduces, or
presents, the item X. You can use Jr.> ry 1 T when you want to say that there is something
at a certain location.
There's a McDonald's over there.
Note that JiJ t) 1 -t is different from other Yerbs we haYe seen so far on the following three
counts. One, it calls for the particle t : , rather than ·e, for the place description. Two, the
place description usually comes at the beginning of the sentence. Three, the thing description is usually followed by the particle 1.7:, rather than t.;t.
• 1 You can also use Jr.> ry 1 T to say that you have or own somethmg.
T V 1:::'7?>' � 0 j 1t lvo
* M 7?"� � .1 T7?'o t: �·A,
I don 't have a TV.
Do you have time?
We also use Jr.> ry .l -t when we want to say that an event will take place.2
There will be an exam on Tuesday.
� L t� t.i E .:$-� 0 7 7 7-.. 7?{ � 0 .1 1t lvo There will be no Japanese class tomorrow. r: r.:A- :::
When you want to present a person or some other sentient being, rather than a thing, you 3
need to use the verb " ' .l T. Thus,
1 Note the difference between: 7 v t" ;Q'JIJ � 1 1tlv (I don't have a TV), the negative version of T v t"IJ >'JiJ � l T, and
7 v t· t; f' JiJ � 1 1t lv (It isn't a TV), the negative version of 7 v t:-z:·--t. 21n a minor detail which we will not discuss any further here, when &iJ � l T is used in the sense of an
event taking place, the place description is followed by the particle -z:·, like normal verbs and unlike the
other uses of ci:> � 1 T. ote also that some time expressions (such as 8 Ri 8 t:) come with the particle t: , • .:.�, � y
and some others (such as &iJ L t: ) do not (see Lesson 3). The rule applies to the &iJ � l T sentences as well. 3Note that the same Yerb "is" in English comes out differently in Japanese:
1:> f .:: t: fflJ ¥ j:_ 1.1:, ' 1 To There is an international student over there . ......... ..,�( �
;;l 7 1) - � lvlJ:'ilff!Fj:_ -z:·-To Mary is an international student.
' ' 1 T and &iJ � 1 �F ���- strictly for descriptions of existence and location, while -z:·--t is for description of
an attribute of a person or a thing.
� ;c .: t :: w � � '/.1{1, \ ;i -r 0 ry,.-jl;' ( -\t l '
{ thing tJ'' (place (;:)
person 15'
There's an international student over there.
There is/ are . . .
U Describing Where Things Are
Vve learned in Lesson 2 that' to ask for the location of item X, you can use the word t'' -::
(where) and say X t.i �· -:: --c··-t�J·.
Where's 1\!lcDonald's?
In response, one can, of course, point and say :
� ;c � "? :7 1-· 1- 1H· t;t { : � � } -c·-t o
'- '-
{ over there.
McDonald's is right there near you.
right here.
In this lesson, we will learn to describe locations in more detail. More specifically, we learn to describe the location of an item relative to another item, as in "X is in front of Y." The Japanese version looks like X t.i Y <1) iltr -r---t.
1- i..
( '7 7 F -T lv F Lt) � 0 7> � - r 0 "Btr "C·· -t o J. i.
It's in front of that department store.
Other useful words describing locations are as follows:
location words
X ld: Y 0)
�� V't.:0 *X.
? v-3 fri.fJ' 5X. vft:
t(�'4
ctri. 0 s
C9o
X ld: Y c Z O)®L \t.:z:-9 o
to the right of
to the left of
in front of
behind
X is inside
on/above
under I beneath
near
next to
X is between Y and Z.
Y.
}�1t t.± � :ltg 0 c: � � i:'' To .::A.. .: .; !: - ; �·--The bank is next to the lib rary.
The umb rella is under the table.
v A. � 7 / tJ:f'/ \'- � C: m F;t 0 Fa, i:''T o :."'-� .. ,._ n . ... _
The restaurant is between the depa rtnzent store and the hospital.
One can use any of the aboYe location words together with a verb to describe an event that
occurs in the place. To use these phrases "·ith Yerbs such as 't-� � and �""?, one will need
the particle -r·.
:ft- t.± / ' - Jf / y· ''! 'J 0 WI --c· /. 7 1J - � lv � 1� t; i L t::. o -!?f:L ;. ;;:_- ! I waited for Mary in front of the Hiiagen-Dazs place.
0 Past Tense
:-: !
The past tense forms of verbs look like the following, where -- stands for the stem of a
verb.
present tense
past tense
affirmative
;1. 7 1) - � /v tl: :1L a:f :::.'' 'h 7 1; t : lJ* � 1 L f::. o I I J:ri_
:ft- tJ: � 0 7 a ;$.. � � � 1� L 1 -tt lv i:'' L t::. o bt:L . : :; A.. .: --:A,. �_,-1
negative
Mary returned home at about nine.
I did not study Japanese yesterday.
The various details of formation of the long forms that we learned in Lesson 3, like the
ru-verb/ u-verb/irregular verb distinctions, all apply to the past tense forms as well.
4 Another \YOrd for "near" that is also commonly used is t, h' < . 5Both X!J:Y � � � ry -c· i' and X!J:Y � J: .:: -c·i' describe situations where two items (X and Y) are found
side by side. For a � � ry sentence to be considered appropriate, items X and Y need to belong to the
same category; two people, two buildings, and so forth . In contrast, an item can be J: .:: in relation to
another item even if they are quite distinct.
0 � � lJ: r 1 v � J: .: -c· To The telephone is by the restroom. �4- h -X 't � IJ: r 1 v 0 � � ry "'(·To (odd)
-.. -"' l" --
The past tense versions of "X IJ: Y --c·-t" sentences look like the following.
present tense past tense
affirmative
J.L T � .i. U: )ft 8 f::. ¥ 0 ¥ .i. --e L t::. o ,., £ L fo-ti-A.--ltl' 1::: -j ::'\•ff\•IJ'{ I>'( -lt\•
negative
� !J f.' ® � *ttlv
� u f-' ® � *ttlv c v t.:6
Mr. Yamashita was a student at Tozai University.
s n �i a * 0B3t@J t � ;t � 1 � ..z, --e L t::. o t : tiA- "' ' ' n'
That was not a Japanese movie.
Expressions of quantity m Japanese are rather different from those in English. In
Japanese, if you want to add a quantity word like t::. < � !v to the direct object of a
sentence, you can either place it before the noun, or after the particle � .
I took many pictures in Kyoto.
I ate a lot of vegetables .
• The duration of an activity is expressed with a bare noun, like - * M · Such a noun stands
\ \ � 1: t>·JV alone (that is, not followed by any particle) and usually appears immediately before the
verb.
:J. 7 1) - � ..Z, ti :C .:: --e t::. �1 L � ..Z, � - * rl3, 1� 1? l L t::. o '- \ t:. L .?·A... .;
Mary waited for Takeshi there for an hour.
For an approximate measurement, you can add <·· G " ' 7 after ---....at M . t: >7·,(,
6 As was the case with the present tense L v J; � .i -1!- lv, written language would more likely have "'C" Ij: J;
� 1 -1!-lv -c· L t=. , instead of the contracted form L v J; 1) 1 -l:t lv -c· L t=. . 7 As w e learned in Lesson 3, for "at about a certain time" we have another word ::: ;; .
�� t.! � 0 7 E *� � .=. at M <-- G '- '�5! L .f L t� o ot>f�l .: .:A.. ::: ':·h. .: ;;·/,. .-..:/,. :.s I studied Japanese fo r about three hours :yesterday.
The particle C:: has two functions. One is to connect two nouns A and B.8
I speak Japanese and English.
Jf:i� t: *.JIR t : fj" � £ L f:: u I went to Kyoto and Osaka. �ri � -:; ;.;; -:. !] •
The other meaning of C:: is "together with" ; it describes with whom you do something. 9
_?( 7 1) - :: h- lJ: .A - :: h- t: �@] � : {j" � l To - ,,.�.- ::. < . .
Jl!Iary will go to Ko rea with Sue.
We learned in Lesson 2 that we use the particle t in reference to the second item which
shares a common attribute with the first. You can also use t when two or more people
perform the same activity.
�� t1 � 0) 7 � �� �: 1t � .f L t� o ht.:L :. 1 ;l t: \ '
I went to Kyoto yesterday.
Professo r Yamashita went to Kyoto
yesterday, too.
Or when someone buys, sees, or eats two or more things.
_?( 7 1) - :: h- t.! < --? � � " ' .f L t� o lr
Mary bought shoes.
Mary bought a bag, too.
In both cases, t directly marks an item on the list of things or people that have something
in common. ObserYe that t replaces the particles l.i, tJ:, or � in these sentences.
You can also use t when you go to two places, do something on two different occasions,
and so forth.
8You can use 1::: to connect nouns only. We will learn about connecting verbs and sentences in Lesson 6. 9"With" as in "with chopsticks" requires another particle. See Lesson 10.
{£- t.i 7t:il!*::M� t : .ff � :f L t� o I went to Kyoto last week. ht:L -1! "-'L.,-J.:-11 1:: ' '
I went to Osaka, too.
D / �- }- � A.t tl ± Bi 8 t: / � - 7 1 - t :.ff � ;f L t� o c· J: 1 U' ' ' Robert went to a party on Saturday.
8 B$ 8 t = t /' � - T 1 - t = 1f � ;f L t� 0 t :. ·t::, J: 7 r.f -- , ,
He went to a party on Sunday, too.
We put t after the particle t: in these sentences. More generally, particles other than tJ:, h{, and � are used together with t , rather than being replaced by it.
�J,m .,/ - "' E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s � V'J:5 (j'fv �
X OJiF.i� X O)fij is often used in the sense of "across (the street) from X" or ;i;;t L t
"opposite X . " You may also hear another word that is used in the sense of
across, namely, X O) U'i:r>1t). If something is behind X, or farther away from a street and cannot be
directly seen because of the intervening X, in addition to calling it X 0) 1& 0 , -j (._
you can also describe it as being X 0) -:5 i? .
�? /®? � In the dialogues, we observe Mary's host father saying :Z -.::> ,
and her host mother saying J5 -.::> . :Z -.::> is like the incredulous "what?" that
you use when you have heard something that is hard to believe. J5 -.::> is used
when you have suddenly noticed or remembered something. The small -.::> at
the end of these little words indicates that these words, when pronounced,
are very short.
=�mi.$: � � (half) appears after the unit word like �rs,. Thus, "two hours {;:: r.; 1J'Iv!Uv li/u t; tJ•!u
and a half" is =!eyFa1-*. rather than =-*!eyFa1 . 1; t; IJ•/ull:/u r; ll:/u t; fpfu
=b u =b v � tJ L- tJ L- is "hello," which is used only in telephone conversa
tions. Some people use tJ L- tJ L- when they place a call. Some other people
use it when they receive a call.
p r a c t c e
CD7\.�t5'® � *9 t.:.!-' fJ' <
A. Look at the picture and tell what you see, using 08 � *9 or L '*9.
B. Answer the following questions.
6 . .:: ��1: (classroom) t : t_:'n-h� '. \ l T'h�o C<ri L -?
7 . f!J4� 1I! (zoo) t : -M h�-�. \ l 1"-h'o � ? .i:-?;th, ·-- · -
8. � � f-: � 00 (country) t:-M-h{ � 0 l T-h'o < ! : � � =
9. � � t-: � � U : -M h { � 0 1 -f h'o \ ' i. �· !:
C. Look at Takeshi's schedule for the week and answer the following questions. 6)
School After School
Monday French English Computer I Tuesday History club activity
Wednesday French English Computer
Thursday History
Friday English (TEST)
Saturday NO SCHOOL
Sunday NO SCHOOL
club activity
party
date
part-time job
club activity '7 7 7'
party F \ - j- 1 -
test T A. �
Example: Q � Btl E t : 7 7 / .A � c1) 7 7 .A IJ>' � ry � T tJ'o if? J: i U' -
A : t.l "' ' , � ry � To
1. .f3 !!1l 8 t : � � c1) 7 7 .A il{ � ry � TIJ'o ;f?..t 1 -:_;... i,_ \ \ .:·
2 . -*.Hi 8 t : :1 / to .:Z. - jl - (?) 7 7 .A h>'(b ry l Th'o
3 . ;f..Bfl 8 t : 7 7 / .A � c1) 7 7 .A IJ{ � ry � T IJ'o L C J: i U' =
4 . ± Bfl 8 t: 7 7 .A IJ" � 0 � T tJ'o t:• J: i (/'
5 . 1]<. Btl 8 t : 1PJ 1J" � 0 l T 1J, o -t< • J: i U' �1:
6 . �Bfl 8 t :-ffi} IJ>' � 0 j: TIJ'o :. h.. J: i �· ':.: .:
7 . E Bfl 8 t :'ffi} IJ>' � 0 j: T h'o ! : "!S .J.:: 1 U' :O: ; :
D. Pair Work-Write down your next week's schedule and ask each other what
plans you have on each day of the week .
• : l.ih, ::::
Your Schedule ! Your Partner's Schedule
� Si B I ,r-:; ! ; :.,'
*-Bi B I fr J: -l tJ
Jj<.Jli B -r. \ J: .:; :.;-
;f:..Jli B t ( .!: ; :1
�Bi B :. A...!: ; :.1'
± Si B l::" l: i j'
B lli B ! : ? ..t: i u-
0 ��mrct c:z: c9tJ' e: v&: n'fu
A. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. 8J
1 . �1t!oJ 2 . ��� 3. / \'A.1� VI> ; :.1'4--"l ( 2 -? �- "( A,.. "'( \, \
4 . �Ill 5 . A. - / � - 6 . � m :: -i .tA... ;./;,1'-'A..
B. Look at the picture and tell where the following things are. 8J
1 . ;.. /v (f--:J
2 . 7 7 ''/ !-- (racket)
3 . *�+ t: It l '
4. ��* "(' A, h
5 . ]j� tJ' A_,
6. ti' -) L
C. Pair Work-Ask and answer questions to find where the buildings are.
One student looks at map A. The other student looks at map B (p. 93). Don't
look at the other's map.
Example: A : �� tj �-- ;: --c··-tt;�o .: -J ;tA.,
B : � III U IF 7 Jv C7) � ij: � --c··-to .: -J ;t .{.
Map A
®1t� (d:= + =mi c l.J t= ttlv ttl.\ 1:: litP5 1:: �I..\
Ask where the following places are.
1 . *- "*' -+ 2 . .� -.-.A 1f f�\ '"''( 1: \ \
3 . � ;fX TOJ 4 . *� .: 1 .:: i l.lA., '('
5 . �1�� >P-1 U'I...C!- � (
A. Look at the information about Prof. Yamashita 25 years ago and answer the
questions. B
Example:
Twenty-five years ago, Prof. Yamashita was
twenty-two years old
senior at a college
good student
his major-Japanese history
Q : � r 7t � tj *-¥ � (college student) --c·· L t:: �;� o 'i' :1 L I'::: -It A--It•' t�' '"'' < -1± 1 '
1 . � r 7t � tj .:r-1:�� --c-· L t:: �;� o ... � .: L t:-1!-A--1!-'' .: � L
2. � r 7!:� u-�� --c·· L t:: �;�0 1>,; L t: -ItA.. -It•' ' ' i:>t:>A.--1!-' '
4 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r, tj*� "'(' L t:: �;�0 1' 1 l t:-1!-A..-!t • ' -I± A.. L A.. ;t ' ' .:·
5 . � r 7!:� Cl).w- r, tj� � --(· L t:: �;� 0 1'1 L f:-!!-1.,-!t'' -ItA- L A.. n �- l
B. Pair Work-Guessing game
Ask questions and find out the prices your partner has chosen.
1. Before you start, both of you will choose one price in each row of the table and
mark it.
2. In each row, use the item and one of the four prices, make a yes-or-no-question
sentence and find out which price your partner has chosen.
3. You can ask at most two questions with one item. If you have guessed
correctly the price :rour partner has chosen, you score a point. Your partner
will not giye away the right answer when you ask a wrong question.
4. When you have asked questions about all the items in the table, switch roles
with your partner and answer their questions.
5. Tabulate the score. You win the game if you have scored higher than your
partner.
Example: A : .:C (?) 1.1� t�f � ti .::. � P3 ... (" L t::. -h� o .: � 4>t4
B : 1, \ \, \ .:Z. , .::.� fi3 t -'(-> S � j: -tt � "C" L t::.o . : :. 4 .:t 4
A : - � 1i. -1- P3 --c-· L t::. 1J' o ' • "> ;!. IV :· -\!' IV ;/. IV
1;• ti' � ¥ 5 , 000 I ¥ 1 0 , 000 ¥ 1 5 , 000
t;� :: ¥ 600 I ¥ 1 , 000 ¥ 1 , 300
tJ:' -7 L ¥ 1 , 600 ¥ 2 , 000 ¥ 2 , 400
� v - -t- - ¥ 3 , 500 ¥ 4 , 000 ¥ 6 , 500
* �+ ¥ 3 , 000 I ¥ 1 0 , 000 ¥ 1 7 , 000 � .� ... \
¥20, 000
¥ 2 , 000
¥ 3 , 000
¥ 8 , 000
¥ 25 , 000
C. Pair Work-Suppose you got one thing as a birthday present and choose it from
the items on the next page. Your partner guesses what you got. Answer your
partner's questions.
Example: 8 : 7° v -e· / � t;i 1;• ti' � "'(·· L f::. IJ� o
A : X.. � , t; • tJ'�"'(·· L t::.o
�., \ �., \ � , t;· ti' � t -'(-> S � j: -tt � --c-· L t::. o
® � BiB r�1CJ1£ u* u t�tJ' (j::> � 5 u t.,J:(;:
A. Change the following verbs into - * ut.:: and -*ttfvc· u t.::. SJ Example: f:: """ � � f:: """ � L f::
t:: """ � � t:: """ � -lt h_. --c·· L t::
1 . tJ: �i" 2. n· 7 3 . J: t: 4 . n· < 5 . < � 6 . � � 7 . ;F:; � � s . b n · �
9 . T � 10 . c: � n . jt; � 12. b � 1 3 . � < 14. iJ' � � 15. (/) t_.·
B. The pictures below show what Mary d id last week. Tel l what she did. SJ
Example: � 7 1) - � h_. tJ: 13 B1f 8 t : @ :a: tit "C''�5! L � L t:: o lf-:>.J: � (I � l � b·A- --.:A,.�.t i
Ex. Monday (1) Tuesday (2) Wednesday
in the library at home at school at a coffee shop
(4) Friday (5) Saturday (6) Sunday
at a friend's house in Kyoto at a department store
C. Look at the pictures in B and answer the questions. ED
Example: Q : ;1. 7 1) - � � l.± }j � 8 t : � :�" n --c·-�7� L j L t::. -h'o , .. --;;..:: ..:. :t � ... ,:. .?·4 .....:.f.... 3-_;
A : l.i '- ' , �7� L j L t::. o
Q : ;l. 7 1) - � !v t.± Jl lli 8 t : �® � Jt j L t::. -h'o ,.-."';;.:_ ;. :./· "'-� t;• A
A : " , '- , .:Z. , Jt j -tt lv --c·· L t::. o ;,
1 . ;1. 7 1) - � /v l.J:j( Si 8 t : .:.f- �* � :f" � l L f::. IJ ' o �. l �- :./· -: :; ;� �?·
2 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± 7](. Hi 8 t : "3( -1t � t : rr � 1 L t::. �; • 0 1"� ' :. .:. j' :- � �- "":A. �
3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � l.J: ;t..Si 8 t : 8 *A_ O) � f:' "t t : 4 '. ' l L f::. -h'o � ( .; ; .,_, .: .:.A.. .:!..- l:: t h
4 . ;1. 7 1) - � lv t.J: �Wi 8 t : j:; -9=- t : rr � j L t::. -h'o .:- A. .! -1 :,... '"\: ., _ ,
5 . ;/. / 1) - � � l.J: ±W1f 8 t : j- ..=. _A � L l L f::. IJ'o
6 . ;1. 7 1) - � � t.± E !Ii 8 t : Jt �t ,4n � L l L t::. -h'o .:;:, ..:: .:. J ;')" s �
D. Look at the p ictures above and answer the questions. ED
Example: Q : ;I. 7 1) - � � l.± }j Hi 8 t : 1PJ � L l L f::. -h'o
A : �:!" tg --c·-�7� L 1 L t::. o � L 1 tr/,., ......:A,.,-5.;1
1 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.±J](.Si 8 t :M � L 1 L t::. -h'o T,,_r 1 J' -:..·.:.
2 . ;1. 7 1) - � 1v t.± .klli 8 t :1PJ � L 1 L t::. -h'o
3 . ;I. 7 1) - � � {j: \, \ '"'::)�@! � Jt l L f::. IJ'o � \ ' ;;..: ) ..
5 . ;1. 7 1 ) - � � t.± �Wi 8 t : �-- .:: --c--� .::·' t.± � � iz"'"'- l L t::. -h ' 0 _:. ;._.): 1 :;- !;:;._ t;
6 . ;I. 7 1} - � � l.J: ;t..!li 8 t : �-· .:: "("� f::' "t t : 4'. \ l L f::. IJ'o (. ( .J: i :.J :: t h
E. Pair Work-Ask what your partner did on Monday, Tuesday, etc.
B : 7 =- ::z.. � L i L t� o
0-T1ttO)B�� < �1d:�ch* u t::.tJ' ;:: c:=o C::� 1�/v J;
Pair Work-Using the expressions below, ask your partners how often they did the
following activities when they were a child or in high school.
Example: A : -T-1� 0*/�;fXO)* l < *- � Mth � L t:: i7'o .: !::' !. �::. :. .: ; .: ; �::. :. !lA.. .J:
B : t.l 'v \ , J: < �!Ch � L t::o .J:
l.- \ 1.- \ � , S � ry �.,;. � -tt,z,··e L t:: o .t
1 . ifa5! T � � 8 .-..:.{.�:1
} 2 . 7-. f- - 'Y � T � ! V • I : �
l < .'"""' � L t:: 3 . B:k.@ � Jt �
i. \ ' b' h. t: � t:'' � 4 . � ��� t :.ff <
.: i i.A.. , , s � ry
} 5. +#.* � :t < ---... � -tt A, --c-- L t:: ' b'h b· -tf' h, -lf h,
6 . ::y-_ r � -t �
® :J-l:::-=b�ch*9 (J)
A. Compare sentences (a) and (b), and change sentence (b) using :0 .
Example: (a) / \ / .1 \'- jf- tj ::: e P3 "C'' To 1: /J'<(>(i.fv
(b) :::1 - I:: - t.l ::: e P3 --c··To � :::1 - I:: - t ::: a P3 i:'To t : V'<-( i.. l,.; - !: :,'·�<.i .. k
1 . (a) t:: t t L � ,Z, t.l * g-f � Ji �.- \ � L t:: o 1'- I t ' ' l r
(b) f:: tt L � A., t.l iJ' ti ,Z, � Ji 1.- \ � L t:: o b·
2 . (a) 0 .1 �- r � h, t.1 8 7.js:..� � ffa5� L � To !: li/v .:· .-..:Jv:-:1
(b) � 7 1) - � h, t.l 8 *� � >fa5� L � To 1: Ill.- .:· .-..:Jv:.:i
3 . (a) t:: tt L � h, t.l ±Hi 8 t: 7 lv -' ". 1 r � L � To �::_· j: i :;'
(b) t:: tt L � h, t.l 8 BI 8 t : 7 Jl,-' ". 1 r � L j: To t: "'.!: i If
4 . (a) � 7 1) - � A, t.l -J i? --r· 8 *-� � � L j: T o 1: Ill.- .:· !.i�
(b) � 7 1) - � A, t.l �;fX --c-· 8 *-� � � L j: To ,;:., .: ; .: I! A.. ::: :;:�
5 . (a) S l f:: , � 7 1) - � h, t.l f:: tt l � A, t: %\ \ � To ;,
(b) Jb l f:: , � 7 1) - � A, tj .A - � h, t: %\ \ � To
6 . (a) 7t: 1!, LL t : .ft � j: 1:!:- h, --c-- L f:: o 1t/vl..o-i i/1-.:t.Jio , ,
(b) � 0 -) , LL t :.ft � � 1:!:- h, --r· L t:: o �11.-.X.JV l \
;,
B. Describe the pictures using =5. 6J
m tt � lv t *� i:''i"o T=. ;;..·:r -;;• ( -tr- . \
(1) � <V � {=' .1: <-- t;,
go to a party
(5)
(7)
(2) (3)
(6)
(8) IJ' J: 7 (f t < J: 7 (f
®!® 0 ---� .
student
(4)
(9)
@ * ccY'JO)�� (Review Exercises) :ttlvu�?
A. Answer the following questions.
1 . 4f a ' -M"a� �:� � :i 'tlJ'o ! l " � : t;, �·A.. L ;.;
2 . t� \ , "( \ '-M"*M <·· G \ ';Jl :i 'tlJ'o �4 L .&·4 t>
3 . 4f a , -M"a�MJfa?£ L :i 't lJ'o ;! 1 • ! : <;, t..:4 L .&·4---=4��i
4 . J: < t::· n � JE}.. -:·.tJ: 1v � �� :1 -r 1; -0 (}- '!> t:
5 . J: ( :Zzf::· � � :4'-** � . � l 'tlJ'o t: L -;: .Q·h .&·
7 . � (J) 7 ' �· -:: "(•'BJt _::·· t.;t lv � iz� :i L t� l;> 0 .;fi(. f:
8 . ��' �Jl. � f: ( :: /vil � l L �� lJ'o -;;-4L..-7 L "' l 4 t:
B. Pair Work-A and B want to play basketball together. The following is A's schedule for this week. (B's schedule is on p. 93.) Play the roles of A and B with your partner. Ask each other what the other is doing and decide on what day you wi l l play basketball.
Example:
A : / \ 7.. "T ''J r (basketball) � L :i
-lt /v lJ'o
B : \ \ \ \ "(-''ttlo
A : J1 a1f a tJ: �-· 7 ---c·· 't lJ· 0 lf-::>.l: i U'
B : J1 B1f a tJ: �:lit --c-·JtzH£ L :i 'to 1"-::> .l: i v' ' L � .&·4 ---=4�·�i
ir l: i J'
A's Schedule
SUN
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT PaW-�� (12. - 5' p. f1'\. . ) ___ _
A : � I!J tj: (:'' .:: �· TIJ'o .: ; ,;_ ;._
Example:
B : � I HJ: ;t 7 Jv 0 t 7J: ry --c··-t o .: ; ,;_ ,<.
Map B
Example:
A : / "' A 7 '/ � (basketball) � L j:
* /vf;•o 8 : \. \ \. \ "(''T tlo A : fJ Hi E t.1 c:·· '? "C'' TIJ'o
1'-?J: 1 :.t
lr l: 1 !f
SUN
MON
TUE
WED
THU
FRI
SAT
Ask where the following places are.
5 . v A � 7 /
B's Schedule
6 p.I'Y\ . .Jo._9.91�
Stw;;!/ �� -the I ibr�r; - -- ---
---5hopp1nj in Os o..ko...
Dinner o-..1-fr\eV\ d 15 house
L o c a t i o n s
t£ 7o �;� Lf !v (}) 9 I.J't!.') h. '!!
>::: II·
¢=:1 g J:;:: (d:£ c5�J:5
D a y s / W e e k s / M o n t h s / Y e a r s Days
8 Bll 8 }j lrl 8 j(Iql 8 7]<.Iql 8 :;f.Iql 8 �Ri a ± Ri B t : i?J:7V: 11-?J:-jif lrJ:7V: -j\ \J:-jif t<J:7V: :...z,J:-jif �'J:-jif
1 2 3 4 5 6 -?\ 't;t;, _;.-?.&· 7·v:>IJ' J:?.&· \ \-?.&· ;t·\ 'n'
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ':J:V)h· .!:7.&· :::_:::_'/),&• �i?h· l:l1>7\ '�!:-t;, l:tt>7l :l :t;, l:tt>7:_..,<.,t: t;,
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 l:�-P7l?.&· l:tt>1::..·r: s l:tt>1J,(! :t;, l:tt>?L't:>! :-t;, l:tt>1!.±1?!: t;, l:�-P?<t :t;, (.;t-?.&·
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 l: l:w?' 't;,t:s l :l:!'P11 :1 :t;, t:t;tt>?:_..,<.,t :t;, I :t:�-P7J: ?1.7' I :l:!'P7::..'t :t:, I :t.:�-P7J,(U? I :t:I'P1 Lt?l :t;,
28 29 30 31 l :l:tt>7Li1?! :� I :t;�t>1(1 :t;, :_....z,t;r.r?! :� ::-.z,t;tt>?\ \�! :1;,
Months
'- ' � I;""'J (- }j ) ----J.anuary
�: hi"'J (.::. )1 ) February
:?: lvhi"'J (.::=. }j ) March
L h''"'J ( 1ZB J1 ) April
::_··h""'J (.n. f.J ) May
� < I.Ji"'J (� Jj ) June
Time Words
Day
h t t It \ I Week
-tt lv -tt lv L rp -J
(Jt� �) the day before yesterday the week before last
� 0) -) (B'f 8 ) -tt /v L ry 7 ( 7t�)
yesterday last week
� J: 7 (4' 8 ) j:: /v L ry 7 ( 4'�)
today this week
Ji) L t� G '- ' L I'P -7 C *-�)
tomorrow next week
Ji) :?: -? i: :?: G '- ' L vJJ 7
(� *�) the day after tomorro\r the week after next
I
L � /;i"'J (--l: f.J )----July
t;l � hi--? (-'"- f.J ) August
\ h''"'J (7L f.J ) September
L: vJJ -7 /;''--? ( + J1 ) October
L: 11> -) '- ' � h''--? ( +- f.J )-November
t ry 7 t: h''--? ( + .::. f.J )--December
Month Year
t : h· �t'--? .i � l t; t t L ( .::. h· f.J lfi)
the month before last the year before last
-tt lv �t'"'J ( 7t f.J ) � J: blv (-t.�)
last month last year
::_ lv �t·"'J ( 4' Jj ) :: t L (+if) this month this year
G �t , tt'"'J C *- f.J ) G '- ' tl lv C*-�)
next month next year
:?: G '- ' tt."'J :?: G �t , b lv
C�*- f.J ) (�*�) the month after next the year after next
E s s 0 N .............................. sj Tr ip to Oki nawa
D a o g u e
(!) Robert and Ken are vacationing in Okinawa.
0 / '\'- }- \, \ \, \ �� -{''i"bo
2 it lv :
4 it lv :
*
5 it lv :
7
8 it lv :
'{A., :. "C '7 ·-e-t b o "'(" t , i; J: -? � � \ \ "C" i" b o
;,�
*
0 / �- }- � fv i:J: �,, fv lJ: A Jf - '/ IJ�-�T � "('' i" h"o 'T
-tt - 7 1 / h{�f � "C''-t 0 'T
JiJ L f:: -*-:fn : � ry 1 L J: -7 h" o � ' "? L ..t
"C" t , � L \ JIJ ry 1 -tt" /v h"o t.:i'>i·
{[) At the post office.
3 0 .! '\'- }- : 4
-t .1:7- 1 -tt" fvo i:J:IJ{ � i:J:, 1 .:¥' 1} A 1 "(''\, \ \ � "(''i"h"o
-c+ P3 --c·-t 0 "-' ;;,.·t: op"i;t A.,
L '\"> JtJ , -c+ P3-lJJ-=t- � .::tx B.w�"' \ L 1 -t 0 ;c nh· � , .n. + P3-w-=t- � -tx -0.·�:l:�-!�1.iA.... :-· -? \: 1 :. ;_ � , nb·· :.: t.:I1'1 X. A, � "? --c l \ "Q .� \ ,
® On Monday at school.
1 t: lt L : P / \'- � � fu , tj: IJ>' � , tJ � IJ>' � J o :QR{ttj:� L IJ � -? f:: "('' TIJ�o � 1 .: i fo!f>
X:.. X:.. 0 �tf'�i ct)�� tJ: � --c t 2 n " \ "'(' L t: J: o n .:. :·1-:> .;. ;z..
3 t:.. tt L : J: h � -? t:.. --c·· 't :fd. o t i < t �� 7J,. ::k ilf 2 --c-- To Rll: 1t .#l c1) -lJJ 1'f t J: � h • -? t:.. --c··
4
6
Th'o .; :h -: • ' --r � .. .: .; :0 � � .;: t.:.fr
" \ " \ X:.. , &tJ � � � < &tJ � � -tt ..Z. --(· L t:.. o t:.. It L � ..Z. c1) :r·- r tJ: �-- -? --c·· t.: l .. ·
L f:.. h'o
7 t:.. It L ·
Robert: �ice weather.
Ken: Yes. But it is a little hot
Robert: \Vow, beautiful sea!
Ken: Let's swim .
• *
Ken: What kind of sports do you like, Robert?
Robert: I like surfing. Shall we do it together tomorrow?
Ken: But isn't it difficult?
Robert: No.
Robert: Excuse me. How much is a postcard to Britain?
Person at the post office: 70 yen.
Robert: Then, two 70-yen stamps, please. And one 50-yen stamp, please.
Takeshi: Robert, thank you for the postcard. Did you enjoy. the trip?
Robert: Yes. The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa.
Takeshi: Good. I like the sea very much, too. \Yas the airline ticket expensive?
Robert: No, it wasn't so expensiYe. How was your date, Takeshi?
Takeshi: . . .
V o c a b u _ N o u n s
* -) 7:1-* � -? "'C
* -tt - 7 1 / L .p < t::_· �, , t::. "'-. t Cl) t::. A., t J: -) if r "A r
* "'( A., � Cl)7:J. t Cl)
* t.i i>,l' �
* v ::: -J � "'-..!(>
* ti• < .!(> T h
* � J: ::: -)
*!!! iz"'-4� �j:_ E
�1-r-ll :g�& 1� 1*-h 4tZ1t
L\ • a d i e c t v e s
� t::. G L " ' * ;b "'? \ \
�"'::) \, \ " ' f IJ'f L �.- '
}.; }.; � \, \ t:; t L JS " '
* f::. Cl) l " ' J? l, \ ::. 1, \ --? l G � �,. , v) > -!> \, \
* <t'Ti>' L " '
·It L " '
* � " ' oo 'En ' l'tii I, \ * " '
* Words that appear in the dialogue
I a r y
sea
postal stamps
ticket
surfing
homework
food
birthday
test
weather
drink
postcard
bus
airplane
room
I (used by men)
holiday; day off; absence
travel
new
hot (weather)
hot (objects)
busy (people/ days)
large
interesting
frightening
cold (weather-not used for
objects)
fun
small
bming
old (thing-not used for people)
difficult
� � L '-' ' �T '-' ' � "' '
fc£ - a d j e c t v e s � G '-' ' ( IJ: ) �'-' '
* � h '-' ' ( IJ: ) tJiv � ( �) ;[. � L -r·-�;, ( � ) �IJ·
* T � (IJ:) t:·�,- , � G \ ' (IJ:)
* t:· \ ' T � C lJ:)
t : �� �I;- ( lJ:) / \ ;.r1j" b ( lJ: ) V' J. ( IJ: )
U - v e r b s * j:; J: <··
� < 0) �
* � �
R u - v e r b "('l;· tt �
A d v e r b s * \ ' -? L ;: t: * -c n �J· G * t:· \ \ l J: -j �);
ili -/;• tt �
a n d 0 t h -*t t :
e r
easy (problem); kind (person)
inexpensiYe; cheap (thing)
disgusted with; to dislike
( ,..,_,-�;:{) beautiful; clean
healthy; energetic
quiet
fond of; to like ( ......., -�;�·) to hate
very fond of; to love
liYely
handsome
not busy; to have a lot of free time
to swim
to ask (person t:) to ride; to board (......., t:) to do; to perform (......., � )
to go out
E x p r e s s o n s together
and then
It's okay.; Not to worry.;
Everything is under control.
very
what kind of . . .
[counter for flat objects]
to (a place); as far as (a place); till
(a time)
G r a m m a r
0 Adjectives There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One type is called " �,. '-adjectives," and the
other type " 'd.: -adjectives.'' �,. ' and t:t are their last syllables when they modify nouns .
..,. '-adjectives: 'B t L � " '�@I an interesting movie
i. \ ' lr
� C0 '7 , 'B t L � " 'B.*.w � JL .t L t� o I saw an interesting movie yesterday. "- ' ' I;' h
.: b " ':7't � a scary teacher
� T :7't� U: .: b " \ :7't � --r::·-t o Professor Yamashita is a scary teacher. �··1 L f:-lth.-it'' -'d-h.-1±-•'
'd.:-adjectives:
� n \, \ �· � � a beautiful picture L <> L h.
* t� ---c·' � n " , t: � � � tl. � .t L t� 0 I took a beautiful picture in Kyoto. �d 1:: L <> L h. 1::
5t !t, 7j: :7't � an energetic teacher 17/v "' -';:!-.{.-';:!-"
Professor Yamashita is an energetic teacher.
Japanese adjectives conjugate for tense (present and past), polarity (affirmative and
negative), and so forth, just as verbs do. The two types of adjectives follow different
conjugation patterns.
1., \-adjectives �,. '-adjectives change shape as follows. You will want to be very careful
here, because the pattern is rather complicated.
d3=b lt-3L\ affirmative negative present d3=ts Lt -3 L n:-·9 d3=5 Lt-3 < ® rJ *itlv
It is interesting. It is not interesting.
past d3=5 Lt-31J'-=> t=.c:9 d3=ts Lt-3 < ® rJ *ttlvc Ltt=.
It was interesting. It was not interesting.
It is interesting (and confusing) that the idea of past tense is encoded differently in the
affirmatiYe and the negatiYe polarities: (}; t L J:,) IJ' "'? t.: ·c-i" is "past+ affirmative,"
while ( B t L l:> ) < .f.> ry ,i {th- --c- L t.: is "negatiYe+past.1"
Unlike verbs, adjectiYes conjugate fairly regularly. The only irregularity worth noticing
at this stage is the behaYior of the adjectiYe '- ' '- ' (good). The first syllable of '- ' '- ' is
changed to J: in all forms except the dictionary form and the long present tense affirma
tive form.2
L \ L \ (irregular) affirmative
present L\L\�·SI
past � 1J' -::> t::.. �·51
negative
� < � � *ttfv
� < 65 0 *ttfv�· u t::..
fd:-adjectives The conjugation pattern of lj: -adjectives is much more straightforward. It
actually is exactly the same as the conjugation table of --c·-t which follows a noun, as
discussed in Lesson 4. 3
:n::;3[ ( fJ:) affirmative 1-tlu t!
present n3[cSI 1-Jiv t! --She is healthy.
:n::;3[ �- u t::.. 111v t!
past
She was healthy.
negative
:n::;3[ 1J f.> 65 � *ttfv 1-Jiv '<! She is not healthy.
:n::;� lj f.> � � *tt fv �- u t::.. 111v .. She was not healthy.
The final syllable Jj: is dropped in these long forms of lj: -adjectives.
1 Some speakers follow a more regular conjugation, where ·r---t is inert in both polarities. For these
speakers, the chart looks like the following:
affimatiYe negative
present ""• '-c·--t "" < � • '-c·--t p ast ""11' ? t: -c· T "" < t:i. 11' --::> t: -c· i'
2There actually are alternate forms, J: • ' and J:: \ ' -c·-t, but they are much less frequently used than \ ' \ ' and ' ' ' '-c·-t.
3 As with l,) .. adjectives, some speakers prefer an alternative paradigm, such as the following:
present
past
affirmatiYe
"" -c· -t "" -c· L t:
negative
"" l: -f> � \ \ -c· -t "" l: -f> t:i. 11' ? t: -c· -t
II fiT� ( fc£) I� b L \ ( tc:J:) 9
In this lesson, we learn two t: -adjectives that are very important from the grammatical
point of view. They are J!f � ( t:) (to be fond of; to like), and � G " ' ( 1J) (to be disgusted T
with; to dislike). The meaning of these adjectives is relational, and you need two terms: a person to like or dislike something on the one hand, and a person or a thing on the other
hand that is liked or disliked. In sentences, these two terms usually appear with the
particles IJ: and IJ:, respectively.4
{ likes } X Y. dislikes
o .1 ,- _ [- :: lv l;;l: E *'-� o:> 7 7 .A 'h��t � "C"T o Robert likes his Japanese classes. 1: 1 .! /v ::: T
Professor Yamashita dislikes fish.
The item that is liked or disliked can also be a person. You may want to be cautious using
these words in reference to your preference for a specific person, however, because J!f �
--c·· -t is usually taken to be an admission of one's romantic interest.5 -t
Let us note three more things about 1-t � ( 1j: ) and � G " ' ( t:) before we go on. One, if you T
like or dislike something (or somebody) very much, you can use the intensified forms of
1-t � -r---t and � G " ' --c··-t, namely, ::kJtt � -r---t and ::k � G " ' "'C"T. These forms are more T t_·, , T t,·, .
common than the combinations of J!f � ( 1J ) and � G " ' ( ;j.· ) and the degree modifier T
� "'( t , to which we will turn shortly.
Two, when Japanese people want to say that they neither like nor dislike something, they
usually say:
I neither like nor dislike (it).
Three, you can use 1-t � 1J and � G " ' t: as modifiers of nouns. For example, you can say T
things like:
41n contexts where you are contrasting two or more items, the particle tt is used instead of -�;:. Thus,
fL. IJ:Jf;ljH;t-» � -c·-tt;:, � �J: � G , , -e't'o I like vegetables, but I don't like meat. h/.;L <· � , ,- -r r _ ( -5Jn the expression of romantic or familial affection, the complex particle (!) .: � -�;: can replace -�;:. Thus,
t= It L � lv IJ: .J 7 1) - � /v (l) .: � -�;:-» � "C'To = .J 7 1) - � lvt;:�r � -c·-t o Takeshi is in love with Mary. T - -r
= tL tJ: �L- cry* � t;t -r v t:' ··e-t 0 This is my favorite TV program. hf:L T
B Degree Expressions
lf you want to say things like "yery hot," and "a little hot," you can add "degree adverbs"
like � "( t (very) and t;, J: -::> � (a little; slightly) before adjectives.
The sea was very beautiful in Okinawa.
This room is a little hot.
Instead of having � "( t added to them, tt � ( 7J) and � G " ' ( 1j:) have their own inten-T
sified forms, *-tt � ( 1j:) (like very much) and *- � G " ' ( 1J: ) (hate). t:·,, T "''
t� �t L � .{; tJ: ::z - t --h{ ::k..-9-T � --r'-t o t� , , T
Takeshi likes coffee a lot .
.::f L. � ,{; tJ: � -? � 7 J;i * � � " \ --c··-t 0 f.:#\ \
Ms. Kim hates natto (a Japanese fermented soy bean delicacy).
Take a long form of a verb and replace the ending with � l J: -) or � L J: -) -h' and you
will get the Japanese expression for "let's . . . , " which you can use to suggest a plan of action.
-#t t: �--�t --c··Jta1! L .i L J: 7 o ' ' -? L t 1:: L ! n'lv --:,<,�" i Let's study in the library together.
��};!i '{•' ::1 - l:: - � 1X.;. j L J: 7 J;�o � .., >: c .<- � Shall we drink coffee at a coffee shop?
B Counting
There are two important things you should know about counting items in Japanese. One,
we use different number words for different kinds of items; the words used for counting
people are different from the words used for counting books, for example. Two, number
words often come after, rather than before, the items counted in a sentence.
lJ - � ,{; tJ: -w -t- � .::=-tx 1i " \ .i L t� 0 � ? "'( � A., j, \ \ 1.>·
item number Lee bought three stamps.
The number word, .:=.tx_, is made up of the numeral ..:=. and the "counter" tt. This counter :::- A, j � \ :::- A.. .1 \ \
is used for sheets of paper and other flat objects. There will be other counters in later
lessons-for people, for books, for sticklike objects, and so forth.
�JJI / - � E x p r e 5 5 i o n N o t e 5 rtf\ OJ::-5 l:ffv \JV
•lt l.A .. )/(;:-a�tJ'(fd:) ..,. tt l., lt > is used when we describe people and is not l\tfJ' ''""!.>' used for places. When you want to say that Tokyo is busy, you should use
�;: �--� iJ> ( i;t) . Takeshi is busy. Tok)'O is busy I lively.
Note that the sentence below is also acceptable, since the subject "I" is
omitted in the sentence.
B Hi B �i1't t_., 1t>l'·9 o = B HI B �i C:fM:J:)·tt l., v >l''9 o l: "t? J: -j v �}.fbi t: "t? J; �) T.J .h t..:t... t ,_:::.fJi I arn busy on Sunday.
P r a c t c e
CD �L,c9 't.:.1J'
A. Change the following adjectives into the affirmatives. ED
Example: t::. h' I, \ � t::. IJ· ... \ i:''T
tt'!v � � � t·f !v � i:''T
1 . -\'=' T ... \ 2 . &.> "':) I, \ 3 . � t.' I, \ 4 .. t:; t L ;t; \ \
6 . �., \ -t- IJ�- L .... \ 7 . \, \ \, \ 8 . L f'IJ• � 9 . � : �t -'{'=' iJ' �
1 1 . V' 1 �
B. Change the following adjectives into the negatives. ED
Example: -\'=' T ... \ � -\'=' i" \ &.> � 1 -lt !v
V' 1 � � V' ! L � JiJ � ! -tt !v
1 . � {..' \, \ 2 . --�· ; I, \ 3. .:: b 'v \ 4 . JiJ t::. � L I, \ 5 .
6 . � I, \ � I, \ 7 . \ \ 1, \ 8 . tf !v � � 9 . L f-h· � 10.
1 1 . l \ / -tj- £,.. ij:
C . Look at the pictures below and make sentences.
Example: .:: O) * 't+ t.;t � 'v \ "'(''To
Ex.
1:: , . , , t:h·
.:_ O) * 'tf t.;l:!£ \ J!> � 1 -\t /v o 1:: I t ' ' f> i"
(1) (2)
5 . "'? 1 � � \, \
10 . � if'L I, \ �
t.· f'IJ• L �., \
� if'L \ \ /j:
(3)
(4) (5)
(8) (9)
(12) (13)
:r�l- 0/ /1 00 I X 6 X 2 X '1 )( 3 x g X
4 X q I< 5 )( JO )<.
D. Answer the following questions.
(6) (7)
(10) (11)
::r:A-1- / 00/ ,/ioo I 0 ' 0
2 0 � 0 3 0 8 0 4 0 9 0 s 0 JO 0 I
Example: Q : 8 ;$..� 0 :7 7 ;z t.±D L "' ' �-- --th·o 1: tlA., ::_· t;flr
3 . *�tJ: :k � 'v \ �'T h'o IJ'? ::. -j f; f.;
5 . 8 ;$.. 0�""i� tj: � \, \ L \, \ �"Th'o 1 : !ilv f: L �
4 . fi�� tJ: � fl 'v \ �"Th'o ...... '(>
6 . 8 ;$..0�""4� tJ:* 'v \ �''T h'o : : t i A., t: !, � '(> "f
E. Pair Work-Make affirmative and negative sentences with your partner.
Example: � n "' ' �
5 -tr l • 1'51 " \ f: IJ·
� :ft. it 0fi� � t.± � n "' ' �----to �- t , srz. 0fi�� t.± � tl "' ' t � Ji:> � � � f:.�:., ......._ ,, bt:L " -'(>
2. \, \ \, \ 3 . .:: tJ 'v \
7 . Jt � � ,�·,{, �
4. � "' ' L "' '
8 . U' l �
F. Pair Work-Make your own sentences on the topics below using adjectives,
and tell your partner.
Example: 7 7-. � U: � L < � � l -tt lvo � � L � ' i:·· -t o
1 . �l d.i hf;L
4 . �h CJ) �� ,-i 'j: nt�L ""- �
CD �fJ'-=> t�c'9 t.:.fJ'
t:f l.r
2 . �h CJ) 1BJ l.i �.,T.:L -'! !;
5 . * * '.i
A. Change the following adjectives into the past affirmatives. 8J
Example: t:: t.J� � \ -7 t:: 1.1 � 1.1 � -? t:: i:" -t
t-flv � ij: -7 tt'lv � i:·· L t::
1 . � -t � \ 2 . � '"'::) � \ 3 . � t..' � \ 4 . B t L .; � ' 5 .
6. � ' f t;•· L � ' 7 . � \ � \ 8 . L -r· t; � ij: 9 . t: �--� 1;� ij: 10.
1 1 . U' i ij:
B. Change the following adjectives into the past negatives. 8J
Example: � T � ' -7 � T < � � l -tt lv i:·· L f::
6 . � \ � \
t-f lv � ij: -7 tt' lv � t_ � � � l -lt lv i:" L t:
3 . � � L � '
'"'::) i G ij: � '
� n � ' ij:
C. This is what Robert wrote down about the trip to Okinawa. Look at the memo
and make sentences. 8J
Ex. Okinawa-hot Example:
1 . food-not expensive
2 . food-delicious
3 . hotel-not big
4. hotel-new
5 . restaurant-not quiet
6. sea-beautiful
7 . surfing-interesting
D. Pair Work-Use the chart below and practice a dialogue with your partner,
substituting the underlined parts. A and B are talking about A's vacation.
Example: A is Robert .
----+ A : 1:f..� t: �t:f,%" t :.ff � l L t;: o
Ex. Robert
(1) Mary
(2) Takeshi
(3) Sue
'(>T l"i !- �.t> , ,
B : -t- ") "C'' T h • o �·· '7 --c·· L t;: 7J • o
A : · � "{ t :11J•-? f;: "{·'"to i> ?
went to Okinawa
saw a movie
stayed home ( '7 i? t: � \ � )
went to a party
very hot
scary
very boring
not fun
( 4) Mr. Yamashita went to flea market ( 7 1) - ? - 7 '/ � ) not cheap
(5) ft. �,t,L
@ �L \B��tc9� f;;fJ' C: ltl \
A. Look at the pictures and make comments on them. @)
Example: * -t+ ----+
Ex. (1) ;t- 7 Jv (2) 7 v �::·
(4) A en:: (5) A
v �:: (6) lBJ
i ?
(3) tElM L<><t'' '
(7) ��}j_
B. Answer the questions using the given cues. EIJ
Ex. _?( 7 1) - (1) 'A - (3) f::. tt L
kind beautiful interesting energetic
A. Pair Work-Choose the items from the following categories and ask your
partners whether they like them.
Example: A : _?( 7 1) - � /v tj: � 7Ji'-9,f � -r-·-tn�o 1 : < T
B : tj: \, ' � :9-f � "{"T / ::k-9-f � "{'' T 0 T t�·,, T
1 . Foods: meat/ � --:::> 2::: 7 (fermented beans)/ice cream ( 7 1 7.. 7 1) - b ) 2 . Sports: aerobics ( J. 7 o t: :7 'A )/skiing ( A. .:t -) /skating ( 7.. 7 - � ) 3 . Music: hard rock ( / ' - F o ''/ :7 ) /jazz ( V .Y 7..·) /classical music ( :7 7 ':/ ''/ :7 ) 4 . School Work: test/Japanese class/homework
5. Drinks: sake/ green tea/ coffee
* If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use � �.--e t � � \ ' "(· t � ry .i -\t A-.o ..,.
B. Answer the following questions.
1 . 2:::''/v � 'A f- - './ iJi':kf � "{''T n'o T
2 . 2:::" lv � 1<:�4h7J�-� � "C''Tn'o f:. !.?) -;-
3 . 2:::'' /v � ik.h4h7J�-�t � -r·--tn'o (/) t,(J) T
4 . 2:::''/v � �® 7.1{:9-f � "C''Tn'o i_ l \ ,; : ·t
5. 2:::''/v � � � 7.1{:9-f � "C''Tn'o /;!vi)'( T
0 �00i��* u &: 5 :ZL' 'IJ' 'aj
A. Change the following into * v � ? sentences. @)
Example: 8 "*-� � Wlr i' � 8 "*-� � �* L � L l 7 o :: llh- .: f.ilj:" 1: lih- .:· !.J.f·
1 . ") i? t : I}� .; 2 . 1t .i. t : &fl < 3. Bjt@I � JL ; IJ·.t -\t/.,-\t\' :� :t \ \ �;: ;z,
4 . U: iJi' � � p: ") 5 . ill T; � �t .; 6 . f:!j:---? lr ,. ;;.
7 . j7� <� 8 . �� � � .; 9 . F \" 7-.. t : :* ; f; J: L ? L h- 1::
B. Pair Work-Make follow-up suggestions using * v � ?tJ'.
Example: *- \ ' "'C' T tlo � (; � A : *- " ' --c··-t tlo J? � � �x� � L l 7 T;�o
� t' � <" � B : -t- 7 L � L J: J o
1 . � \, \ "{"Ttlo h ?
2 . +;:. Bt "{''T tlo l:wi 1 : t:
3 . .:.: Cl) fe3 *! ti � L " ' ---c· -t t1 o L.,.(f�' • t:flr
4. s L t: U: 1t.i. 0 ID!.i. a --c··-t l o
5 . S 0 v .A. J- 7 ::.--- t;;t J? �t ' L " ' --c··-t J: o
6. s L t: l;;l r A 1- i;{ s ry � T tlo
@ * ccY')O)-� (Review Exercises) fl.Jvl.AP5
A. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.
1. V\' ere you busy last week?
2. Were you fine last week?
3. Was your high school big/ old?
4. Was your watch expensive?
5. Is your bag new?
6. Is your room small/ clean?
7. Is your teacher kind?
0)
B. Class Activity-Show and tell
Bring pictures you took on a trip. Explain to your class where you went, what
you did, how it was, etc. And later, other students will ask i n detail about the
trip.
Example questions:
�-- � t:{T � � L f:::. lJ�o , ,
:R� tJ: �· -J --e L t:::. �;�0 'Z lv �
t.:·n � 1t � � L t:::. �;�0 , ,
�1t;fl0-t}J1f tJ: " \ < G --e L f:::. 1;�0 :;- .: -) � �? .i!
C. Role Play-Using Dialogue n as a model, buy some stamps and postcards.
A t t h e p 0 5 t O f f i c e Usefu l Expressions
.:: n.. jS mJi \ \ L j: T 0 ------ Can you take care of this, please? bl;'
li + P3-fJJ-=t � ;:.;fj( < t::.' � \ \o --- Give me three 50-yen stamps, please. ::: l:wL i. IV � ., -c :< IV .J: ' ' .
(�Jt�1f.) �'jSlm'-< ' L j: To Make this (an airmail), please. ::. -; < -; U' IV bl.>'
M 8 <,- G \ '-1;�-1; � � j: T-h�o --- -How many days will it take? "-"IV!:;;
Eli+ P3 �: l;t � j: To It will be 150 yen. lh-< ::.· l:w? i..IV
Gb � E P3 ·{'To Another 100 yen, please. U'(><i..IV
Useful Vocabulary
� 0 j t" (' �>
t;;J: -h� �
+ EZ .: --:J"?h
M�1f. ::. -j ( -j( J'IV
1*-� li 17 IV
� �71 a m I.>· Ci t: 61J
counter
postcard
parcel
airmail
insurance
registered mail
.. s m •• ,�
�--..M-... ,. ..... -.... -.....-.. ' ' . . . . . . ' ' ' . " . . . . L_l�_JL_l_l_l_J
DDDDDDD
Postcard
-w -=t ---- stamp
J.. 7 D 7'' 7 L.. -aerogramme
#• ----- letter .;. i L l f.f�1f. surface mail .;.>:,.·U'IV i!l!. special delivery i ( f: --?
Stamps
A t a P h o t o S h o p Customer : T h. i -tt fvo �Jt � :iW L }; �\ ' L i To
'(> ! t:ll)' Excuse me. I'd like a reprint, please.
Shop clerk : tj: \ 'o 7t5!?.... � � --c·· J: � L \ ' --c··T i?' o : � T: (
Certainly. Would the glossy finish be all right?
Customer : tj: \ 'o
Yes.
Shop clerk : .:. .:. t : ;g f.r c ��ft.� � }; fi \ ' L i To ;;.: j ;t -;:·A., h !.!"A.,:-� t:>b·
Please fill in your name and telephone number here.
Customer : \ '--:::> --c·· � i T i?' o
Shop clerk :
When will it be ready?
1± J:.IJ� � tj: +.E. E <?) .:==. * --c·· T 0 L n l:t:>-l :· ! : � 2 A- t:
It will be ready at three o 'clock on the 15th .
.: <?) iJ I � � � � � # "? --c � --c < t::: � �., \o
Customer :
Shop clerk :
U" l.r , ... A., t Please bring this receipt.
All right. Thank you.
� � h� 'C 7 .:·· �-- �., ' i L t;: o
Thank you very much.
Useful Vocabulary
iJt � :iW L ----reprint '(> !
JJU� ------ development ifA.,i·?
7L5R � � ---- glossy finish : i t: <
7[.5R f;I L ---- mat finish : -j t: <
F � / 7 7 ---- panoramic
7-- 7 1 F. ----slide
7° 1) / r ---- print ;f.. If------ negative
1±J:.h� � ---- date/time something is ready 7 1 Jv £,. ----film L ;,
24{X� � ---- 24-print roll � i-rl!. ------ battery .:!_ \ \ � "'(.,.{., �
1� \ \ft" --( 7J � 7 -- disposable camera -?lr T
iJ I �q� � � --- receipt 7.t ,;• It A.,
( •6= I L E s s 0 N .............................. 6� DJ \-��fv0)-8 A Day in Robert's Life
l \t;:> [;:::t;)
D a o g u e
(D In the class.
1 � r :Jt:j:_ : o /' ,- _ r � ,z,� )J\..0) � - :; � �iG ,z, --c-- < t::.· � " \0 '\' :i L fc-ltA.-1±<' -? �: J:
3 � r :Jt j:. : o r ,·- r � lv� � � --c < t::.· � " \0 7 7 A "C-QI "C tj " \ tt .f -tt lv l o \" 1 L tc-ltA.-11-<, :; h
4 o " ._- - � : 7t � � �Jz f-t-. � � n .1 L t:: 0 .;!-lv-lt<' .O.,d ir L ! hT
5 � r 7t � : �fz f4-. � t� -:::> --c � --c < t::.· � " \ tl o � 8 1�" ' .1 T 1J, G o
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
� .! L t.:-1tA.-4tt' 2'- .t ·) l)' l .t t � t ' !:-t:> --::>n�
([) After class.
A
0 / '\-- r
A
0 / '\- - I' :A - .
.
0 /' \'- I' A
0 / '\' - �
o / ._-_ r � lv � A, 8 tj .:k.� --c-· L t:: ho .:. .l -7 f:. t \ ........ lv
A. A- � \, \ 1, \ "(''T J: o
� 0 IJ{ � "3 o T <·· � L .1 To
o " ._- - � � A.,� � L t:: 7 A I' IJ{ � 0 l T J: o
i_ -? o ?.f.. � "(''T IJ'o 11 A.. 1:: -j
i_ X- o 0 / '\·- J-- � A.,� �Hi 8 �:1*-.h .f L f:: 1;• G ;fd_o :. A...t i '-" '\'T
t "\'=> � � 4- a t;:t * � : �J*-::> --c � �?� L i -t.� .:. ..t 1 \ ,_z lri. "'"""h-.2-.::i
@ On the bus.
1 B tJ � � ,z, : � C1) � i' h .1 -tt ,z, 0 ::: C1) / ._-A tj rtn��. ��HJ£ ""'-rr � .1 -t ;�;, 0 L 7>A..V'li'· 'A.. ' '
2 0 / '\'- I' : A. A. � ff � .1 T J: . . . . . . � C1) � }; Lf � � lv � �-- "3 ;c.�� -? "( < t: � \ \0 �' Th
3 B tJ � � .z, : l,. \ 1,. \ i._ � t t -:::> ::: 7 --c··-to -t <·· Ft ry l i'IJ' G o , . ...,
� -? "C'' T n'o t· � � , ��� � # t? � L J: -? n'o - # ...-.. • · - :.. ...... �
� ' t• -? t -t .h. l {t ,z, 0
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please read the next page.
Robert: . . .
Prof. Yamashita: Robert, please wake up. You cannot sleep in the class.
Robert: Mr. Yamashita, I forgot to bring the textbook.
Prof. Yamashita: Please bring your textbook with you. We use it everyday.
Robert: I understand. I'm sorry.
Sue: Robert, you had a hard time today.
Robert: Yes. May I borrow your notebook later, Sue?
Sue: Yes. Robert: Thank you. I'll return it soon.
Sue: Robert, we will have a test tomorrow.
Robert: Really?
Sue: Yes. You were absent from the class last Friday. (Thafs why you didn't know about it.)
Robert: Well then, I'll go home and study today.
0 Old woman: Excuse me. Does this bus go to the city hospital?
Robert: Yes, it does. Take this seat, ma'am.
Old woman: No, thank you. I'll get off soon.
Robert: Is that so? Then, shall I carry your bag?
Old woman: Thank you.
V o c a b u I a r y -�-�--
N o u n s j:; 1;• tl j:;it
* j:; t.;Ll6 � �
� .,.; . .; j:; }it g 1; · � t �!t�
* � J: -) IJ· L J: ��4� .:: � L \1> -J A,-�
* L h � tf' J: -) " ' � $ �W<J FJt
* �-'"'? � 'b 1)'.. 7 v t>'f- .L>. --c-- � � 't � -c--� L � �-
* t : t "'? fi;Ji� * � - :;
l t:• � ��
J: � � i? �t ' L I1> -J *� i? lt \t,l� *1¥-
fct - a d i e c t v e * t::. " '""-� ( 1j:) :k� U - v e r b s
;b � .,.;�
" ' � ('' j:; .,.;. ;; �: t.i " \ �
* IJ· i.. T
� t T
L � * T b �
t::. "'? t::. tJ ::.. � T -J
* '"'? 1; • -)
"( "'? t !..' -)
13 ('' ��
j:; � g �: A.. �
� T
Wi T
n �
� �
:ft "'?
t::. tJ ::.. � � -)
1� -) +m -J
* Words that appear in the dialogue
money
grandmother; old woman
bath
kanji; Chinese character
textbook
this week
Municipal Hospital
next
video game
electricity
train
baggage
page
window
night
next week
next year
tough (situation)
to play; to spend time pleasantly
to hurry
to take a bath
to return (things)
(person � : thing � )
to turn off; to erase ( """-' � )
to die
to sit down (seat � : ) to stand up
to smoke
to use ( """-' � )
to help (person/ task � )
tj: \, \ ; * t --::) * � T �'
R u - v e r
it �t ; J? L .Z ;
* J? 0 ; * h' 0 ;
L � ; --::) tt ;
b s
"'(•';\_,.f? � h· �t ;
I r r e g u l a r
--::)ft --c < ; * t -:::> -r < ;
A d v e r b s
* it � --c-·
J? -t- < * ,..._, .;;, G * tt -:::> ,: '7 --c··-t
* -t <·· * t.f ;\, � '7 --c··-t.;;·
I'P -:::> < 0
v
a n
to enter ( ,..._, l : ) to carry; to hold ( ,..._, � )
(1) to be absent (from . . . )
("-' � )
(2) to rest
to open (something) ( ,..._, � )
to teach; to instruct
(person l : thing � )
to get off ("'"' � )
to borrmY (person t : thing � ) to close (something) ( ,..._, � )
to turn on ( ,..,_, � )
to make a phone call
(person �:) t o forget; to lem·e behind
('"'-' � )
e r b s
d
1!n --c < �
H= -? --c < ;
0 t h e r
1� --c··
i!! <
to bring (a person) ('"'-' � )
to bring (a thing) ("-' � )
E x p r e s s o n s
later on
(do something) late
because . . .
That would be fine.; That wouldn't
be necessary.
right away
* � --c··-th· Really?
slowly; leisurely; unhurriedly
G r a m m a r
H Te-form The main topic of this lesson is a new conjugation of verbs called the "te-form." Te-forms
are a very important part of Japanese grammar. In this lesson, we will learn, among their
various uses, to use them in:
· making requests (" . . . , please.")
• giving and asking for permission ("You may . . ./May I . . . ")
• stating that something is forbidden ("You must not . . . ")
• forming a sentence that describes two events or activities. ("I did this and did that.")
The conjugation paradigm of te-forms is fairly complex, as we need to learn separate
rules for ru-, u-, and irregular verbs. Furthermore, the rule for u-verbs is divided into five
subrules.
First, with ru-verbs, the rule is very simple: Take � off and add "C .
Lerbs
U -verbs come in several groups, based on the final syllable of their dictionary forms.
, u-verbs with final 5, ::>, and �
�-::> L" ., --
ffl-::> L j; --
1 As we discussed in Lesson 3, some verbs that end with the hiragana ¢ are ru-verbs and some others are
u-verbs. The rule of thumb for determining which verb is which is to examine the vowel before the final
� syllable. If the vowel is a, o, or u, the verb, without any exceptions, is an u-verb. If the vowel is either
i or e, the verb can be either an u-verb or a rzt ·Yerb. Statistically speaking, there are many more
ru-verbs, than u-verbs in the iru and eru camp, but there are many important verbs in the minority,
such as A. � (to enter), and ·� � (to return). :�· c� { . . . aru } . . . oru = always u-verbs
. . . uru
{ . . . zru } = often, but not always, ru-verbs . . . eru
As far as te-forms are concerned, we observe that u-verbs that end with � will have a small -?, ru-verbs
that end with {> do not.
u-verbs with final it, ,3\, and �
�it �fvc· J: - J: --
illf,3\ illifvc ®i:- ®i:--
9E� 9Efvc �.,. - �.,. --
u-verbs with final <
�< tJ· -
There is an important exception in this class:
rr < � rr "? -c l\
-l, --
u-verbs with final ('
�1< <' � ii5J:-
u-verbs with final 9
The irregular verbs T � and < � , and compound verbs built with them, conjugate as
follows.
i rregular verbs
Note that te-forms and stems (the forms you find before ;t T) are totally different con
structs in the u-verb camp. A common mistake is to assume that the simple paradigm
provided by the ru-verbs (iz""- "( and iz""- ;t T ) covers the u-verbs also, thus coming up ,, ,,
with unwarranted forms such as x 4?- '-< ' "( (see 4?- '-< ' ;t T) and x �)i-4 "( (see �� .4 ;t T). It is h h J: J:
probably easier, at this stage of learning, to memorize each verb as a set, as in 1t < -:l: 6· 6·
� ;t -t-• '-< ' "( , than to apply the conjugation rules on the spot. Refer to the verb conjuga-6·
tion table at the end of this volume.
Use a verbal te-form together with < t:: � " ' to make a polite request to another person 2
"please do . . . for me. "
<fk f4. <7) 7 - / � lifj "' ' 't < t3.' � "' ' o -"li >?· L l :. Please listen to the tape that goes with the textbook.
T h :i -1:t !v o � J: "? � � ;{. --c < t�- � "' 'o i-; L Excuse me. Please teach me a little. ( = Tell me, I need your advice.)
A verbal te-form plus t " ' t. '"f'T means "you may do . . . ," which describes an activity
that is permitted. To ask for permission, you can turn it into a question sentence, """ "'C t " ' " '''C-ti.J·.
�f4. � Jt "( t \, \ \, \ "(''TIJ'o :. l ; I?· L l :t.
May I see the textbook?
Yes, you may.
To deny somebody permission to do something, you can use the te-form plus tJ: " ' � t i -{t lv.
\, \ \, \ ,i , <fkf4. � Jt "( t.i \, \ It ;i -1:t /vo !<li Jr L l 7,
B Describing Two Activities
No, you may not see the textbook. .
You can use a te-form if you want to combine two or more verbs, as in describing a
sequence of events or actions ("I did this and then I did that"). In other words, the
te-form does the work of "and" with verbs. (Note that two verbs cannot be joined by � , which only connects nouns.)
/ - r � 1-tr � --c , :1 t:o - L ! To ,.
I will borrow her notebook and xerox it.
2If you are talking to a very close friend or a member of your family, a te-form, by itself, can be used as
a request.
� � r� �t - c 1t:' �� Open the window, will you?
+ a tL � * � : � � i: , >fa 1£ L j L t� o � .t 'i ;; ( 1: },; ......::.(,!·!;
Today I got up at six and studied.
� ':t t : .fr -:::> '{ , � _:'' tl � � �""' j L J: l o L .t: <t:"1 \ ' � ... .; f:. Let's go to the cafeteria and have lunch.
The te-form of a verb can also be used to connect a verb more "loosely" with the rest of
a sentence. In the first example belo,,·, the verb in the te-form describes the manner in
which the action described by the second verb is performed. In the second example, the
te-form describes the situation for which the apology is made.
/ '\'_A t : *-:::> '{ , %;f± t : .fr � j To t7J 1.1·\' L '<" • '
I go to work by bus. (I take a bus to work.)
��A4:! � � n --c , -t.;; j � �0 � ! 1 �· L t hf I am sorry for not bringing in the textbook. (I left the book at home, and I am sorry.)
A sentence that ends with -h' I? (because) explains the reason or the cause of a situation,
a proposal, and so forth.
(situation)o (explanation) 1J'6o 3
iL..tJ+Il>t>Ya1£ L j: To cb L t-: 7 .A � IJ>' cb ry j: Th' � o ht�L .: A.. li'A..-"'A.-�!1 I will study this evening. (Because) we will have an exam tomorrow.
/ '\'.A t:* ry j: L J: J o :9 7 � - tj: � \, \ '{''Th' � o ?> r��·
Let's go by bus. (Because) taxis are expensive.
In Lesson 5 we learned � L J: 7 -h· meaning "let's . . . . " � L ·J: 7 -h' is also used in the sense
of "let me do . . . , " in offering assistance. If you see somebody having a hard time opening
the lid of a bottle, for example, you can offer help by saying:
I'll do it.
3The explanation clause may also precede the situation clause. Thus the first example above can also be
paraphrased as :
� L t:. 7 7... l- 1J:� ry � -tn· G , :ft. IJ:�B.JtftM� L l To -"•1"-L ..:-<.. t..:..(..-...;A,.!-:-'i We will discuss this further in Lesson 9.
Or to a person who is carrying a heavy bag:
Shall I carry your bag?
�J,R ./ - � E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s f-i\ UJc5 1:flv \V
ill < /i!IL \IIIJJ• Although both Jl! \t) and � < mean "late," they have different �� �� -� ·� usages, since Jl! \t ) is an adjective and � < is an adverb. J!! \t) modifies nouns
to� J•.:- 8"" or works as a predicate, and Jl! < mo
,difies verbs.
·
8�
I went to bed at one o 'clock yesterday.
It's late.
J&1 * h: �i, + � z:·· 0 iJ:g � 'L , J!! It ) � .:· �;t lv �lit« * '9 a t.,.,:):j:? L:»-:i L: 8 8-t' ;,� t:
On weekends, I get up around 10:00 and eat late breakfast.
I went to bed late yesterday.
You can also apply this rule to .!f! < / !j! \t ) . IH"> l;i\">
C 5 t>..,. t• -:? <b is normally used with J;) � -b� t :3 , as m t• -:? {) <b � -/,}) t -:? (Thank you very much), or with '9 1}. * -lt lv, as in c· -:? <b '9 1}. i -lt lv (I am
very sorry/Thank you very much). When used alone, it is an abbreviation
of t• -:? <b <b lJ -/,}) t -:5 or c· -:5 {) '9 1J. * -lt lv. Therefore, when you want to show
your gratitude or regret, you can just say c -:? <b instead of saying a long
sentence. c -:? <b functions in many ways, depending on the situation. Some
people use c· -:5 {) as "hello" or "good-bye."
d5..,. Many words that begins with :J3 can also be used without it. :J3 in such
words simply adds smoothness and nuance of social refinement, without
changing the meaning of the words.
P r a c t
CD ��rmrt"L < t.:t!t.' *c ®
c e
A. Change the following verbs into te-forms. £ill
Example: h � -"5 -----7 h � -c
1 . t:= ""' ; 2 . -h· 7 3 . l t: 4 . I; • <
7 . s .f , __ ,..:, > 8. t: '6 9 . -t ; 10. \ \ .f <·'
13 . L � 14. ti t: -t 15 . I;• .:{_ ;
5 . < ;
1 1 . \ \ <
B. Let's sing a te-form song! (Battle Hymn of the Republic) £ill
.P l . � 7 � -? -c � "? � -? -c t: '6 t: -? -c
l t; l 10 -c-- � .f '•' .. :, > s .f 10 "'('' L � L 10 -c--
I;• < 1;• \ \ "( �t-t �t L -c \ \ .f <·' \ \ ,f \ \ "(''
� lv t: u-verb te-form
.P 2 . 7 --? '6 -? -c t.' .. )� � 10 -c-- < \ \ -c <·' \ \ "(''
(repeat twice)
T L -c u-verb te-form
6 . � "?
12 . tl '6
C. What wil l you say when you want someone to do the following things? £ill
Example: to speak slowly -----7 � -? < � � L -c < t::.· :: " \ o !H:
1 . to call you tomorrow 2. to write a letter
3 . to open the window 4 . to drink tea
5 . to teach you kanji 6 . to bring a drink
7 . to wait for you 8 . to come with you
9 . to go to a hospital 10 . to return your book
1 1 . to bring a friend 12. to stand up
D. What would you say i n the following situations?
(1) (2)
(3) (4) (5)
E. Pair Work-Make your own request, such as "Please stand up" and "Please
take a picture," and ask your partner to act it out.
Example: A : � - t. - � tz � "(" < t�- � " \o � B pretends to drink coffee. ?)
CD T v t:::7d:� "L=bL 'L' c91J'/T v t:::7d:� z: r�L ' ':t*ttlv � �
A. You are staying with a host family. Ask your host family for permission to do the
following things. Eill Example: 7 v t:• � Jt � � 7 v C:'' � Jt "C t I. \ I. \ "C''TIJ�o
;z,. ;z,.
1 . t� t;f :: � '?& 7 2 . 'tMi � t;� tt � 3. .¥JL }; � g � = A. � i" -c-A- l? i> � �i· " IJ.\ '
4 . ill < !)� � 5 . 'k t�- � � 1t n --c < � 6. -w� � Jkj < h 'i: lri.. � L -:> 1-;h->l' ( '
7 . R, :t t; � �t � 8 . 7 v I::'' 1f- t.. � T � .1: <> '
B. What would you say in the following situations? Make sentences with -<:t,L' L Yc91J'.
1. You are in class. You realize you need to go to the bathroom as soon as possible .
2. You are in class. You feel sick and want to return home.
3. You have forgotten to do the h omew ork . You are sure you can bring it in
tomorrow.
4. You want t o ask your teacher something, but you cannot phrase it in Japanese .
5. You w ant to smoke in a c offee shop, an d there is someone sitting nearby.
6. You are at a friend's h ouse, and suddenly remember that you need to make a
phone call.
7. Y ou have run into a celebrity. C onvenient ly, you h ave a camera with you.
8. Y ou h ave arrived at a classroom. The air is stuffy.
9. Y ou and y our friend are in a dark room, an d you feel somewhat uncomfortable .
C. You are a strict parent. Tell your child not to do the following things using the
cues in A. ED
D. Tell the class what we can and can't do at school and at a host family's house.
Ex ample: �� "'C'' t� tJ'-: � *- "'? "'C tj \' tt � -lt h,o o•-,.: 'i T
@tijtg�z:, :::J-t::-��ctJ.*9 ®<! d5 (])
A. Look at the pictures below and combine the pictures using te-forms. ED
Example: �Jt� � "'C, :J -l::- � 1x� � To �� � �
(1)
oo oo DO
(2) (3)
(4) (5)
B. Change the following into te-forms and make the rest of the sentences.
1. kt�''t 0 7 't t:ff < t: t l \
4. kt�''t t:% 7 1:: t h
2.
5.
J 't t:l)�; 3. lr
i.,.
j:; }$\ g t:A 6 6. .). J;, (;i:\\
® J�'A r:� � * � o B�FJJ7.1'® �*it fvfJ' bo (J) t; 1J'Iv
A. Add reasons to the following sentences.
�lf!. � Ft ry -c ,.;._ L '(>
,. n
:k¥ t:1t < t::\ 'I)'( ,,
1. 7t.�tj:k� ·-e L t;:o 2. &) 0�@ � JL j: -1t ,Z,o -\::t/vl•P·) f:..\\........_lv ;(\1 I;� h.
;
3. &) 0 v A r 7 / t: 1t � j: L t;: a 4. � 0 7 � 7 A � 1*-h. j: L t;: o \' '<>i'
5. (name of a friend) 1.J{:k.P:t �-{'''"to t::."l. \ _,
B. Pair Work-Ask each other why you think the following.
Example: -M :: U: lv � iZ""' .f -tt Iva i> ::. f:..
� A : :ft. tJ: -¥A .::·· tJ: lv � 1Z"'"" .f -tt lv a bf:L h :- f:
B : �-- � L "'( "C'3n'o
A : &9:! ry J?�iJi'Jb ry :!-tt lvn' t.:> a B � lv tJ:? r-·h
B : :ft. t .¥A .::··tJ: lv � iZ""':! -tt lvo .¥A, ·tt L " ' "'C"3n' t.:> o bf:L i> �- t: i> � 1 •·M'
2. � L t� Li V' :i --c·· 3 o
3. �*' (name of a movie) � Jt :! 3 o Ln>'il '? l-,.
4. � t7) �, (name of a restaurant) t:,ff �:! L t::.o
5. J? �7;{-tf /v-tf /v J9 ry ;! -tt" lvo
6. *-� lJ: E *-��>fa�! L ;! -tt lvo "'''hh, 1: llh, :: ---:.z,:-l-1
7 . *�' (name of a place) t:,ff � .f 3 o :,\ 'L•!)1 \\
0-rl/t:::�;� u* u� 5tJ' It
Pair Work-Propose to do the following things, using * v J: ?f.J'.@)
Example: T v e:·· � iff 3
1. � � mnt � :.� I>
4. 7!:.:£. t:&fl <
It
7. ikh���f�-?"'C < � � t(7) t,
10. � � M &tJ � l �- L
.'
2. rvc·���t�I>
�. 1t��7;·tt�
3. -=t1� � -r -? t::
6. ����t�� �: t "? L
·9. �Ji��� L �-LA, !::
@ * ccY'JO)*l� (Review Exercises) n1vt.-�?
A. Role Play-Play the roles of A and B with your partner.
Exam ple:
Example-A
Yo u are short of money and want
to borrow some money from your
fri end.
Example-S
You are going on a trip tomorrow.
You don't have money to lend to
your friend.
A : T .,;_j: � �IJ>', j?� � f€} ry -( t "< \ "< \ ''C"Th'o b•tl b·
B 0 t;�-c··-tt;·o �-· 7 L -co
A 0 JiJ L t:: tj�t:·t:, 0)�� a ··c---th· Go t:: {. t; A..l: l"i U'
B : --c--t, �t. t t;�h�J!J ry .i ��0 &; L t::, atzrrt:rr � .1 Th' Go ht;L h·n �1.:; ''
(1)
1-A
You have a date tomorrow and
want to borrow a car from yo ur
friend.
(2)
2-A
You los t your Japanese textbook,
but you need to study for a test
tomorrow.
(3)
3-A
You are asked to return your
friend's video today, but yo u for
go t to bring it. You want to return
it tomorrow.
1-B
You just bought a brand-new car
and don't want anyone to use it.
2-B
You have a big t est in Japanese
and need your textbook to prepare
for the test.
3-B
Yo u asked your friend to return
your video to day . You need it
today because you want to watch
it together with another friend.
(4)
4-A 4-B
You are now in your friend's
house. You see a cake that looks
very delicious. You loYe cakes.
You just baked a cake for your
mother's birthday. Your friend is
in your house now.
B. Answer the following questions.
1. A,� 0 �*' M � L :i _,- -h' o (Answer with "� "'C, � o ") .: A...Lt!)1 Lt!)"lj" '"'? >:,..· �:
2. -71�0*, J: \ M� L :i L f::."h'o (Answer with "�"'C,�o") .: �t � ... Jj,;.:
I::L�irl... <;.:
4. 1[ llt 0 t? --c--t::. t�r .:: � *- "? --c t "' \ "' \--c--..,-.;;, 0 "i:'I...L" '"-'1.1• T
5. :k!f: t:M � f� "? --c � :i ..,-.;;,0 t:.·I.,IJ'< �·': L
6. J: \ �Jl!. t:*- 0 l..,"h,o "("f...L<' ?>
7. 7't�, ffi;¥! � � h :i L t::.-h' o <ti...L.;.� L•o<f::'·' hT
8. -71� 0 *, �--.:: --c--� t.f' :i L t:.-h' o ..: l::'t 1:::. h-'2
9. T1�0*, J: \ h�:: � � 4"-1�\r \ l L f::."h'o ..: � t � :. lr h � '? ""f
10. �·ft""'('' J: < * � 11§- 0 l ..,-.;;,0 1:: Ltb·l... UA, b·
11. J: \ :77.A�1*-hl..,"h'o '(>-)
Dir e ctio n s
Useful Expressions
(go straight)
_jL irF-
;b t: abh{ 6 h.:-- !.
(turn right)
_jL 4lt
.ti:: t : aH 1; �' 6 u-t:.ry :!:
(turn left)
----.-----JI .___I _
9L___I �I
-"'? § <1>1t� � ;b t: abh{ 6 :::. "':) § <?) )1} � .ti:: t: aH h { 6 V'l::. n L/v.:·i ;,.s .i .i.fo n 1,-1::.· Uf:'.ry .i
(turn right at the first signal) (turn left at the second corner)
(cross the street)
it <?) .ti:: {,&q �::. U'f:""Jf;:b
it <?) ;b {,ijlj h.� h':-�l;:h
(left side of the street) (right side of the street)
Directions
(north)
!: L
(west)
(south)
* *
A : T 7:1- j -lf h.to f�1�?oj IJ: (:::'' ;: "C''TfJ�o >'Pi (ffv��(
Excuse me, where is a post office?
B : .i -? -t <,, 1t-? --c... ..=. --J § 0) � �::lot: rtB 1;:-? "C \ \ h ? ¥) b· � h. !i' j
< t::' � I, \0 fl\ 1�)6J tJ: it 0) ::lo ;.�tq t: (b ry j -t J: 0 >'Piiflv-"�< ;,.<;, ;l;.C'iJ'.h
Go straight and turn right at the third
corner. The post office is on the right
side of the street.
A : 2:::''-) b Jb ry 1;: <::: 7 :.,, �,," \ j To Thank you very much.
(east)
*
1
2
3
4
( •1 it I L E s s 0
%n�O)�� Family Picture 1J' t:< G-\':> Gfv
D a o g u e
N .............................. 7J
G) S ue is showing a picture of her family to her roommate, Michiko.
hi?�: A h 1? � :
A
� nU:A-:: .00��0�Jt --c·-Th'o ;,. �-< L,•Lh..
A-:: ;Ctj: �-·fl "(''Th'o
�.n--C"To �{X0!3ift.i�h{P�h·tt"(l.r\� Lf-:o ,: ").: "") � �
s ht?� : h· b" \" '--c· T Po
.:: n t.i X "C''T o 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
4
A
ht>�
A
ht>�
A
7;} 1} 7J0%::f±t:ffJ�"(\,\� To i.I'"L<· -:>t
:Z :Z o -kip t.i#.E":hi} L "C "' � To J>tl lt..,.:.z.
� 'J r; Jv t: 1:£.0 --c··" \ � To \'.1 T
1"1�1Ji-_.Z_I.r\� To ,:=.�"(''To ...: 2:::. L f.l'?::. 'J :- .{..�\'
-t- 7 --c· T h, o � -::; � �iii h { " ' � T Po t:J.:
--c· t � 1? J: -::; � *- -::; --c " ' � T Po
([) A p hone ri n gs in Sue an d Michi ko's room.
h 1? .:: :: .0� �M � L "C "' � T h' o "'1..�.'(:
$q t: M t L "C "' � -lt �Co � � A-:: .0 0 � }
6 o.t\- r t f?.; lvo
L � � , 1" <·· ft � l 1" o
l\Iichiko: Is this your family picture. Sue?
Sue: Yes.
Michiko: Which is you?
Sue: This. I \Yas wearing glassses \Yhen I was in high school.
Michiko: You are cute.
Sue: This is my father. He works for an American company.
l\Iichiko: He is tall and handsome. Is this your elder sister?
Sue: Yes. l\ly sister is married. She liYeS in Seoul now. She has one child. He is three years old.
Michiko: I see. Oh, there is a cat. But he is a little fat.
Sue: Yes, because he eats a lot.
Robert: :\lichiko, what are you doing nO\Y?
Michiko: I'm not doing anything especially. I am looking at Sue's pictures.
Robert: I see. I haYe an interesting Yideo. so if you like, would you like to come to see it?
Michiko: That sounds good. Is it all right if Sue comes with me?
Robert: Of course.
Michiko: We'll come right now.
V o c a b u
N o u n s
* d!Jp �iF }/�- t-"\ t -) t: � -) t:::. � j?t:-)t If. ;ht:.:O)LJ't: �O)A_ ;h t:" \ � lv ;h)(.�lv
* ;htl.Z�Iv ;h�$ � lv ;h/vt:O)V't: -f;t;O)A_
* h'" \ L "'(-> %;f± * h' ?c'' < ��
h·h. � �
� J: -) t::-�.- \ )(.� < t: @] < ; � � :J / t:'' ,::.. L J: < t:-- -3 1Zx
* t?t? :)( TS/ � '/ T-£-
� § * &�)hip H!Hft
L\ - a d i e c t v e s
d6 t:::. � h"" \" \ YtJ!h''" \" \
1.1•-:;;.:\,\\,\
* h'b\,\\,\ * -fl:-IJ>'t-:.h'" \ ;'Flt.h"�" \
Jd:h"V' < \,\ j�t. h''1t \, \ t:h"" \ -fkt,\ U:�"' i! I,\ h. t' h'" \ �.E."\
• Words that appear in the dialogue
a r y
(my) older sister
apartment
younger sister
song
younger brother
man
older brother
older sister
woman
company
family
hair
brothers and sisters
country; place of origin
car
convenience store
cafeteria; dining commons
(my) father
T-shirt
eye
glasses
bright; smart; clever
(conjugates like "\" \) great-looking
(conjugates like "\" \) cute
tall
short (stature)
long
fast
short (length)
fct- a d j e c t iv e s
L h--1!---:::> ( tj:) ;f1 W
U -v e r b s
� t::. � -/;> �): :f, L:f,
L-?"C'-\lT LryJ-1!-h-
* -tt; Li <
* �) . � :f, �) . � "? -c '- , J: -t
R u -v e r b s
* (.lb-b{tl�) -l;·�t:f,
�0 :f, �o-? "C'-'i -t �0 ry i -lt ,Z, ii. t,'
�:f, �:f,
I r r e g u l a r
* �t-? .:: A, -t :f,
A d v e r b s a n d 0 t h e r
tJ>' * tj: t: t + negative
,._.... t: ,{, * V'�ry
�) . t::. ry * "'""---:::> t: + negative
* t t:> .; ,{, * l -/;•-? t::. t?
kind
conYenient
to sing
to put on (a hat)
to get to know
I know
I do not know
to liYe ('"'"' t: t ,\, --c��.' i i") to put on (items below your
waist)
to gain weight
to be on the heavy side
to put on (glasses)
to put on (clothes above
your waist)
to work for
C'""' t::--:> � &') -c '- ' 1 T) to lose weight
to be thin
to get married
E x p r e s s i o n s
but
not . . . anything
[counter for people]
one person
two people
not .. . in particular
of course
if you like
G r a m m a r
A verbal "te-form," when followed by the helping verb 1.' �, means either of the follow-• 1 mg:
(a) an action in progress, or
(b) a past event that is connected with the present.
vVhich of these two senses a given verb is used in is to a large extent determined by the
semantic characteristics of the verb. The verbs we have learned so far can be roughly
divided into three groups based on their semantics.
(1) verbs that describe continuous states
(2) verbs that describe activities that last for some time
(3) verbs that describe changes that are more or less instantaneous
We have not seen many Group 1 verbs. So far we only have Ji> � and 1.' �. The te-forms
of these verbs are never used together with the helping verb 1.' �, so we will have nothing
to say about them in this section.
Many verbs belong to Group 2. They include verbs such as �""'-;, � L', and .f�-?. When � l :
the te-form of a verb in this group is followed by the helping verb 1.' �, we have a sentence
describing an action in progress.
7- - � .Z. t;;t A,� 5§1 L "C '-' " .:!: i' o � \ .t "'h.� .t 1
Sue is studying right now.
t::. t t L � .Z. t;;t � � (}) *- � �'it .Z. -r--" ' 1 -to � \\ :_· t.i.{. J:
Takeshi is reading a book in English.
You can also use a � --c 1.' .i T sentence to describe what a person does by occupation.
The first example below therefore has two interpretations: one, you are teaching English
right at this moment; and two, you are an English language teacher (but are not necessar
ily in class right now).
1 The distinction between .�' � and � � that we learned in Lesson 4 does not apply to this helping verb
� -c �' �: you can use � -c �' � both for living things and for inanimate objects.
ft. tJ: * � � � � --c '- ' .i To nr:L ;t. :..· ;-; L I teach English. I I atn teaching English (right now).
;1. 7 1) -�A-. tJ: a.:$.���?! L --c '-' .i -to - 'A- -- -< A. '- 0
JV!ary studies Jap�;�es;. livfrn:y is studying Japanese (right now).
Verbs in Group 3 describe changes from one state to another . If you get married, or *tiil� It.-,.:.(,
T {>, for example, y our status changes from being s ingle to being married. \Vith these 2
verbs, "C " ' {> indicates a past occurrence of a change which has retained its s ignificance
until the present moment . In other ·words, "C "' {> describes the result of a change. 3
Professor Yamashita is married. 4
JV!ichiko is seated near the window.
Here are some more examples of Yerbs that are commonly used in the "'""'"C " ' {> frame-
work.
N= -:J L
�o-"G L
;k-"G .).�
-f->-tt-"G
-7
-7
�p ""'? --c I.\; l
(knows)
:k-? "'C I.\.'!> .;.�
(is overweight)
-f-> -1:!- --c I. \ ; (is thin)
A - � A_. tj: h � � t:: < � A_. t� ""'? --c I. \ l T 0 b·h ...
Sue has a lot of tnoneJ•.
tL r 7t 1:. tj: * � � �o ""'? --c �. \ 1 -t 0 '<':! L ;:".!A..".t-• :t ·' : L
Professor Yamashita knows English.
}' J., � A-.l.±"t? J: ""'? � iz-? "{I.\ l To _;.�
Tom is a little overweight.
ft. 0 � tj: � --c t -f-> -tt --c '-' ' .i To bf:L t-;�1� My younger brother is very thin.
2 Among the verbs we haYe learned so far, verbs such as � � �, 1f < , � �, * �, ;b -h· �, :± -h' �t �, J!t �, h \ • II•} ""'('" tn
J£�, ?f.IJ, jRT, i$n�. fti� �.!It��. t"l-:>"'C < �. i!tt"'C < �. ��T�. *.�, �-lt�, ��belong to 1# .• J.·t .. , J-, L -_, lt-,.:.A. .;� �
Group 3. In most cases you can determine \Yhether a verb belongs to Group 2 or 3 by checking if the verb
allows for a phrase describing duration, such as -aHa,. Compare, for example, • �� 1 .6•,4 0:1l.l.i�0-7-'*M-*��.hi Lf.:o I read a book for an hour yPsterday.
hf.:l • ·�� l Q·J{..lU i X ;f.t- ti-*M?tt: 1 L f:.o (Ungrammatical, much as the English translation "I died for an hour" which 4>/':l • .r, 1 Q·A.. t
is also odd.)
UU:.: thus belongs to Group 2, and ?f.IJ to Group 3. � L 3In Lesson 9, we will observe that this result of a change reading is actually not restricted to verbs in
Group 3, but can be associated with those in Group 2 in certain contexts.
4 ote that the sentence does not mean Professor Yamashita is getting married.
8 .... ��\5. 3Z:�ii
;f; �"(\\; ... �
(wears)
��; � ��"(\\; j.; j.;
(is awake)
1i. t; 1i. h.t "('' \ \ � -t -t
(lives in)
f/;50; �
f/;50"(\\; -n: ?�
(works for)
J'. 7 ') - � h.t tt T � -t" 'J � � "'C \ \ � To r 1- ':-
Mary is wearing I wears a T-shirt.
JS X� h.t ti� � "'C \\iTo � 1 ;.;
Dad is up and awake.
X�� tiJft.Jj0:1i.A..t "'C''\ \iTo � � !.H.i 1:: 1 � d -t My father and mother live in Tokyo.
�t. �3($ ti a *-04�.±. t:fh50 --c �, \ � -to l?t:L i>i:l 1:1!.4.- l.>·l•L�· ?� lilly older sister works for a Japanese company.
Note that verbs like IT < and *; belong to this group. Thus IT-? "C "'; and * "C "'; \ � ( \ � !<
indicate the current states that result from prior movements, not movements that are
currently in progress. You may want to be careful with what the following sentences
mean.
'o/ l�H:tf "'? "'C \\ i To ::,tP-).:: < \'
Somebody has gone to I is in China.
Not: She is going to China.
Somebody has come over to visit.
Not: Somebody is coming over.
Finally, a note on conjugation. The helping verb "'; conjugates as a ru-verb. Thus we
have long forms as in the following example.
affirmative
present �"'\<:l. '*9 t=
He is eating.
past �-"'\ <: l. \ * IJ t:: t: He was eating.
II
negative
�"'\"Ll. '*ttfv t=
He is not eating.
�-"'<:t-'*tt.lv -c· u t:: t: He was not eating.
To describe somebody who has long hair, one could say:
r J.,. � 1v 0� ti-& �, \ --c,·-t 0 1.>•7, �·!.>•
Tom's hair is long.
But in fact it "\YOuld be far more natural in Japanese to say:
Tom has long hair.
(=As for Tom, he has lo,ng hair.)
This applies not only to discussions of the length of one's hair, but to descriptions of a
person's physical attributes in general.
§ .., * � "' If nn �;_ ,J,::'v\
A :: .0 tj: + iJ>.' ,,
� l;•;f?l,\\-\ X. hl
In idiomatic collocations, ''"e also haYe:
if•iJ>.'i� .... \ � V"(
ii� iJi''v \ .... \ i>f�
is tall
is short
is bright/ smart
Person A has a body part which is . . .
0 Te-forms for Joining Sentences
In the last lesson, we discussed the use of verbal te-forms to join sentences. "\- and
�-adjectives and "C"T after nouns also have te-forms, which can be used to combine two
elements to form longer sentences.
The te-form of an "\-adjective is formed by substituting < "C for the final "\. The te-form
of a lj:-adjective and a noun+ --c·-t sequence is formed by adding --c·· to the base or the noun.
L \-adjectives: 3i:L \ ? �<<: �· �.--
irregular: L\L\ ? �<<:
t,J. -adjectives: ]'[; 3[ ( t,J.) ? :n:;3[c �lv � �lv� -
noun + c9: S*.A. c·9 (;: liflvt;lv
? S*Ac· r:: liffvljfv-
� O)m 0)1Z""4� tt � < --c, }.; " ' L" \ --c-·-t o h-it t: t"> \">f
The food at that restaurant is inexpensive and delicious.
� O)A.t.i"' \"::) t 5t� --c-·, }.; t L.; "\ --c-·-to U'l:: ItA. •
That person is always energetic and fun to be with.
� T �� lj 8 +A. "C'\ 1!9+ fi& <· G "\ --c··-to \'>.i Lt:%4-it•• 1: 1!4L4 .::4l:>O?!'\•
Professor Yamashita is a Japanese and he is about forty years old.
a verb stem+ r:n< L\
If a person moves to another place in order to do something, we can describe their
movement and its purpose this way:
(;: { �y< } destination of movement { /'\. } I the purpose of movement 11::: ¥� ��� tJ'�
The purpose of movement can either be a noun like 1i" '�� (shopping), or a phrase ;-;· !,.lTJ
consisting of a verb, its object, and so forth. Verbs describing the purpose of a movement
must be in their stem forms. Stems, as we learned in Lesson 3, are the part you get by
removing .i i' from the verbs' present tense long forms.
stems:
f-"'C*9) 'Ch(*9)
etc.
T-F�- r t:ln-ti'lv � j!(" \lt:rr � l L t:o IJ' • •
I went to a department store to buy a bag.
;:< 7 1)- � lvt.l 8 +t:l8 +� � �1! L1t:*1 L t:o !: !1/v t: f.:A. .:· ""'A..,� . .d 5
Mary has come to Japan to study Japanese.
li:l Counting People
The "counter" for people is A.. but "one person" and "t,Yo people" are irregular: -A.
and :::-A. . . ;.t, �
,_,_ '..!' 1:: �
v- 'C ry (-A.) .,), t::. ry (::..A.) :: !vt:!v (.=:.A.)
�t:!v (ll9A.) :::_•' t: !v (.liA.) .; < t: !v (�A.) L t?t:!v/��t:!v (-tA.) tj t? t: !v (.1\..A.) � vp -) t: !v (JLA.) t vp -) t: !v ( -t-A.)
one person
two people
three people
four people
fiYe people
six people
seyen people
eight people
nine people
ten people -FJJ-..1,\J T'h'o ·:: .<,.: .<,
To count people in a class, for example, you can add '"""'A. after the noun and the particle !:�
-h�-. and say:
I person 1J'' X� L '*9
{L,. C1) 7 7 At: (LJ:) A rJ .:r. -f' :/ J-..C1)��1Ji'-J-.. \\ l To .ht�L L:.<.- h·<1f•• '..1'1::.'1 There is one Swedish student in our class.
The place expressions are often followed by t: t;i instead of t: in this type of sentence.
� J.,J2 ./ - I'- E x p r e s s i o n N o t e s fO\ 0�51:ffv �
�,3\� ��means "to play," "to spend time pleasantly," or "to pay a social 30t ;o;;, calL"
When I was a child, I often
played with friends.
You must not play around
until late.
I went to Tokyo to have fun
last weekend.
Please come and see us.
Note that "to play" as used below requires different words.
Sports: to play tennis 7;::. A � 9 .Q to play basketball ; "A 7 'Y 1- � 9 .Q
Games: to play Yideo games 7 v t• 7-L. �9 .Q to play cards }- 7 /'-/�9 .Q
Music instruments: to play the guitar .::r:·::1-�� t.'
P r a c t c e
CDiDJ1d: uc:L '*91J' f..J:I;:
A . Look at th e pictures below an d an sw er the qu estion s. BJ
A : /- 7 1) - :: lv t.i 7 v t:· � Ji. "'C "' \ � To
(4) (5)
(8)
;h
(2)
(6)
(lO) (11)
B. Pair Work-What were you doi n g at th e fol lowin g ti mes yester day? Be as
specific as po ssi bl e (wh ere, with whom, an d so on).
Example: 2 P.:\1. --7 A : �1k.=.wt::..··;;-M� L "'(\\� Lf:::.-h�o
1. 6 A.M.
5. 6 P.l\1.
.: .: .: t: J;.. .·.:
B : ;JJ:.. t:· � � �� � --c--� '� L "'C " \ � L t:::. o
2 . 8 .·DL
6. 8 P.::\I.
3. 10 .-UI.
7. 11 P.:\I.
4. 12:30 P.::\1.
C. Class Acti vity-Let's play chara des . The teacher g ives a sentence card to each
stu dent. One of the students m imes the sentence . Al l other stu dents guess what
the person is doing an d raise their han ds when they recogn ize the action . The
person that gets the most points is the winner.
Example: m o/ � !v t.± �'4i} ··e�$ \ '-z·· �,-' £ To f;. :..·.?· �;!.. ;.; J:
0 s:X:c!fvrctc� r:iifv c'l. '*9tJ' c? �
A. This is Sue's family. Answer the following questions. 8J Example: Q : }.; X� A, t.± �-·.:: t: 1i !v -z·· \' £ T t;� o
�; -.
A : }.;X�h,lJ=-.:z.-3-:7t:fi!v"'C··�,-,£ To �1 T
1. }.; :!t$ � !v tj �--.:: t: 1i !v -z·· \, \ £ ..., 1;• 0 2 . � � /vt.±T ./. 1) 7J t:1:£!v"(''l.,\£ Th�o ni. T �;� T
3. }.;-qt � !v t.±-FI � L --c 1.,' £ Th'o 4. }.;�i?�.Z,t.±1PJ� L-z�.,,j:Th�o hi. <.:!:
5. }.;�rr�!vt.±��L-z�.,,£ Th�o 6. � � !vU�5:kt} L --c �,' £ Th'o hi. I•?.:A, �?l::: lt�.:A...
7. }.;X� !vt.±1PJ�-z-·Tt;�o 8 . � � /vtj-FJ"�"(''Th'o �; (.·A.,.�l\ �it: ;:a.·h,.�l.'
9. }.; X� !v t.± a *-0%;f.±. t:i/;cV) --c �,' £ Th'o �1 l:liA- h·••L<> ">�
Father lives in N.Y. works for an American company
Mother high school teacher
Sister lives in Seoul works for a bank; married
Brother lives in London student; not married
48 years old
45 years old
27 years old
18 years old
B. Pa ir Work-Ask about your partner's family and fi l l in the blanks below.
1PJ Jl "'(•' ..., 1;' M�L -z�.,,£Th' �-·.::t:1i!v"f'\ '£Th� �5:k�L -z�.,,£-th· � .. h.:·\\ J;.Lt: T (f "?.:A,
}.;X::!v �1
}.;-qt�!v ,;.�,
}.;)L�!v ! : � \
}.; :krp � !v h�
��!v t-;�1�
��!v \\b-lt:
® WEBt!fv(ctf.'tt"Lt, ' * 9 (Describing People) t>ae tc.
A. Look at the picture and answer the questions. 6]
A : tj \ '� J. m � 10 tj � -tt --c \' .i -to ""'1 to
1. J. m � ;0 tj2\.. "? "{ \\ .i -th�o \'•!. t; .;.�::
2. J. m � 10 tj T :./-\' './ � � "'C \' .i -th�o ->C> .i t; r1- ';.
3 . 6JI]�.Z,tj1PJ � �"{\\j:Th�o .J: L&·b �:1: :.
4. J.EB�/0tj:,/-/;( � tj\\"{\'j: -th�o 'C>.i t;
5. eJIJ�.Z,tj&f>I.J>';f-J � h�tt"{'.\j:Th�o .J: L&·b
6 . eJIJ�.Z,tji.J•� � t�-?"{"'\.iTh�o .l: L&·.h t
8. 6 Jll � ;0 u��f·h>'1� \, \ "'C"-th�o .l: L&·.h -\1: i.l"(
9. J.EB�.Z,tj�IJ>'-&'-'"'f'Th�o -'(>;! t; &·7;. t;;:&'
10. eJIJ � /0tj § IJ>',.J, � 1,\"'(''TIJ�o .l: L &·.!? ., ..,,,
B. Look at the picture below and describe each person.
C. Class Activity-One student describes another student without mentioning the
name. The rest of the class guesses who the student is.
Example: � h').\1 'v '--c··-t o T �-\' '/ � � "{ 'v' .i To :/- / 7.' � tj '.' "'C '.'.i-tt 10o &·7;. 7;.1.:&· 7.;- :.
® 7\:�lct'JT u < c: ��ttL' c9 1:::�\ tJ�< ®1:::6
A. Make sentences using two adjectives. @) Example: 7::... '!f: - :ffr L \ '/ � tL \' t:t ----')
* � \ \/ �: y f" I;• t:t i-in
2. �t;:::�.z. �n�.r,t:t/��L�.r'
3 . t� t t L � A-. - ""�1::.1; �-� " '/ 1.1' -? ::: �.r ' " ' .li" f�:?·
4. r /'�- r - tt�J·t:t/7::...� \\ L T ;.;;.;
5. :ffr�f"�-! (Bullet Train) - i! \ '/ 1.t:f•J 1:t L!(..b·l(..-\tlv !H' --:1(.. ry
6 . .A - � A-. - �J{ 1.1 { \ ' \ '/ t�:!JJ 1;t i>l:.! !... �""'.!""'?
7 . {1 C7) 00 C7).A._ - it� t:t / t: �--� I;• t:t bf:l ( 1: �,� I'!(.. �-
* '* t.± :ffr L < -c. � n \, -c---r o r.: \ ,,;. < l>f:?
B. Looking back on your childhood, make sentences using the given cues. @)
Example: my next-door neighbor - tall & kind
1 .
2.
3 .
4. 5 .
6.
7 .
8.
----') <:: t:t � 0 A. t .± , �1::.1; { � < -c , :f.Jt -lJJ "C'' L t� o
my town
my teacher
m y house
classes
m y friends
school
h omework
myself
U'� -<t f:b· Ll(..-lt-?
- quiet & nice
-big & scary
-old & not clean
- long & not interesting
- kind & interesting
- lively & f un
-difficult & tough
-small & cute
C. Describe the following items using two or more aqjectives.
Example: my roommate
----') {1 0 Jv- L. ;( - r (roommate) t.±:f.Jt -lJJ "C'' � t L .; "' "C''T o bt:L L I(.. -It-?
{1 0 'v - L. ;( - r t .± :f.Jt w -c--"t 1.1 ,-, ""::) j: � t:t " ' -c--"to
bt:L L 1(..-lt-?
1. my hometown
3 . my Japanese class
5. Japanese people
2 . my c ountry
4. one of my f amily mem bers
6 . people of my country
0 B9Hlru�5ef��1"�*9 ;tl\ 1f � l\
A. Sue is going to the following places to do the things below. Make sentences
like the example. @D
Example: Jf:;M� - 1;• .. ); � (Kabuki) � Jt; �!1 � �
- 7..- � .Z. LL<f-;M� �: t;• .. ); � � Jt �:.ff � iTo .'d!:: h ,,
1. L L - -r·-7o� &j < ...Lil.-....L.IV ;:.
2. @J:!tg - *�11§' � � !:: L .t lrlv IJ/v n·
3. 1zx - � ::_'' t.i ,Z, � 1z""; L � (!::"1 ll'? to
4. �1!J&J - -I:JJ-=J-�1{-) tl>i U'lv.'.t< �? � n·
7. IIIJ - i'Qi .. ); ;!t:, J>.::
8. 7'/�- r - < .-::> �1{-) n·
9. �tx lP1 - ��� �x_; .:: i .:: i .i' lo ::: r;L
10. ��� :::1 - t: - � 1k <t· �"'? ::· '( lv ">
B. For what purpose would you go to the following places?
1. :::1 / t:•..::. �= t:rr � 1 To ,,
2. ** �= �=rr � l l f::o � i :...t1
3. @.]:!itt: �=-fr � iTo !:: L .t h·lv ,,
4. �t: t:l}� � l To \ \ ;t I;· f.
5. ::k¥ t: t=*-l l f::o t�"n' < �'
® �(7)g����3l:OJAti'foJAL '*91J' � � ak� o� u���
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions.
1. .: 0)��& t: � O)A_;Qi'-FJ A\.\ j: T h'o " -{> ;-;�::.: :t?::: t.;.{.:.{
2 . .: 0)��& t: A_;Q>'-FJ A\.\ j: T h'o ---.--. --t: h.. �;(..:,(,
(natwnahty)
3 . .: 0)��& t: �7]>'-fk \. \A_;Q>'-FJA. \.\ � Th'o " <> lr7- c.:,;' :.-•�: :.;J(,.:J(,
4 . .: 0 �� & t: 5t � t: A. h "M A. " ' � T h • o ........ � (¥A, � � .. r. �·,{..:A.,.
®*c�O)�� tl.fvGIP5
A. Answer the following questions.
1. �-· .: t: 1i. ,z, --e '- ' � i" h • o -t
2. *'�1l� L --c '-' � T h'o
4. 8.7.fs-.0)� � �0-? "('.\� T h'o !:!!;(. if: L
5. E.;$.�0)7\':.i.lJ:�E--FJ�ft"C'-'� "Til·/li'-'"C'-'.i T h'o !: lih, .:· {l'J(,.;tl • :. .:: 7 �.: :.
6 . JL�h'.'-'l T h'o fPIA.'-'l T h'o ':-dt:•· {;J(,!:J(,
7 . j:; 5><: � .z, / j:; � � .z, ti �··.: t: ifJ 60 --c '-' :f i" h· o �'1 �- ?�
8. -J-1� 0)*, § ��Jlt � {�-? "( '. \ l L f::. h'o .: �·t l:c· t.:"i:h..L'i> t
9. �iJXO)*, 8 .7.Js:..� � �0-? "( \.\ l L f::. h'o .:-1.:-1 �:::: . . :1!1(, ::.: L
B. Class Activity-Show a picture of your family to the class and describe it.
Parts of the Body
&0(§)
tt (liN)
� L (X.)
Family
I. Someone
I II. Own Family
Else's Family A: Formal Situation B: Informal Situation Father I ;bX�� I X ;f;X:�A..,
:;: .; ::., � .. !::-j
Mother I ;!?��� I � ;I:;�� A., 0; l.Hl lri;
Older brother I ;1:;5(.�� 5(. ;j:;J(.�A.., .:. .. J;t: i:. � \
Older sister I ;I? :It$�� :It$ ;I? :It$� A., l•:t ht'l I'> X.
Younger brother ��A., � i>!:i!: i>!:-il:
Younger sister ��A., � . ��;it: � � .... -)�
Husband I .::·'.;tA.. if_A../:K. *(See below.) L ,.,. l:A. 1 ��-.�. :?%
\iVife I $!:�A., �1*1/� *(See below.) ;;< h•'l'·' ?j
Grandfather ;l?l:\.\�� :fllX ;l?l:\.\�A.., ...
Grandmother B tr .:b � ,z, :fll� ;I? Lf .:b � A., � f!'
Child I ;1?-f�A.., -Ji?Cl)-f
*Depending on each person, several words are used for spouses, e.g., for husband, t� lv �, 1 't;,(l)J...., and for wife, :k�, '717, -n-�::lv, and so on.
!.;"� . .:.:..,!1
* * *
A : mt:F � ,Z,C1JJ:;X � h.-tj-FJ�--c-·-tn·o f: (J.'Ir �-) �·A,��'
B : [formal] X lj li. f-�''("To
How old is your father, Mr. Tanaka?
My father is 50 years old. �? t, :: l•n?:;. \'
[informal] h X � h.- tj li. f-� --c-· To t: 1 ;.: t�?:. �\
A : mt:f�,Z,C1J};JL�,Z,tjt:''_:t:{i,Z,"'(··�,,.;t'tn'o to �.?- 1:•• "t Where does your older brother live, Mr. Tanaka?
B [formal] JL tj J!Cijn : 1i. h.- --c··" ' j To My older brother lives in Tokyo . .1;1: I:: "i !-li "t
[informal] h 5L � A, lj Jtt * t: 1i. A, --c··" ' j To .:\.. � 'l�.t'l -t
Note that you can use ;1:;5(. �A., and ;b:li$ ��when you talk to your older brothers ,:\ tli.
and sisters. The younger brothP.rs and sisters are called by their names.
Younger brother: J:;JL � ,Z,o
Older brother: -:·.:
Hi, Big Brother.
What is it, Taro?
( M8• I L E s s 0 N .............................. gj J \-I'Z=t:-=r..- Barbecue
a o g u e
(D At school.
1 ht?:.::
2 t::.ttL:
3 77-t?:.::
4 t::.ttL:
5 ht?:.::
6 t::. ttL :
7 ht?:.::
t::. ttL� lv, ch L t::. h lv � "f:'/ ----"""' 4" .:1.- � L 1-tt-lvh.,.o
\,\1,\"(''Ttlo f�tl,iJ{*� TlJ>o �
tt lv � lv lj ?
ttlv�lvl.l/JvF\'1 �l;{j;)� � i--?"C"'� Lt::.o ,, �-:t"f:'Ttlo Mh.,.t�--? i""'� i L J: 7 h·o :!/,tJ/, ::.:c: �
1PJt \,\� �1,\���\,\l To �·t: h t
([) Robert is cooking at the barbecue.
2 0 /'\-- �
*
J:.4'-"C'Ttlo 0/'\-- � �lvl.l#J.!T�<1)iJ{�t�i"'-Th'o l:.d 1' ry;i ry -t
i.. i.., J: < � "f:·1-F � i To \ '*" � <
*
5 0/'\·- � ��&>) j: L J: 7 lJ>o 1.1 1.:
6 h 1? :.: : j;)--?' l t::·tx j �" \ "('' < t::·::: "\0 tJ)
7 � 7 1) -::: lv t *-� � i -? i" " ' j L t::. h· � o i ,,
8 � J 1} - : l( \ � "? "'( T h j: -tl:-/vo �of
9 h lv � : t f> j;)' *-1� ! 1.1·.{.!=· \
Michiko: Takeshi, would you like to haYe a barbecue party tomorrow?
Takeshi: That's nice. Who will come?
Michiko: Sue and Robert will come. I think Mary will come, too.
Takeshi: How about Ken?
Michiko: Ken said he had a part-time job.
Takeshi: Too bad. Shall I bring something?
Michiko: I think nothing is needed.
0 Michiko: You are good (at cooking). Do you like cooking, Robert?
Robert: Yes, I often cook at home.
Michiko: Shall I help you with something?
Robert: Well then, cut the tomatoes, please.
* * *
Robert: Shall we start?
Michiko: Don't dlink yet. Mary said that she would come.
Mary: I'm sorry for being late.
Everyone: Well then ... Cheers!
'l I ,., ,
,,,
, I I
\It I
* t=lv
V o c a b
N o u n s
*
*
*
� :: -? 1: � I}) �, " \ L � " \ A..t
7J � 7
7J 7 ;f 7
< ' � J -
�t ::
.: A..t tf "?
L .:-- ?:::
t::' \ \ � f < -tt \ \
j-'' 1 :A ::J
"'( A..t � J:: tl -J � .: .;
r ? r
� "'? � t: �> / \ - j- 1 -
. · � / \ - --..:... .:::z.. -
U: L
.. ) � rP
;j\ - b :A j- 1
.i �t \ L I1> 1
G 1, \ �f--?
fct • a d i e c t * L J: -J f' ( � )
""-.. t::. ( �) \1J 7 6>) � \ ( iJ )
u - v e r b s
Ji) I}) � f �). �
Ji:> G -J * \ \ 1
m
4.--:t± �
� �
��)J
� �
1±* *. ¥ 1:.
� � f *
p)f
l:.
fPJ�>
?!-
�i!
* �
v e s
J:Jf-
r.=r-1f/6
m�>'F-t �
�7\: 7
g 7
* Words that appear in the dialogue
;n: P r::l
�
u I a r y
the day after tomorrow
ram
office worker
camera
karaoke
air
this morning
this month
job; work; occupation
college student
disco
weather forecast
place
tomato
summer
something
party
barbecue
chopsticks
winter
homestay; living with a local
family
eYery week
next month
skillful; good at . . . (���-)
clumsy; poor at . . . (��{) famous
it rains
to wash
to say
* I, \ �
* � � < � �
* � t 7
* � �
* --:::> < �
* t -? "'( 1,. \ <
R u - v e r b s t ;; t ;; .z;. �
* tj: t � �
tB -·� J
to need ( ......_,1.1�)
to be late (for . . . ) ( ......._, �:) to think
to cut
to make
to take (something)
t .; t ;; Jt � to stare (at . . . ) ( ......._, � ) to begin
r r e g u l a r 7 .-Z. ""C ..Z. -t �
� ..z. t� < -t �
� 7 t -t �
v e r b s
* � 1 7 � -t �
A d v e r b s 7 7 ..z. 7 .-Z.
* 1.1 · .-Z. tl \. \
a n d
* �-· ..z. tl ..Z. C "'(·· -t tl)
* j t=.· + negative
* h ..Z. � -c-
��T � to drive ( ......._, � )
j.7bi-t � to do laundry
M�l*-t � to clean
#:t.!'t � to cook
0 t h e r E x p r e s s o n s uh-uh; no
uh-huh; yes
*'tf Cheers! (a toast)
j� � ( ""C'' T tl) That's too bad.
not . . . yet
all (of the people) together
G r a m m a r
0 Short Forms
In this and the next lesson, we will learn a new paradigm of conjugation, which we will 1
call "short forms. " Before we start worrying about their meaning and how they are used,
let us first see what they look like. It should be obvious why they are called short forms.
We will list the already familiar "long forms" to the right in the table below.
Present tense, affirmative
short forms long forms a
�d7-*9 verbs: =±a:; � J: a J:
l. \-adjectives: f.J'P l. \l.' f.J'Pl. \l. n::·-g b
fc:J: -adjectives: ffitJ't� ffitJ'c9 [.,� - [.,� b
noun + c9: ��t.: ��c·9 h'<tt�,- fJ'(ttLI--
Present tense, negative
short forms long forms c
�d7-*itfu verbs: �*fJl.\ J: d J:
l. \-adjectives: f.J'Pl.' < fJl.' f.J'Pl. ' < ® 0 *itlv d
fc:J: -adjectives: flitJ' l..i � tc�: l. \ flitJ' l..i � ® 0 * it lv [.,� d V9'
noun + c·g: �� l..i� fc:J:l.\ �1: L.i � ® 0 *itlv fJ'<ttLI tJ'<tt�l
The following rules summarize how short forms are constructed.
Verbs and l. \-adjectives in the affirmative (a above)
7 same as their dictionary forms
fJ-adjectives and noun + c·g in the affirmative (b above)
7 replace c9 with t.:
l. \- and tc:�:-adjectives and noun + c9 in the negative (d above)
7 replace ® 0 *itlv with fJ l. \
1Various names have been given to this paradigm. They include "plain forms," "informal forms," and
"direct style." Long forms, on the other hand, are often called "polite forms," "formal forms," and
"distal sty I e."
As noted in Lesson 5, the adjective " \ " \ is irregular. Its negative short form is J:: < � " \.
Verbs in the negative need to be analyzed in more detail, because ru-, u-, and irregular
verbs conjugate differently.
Negative short forms of verbs (c above)
ru-verbs: Take the final -@ off and add tJ:l \.
u-verbs: Take the final -u off and add -anai.
� < -? �1J'fJ:l \ f'F-@ 11' 11' -::J(
�159 -? ��tJ:l\ hi< <:' l<tt.J: l<tt.J: d;;J:
w-:J -? ftf.::tJ:l \ ;;:
!J!J!,3\ J:
9EtYJ -? 9EtJ:tJ:L \ = -
� ? l., l., 11'
==a:; -? �*tJ:l\ aJi: J: J:
irregular verbs:
9-@ vtJ:L' ( -@
exception:
�-@ (3)
tJ:l \
-? f'F 6tJ:l \ -::J(
-? hi<1J''�l \ d;;J:
-? IJ!J! l<ttJ: l \ J:
-? �b�l\ 11'
��L\ (2)
With verbs in the negative, the following three points are worth noting.
(1)
(1) The negative short forms of verbs that end with the hiragana ") are '"'"' :b � " \ instead 2
of "' J;; � " \ ·
(2) The vowel changes with the irregular verb < � . (3) The verb &1; � in the negative is � " \.
R Uses of Short Forms We now turn to discussion of how we utilize short forms. In this lesson, we will learn to
use the short forms in the following four contexts:
• In represented, or quoted, speech ("I think . . . , " "She said . . . ") • In casual conversations, as signs of intimacy
• In making negative requests ("Please don't . . . " ) (See 3 on p. 157.)
2This suggests that the bases of verbs like '.1{ -J and % -) actually end with the consonant w. This conso·
nant remains dormant when the base is f�llowed by the vowel i, thus we have }{ \ ' .i T, where w is •·
lacking, but it surfaces with the vowel a following, }{ .b ;J: \ \ . This mystery consonant also explains why .. the te-form of such a verb has the small -?, just like verbs whose bases obviously end with a consonant,
such as � 6 and 1*-?. :t
• In expressing ideas like " I like doing . . . " or " I am good at doing . . . "
(See 4 below.)
Quotations To quote a person's utterances or thoughts, you use a clause ending with a
predicate in the short form, plus � �-? "'C �., \ � L t� (They said " . . . ") , � �� 1, \ � T (I think \• h t
that . . . ) , and so forth. � is a quotation particle, which does the job of both the English
word "that" in indirect quotation and of quotation marks (" ") in direct quotation.
0 0
.A - � A..-t.;L <it; L t:: ��.�h{ <it; � � g "? "C " \ j: L t:: o l It A- P
Sue said that there would be an exam tomorrow.
Casual conversations Two people who are close friends or family members speak with
short forms at the end of sentences, using them as a sign of intimacy. The use of long
forms, in contrast, tends to imply the speaker's intention to "keep a proper distance" from
the listener. Short forms, then, are like talking on a first name basis, while long forms are
like using "Mr." and "Ms."
It may not be easy to decide when it is appropriate to switch to short forms. First of all,
Japanese speakers are often very conscious of seniority. A year's difference in age may in
many cases totally preclude the possibility of establishing a truly "equal" relationship.
31\ote that the present tense in Sue's original utterance is presen·ed in .\laD·'s report.
4To sar that rou don't think something is the case. it is more common in Japanese to say it like-f.clt)
c .�, I,) 1 T (I think that something is not the case) than-c .�, It) a; 1!-lv (I don't think) . Therefore: � L n t
(:fk�;l:) ;I. 7 lJ - � lv �;l: t.:. tt L. � fv iJHff � {; {> 1;;. t, ) c .
Second, license to use short forms is not mutual; senior partners may feel perfectly
justified in using short forms 'Yhile expecting their junior partners to continue addressing
them with long forms. Thus if somebody 'Yho is older, say, your Japanese language
professor, talks to you using short forms, they would be greatly surprised if you should
return the favor.
Here are a few observations on the grammar of short forms as they are used in casual
conversations.
• In the casual conversational use of short forms, question sentences do not end with
the question particle -h', but with rising intonation alone.
• The t=.· ending of �-adjectives and noun + --c··-t constructions (b in the previous sec
tion) is usually dropped.
In casual conversations, U: " ' and " ' " ' i... are often replaced by the less formal -J lv and
-J -J lv .
To request that someone refrain from doing something, one can use a negative verbal
short form plus --c·· < t:: � " ' ·
.:: .:: --z-··�Jt � tl G 7j: \. \ --(·• \ f::_· � \. 'o L '(> L A- �
Please don 't take pictures here.
negative short form + c < t�ts.l-\
•
Please don't . . .
Short forms are used in constructions where verbs and adjectives are to be treated as
nouns. Thus :tL IJ:'"'-'-h{1tf .!- --c··-t / .!- G " , --c··-t can, besides describing your preference for l>t;L -t
items denoted by nouns, such as �;, also describe your preference for activities, such as t> ::
swimming, drinking coffee, and studying Japanese. Add (J) to a verbal short form to
express the idea of "doing x."
(fld.±) a *-� � ��! T � O)IJ{-Jtt � --c··To hf;L !: !!A- :: --<A.-':.!1 -t
I like studying the Japanese language.
(fldJ:) :g� � � {f'*'T � O)t;{ � G "' ' --c··To hf;L "' <' -< 1 t:
I don 't like cleaning my room.
"To be good/bad at doing something" is "-'iJ''J:...f--r·-t (is good at . . . ) and "-'7J1T-..f-"C·-t 5 1:;1 -r � t,
(is bad at . . . ) .
person let activity (verb) (J)fj\
like doing . . .
doesn't like doing . . .
is good at doing . . . is poor at doing . . .
It is a common mistake to use the te-form of a verb in such contexts, misled by the
association between ,..__, 1: � ' {> and the verb in the -ing form in English.
X t� � t L � lv tj � � � � L "( I; >'T 4'- "('' T 0 ;t .. , ..: r.:..-:: � t:..
Consider what 0 .1 '- 1- ::-. ..Z, t:i�'f*'- t:.ff � .;t L t: means. This sentence of course is about ;.; � !.•l) � ·
Robert and describes what he did. It is likely to be uttered when the topic of Robert has
already been breached. Grammatically speaking, (1) the noun o .1 ' - 1- stands as the
subject in relation to the verb .ff < (he was the person who performed the going), and ,. (2) the noun is, per the function of the particle t:i, presented as the topic of the sentence
(as for Robert, he went to Okinawa).
What if we both know that somebody went to Okinawa recently, and I know that it was
Robert, but you don't. I will say:
ROBERT went to Okinawa.
5To describe one's skills or lack thereof, we also often use a different set of expressions, namely, �-h� t: < \ '-c·-t (is comfortable with . . . ) and �-hq: il{ -c -c·-t (is uncomfortable with . . . ) .
fJ... tj: B .:f:.* � �T 0 -h � t < , , -c·-to I am good at/comfortable with speaking Japanese. 1..1';1,. 1 :. 1!/.,. ..: L!�
This sentence means that Robert went to Okinawa, which in English would be uttered
with an extra emphasis on the name Robert. His identity is the new piece of information
provided by this sentence. It is one of the functions of the particle l)t to (1) present the
subject of a sentence in a way such that (2) the noun will "fill in the blank on the
information sheet."
The "blank on the information sheet" is a question word like t:n and M. The above � : :
sentence will fill in the blank left out by:
f�';h,'b�5tf'�t t :::;ft � � L f::. 'b 'o j;� �i? i. l
Who went to Okinawa?
As we learned in Lesson 2, a question word that is the subject of a sentence is never
followed by the particle t.l, but always by the particle IJ{. As we have seen, a noun that
will provide the answer to such a question is also followed by the particle 'h''.
'(_--� -:; 7 .A IJ� h t L ;; " ' --c·-t'b·o
Which class is (the most) interesting?
a *-� � .7 7 -A IJ�- h t L ;s �, , --c· -to I: lih- :::_·
Japanese class is.
( ;:: � .7 7 A "(") f�' ;h,IJ>'� 'b�'tJ_ � '/.]• tt "( \ \ � T IJ•o
Who wears glasses (in this class)?
� r 7r. .i. IJ"� IJ{tl � 'b· tt --c " ' � -to '<" !. L t� -tth--tt•• Professor Yamashita does.
Cl The word for "something" is f!'h', and the word for "anything" in negative sentences is
M t .
"Some" and "any" in:
positive statements
questions
negative statements
fclf.J' f.�: I::
fclf.J' t.J:I:: fcl=b + negative t.J:I::
something
anything?
not . . . anything
These two words are used in places where th e part icles t.i, -h'·, and � are expected. In
these cont exts, they are used on their own, without the help of parti cles. We will learn in
Lesson 10 what to do in cases where particles other than these are expected.
I, \ I, \ � , �t/dj:¥J t �� .1 -lt A, "{'' L f::. o b :. � t:.
No, the cat did not eat anything.
� JJ2 / t--- E x p r e s s 1 o n N o t e s (0\ Od::-5 l:ffv W
-9-@ ...,.. Most irregular verbs are compounds of nouns and the verb 9 � . If you have learned an irregular veru, Lherefure, ruu have also learned a noun.
verbs
#tl 5!fi9 � """-��? to study
f-l. Jlt!9� 'h-7 ry to cook
nouns
#ft5� """-�.::? study
f-l.Jlt! 1)�-j ry cooking
ex. ���O)!!ti! J..., �.- �-r-9o Japanese language study is fun.
ex. O J '\ � I- � /vO)��J.fti.tn ) J..., l.- )L"9o
Robert's cooking is good.
Some of these nouns can be used as the "object" of the verb 9 � .
t..: t1 L. � Iv ti$�0)ji� � L. * G t..:o Takeshi cleaned his roorn . .0.. '1> 7? �; -
Compare: td1 L. � Iv t;t$�� tffl� L. * G t..:o .0.. '1> � , (.;
- � p r a c t c tl.Jv IJ�5
CD Short Forms
A. Change the affirmatives into negatives. 8J
Example: t?· < � t?· t?· "i ... \
1 . h .; 2. £> �t {> 3.
5 . l;i < 6. t;i t 60 {> 7 .
9. £> G � 10. < {> 11 .
13. B t � 14. t -? ""'C 'v \ \ 15 . 17. � &0 7?{ .. ), {>
B. Change the affirmatives into negatives. 8J
� t::. n" < "i ... \
e
-t L·
-::) < {>
h -tn {>
ti ... \ ,;
Example: t::. n' '- \
!J,Z, � t::' � It'� � t � "i '- \
1. 11> � &0 ... \ t-3.' 2 . J':> &0 t::' 3 . '- \ .:C t? { L '- \
5 . h t 1; • ... \ 6 . L ,4, -tt --? t=.- 7 . .!(-', ... \
9. t::. ... \ .r-...,.h, f-3.' 10 . 'v \ 'v \ 11. 1;> "? .:: ... \ ... \ 13. � G '- \ t::-
® Informal Speech
4 . 1;• �t {>
8. 1t lv t::. \ -t � 12 . £> {>
16 . t?· � {>
4 . t?· h 'v \ 'v \
8. � *t 'v \ f-3_'
1 2 . , � t-:.'
A. Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then
in the negative. 8J
1 . 4- a ' �5� -t {> ? 2 . + a , :iJ:. t::' t:d : � � ? � � -i ..-..:.{.�!1 � .t i � t ;,
3 . J: < }.; � � ikL' ? 4 . l < � Jf- t : jft {> ? t,-:- 'f) �h-L -:- 'f)
5. � a .. a *� � �-t ? 6. � a .. 7 v e:· � Jt {> ? 1 , , , :? ( : (Jh- .:. f.!�: j: \ \ 1:? ;:,
7. cb L t=. , ;k¥ t = *- 6 ? 8 . 4- E , f�\ •I;' ( ( -' l i
9 . § ��- � t� -? "( \, \ 6 ? 10 . *i!!, T. 1 A ::J t : .ft < ? l.: ' A,. L �· .
" 1.'.,'- 'Lt;,i , ,
11 . -iii-i/!, :g�& � tw�-t 6 ? 12. -iii- E , 57t51-t 6 ? j: I •LH>i " � � i l.: j \\1 :. t:, -lt lvf= (
B. Answer the following questions in informal speech, first in the affirmative, then
i n the negative. @D ·
Example: Q : :7t � ? lt'/v :.
A : 'J /v, ft�o / 'J 'J /v, ft � l: � � \, \o
1 . (J j ? lf/v :. lf/v :.
2. ·J't L "' \ ? \ •il;'
3. E *-� 0 7 7 A t.± }; t L 7:> "'\ ? 4. E *-� Ci) 7 7 A t.± � L '- \ ? I : li/v ::: 1: 1 1 /v :::
5 . .:: Ci'):fk�4· t.± \, \ \, \ ? 6 . 7t .i. t.± .:: h \, \ ? !'-1-i IJ· L 1 -\1'/,.-\1'1 '
8 . jS J�U6 1J { �t=f � ? 9 . .A $ - 'Jh{� � \, \ ? p;. " '
@ B�At� c�L'*9 1;: li'J:Iv (.;fv <15:0
A. Make a g uess about Mary, using -c!EtL '*9. r.;)jj1 t:;t, �
Example: good at Japanese
t:i'l;·
7 . t}J_!]j{J:-t- ? � l i ry l.:.d 1'
1 0 . 4- E tj: � Hi 8 � ! i It?.!: i 1./'
� ;< 7 1) - :: lv t;± E *� ]j>'J: -t- t�· � I� \, \ � T 0 r: f!A.. �.- L.t-1 --r ;.; �
1 . often cooks 2 . drives a car
?
3 . doesn't smoke 4 . listens to a Japanese language tape every day
5 . doesn't go home late at night 6 . doesn't drink alcohol much
7 . often goes to see movies 8 . not married
9 . likes Takeshi 10 . busy
11 . a good student 12 . not tall
13 . not scary 14. not quiet
15 . not a freshman
B. Make a g uess about the person or place below an d answer the fo llowing
questions .
Example: 0 · .:: 0 A. tj: 8 *-A. ··c-- 'th'o :..t � : : 1!/v l.:/v
A . i_ i_ ' E *'-A. t�· � I� \, \ � T 0 :: iilv l.: lv ;.; L
\, \ \, \ i_ ' E *A. t � � \, \ � I� \, \ � T 0 :: f!h.L· A... n t
Picture A
1 . � 0) A. U: %:f± � "(•' -t 1; > 0 U t: 1.1·'-' l � � 'A...
2 . � !b "(''J1J'o
3. (} j "("'t 1J'o
4 . �J[ 1; >' \ \ \ \ "(•' -t 1;' 0
5 . j��=. l;,-� \ ' ·-e -r 1.1'o -it t: fr
7 . #t� L "( \ \ j J1J'o It--> .: A,
8 . j:; 1i- � t:: < ::. l\A� "? --c " ' j -t 1.1 .. o :;•J.'J t
9. J: < 1Z""' .i -t 1;• 0 t:
10. J: \ ;z_ ;f- - 'Y � L j 't 1.1·o
11. 7 7 / _A� � � L j 't 1J'o
Picture B
:-_· u �·
2 . � !6 t: r!T 'l'' 't 1.1'o yp 1 ., , , �.:;,
6. J....IJ>' f: \ � .Z,1:f. t\.; "'('' \ \ j T1J'o if � T
7 . � � 0 A. LL t < �t �-- j 't 1.1' a if � J? J:
8 . J: < 1±� � L j T1.i'o L ::: I:
9. -l. t: J: < m 1.1"N:· � j i' 1.1 ' o �-� j) ¥"J pi.
A
B
C. Make a guess about the following things, using -C:JGtl '*9 . .,�
1 . the weather tomorrow
2 . the next test
3. what your classmates will do tomorrow
(!'0 .>( J7 U -<!"fv(d: ·It u L ' c � -::> L" L ' * u t� L. \�tJ' L. \
A. Report what the following people said, using -C:= -::> <: L '* u t.:. SJ �I
A : + J1 t;;t ·Jt L 'v , � g "? --c �,. , ;i L t� o
;;( 7 1) -
.: A-.If"? \ '"ti' \ '
Ex. � J1 IJ: ·Jt L �,. ' "'C''T o
2. It L t� t;;t fl: �,. '�� tr: L :i To ti · t �
4. ;t - t. A. 7 1 tr: L "'C '- ' :i To
5 . B X � .0 t;;t�Jt.-w "'C''T o l:: "i LA--tt-:>
6 . B � � .0 t;;t #:fJf �; { J:. + --c·' T o lr.h � d � t.:d "f
8 . ���j:�� tr: � L ;i % .0 o li· .:c· ( i. ,_ \ :_· !.t �-
=· t;
B. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. Take notes and report to
the class later, using - C: = -::> ""CL\* ut.:. �I
1 . 11!* IJ:1PJ tr: L :i T IJ' o Ln>1.1-? �!:
3. 8 /.f.(!) Jx. t�· � / 8 /.f.(!)�� t;;t �-· .0 � A_ "f:' T �;, o 1 : lllv 1:: t 1: llh.- ti· �- < :n ::.
4. �·· .0 � A._IJ{�t � --c·'TIJ'o J" � T
0 �/\(fcJ: {., \ c < t�ts. l. \ t.:.
What would you say when you want someone . . .
Example: not to look at your photo - �� � JL � '-< ' ""(" < t:· � '-< 'o
1. not to speak English
3 . not to come to your house
5 . not to smoke
7 . not to forget
9. not to start the class yet
11 . not to erase the blackboard yet ( :: < !ilv )
2. 4 . 6 . 8 .
10.
- ..;"' _ I,.. ;...
not to call you
not to go
not to sleep in class
not to stare at you
not to be late
® f@ �m 9 � cr.xfj'�:r=cr c91J' l'(fv�J:.? 9
A. Tell what Mary is good/poor at, using ...t-=Fc9 or ""F-=Fc9. 6J L.;J;5 "§' " t::
Example: tennis {good)
1. 3 . 5 . 7 . 9.
- ;< 7 1) - :: lv tj: T .=. A iJ�'J:. -t- "(''T 0 t:"i -r
s·wimming {poor)
- � 7 1) -� 1v tJ: itt <·· 0 �;�-r -t- --c·· -t o
French (good)
cooking (good)
speaking Japanese {good)
driving a car {good)
writing love letters (good) ( 7 7'v 7' -)
� J: "' f:
2 . video games (poor)
-! . making sushi (poor)
6 . taking pictures (good)
8 . eating with choQsticks {good) Oct l- l')
B. Pair Work-Ask if your partner likes to do the following activities.
Example: studying
1. 4 . 7.
10.
- A : Jfa5� T � r7J i7"1f � --c-·-t n�o -<A..:.�; -t
B : Lt " ' � 1-f � --c·· -t / ::k..1-f � ""C:'T o .
eating
doing shopping
doing cleaning
taking a bath
-t to ' ' -t
" ' " ' .:{. , � G " ' "C"T / ::k � G "' ""C:'To f: \'
2 . sleeping 3. singing
5 . playing sports 6 . studying Japanese 8 . doing laundry 9 . cooking
11 . driving a car 12. washing a car
* If you neither like it nor dislike it, you can use -9.f � --c� t � G \, ' --c· t � � ;! -It lvo T
@ t�ttt.i"'i =t: � "A A c97J' ulv
A . Use the table below an d answer the questions. ED Example: Q : t:·n1Ji1 .:¥' 1) 7-.A. --c··-t n·o
t: A-
A : o 1 "·- r � �vn i 1 .:¥. lJ :A A. --e-t 0 t:A-
1 . t=·nn�-�tOOA. --c·· -t b·o h·.Z. :: ( t: A-
2 . t=·nn{#:t! � -t :6 c1> 1J{J:.-=t --c·· -tn·o ry r i ry l:l'i -r
3 . t:· nn�· .... \ --:J t (always) t:'Xi:"�""'- l -t b·o Ll<!:"i f:
4 . t=· nn{.:y_ r � L � L t:. h'o
5 . t=·nn{*-.b{�f � ·�c-- -t n·o
Robert
I '�J -t
British I is good at cooking
cooks often I went to Okinawa last weekend
Mary American is good at does not cook I had a date last skiing weekend
Sue Korean is good at cooks I went to Tokyo singing sometimes last weekend
Takeshi Japanese is good at always eats at had a date last sw1mmmg cafeteria weekend
doesn't like cats
likes dogs
likes cats
doesn't like cats
B. Pair Work-Use the table above an d ask your partner questions w ith tttt1i.
@ �*' iCJ=t u*ttlv c ut=. v�-s*-=> tc�:r:.
A. You went to a party but did nothing there. Make sentences using the cues. ED Example: 1 �- 7 1 - t:.{t � � L f:. b"... (eat)
, ,
� � �- 7 1 - t :. D" � � L t:. n,., M t �"" � � lv --c· L t:. o � '\ �· .: t:.
1 . � � - 7 1 - t :. q � � L f:. b{ ... (drink) , ,
2 . 7J 7 ::t ?- b{ j/; � � L f:. b{ ... (sing)
3 . 7 v t·· n ,- && ry � L t:. IJ,., (watch)
4. 7J /. 7 � � --::> i: l.r \ � L t:. b{ ... (take)
5. I'P h. � lv t :.%" \ � L f: �;�·... (talk) ;, 6. � � - 7 1 - t :.:ft � � L t:. b,., (do)
, ,
B. Answer the following questions.
Example: 0 : � 0) -J O) lljt ='-lj: h., U:fPJ:0�11 � .i L t;: t;�o .::k :.: . : -;. (
A : U \ \ , A F U f ''/ T 1 (spaghetti) � 11 � .i L t: o
\ \ \ \ ;{. , M t 11 � .t -tt ,Z, ·r· L t;:o :: . : -? (
1 . �t � , fPJ t;��""" .t L t: t;� o ;;.: . : i:.
2 . � 0) -} , fPJ1; • � \ \ ,i L f: fJ'o t;::: lr
3 . � 0) -} , T v t:' ··e (on TV) 1PJ 1; � Jl .t L f: :O'o
4. 4'-' fPJ 1;� \ \ � .t -r 1;� 0 \ ' .t t;: !:
5 . lm*, M:O� L :t '"t :O·u L�i!-? t.· .:
6 . 1!*, fPJ 1;��5� L .i T :O �o L»i.!-? t;: . : --<4��1
® * c6fJO)�� :tl.fvlJtP?
;:...· �: ;z.
-? (
A. Interview one of your classmates about any future plans and report to the class.
Example: A -� h., tj: 3R � 'J 7 Jv ""fT < � %-? "C \ ' .i L t: o � \ , h .{. \ \ "
B. Pair Work/Group Work-You are planning a party. Decide on the following
points and fi l l in the chart.
\ \ --? --c----r i:J �
�-- ;:: --c·· L .t T :O·
�-· ,4., t:i. / " - 7 1 - -r-'"t :0 �
fPI � �� -? --c \ ' � .t T t; � � .. 1: . u
t.:';h,1;"* .t -t :O� �
C. Class Activity-Find someone who . . .
1. likes to study Japanese
2 . hates to do cleaning
3 . likes to sing
4 . is poor at driving
5. whose mother is good at cooking
D. Pair Work-A and B are making plans for a one-day trip with two other friends
C and D. A knows C's schedule and B knows D's schedule. Play the roles of A
and B. Discuss your own and your friend's schedules using -C:= -:::> "LL '* �t�. L\
and find out which days all four of you are available.
B : '-' ' '-' ' ;{. , j{ �.- ,�� t:ft � � To f-/\.. E LL C:'' "J --c-T n'o lr L � \ \ l:t:>-i(!�o:::,
A : :ift. t�L M t L � -tt lvo --e t , C � lv n {�® � Jt t:ft < c: g -? "C
Student A
A's schedule
16
23
bt.:l �· ! : i.. � ' �;: h \ \ \ \
'. \ j L f::. o
B : .<C "3 't'' Ti.l'o t � JiJ • • • • • •
171 18
24 25
191 20 21
study quiz party 27 28
22
29 261 part-time job
C told A that he would . . .
18th: go to see a movie
24th: meet friends
26th: go to Osaka to have fun
Student B
B's schedule
16 17 shopping \York
23 24
D told B that she would . . .
19th: do a part-time job
18
25
27th: go to eat Japanese cuisine
28th: go to Kyoto to see temples
19 20
26 27 I I
21 1 22 tennis
28 29 work
( M9il I L E
tJ\13\=0:_ Kabuki
D .a
s
0
(!) Mary and Takeshi are talking.
s
g u
1 t� tt L : _)( 7 1) - � ,Z, U: h · �� � � h"�f � "'C''Th'o -t
0 N .............................. 9�
e
2 _)( 7 1) - : h·��� � "'(''Th'o ;b l ry �0 ry .i -tt ,z,o "'('' t ' D J ,. _ r � ,z, t.l }; t L 'h -h · -? L
3 t� � g -? "'( 1.- \ j: L f� o , , 4 t� tt L : -h· .. )� � c:')-t:JJ 1f � .::.tx t G -? t� -h' G , JL t ::ft � .i -tt ,z, h' o
� .., .): {: J. \ ' h. \ \
5 _)( J 1) - : i_ i_ , -�f7.Jo 1,. \ --J "'(''T-h'o
6 t� tt L : *-Hi a "'C''T o +.:: * -h· G -e9a:f .i "'C'' "'C'"T o i, < J: i U' l:od !: L: .1: L:
{[) During intermission at a Kabuki theater.
1 .; 7 1) - : � n " \ "'(·· L t� tlo
2 t� tt L : ill "'C " \ :G A. t.l h. ,z, � 5fJ c:')A. "'C·'T J: o ·e U' l::. :-;�:: :: v' �::.
3 _)( 7 1) - : :4'- � --(''T-h'o !lJ\., 1::. 1
4 f� tt L : i_ i_ o � .: 'h "'('', t J � .:'' l j: ,{, � 1z� l L f: -h'o � .. ; i:.
5 _)( 7 1} - : l,. \ 1,. \ i_ , l f2'1z� "'( \. \ .f -tl:- /v o to
6 t� tt L : t � ib , Ji " \ t:.ft � .i L J: -5 o lr \ '
@ At a concession stand.
1 t� tt L : T h. .i -tt !vo J::; 4f- 3 � .:: --J < t3.· � " \0 --:,;(, �::_ i .;. t�
4 ,1i c:')A. : .:: {-.�'\..a fl3 "'C''To �-- -) t J6 0 h " � J .:·· �·- �,. \ l L t� o h-It (t l::. !: -ICJ(.,!.i-;:o(i<'('( ;t l(,
Takeshi: �Iarr, do you like Kabuki?
Mary: Kabuki? I don't knO\Y it well. But Robert said it was interesting.
Takeshi: I got two tickets for Kabuki, so would you like to go to see it?
Mary: Sure. When is it?
Takeshi: On Thursday. From 12:00 to 16:00.
CD Mary: It was beautiful.
Takeshi: The people who appear are all men.
Mary: Really?
Takeshi: Yes. By the way, did you already eat lunch?
Mary: No, I ha,·en't eaten it yet.
Takeshi: Then, shall we go to buy it?
Takeshi: Excuse me. Two box lunches, please.
Vend or: Here they are.
Takeshi: And then, one tea and one coffee.
Vendor: That is 2,800 yen. Thank you very much.
V o c a b u
N o u n s
*
*
I. \ " \ .:
I. \ .;
j:.; "'( ,Z, (:: '? }; ,Z,-tt ,Z, f.J-:. v)� �
;f":7 -< T ry
< -t ry � O) <t' ::1 /-tj- - � .: ,z, c:·· � < '-· ,z, - ..... ��
L It ,Z, L ,Z, h � ,Z, -tt ,Z,
.A -{- � -tt ,z, t t" --:? t::. ,z, .:--1::0 7 / 71 .1 7 �
L\ - a d i e c t � }; " \
� I;� I. \ < .; I. \ � U' L v \
L .; " \
h h ' l. \
fc;J: - a d j e c t 1, \ t h � ( t:)
u - v e r b s
}; c:-· �
}; ;b �
" \ " \T
� }; -#- � ·a *-lllll. 7.
� � � 1k<t'
�;_t: 11:x ��.�jt
�Jtt��JR
7\:. � '" -i:Ji Jf!.t;o
m �
v e s
-t I. \
:;JF I. \
,-W- I. \
;f.X L v \
8 \, \
;G I. \
v e
�j;f.,�
�m �
;f.�;b �
* Words that appear in the dialogue
I a r y
good child
color
boxed lunch
spa; hot spring
Kabuki; traditional Japanese
theatrical art
guitar
medicine
to take medicine
concert
near future
essay; composition
exam
Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"
ski
last month
word; vocabulary
piano
illness; sickness
blue
red
black
lonely
white
young
mean -spirited
to dance
(something) ends ( '"'-' h ")
t : lv � 1;{� � lJ: L � � V' <
* t G 7
R u - v e r b s
}; ti' :Z ; * "('' ;
r r e g u l a r
7 lv C:'' 7 -t � � lv t !'-t �
A.. �t;: � � �i:l � � w <
V e r b s
�t/7-t ; 1& � -t �
to be popular
(something) begins ( ,...___1;:) to play (a string instrument or
piano)
to get (from somebody)
(person t: thing � )
to memorize
(1) to appear; to attend ('""'"" t:)
(2) to exit ('""'"" � )
to do physical exercises
to take a walk
A d v e r b s a n d O t h e r E x p r e s s o n s
* -1fU' * � .:: .; "('' * )j. /v 1;t. * t 7
N u m b e
* U' C: -.J * �.). t: -_:)
)j. -;> -.J J: -:> -? \ \ -_:) -_:)
t: -:> -? i;t. i;t. -.J -'<:'> -:> -? � :. (J)-? �};
r s (used to count small items) --? .:::.. -? ;..-? lffi -.J Ji -.J "f:;. -.J -t -.J /\..-_:)
fl..-? +
from . . .
by all means
by the way
all
already
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
G r a m m a r
0 Past Tense Short Forms
We will now continue the discussion on short forms, which we started in the last lesson.
Here we will learn the past tense paradigm of short forms.
Past tense, affirmative
verbs:
l, \-adjectives:
tc�: -adjectives:
noun + c·g:
Past tense, negative
verbs:
l, \-adjectives:
tc:J:-adjectives:
noun + c9:
compare with:
�fvc· &: -
1J'bl \.k}
f¥1J't=. V§' -
��t=-ll'<ttL1-
�*fc:J:(., \ &: -
1J'bl' < tc�:�
'D1J' L/ f.> tc�: (., \ V§' -
�� L/ f.> fc:J: (., \ ll'<ttL1 -
Below is a brief discussion on the formation of past tense short forms.
Verbs in the affirmative (a above)
7 replace L:' fc· in te-forms with t�!t=.
l, \-adjectives in the affirmative, and all categories in the negative (b above)
7 replace the final l, \ with 1J'""::) t�
fc:J:-adjectives and noun + c·g in the affirmative (c above)
7 replace t=. in the present tense short forms with t=. -:> t�
The two irregularities that we noted earlier are observed here once again. They are:
,, ,,
Short form predicates in the past tense can be used in the same way as the present tense
forms, which we discussed in Lesson 8.
1 See -F. -? -r in Lesson 6. See J: 1.1·-? t: -r· -t, J: < � � .i -1t h-. and J: < � � i -1t h--r· L t: in Lesson 5. , ,
• In represented, or quoted, speech
A - � lv tJ:, �;fX08'f&>'J h"tl � f.J• �t "'C " \ t:: C:: § --? "'C " \ ;! L f:: o ..: .; ..: 1 t: � \ \
Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school.
• In casual conversations
BJt _::'' tJ: lv ' fz� t:: ? !.!"A- t, Have dinner yet?
Note that in J apanese the tense of the original utterance is preserved when it is reported.
If you are reporting somebody's utterance in which the present tense is used, you must
also use the present tense inside the quote. Thus, if your friend Sue said � , 8 ;f.� � � 5! L "C " ' l -t, using the present tense, your report will be: �!i
. : ,! A, ,:_ ......::h,..:.. .;-1 l \ Sue said that she was studying Japanese.
0 Qualifying Nouns with Verbs and Adjectives
' ' ! 1: llh- ::: -.:,(_
The short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns, much like adj ectives can. In the
example below, the phrase ;b f .:: ·e ;f. � tit lv "C'' " ' -!> (reading a book over there) is used as
a qualifier for the noun *- j:_ . h' ( -\t \ '
2 l.lh- J:
I � -t- .:: ""C''* � �ie lv "'C'' " \ ; I t¥ � tJ: .;; -t .:: � lv "{'' 'to l.lh- l l r ( -\t l '
The student iwho is reading a book over therei is Michiko.
The following table shows various forms of noun qualification. The phrases in the boxes
qualify the noun A. (person) to their right. Example i is a straightforward adjectival U' l:
example. Example 2 contains a phrase describing a person's attribute (Lesson 7), example
3 has a verb in the short form (Lesson 8), and example 4 has a t:J: -adjective, which is
relational (Lesson 5).
2 A qualifying phrase like this, "-hich has a sentence-like structure of its own, is technically known as a
"relative clause."
1 .
2.
3.
4.
ls=b u-3t. 'I l�t:J'�l. \j tJ'� T.J.fJ<
I661:J'tlfa:1J'It"L l. \�I lrait.i'*�tJ:I fj;: "t
"" adjectives and verbs
used as qualifiers
A v-c
A v-c
A v-c
A v-c
"" noun
a person I who is interesting I a person lwho has long hairl a person I who wears glasseS! a person I who likes cats I
Here are more examples of verbs used in descriptions of people.
I &iJ ;c = �e 2F Jt � * --::> --c \ \ � I A. ( tj t�· n ··e -t;; • o ) L '(> L h- 1::: l.J'I:.
(Who is) the person taking pictures over there?
l4it E 11.� � T � I A. ( lj Jt � �-T 0 ) j \ ' I C � 7 h, l:. "l (J- 1::: lf,Z, �
People who do physical exercises every day (are healthy.)
l t� t.f' = � o&;b iJ: \ \J A (h{�f � -c-·-to ) f 11'1::: .,
(I like) people who do not smoke.
I* if A:�:k� L t� I :tz. t�· i? C h· G -t-��;;{ :;ifci L t� o ) � J: tJA,It-:> ::: A, 1::: t '{ IJ'h :<
(A letter came from) a friend who got married last year.
Consider first the following pair of sentences in English.
Zelda has lost her key.
Zelda lost her key.
These two sentences present the same fact, Zelda losing her key, in different ways. The
first "present perfect" example describes the event as something that is connected with
the present: hearing the sentence, one will understand that Zelda is still without her key.
On the other hand, the second "simple past" example describes the event as something
that is independent of the situation at the present moment; we do not know whether
Zelda is still looking for her key or has later retrieved it.
In Japanese, past tense forms do double duty on the affirmative end of polarity, but the
past tense and the --c " \ � construction share the work on the negative end. Thus in the
affirmative, the past tense is used both with words like � r7) ") (disconnected from the
present) and t ") ("already," connected with the present).
{l dJ: � <1> -J m� � L i L t� o bt,L L •><t.:' ' I did the homework yesterday.
and {z, tJ: t -J m� � L i L t� o bt,L L "'<t.:' ' I have already done the homework.
With the negative, the past is used to talk about a finished time period like � r7) ") , but
"C " ' � is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ("not yet").
{Z, lJ: � <?:> -) m� � L i -tt � ··e L t� o bt,L L "'<tl' ' I did not do the homework yesterday.
and 1z, tJ: i t.:-m� � L '{ "' , i -tt �0 bt,L Ltp<t.:"'' I have not done the homework yet.
have not . . . yet I This use of "C " ' � can be found both with verbs describing changes and with verbs
describing activities, as defined in Lesson 7.
7-.. - � � tJ: i t_:-� � '{ '-' ' i -tt � o h
Sue has not woken up yet.
{Z, lj: i t_:' J?t- :::.·· tj: � � �� '{ 1, \ i -tt �0 bt,L (} ; fc
I haven't eaten lunch yet.
0 -1J'b
(change)
(activity)
We learned in Lesson 6 that -h' � added to a sentence means "because."
{z, lJ: :¥13 :::.·- lJ: � � �� i -tt � '{·· L t� o ·J't L h· "? t� '{·--t h· G o .ht.:L ¥> ::. t.: l \�_,;.-I didn 't have breakfast. (Because) I was busy.
In this lesson, we learn to incorporate the explanation clauses in the statements them
selves, rather than adding them as separate sentences. You can simply transpose the
"explanation+ -h' t::, " sequence to the beginning of a sentence for which the explanation is
offered.
(explanation) 1J' 6, (situation)0
= (situation), because (explanation).
= (explanation), therefore, (situation).
<b L f.: �.�1;" <b � 1;• � ' 1� t.i� H)tffa1� L .i T 0 l It� bt:l .: �li�"'iv �.ti
I will study this evening� because we will have an exam tomorrow.
( = We will have an exam tomorrow, therefore, I will study this evening.)
1f-t;· -? f.: t;· � , tl:: t;· 't .i � 1v --c-- L f.: o � � -
We didn 't go out,' because it was cold.
( = It was cold, therefore, I didn 't go out.)
Note that the resulting order of elements resembles that of a "therefore" sentence more
closely than that of a "because" clause in English.
Before the conjunction t;· � , you find both the long and short forms. Thus the t;· � clauses
in the above examples can be rewritten as � L t:::. �;\�1;{ � � .;!: -th· � and '*-h'-:> f:::. ·e -t h· 3 L llA. � t:
� . The long form before -h' � i s more polite, and is frequently found in request and
suggestion sentences.
1J • .. ) � � 0 -w 1f 1J" <b ry .i T 1J • � , -*-li t: � t: 1t � .i L .t 1 o :0 "? .i: " '.., L .t h. \ '
Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets.
3The long form before h' i.:J is inappropriate when the entire sentence ends in a short form, however. Thus
it is inappropriate to say: X '*-h''? t::. "'C' Th· i.:J , :±:l h · lt t.ih·'? f::. o �· {;
P r a c t
CD Short Forms Past
A. Verbs 6)
c e
(a) Change the following verbs into the past affirmatives.
Example: 7?� < - 7?� \, \ f::
1 . t;± � -t 2 . L t.:l 3 . -t �· 4 . 7? � tt ;
5 . \, \ < 6 . ib "(- ,,, ,.,). 7 . "'::) < ; 8 . -+1: 1v t:: < -t ;
9 . ib � J 10 . < ; 1 1 . v < 12. _i "':) 13 . \, \ "(- <·· 14. t � J 15. f.; c:· ; 16. "'(•' ;
(b) Change the following verbs into the past negatives.
Example: 7?� < - 7?� 7?� � 7?· "'? t::
1 . .l:J. ; 2 . -t --c ; 3 . -t V 4 . l?� tt ; (to throw away)
5 . t;± < 6 . t ;± t .i 6 7 . "'::) < ; 8 . -+1: lv t:: < -t ;
9 . ib � J 10 . < ; 11 . \, \ J 12 .
13. }; ti" i. 6 14 . J t:: J 15. 7?� ;t '6 16.
B. Adjectives and Nouns @)
(a) Change the following into the past affirmatives.
Example: t:: IJ� \, \
tt'lv � �
7?{ < {}: \, \
1 . 11> J &>} I. \ � 2 .
5 . 7:J. t I)� \, \ 6.
-
-
-
Jb &ry
t:: 7? � 7? � "'? t::
t t' lv � t::.· "'? f::
IJ�- < {}: \, \ t::· "'? t::
3 . ib I)• \, \
L lv-+1: "'::) � 7 . � T " \
J lv C:'' J -t ;
� -t �·
4 . l?�b \, \ \, \
8 . � ;h, l. \ �
9. \, \ \, \ "'( lv � 10 . 7?· "'? = \, \ \, \ 1 1 . � 'lf' L " ' 12. b. �' \, \
(b) Change the following into the past negatives.
Example: t::. n' '- ' � t::. n' < t:J. n ' "':) t::.
�f lv � i;t � �·f 1v � t -f-> t:J. n' "':) t::.
1,)>' < -lt \ \ � n" < -lt '- ' t � i:I. n' ':) t::.
1 . \, \ t b .; i;t 2 . (f J:. ") � 3 . b f.J• \, \ 4. n - b �, , �, ,
5 . t:J. n"· '- ' 6 . � lv � t:J. 7 . � }:; '.- \ 8. L fn· t:I. 9. \. \ \. \ "( lv � 10 . n· "':) .: '-' ' '-' ' 1 1 . }:; t L JS '- ' 12. � Zf' L �, ,
@ Informal Speech
A. Using the cues below, make questions about yesterday in informal speech. How
do you answer those questions? @)
Example: T v e:·· � JL .; h
� a : � � -? 7 -v e:· � Jt t::. ? h
A : -7 lv... JL t::. 0 / -7 -7 1v ... JL t:J. n' "':) t::. 0
1 . t• -lf � 1z� .; t:
2 . 1&*1" � �A- I!'
3 . �·�ti:'/.f.. � 1t � .; 1:: L � ir.lv li.l.- lr
4. -? -t? � twl*i' .; -< ') t:
5 . -7 i? "("#l.t i' .; � l .; �
6 . :§:. t� i? t : % ") 1:: !, h
7 . ljt� � jt ;t .; t; A.. ::: i;ll'
8 . * :iX t: * .; lr-, ::. 'J (
9. �� t = �� � n- tt .; lr -c· ( -;:·A,. J.,
10 . :1 / t• .:1. - :7 - � 1t ") 11 . 1'-#� � t � ") 12. lQi Zf' t:;ff <
i> i I. \
14 . .::;-· 1 .::z, ::� ··c�m .; :-; ?:"
-:>h·
71- h
B. Make questions about childhood in informal speech. How do you answer those
questions? BJ
Example:
1. l;• b \. \ \. \
3 . �1:.1.7{� 'v \ -li" f:lr
5 . A ,;f- -1.7""J:-=} l: l1 -r
4 . JtzHi 1.7""�t � "'A..-"t 1 -t
6 . � Zl l '-' \
7 . � L 'v \ 8 . A � - 'J 1.7{ �t � tc '7>
9. !@�1Ji' � G "' \ L·�<t.:�'
11. 1t. � t ;;t fJ�:W -li"A..-li" t • L A.. -<t-:>
(!) Jt3KtC. ::> t� C:JEtL ' * 9 1-J lv � <15'1:,
12. 'v \ c b 6
-t
A. Make a guess about the childhoods of the people below. BJ
Example: 5t � "'(" L t::. 1.7' o lf,Z, :. � Q ' .:: O).J.... tj-f-1� 0) Wf , j[.� '"(" L f::. 1J'o
A t;;J: '-' \ , 5t � t::--? t::. � ;� '-' \ j i' o If A.. � :; t
(a) ? t' :rt-(::::>t,\"L (about Madonna)
1. � n "' \ ""C' L t::. �; • 0
2 . '-' \ C b 6 --c-- L t::. il " o
3 . � 1.7 { J: -=t --c-- L t::. il • o ? tc l:Ji f
6. � 1?".� 1;• --::1 t::. '"'C'' i' 1;• 0 1)·7. ( 7,
7 . -t'-\:t '"( 'v \ l L f::. 1J"o
8 . l:::o J / � 1J¥ � l L f::. 1J'o 1.t
9. J: < jfg1! L j L t::. il'o
(b) B*�g0)$t�l:-::>t.H: (about your Japanese teacher) t;:: li<lv 2 ttA;ttl\
1 . h• ;b l.- \ iJ' -::> f::. "(''Th'o
3 . A --::> "C �.- \ .i L t::. h' o _;. �
5 . J: < iQt(J' j: L f::. h'o i d:
2 . �#:7Ji�f � "('' L f::. h'o IJ'? ::_ 1 "t
4 . 1.- \ t b � "('' L f::. h'o
6 . A3\ h { Ji; � .i L t::. h' o 1:,{, "'
B. Choose one classmate and guess what they were l ike as a chi ld using the
following characteristics.
Example: �� 1;>'1.- \ �.- \ --+ o -' ,-_ r � lv L±-t-1� 0 at, �� 7Ji J: h· --::> t::. C:: .� �,- \ .i To i>t� .: �· t <:: :. �t:l ;.; t
1 . \,- \ 1, \-f 2 . jt � 3 . �l<. h{� ... \ / 1!& � \ lflv .0 -It t"IJ· u <
4 . � h"-& ... \/ jJl. ... \ 5 . ·J't L �.- \ 6 . V' .i IJ·h '.J:IJ' ht:IJ·
9 . � #: h"�t � iJ'?.: i T
® -Tf:tO)B�iailv t� c �==� -:> "L l.' * u t::. ;: c't. e:� e5-t- L'
A. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions about his/her chi ldhood
and report to the class using -e:= ·:)L:'l. '* v t.:: . l\
Example: 1.- \ t b � "('' L t::. h • o
--+ A : -t 1� 0 at, �.- \ t b � "C'' L t::. h' o .: �-t � :.
B : tj �.- \ , �.- \ t b � --c,- L t: o
A : B � lv U , -t-1� 0 at 1.- \ t b � t::.'--::> t: C:: g --::> "C �.- \ .i L t: o : t:• t t: � � \
1 . �#:iJ>'�f � "('' L f: h'o IJ ' -, :2 i "t
4 . h' b ... \ h ' --::> t: "('' -t h ... 0
6 . J: < 1PJ ?: L .i L t: h, o
B. What would these people say/have said? Make up your own quote for the
following people.
Example: Y :1. r; Jv '/ ..I. -f, ''J 7f- U , � Cl) -) t::. < � lv�� L t::. C:: g --::> "( 1.- \ .i L t::. o ") .{,. �- ., \ \
� C1) '7 t� < � .0
if� L j: L t� -i A.- �o:' -i
7t: J1 • • • • • • �A-It""?
-f1� (/) * •• • • • • .: 1::' L �o: �
(4) £J: ([my] mother) !.! !.:!
�ttC0* •• • •• • .: -; .: -; lo: �
0 <YJt.i'tJ�1J'ltL" L '�A "C'9 ve:
A. Look at the picture below and answer the questions.
Example: fB tP � .0 f: ':tlr
� a : m.P � .0 lJ: t::.''(I)A. "'C''T IJ'o t::. .J�.· h·
(5) 8 *� 0) Jt:j:_ t : l i A- .:· �"'�''
*�(/)*•• • • •• f! \ ' h ' ( 1o: '
A : .YJIJitJ. � IJ- �t "( 'v \ � A. "(''To - En \ � v --t- - � � "( 1, \ � A. "(''To u �o: L 7, � 1! 1o:
l . o/ # � ,0 2 . J.L D � /v 3. Jf;;ft � t\.; 4. � � ,0 5 . :k.JI] � t\._, 6 . �;;f. � t\._, t:.'lrt· i, -l".t ('t, <1J t: i, L 1) hhlrb -ti' :.
4' # � �.�� t: t;, � .1 (• i:>
B. Pair Wor k-One of you looks at picture A below an d the other loo ks at picture
B (p. 188). Ask each other questions an d i dentify all the people in the picture.
Picture A
B : 7 v c' � JL "C '- \ � A. --c-- -t o h u �
C. Class Activity-Descri be your classmates .
Ask which of the
people are the
following:
1 . t::. 7:J 7
2 . � J: 7 :::
3 . t::' l. \ -t t1 4 . J: 7 :::
The class is divi de d into two groups, A an d B. Each mem ber of group A acts out
someth ing an d freezes in the mi ddle of doing so. Members of group B answer
the teacher's questions, using -C:l- \-@A c9. Take turns when finishe d. V'c
Stu dent : • � il.�� L "( '- \ � A. "'Ci" o <=!>! -; ..c -.: ..c r.n :
@ *t��I\L"L '*ttfv t=.
A. Answer the following questions using *fO::-"Ll-' *itfv. 8)
A : '- \ '- \ .Z , l t::'1z""'- "C '- \ l -lt �o
1 . t 7 W if f' � '- \ ;:! L t::. h'o ,:. ? __ ;: lr
2 . t 7 fer*! � L 1 L t::. 7? ' o l.,(f.:"''
3 . t 7 1'Fx � • � ;:! L t::. h'o �· ( .;:..c lr
t:.
4 . t -7 � � � h i L f: 1J, o <"try 'fl
5 . t -) B)t .:.·· U: 10 � 't "" i L t: 1;• 0 f.f.(. T�
6 . t -J �fr L '- \ Jf- � � % .Z i L f: IJ· o ;,r�;, t� A- :: i-;1�
B. Pair Work-Ask if your partner has done . . . yet.
Example: � ... ;� � � 't"" � < .(. t�
---7 A t -) � ... ;� � � 1<:"" i L f: h'o ' A- t:
8 ,Z ,Z , t 'J 1z"" i L f: o / 1. \ I. \ ,Z , ;i f;:'1z"" '{ l. \ ;i -lf" /0o t: t�
1 . �Jf��� t: * � LA-h·A--Il-A- 'fl
2 . �lit-*. t : A. � J.;A.,..;tA,.. !l\\
3. +� (Lesson 10) � �Jt t; t:.,.., ,,.
4 . 1;' ... ) : � � Jt t : .fT < ,;. ' '
5 . � JL � ------------------------------ h (a name of newly released movie)
6. ------------- � �, < (a name of newly released CD)
7 . � �Jt t.' ------------------------------ l
(a name of current best-selling novel)
@ ��t.i'L \L \7J'6, ia!Ut:1"T-cr*9 "Liv � <?.>� 1.,\
A. Match up the phrases to make sense.
2 . ��.�IJ>'�.b ""? t: 1;• � L ItA- I;
3 . :Otz.fT t :1t ""? f: 1;• � ry : .: 'i ' '
4 . ::1 :.--1t - r 0 -w :N � -=-tx t � ""? t: �; · � ·
:. J -i� ! : l \ \
5 . � � 1;{ J:: < ij: 1;• ""? f: 1; • � '( .(. !>
6 . 7 7 .A 1J ,. �� i � 1J' � l.it:
• .fT � i -lt /01;•0 , ,
· T L � iz"" i -lt !Co t�
� �· o:r l �
• ·� -. .;�.. J: I o l \ f
· ifHl t:1t � i -lt !v ""C' L f: o � � l \
• ¥:fX � 1*:4 i L f: o h'-, .: -; 'I'T
B. Complete the following sentences adding reasons.
1 . f.J · G , f) �1;{-tf' �-lf � Ji; � 1 -li- �0 t>·.t:>
2 . f.J · G , a *-* � ft?i7§i L i: '- \ 1 To 1 : flh- ;.· -<h-.'..ri
3 . f.J· G , 7\:. 11! � ll! ;.tz Li 'It L f.J' --::> t::. i:'' To .ft.{.loo'i Lwj i ? l,!fh'
4 . f.J · G , � � 7 *� � 1*h 1 L t::. o ,;•.., ;. 'i '(>T
® * ccY.>O)**� :tt.lvu�?
A. Role Play-One of you is working at a fast-food restaurant. The other is a
customer. Using Dialogue ill as a model, order some food and drinks from the
menu below. Be sure to say how many you want.
J \:JJ C-tJ¥ 1 60
. =r-·:xH-:n·¥ 1 80
9'-:J'J vJ C-fi¥280
7-:t:-:; J C-fj¥2 1 0
7 'Y :1Jl!J (.{ ¥ 1 60
7 1) i":fJ \-jj' ¥240
if\ y !-- J- 1::¥ 1 60
B. Answer the following questions.
1 . t.o 7 / � 1li! � .i Tn'o ., "
2.. ;f. 7' - � 1li! < o:> il , . ...t + ··r-'t il· o :.t t:.d 1'
3 . �m � o:> n"'-stt � --c··-t n· 0 n t' -r
4 . m � O) B�L J: < � � 1kh .i T il'o U'!i :- 1::: !< (Tn �
�- ..:. rr
6 . � l:f- 0:> � � 8 (birthday) t::Mn· t G " ' .i L t� il 'o :. J hh. t:A.L!i :;- c.: : :
t�· n t :: M � t G " ' .i L t.: il'o ':.:.:
7 . � 8 , '7 7 .A. tj1PJ"* t :: -k� .i ry .i L f.: il'o 1iiJBt t::�f.h ry .i Til'o :. .!: i �h. t: l.l t: "lv t: n
8 . _:k.il{itf � --c·· -t n'o t ' � T
g . -t1� o:> * , J: < 'iR. t�· t? c: i2l u· .i L t.: n' 0 .: 1::' 1, 1::: !- 1::: t h 'i:
10 . c:·lv � � o:> � v - -t - � # -? "C " ' .i T il ' o \ \ ;;, �
1 1 . � J.t <?) ��.� tj: � L " \ c: I� " \ .i Til' 0 .:..:. �::· L ilh, t:i'a· n t
12 . .:b � t.: <?) 00 --c·· t;t' t:''lv � A ;f - './ il"' J.... � ]j{ .:b ry .i T I;• 0 ( :: , :.{, =·
13. C:''/v � � h"'itf � "(·'T h ' o \ , 7, T
Pair Work (!) B.=========================================================
Example: J: L .::
� A : J: L .:: � lv t.i c:''0A. --c---tt;�o
Picture B
(/' �
B : -r v l::'' f Jt "'C " ' ; A. "'C' T o h (/' �
Ask which of the
people are the
following:
1 . \1J t::. IJ�
2. t .-p /v
3. � t;� .::
4 . ;{_ �
C o I o r s
There are two kinds of words for colors.
Group 1 : L \-adjectives
I -� " \ --------- black 8 I, \ --------- white ( ,., L 7:>
� 1, \ ------------------- red -'ij- 'v \ -------- blue ;, lr .i? f;
}it � \, \ -------- yellow Jt. @. 1, \ ------------- brown � \ \ 1, � ..... \ , f)
These words become nouns without the " ' ·
Group 2: nouns
I *�/ 7-- 'J - / ---- green -">rry
!k @. / 7··v - ---- gray Li \ ' � \ .:;
pink t:• / 7 -------
j�@. / � Jl// .;;·- ---- silver ��,_,\,,
red bag
I like red the best.
� t..:,��
purple
Jj(. � "'-r' ' "'
light blue
� � / :"i-Jv F gold :- h. < ' 1,
There words need � in order to make noun phrases.
*�/ 7'' !) - / 0 -1:: - .Y -hi::'')
Here are some words related to colors.
ff� 'h�-t " ' ··e -t Po lri; h i?
8 .�, 0 �Ji L 7:> ( 7:> L -\'> L h.
;1. 7 'J - � lv t.± �M--e-to "' h.l.f-:>
green sweater
You look pale:
black and white picture
Mary has blonde hair.
s s o N ........................... 1 oj Wi nter Vacation Plans
D a o g u e
(D Winter vacation is approaching.
1 :;( 7 1} - : * \ � � .i L f::. tlo � t:
2 t::. tt L : i... i... o :;( 7 1) - � lv , �1*h l.± <:::'' -J L .i T IJ'o _;.V!l"\'>-t
3 :;( 7 1) - : ¥�00 IJ> {:; 5� t : .ff \ -:::> t � "'f'TIJ�', .i f:3.'5jt(/) � I, \ .i -\t lvo 1.>·.{. .: ( f" l•hlv · ' :.
4 t::. tt L : " ' " ' �,._, tlo
5 :;( 7 1} - : ¥�00 <::: {:; 5% <::: (:::''-? "t::> Ci) l j, -J IJ i' l, \ I, \ <::: �� I, \ .i T IJ ' o h·.{. .: ( f" l • h lv i; �
6 t::. t t L : -) - lv ' {:; 5% Ci) t l -) I; { B£ I;> I, \ <::: �� I, \ .i T 0 �-- t ' A -� lv t.± ¥� 00 Ci) 1Z"'"" f: l•h.{. ,;:�, i; t 1.>·.{..: ( t,
7 4"� l.± }; " ' L " ' <::: � -? � " ' .i L f::. J: o L (7) \ '
8 :;( 7 1J - : -t- -J �''Th'o <::: :. .; �,- , t::. tt L � lv t.± <:::'' :. IJ ' t :1t � .i Th'o , ,
9 f::. tt L : <:::'' :. t: t .ff � .i -lt lv o }; :%-IJ'- � " ' IJ' G , :. -: t : " ' .i To \ \ t.rh
1 0 :;( 7 1) - : -t- -J �'' Th'o t � � .. t::. �t L � lv t : }; h � tt' � Jt -? � � .i i' J: o 1.>·
1 1 t::. tt L : b � , � � IJ>' <::: -J o
(]) At a travel agency.
1 :;( 7 1) - : *.FKIJ· G '/ ? lv .i i:'�1t;tlCJ) 7 ,% � }; � " ' L .i To :; :; :: �.>· U' .: i ';. J: "\'> ( nl.>'
2 *ff%:f.±. Ci) A_ : lj l. \ , 1, \ -:::> �''T IJ'o 'l .t ..:. -;;;:�., L '") J"t:
3 :;( 7 1) - : -t- .::. J3 -t- :JL a �--i' o l:ooi 1: h'?l:obi ( 1: '?
4 *1T%:f.f. Ci) A_ : -T� (::: -T1�Ci)1f_IJ{ � � .i TIJi' . . . . . . o � J .: i l.>' l , L " :n :: .: -tf 1v .: .:· :J-Iv
5 :;( 7 1} - : � -M' Ci) � j:-; � 1, \ L .i To
6
.: -';!'.{. Y.::ir
7 :Qtz1t%:f.±. Ci) A._ : t.± l. \0 t} J:: :: 1 .?· \. \ L <' !! ?:::
8 :;( 7 1) - :
9 *1t%:f.±. Ci) A. : -atM <·' G " ' �·' -to 'J -! .:. i t;'\. ' L ,.. V' � . ';:, L h· 1\.1
Mary: It is getting cold.
Takeshi: Yes. Mary, what will you do at winter break?
Mary: I am planning to go to Korea or Tai\Yan, but I haYen't decided yet.
Takeshi: That's nice.
Mary: Which do you think is better, Korea or Tai\Yan?
Takeshi: Mm . . . I think it is ·warmer in Taiwan. But Sue said that the food was delicious in
Korea.
Mary: I see. By the way, are you going somewhere, Takeshi?
Takeshi: I won't go anywhere. I don't have money, so I will stay here.
Mary: Is that so? Then I'll buy some souvenir for you.
Takeshi: Wow, thank you.
Mary: I'd like to reserve a plane ticket from Osaka to Seoul.
Travel agent: When is it?
Mary: December 19.
Travel agent: We haYe a morning flight and an afternoon flight.
Mary: A morning flight, please. Can I use a credit card?
Travel agent: Yes.
Mary: How long does it take to Seoul?
Travel agent: About one hour.
V o c a b u I a r y '----------- ----------�
N o u n s
;b � {j( fall
"' ' L -? JE:-t! doctor - � ?( .... .�JZ station
}; 1;• tJ. t i? }; �t� i? rich person
1;• }; ;m face
� -{t--? *ip season
* 7 v :; ·.t � n - r credit card
.:. � L �.if- this year
-tj- '/ 7J - soccer
Y f "/ shirt
-{t \, \ 1;•--? � it life; living
-{t- 1;• \, \ 11!-.ff. world
i? 1; > "( --? :t�T}� subway
"'( �;; < ;; �� gloves
� .:. � *� barber's
tJ: � * spring
/ '\ / "/ pants
7.f' J:. -) \, \ 10 JA�flt beauty parlor
* 7.!' 10 i� flight
�). tJ. fd',} ship ; boat
� � 1-P J JfJ;j( baseball
11> -) 6>) \, \ t 10 ;;ff� A. celebrity
* J:. � < t � reservation
G �, ,�;�· -? � *�AA -r �· next semester
� 10 ::.: apple
l.\ - a d i e c t v e s * ;b f::. f::. 1.1• \, \ 11£.1;• \, \ \\-arm
}; .:C \, \ � \ \ slo\Y; late
TT. L " ' ·� L 1/Y- \, \ cool (weather-not used for things)
--? 6>) t::. \, \ 'lit f::. \, \ cold (thing/people)
tJ. t: \, \ B� \ ' sleepy
* Words that appear in the dialogue
fct - a d i e c t v e
�; , 1v t:. 1v c iJ: ) r21 lfi-
� � ; * iJ: ; * Li G -7
R u - v e r b
* � &>') ; 5::k: &I) ;
r r e g u l a r V e r b
hlv l f'P -? -t ; �� -t ;
easy; simple
to take (amount of time/ money)
(no particle) to stay (at a hotel, etc.)
to become
to pay
to decide
to practice
A d v e r b s a n d O t h e r E x p r e s s o n s
:. (J) :_·' h � L f1l -? IJ' lv � --c-
�-- -) � "':) "( �-- t;, G
* �-- -? t;, * �-- (J) <-· G �,- '
� tllv l;i� <
on foot
best
or
for . . . months
in . . . time; after . . .
these days for . . . weeks
by (means of transportation);
with (a tool)
how; by what means
which
which
how much; how long
. . . years
(do something) early; fast
G r a m m a r
- Comparison
In J apanese, adjectives have the same shape in noncomparative and comparative sen
tences; there is no alteration as in "great/greater. " The idea of comparison is expressed
by adding something to the nouns that are compared.
A 0)13:51.)' B � rJ 1 (property)0 = A is more (property) than B .
.x.. ;ld::·· ;;z • / v ::z.. 1) - 0 ti -? n''7 7 / 7 · � 1- � 7 ..:ll_n � -? -:: " ' " ' "'C''To
Elvis Presley is more hip than Frank Sinatra.
/ '-'- 7 .. 7 · ;;z � 7 1 -W / F 0 ti -? n''7 F / 1- l � �n''J:.-=t ··c-- T-o --.; f, L.d f Barbra Streisand is a better singer than Madonna.
You can ask for another person's opinion on two things in comparative terms.
A c B c c· -:> 50) 13:5 2 fJ'' (property)o = Between A and B, which is more (property)?
/ "· ;;z � �ltt � �-·-? 1; C1) t i -? IJ>'!£ " ' -z··T-n�o �� L � ��
Which is cheaper, {going by) bus or {by) train?
In comparison among three or more items, the degree qualifier \ \ i? t.f.Z, is used.
[(class of items) O)�c] A t.N, \ 51ct'lv (property)0 = A is the most (property) [among (a class of items)] .
/ �/ "· o ''/ 7 1 � n v - 7 ::z.. � r � / ::::ie1) t:F --c··� t�·nn'· " , 1; tJ,Z,�n··J::.. -=t t�· � ;� " , �· 1.1· 1 t: L J: 1 T J? t.
Between Pavarotti, Carreras, and Domingo, who do you think is the best singer?
1 I n real life, the phrases A .;1) 11 -J :�;: and B J:: ry often appear in the reYerse order, making it very easy to
be misled into believing the opposite of what is actually said. Don't rely on the \YOrd order, therefore,
to decide which item is claimed to be superior. Listen carefully for the words (?) li -) :�;: and J:: ry . 2There are several alternates for �--? -!:;, (?) li -J . They are: �·-!:;, 0> (1) ti -J , �· -? -!:;, , and �·-!:;, 0> . Any one of
these can be used in question sentences seeking comparisons bet \Yeen two items. �· -? -!:;, and �·-? i? .;1)
li -J are slightly more colloquial than �·-!:;, 0> and �· t;, G (?) li -J .
t 1? "l:> lv , / �/ ' o ·; 7 1 n"" ' i? tJ!v�h"�.:t --c---;-0 ., ,c l�• -r
Pavarotti is best, naturally.
Note that the words Cl) tl � and �- "? t:, are not used in statements of comparison among
three or more items. Kormal question words like t=n. �·n, and M are used instead. -:..· . _
3
0 adjective/noun + (J)
When a noun follows an adj ective, and when it is clear what you are referring to, you can
replace the noun with the pronoun 0, "one." You can use (J) to avoid repetition.
:fL.- ti,� " ' -e - .1 - � t� -:::> --c " ' � To � " ' 0 t t� -:::> --c " ' � To C 0 = -e - .1 -) .bfcl ( ;, S ;, ir - L I have a black sweater. I have a red one, too.
* " '#-. � ft.' " ' t : 1t � � L t� o --c·- t " ' " ' 0 h � Gb � � -1!- lv --c-- L t� o ( 0 = �¥=-.) 'i>"t � lr ' ' - 1: L l I went to buy an inexpensive dictionary, but there were no good ones.
L \-adjective } + noun
fd: -adjective L \-adjective }
+ 0) fd: -adjective
Similarly, a noun following another noun can be reduced. Here, a sequence of the form
"noun1 (J) noun/' will be reduced to "noun1 (J) . " You simply omit the second noun.
.: n t.;;t .A - � lv 0 h - ti'lv "t"Tn'o Is this Sue 's bag?
I, \ I, \ ;{. ' ;c ;h., tj: � 7 ') - � lv 0 No, that is Mary 's __ .
7 � ') jJ 0 7 1 A 7 ') - b 0 ti -) h'' 8 .7.fs;-0 J: � }.; I, \ L I, \ "t''T 0 l : l'lh,
--
A merican ice cream is more delicious than Japanese one.
noun1 0) ---
"('To
3The tendency is to use c::·n when a list of items i s presented, and to use M when a group is referred to � ; :.
collectively. Compare:
ry lv ::.: 't.. :4 h • lv 'r. � < G lv tic:>) t:f "(·, c::·nh:\ , i? tilv* � -c·'T h ·o ...... b· �,-
Which do you like best, apples, tangerines, or cherries?
< f�· t Ci) Ci) <f' "(•, foJ-/)t\ , i? l.flv* � "(•TiJ'o � � .0:. ; _ i
What fruit do you like best?
'"? t 0 follows verbs in the present tense short forms to describe what a person is planning
to do in the future. You can also use a verb in the negative plus '"? t 0 to describe what
you are planning not to do, or what you do not intend to do.
verb (present, short) + "?=fs 0 t;;. (I) intend to do . . .
( ;fl dj ) i}!:�u: f= tt L � � � 7 .=. 7- � 't 6 --:::> t � --c-·-t o ht:L Lwl .: -:>
I intend to play tennis with Takeshi this weekend.
� T 7t. � tj � L t;: :k ¥ � = *- � \ \ --? t � --c··-to '(> j L 1�-trlv-tr'' t:·''h'< ::. Professor Yamashita does not intend to come to school tomorrow.
� � � Jt � : 1t < --? t � --c·· L t:: tt �-·, ��il" J: < � il ' --:; t::. il' G , 1t � 1 -tt � '1:" L t::. o -c ., ;<,. \ ' -c lv .0 \ '
We were planning to visit a temple, but we didn 't, because the weather was not good.
B adjective + fctQ The verb � 6 means "to become," indicating a change. 1J: 6 follows nouns and both types
of adjectives.
(.,\-adjectives: lli1J'(.,' � llit.J'< tJ:.Q to become warm/warmer ®1:::.1:::. - ®1:::.1:::.
fcl: -adjectives: Mt1J' (tJ:) � Mt1J'{::tJ:.Q to become quiet/quieter v"Y" 1.-J'
nouns: �H±� � �t±� {;::: tJ: Q to become a company employee l'l'llv'f>Wv l'l'llv'I"Wv
8 *�0>fa1�i1�-� L < � � l L f:: o r: lllv ::: --.:�v.ot-i t�QJ
Studying the Japanese language is fun now (though it was like torture before).
8 *�0)fa1�;6�'*J- � �: � � l L f:: o r: 111v ::: --.:fv.Oli -t
I have grown fond of studying the Japanese language.
With "' '-adjectives, the final \- ' is dropped and < is added, as in their negative conjuga
tions. A common mistake is to expand the pattern of 7J:-adjectives and nouns and use 1: with "' ' -adjectives. It is wrong to say, for example, X B£ ii' '- ' I : 7J: 6 .
n--:.t :.
\iVhen an adjective is used with 1J: 6 , a question arises whether the sentence describes an
absolute change (ex. "it has become warm, hence it is not cold any longer") or a relative
change (ex. "it has become warmer, but it is still cold"). 1J: � sentences are ambiguous in
isolation. If you want to make clear that you are talking in relative terms, you can use the
pattern for comparison together with iJ ; .
:J J 1) - :: /v tj'WJ J: � 8 ;$-�J;>'J:..f- t: � � j: L f::. o ! � !: LlA.- :: L.t-> "f
Mary has become better in Japanese than befm·e.
In Lesson 8 we learned the Japanese expressions for "something" and "not . . . anything,"
1PJh· and 1PJ t . As you must have noticed, these expressions are made up of the question ":.: :: Jj:l:
word for things, M, plus particles 1;• and t . Other expressions for "some" and "any" in � ..
Japanese follow this pattern. Thus,
something someone somewhere
not anything M t �· !:-
not anyone t�·n t not anywhere t:'' .: t
As we noted in Lesson 8, these words are used by themselves, where particles t;;t, h", or
� would be expected. I t is, then, interesting to observe how these expressions interact
with other particles, such as t : , ""'· and --e. These particles appear in the places shown
with underscores above. Let us look at some examples.
Did you go anywhere?
t�· nn� t :%-1. \ j: L t::. n'o - ;,
Did you see anybody?
1PJ n· L j: L t::. n• o � � = Did you do anything?
No, I didn 't go anywhere.
�.- \ �.- \ x.. � t�-n t : t %- 1. \ j: -{t 1v "{:' L t::. 0 - ;,
No, I didn 't see anybody.
1,. \ \, \ i_ ... 1PJ t L j: -tt !v --c-- L t::. o �t:
No, I didn 't do anything.
You can use the particle --e with nouns that describe the means of transportation and the
instruments you use.
Li L ---c- ::..·· ti lv � 1z""" j: To fc
/ "' .A -{" .�JZ j -{'' 1T 2 j: L f.: o i_ .:- � \
7 v c-· --c,-� \® � JL j: L f.: o i.. \. \ ;j t h.
We eat our meals with chopsticks.
Let's talk in Japanese.
I went to the station by bus.
I saw a movie on TV.
�J.JI/ - i' E x p r e 5 5 i o n N o t e 5 f1n\ U'd:3 l:f'fu �
q:iiijC:q=fiO)ffl!1J'® � H�9ti'·· .. · · � We sometimes use ff· and �t c at the � tffu � l:: Ulv
end of a sentence when we want our partners to treat what we have just
said as a given, common ground to build upon. These words often indicate
the speaker's intention to give her partner a chance to react and speak up.
By relegating the right to speak to one's partner, they also contribute to the
politeness of one's utterance.
In the dialogue, the travel agent lays out the relevant information on the
table; there are two flights, one leaving in the morning and another in the
afternoon. fJ1. attached to her sentence indicates that she wants to build
upon, and move forward with, these pieces of information. Instead of
asking the obvious question, namely, c·· 't G iJ) lt ) lt ) "C'"tiJ>, the agent chooses
not to finish her sentence, and lets her customer come forward with an
answer immediately.
P r a c t
CD ��(])(�5t.i'J\.AJ:: ��(.. \Cg C lv lr\'> l<l:1'>
c e
A . Look at the pictures below an d answer the following questions. ED
A : �$ 0) tl 7 n�·_, "'7-. J: ry i! '- \ --c·· -t o �4 L � ��
Picture (a)
1 . �fr#JAt � -' "· ;z,. � �·· t;; G O) tl 7 n''i! '- \ "C''Tn'o L 41r4-lt4 l.i�
2. �fr*f:,fAt � �- � �-·i? G 0) tl 7 n"i! '- \ "C" Tn'o L 4t.>·4it4 '4 L <> i;'i:
3. �fr��! � " "· ;z,. � �··-t; G 0) tl 7 h{� '- \ "C"Th'o L 4<>·4-ll-4 �.,-r
4. � - � " "' 7-. � �-· i; G O) t1 7 IJ,.� '. \ "(''Tn'o •Cfv L <' fo >l·
Picture (b)
5. Jlt* � };:.�&_ � �-·--::> i; O) t1 7 1J>';k :;, '. \ "("TIJ'o t -l �li i-> h !- h· ;.; �
6. *t� � :Jd&. � �-· "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJ->'+ � '. \ "('' T IJ'o �..t:, t h h !'lr ;?\'
Picture (c)
(a)
..::. * M ¥ 1 2 , 000 :-4 t: t.>·4
� * M ¥ 1 0 , 000 J, ( t: lr4
-'"-* M ¥ 8 , 000 llJ";, t: t.>·4
7. m -c:f � !v � � m � !v � �· "'? i? 0) t1 7 n'·���c. �;,-� '- \ "C''TI.l'o r� "-'"" "'' J. t;; -\!" to lr
s. � m � lv � }t;f.. � lv � �-· "'? t;; 0) tl 7 IJ�·�wn"1t '- \ "C'' TI.l'o � J. t, -t i' .:< -tt v- <
9. m -c:f � !v � }t* � !v � �-· --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ''� '- \ "C''T I.l'o ,, �b· -t-r !'- b>l·
10. � m � !v � }t* � lv � �-· --::> t;; 0) tl 7 IJ''�IJ,.�li '- \ "C''Tn'o
( b)
-<·:. t: -r-r "' t.>·7. hl:Jl·
�r�zAP
(c)
:k ll&. ;;� �/)·
Jlt * t: i "' � i
1 , 200� A. ;1 4 1 : 4
m -c:f
25tl � \ \
20tl � \ \
}t* -r-r !'-
35Jl �\'
B. Pair Work-Make questions using the following cues and ask your partner.
When you answer the questions, add reasons for your answers, if possible.
---+ A : I � � � �-' t; � ( 0 ti 7 ) IJ��t � --c·--tiJ�o �- ? �i-l'.P -t
B : I 0 ti 7 iJ� ( ?I- 1 0 ) �f � --c-- -t o -1· ....., .;.�p T
(or i t ?I- t �f � "{'' "to / I t ?I- t � � '. \ "(' 'to ) �·-? .i.t'tl T ij.·-? .;.vp
A : �-- 7 L --c "C''-t;&�a
B : i$. <-- 01J��t � --c-- -t;&� G o :? J: T
2. �Ji IJ�'- ' '- \A._/ 1;� -:J .:: '- ' '- 'A (* � ) ht::.1 UL U � -t
3. JfJ;i(/ -lj- '/ 7J - (J,.. � iJ� � � ) � -""'i ! :A,- :.
4. o/ � #l�/ 8 *#J� (�f � ) "'"'i .:· ( 1) l i � c: l.iA.-� l i 1) T
5. �G-/ ffitft� (�f � ) .;.r.. I.J- - 7 :: T
11. 8 * CI) ?{-/ � iJ: f.: Cl) � Cl) � ( B£ ;&� \ \) 1: I.!A.- .; • .p ( 1: .;.11> ;,t:;/:
12. 8 * 0 � 515/ � iJ: f.: 0 00 0 � iii ( :k � or � L '- ' ) ! :. (!.4.,. *f"\\1)•? ( !:. {t-P/.1·"'? f::.\ '"'fv f��
0 *fi�*'�t.)'L' 5 l�lv�L' c9 ufv tNv ttfv 1<1:�
= b- � / \
A. Look at the pictures on the previous page and answer the questions below. SJ
Example: 0 : .:: 0o/ "{'', �--ihiJ"'- ' t? t.f'A.t � \ \ "('"tiJ�o �·· ��
A : '*1T�f'�})t1J"'- ' t; t.f'A.t� '- ' "C''-t o LA.-n·A.--ttA.- 1:.�
Picture (a)
1. .:: 0 t:P --c--, �,-n tJ " �. ' i? t.;r tZt i! �. , --c-, -t �;� 0
P icture (b)
3. _:: 0 'o/ "{'', �-· _:: -IJ{\, \ 't tJ'.Z, ;k � \, \ "{''T-IJ'o
Picture (c)
5. � 0) tf' --c··' t�· n -�;,·..., , i? tJ .z-3��e.-�;,·� ..., , --c·· -r -�;- 0 �: ir -\!" f: lr
6. � 0 >=P --c··' f_:';f't-1;{\, \ 'f? t.f' .Z, * \, \ "{·'T-IJ'o t:ir J.?�·
7. � 0 o/ "{", �:lr
B. Answer the following questions.
Example: 1z""4� / 1-f � t: i, '}) -t
� o : 1z ""4� 0 >t --c··, 1PJ 1J { ..., ' -t t £' .z-1.1- � --c-· T 1J, o f: S '}) C..·h· " 1 : -r
A : T L -h". '- ' 't tJ'.Z,1.f � --c·· -to
1. jk�4� / 1.f � tJ) t 0) i"
4. s *-#J.!/ � G '- '
T
2. itt ..w. 0 mr / 1.f � -\!" ,., ' .1 l;. -t
5. i}�/1.f � hlvh'( T
6. *�r/1.f � :. -\!"-::> T
7. 7 7 A / 'It \ \ \ � j:_ 8. :; 7 A /3�\e. -1;{� \ \ 9. 7 7 A / t::. ( :: .Z,1z"" 6 fr" ( -li" \ ' 11- f.:; lr f:
C. Group Work-Make a group of three or four people . As k each other questions
an d make as many superlative sentences as possible about the g roup.
Example: � 0o/ i:', A :: .Z, -I;{ 'It , 't t:f .Z, * 'It ' "{'' To -:..·,;· J.?;j·
B :: .Z, -IJ>' ..., ' i? tl .Z,·lf· -IJ>'� ..., ' --c·· -t o -\!" f: h·
c :: .Z, -1;>' \, \ i? t:f .z, d: < if! < :; 7 A �: ;ifCi T 0 h i :.
D . Class Acti vity-Fi rst form pairs an d make comparative an d superlative question
sentences with your partner. (You s hou l d know the answers .) Then ask ques
tions to the class. The rest of the class answer the questions .
Example: ¥±� � I '"' V A r � �·· -t G 0 tl -3 -1;{� \ \ "{''T -h'o _; t.: � )(, f:&·
m >t :: .z- � � m :: .z- � �-· -t G 0 t l -3 -h { � " , --c·· T -h, o f: (J:;j· '" '" f: bh·
:; 7 A 0 >=P --c··� s t.:';ft-1;{\, \ 't tl.Z, j? � � J� "? --c \, \ .i T I;• 0 �·ir ,:. J: 1 h·h L
1ft -W-0 00 0 o/ -c· �·· � -IJ"' 'It ' 't t.:f .Z, + :: ..., ' i:'T-h'o 1:t /)·�\ ( ! : �· ;Q· � � '
® �ttfd:�bO)c9 bt:L.
A. This is a refrigerator in a dormitory. Tell whose each thing is, using (]). SJ
Example: .:: 0 0 lv .=-- U: 1) - � lv 0 "'"C'T o
B. You are a customer. Look at the picture and tell which you want.
Example:
Store attendant : �· i? � 0 -::1 - t: -l;"'v \ 1. \ "C''Th�o
Customer : M " \ 0 � < t::' � " \0 J; -:>
(1) �'' 'f? � 0 � · 1;>'1. \ I. \ "('Th�o L: L �
,J!!, " \ ( ;:,
® �'��1" < ::> =b tJ c9 # �'
A. You are planning to do/not to do the following things next week. Tell what you
wi l l/wil l not do using --::>=t, 0 c9. 6J
Example: JJ �a 8 t : ;{z � �jt t; ""? t ry 1:''T o >f-o>.l: � U' I.': h. .l:
JJ BI 8 Ex. to read books 11-o> .l: � U'
1<.111 8 (2) to do exercises h· .l: � 'J'
7j(.B� 8 (3) to do laundry T ' ' .l: � V'
;f._B� 8 (4) to write letters to friends !, ( J: 1 11'
i:-Bjf 8 (6) to eat dinner with friends !> h- .t 1 U'
±B� 8 (8) to stay at a friend's '/;;' .l: ·i (/ -
8 8� 8 (10) to clean a room ! : �, .J: 1 U'
(1) to practice the piano
(5) not to go out
(7) not to study Japanese
(9) not to go home
(11) not to get up early
B. Answer the fol lowing questions.
Example: Q : i!! ;f:, �@I � JL t:ff � 1 Th'o L•vi.i ....., ;{ \ ' 1:1: h l '
A : X. X. , JL t: ff < --:::> t � "'C'' To .1,. ,,
\, \ \, \ X. , JL �:,fj"/.1' t: \, \ --::;> b � "'C'' To ;z.J. l \
1. � 8 0�1,�_, �5! L 1 Th'o � J: -) ..-..:fv:0-!1
2. �Bjt_ T V 1::, � JL j Th'o -.: A-I£ A- .1,.
3. ib :: ""? "'C , ft: �.r \i?o � L 1 Th'o lr t rn
4. �1:t.h- � = �R1t L 1 Th'o _;.>J>-1"-t ry l ::. 'i
5. i!!;f:, 5ftl.f � 1� � j Th'o LwlJ:-? ry 1 -l ry -? <
6. _::_ if-;fk, 8 4'- t : 'v \ j TIJ'o �A--i'JA- ::.· ,, liA-
7. *-¥Jt� t 8 4'-�� � �5! L 1 Th'o "' ' '"''"' �- !: liA- ::.· ""A--"li
CD z!(LL \ (�tc:J: � * u tc.
A. Describe the fo l lowing pictures. 8)
(2) ft � It A- _:.
(5) V' j
(4) � h{�li \, \ IJ·h M;IJ ·
(8) �:3ft \ \ L �
1 5 0
$1 =¥ll0 � $1 =¥150
B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate forms.
1. :Jw � � L t-: h • 0 , �� Ji h" � ry � L t: o -c i t: " '(> -------
2. :k�Flt/'*-& t : 1t-:) t-: h· 0 , �h{ _______ � ry � L f: o r.f .l: i \ '1(, t: .: '(> ' ' lrh
� ry .i L t-: o -------
5. }.; 5il:li � t-: < � AAk .Z, i\ �h" � ry .i L f-: o ::· !t 0 lrl; -------
6. -t- fl t.!B£h· h · -:) t: "Z"''T h", .:: (J) _::'' h � t"J .i L t: o l:•oi \ ,-t,l;'-:> i>t:f" -------
® §iji�c�"J=cr* 9 t; L./v ut-> ��
� � --:> t ry --c-- -t o -------
A. Look at each picture and explain how to get to and from one place to another. BJ
Ex.
(3)
1 hour
(1) (2)
(4) (5)
15 min.
(6) (7) (8)
2 hours 8 hours
ll � 1 11 1 week
�:.:
� : : : · . .... _......__----'....;)o / \ 7 1
!j.• .:.: ..... ,
B. Use the same pi�tures an d descri be how long it takes . BJ Example: '7 1? 'h' G .�R. i --c··+�'h' 'h' � .i To
i. " I:·""·''"'
C. Explain how you get from your house to school .
m �R'h- G �.� i i:"� if!. t : Jit � i To .::.+�-h-7.7- � i To ;..t_:;,.;t � !: L i. :- ·eh-L '(> � . : L•>-:>->'4
�.�R.'h' G �tt i --c··� " \ "'C 1t � i To +� <·· G " \ fJ''h' � i To ! : L i. C. ,;:.., ::. i i> ; ' • Lov.;.; . .l(_
® * c6fJO)**� hfvu�P?
A. The chart below shows winter vacation plans for Mary an d her frien ds . First,
answer the following questions about Mary's plan .
Mary will go to Korea by plane 3 weeks
with Sue
Robert will go back to by plane 2 weeks
London
Ken will go to Tokyo by bullet 3 days
with a friend train
Tom will go to the by boat 2 months
south pole (W-1�) lj,: fv �!:{
Takeshi will go nowhere //
will stay at will do shopping and
Sue's house eat Korean foods
/'
will meet friends
will stay at 1 will play at
a hotel Tokyo Disneyland
doesn't know will take pictures with
yet penguins ( ""'- / .:f' /)
/ � 1. :} 7 1} - � /v t.i�it- 0) 3f-1*7:d: 2::::'' .: 'h' t :{t < -:J t � "(" T'h'o
.: � L .;.�!l-(-'-, t
2. 2::::" J � -? "(�@I -"11" � i T 'h'o f::'h 2:::: {t � i T 'h'o ;� - .I(_ ::. ( • ' ' .
3. c::·· O) <·· G " \ 1t � i T'h' o · '
4. �-· � � : �B .i ry .i TIJ'o ?::
5. �lOO --t>M � T � --:J t ry �·-t iJ·o t.>·A.-.:: ( �1:
How about the others' plans? Make pairs an d as k questions.
B. Pair Work-Tal k about your plans for the upcoming vacation.
C. Role Play -One of you works for a travel agency an d the other is a customer.
Using Dialogue ll as a model, make reservations for the fol lowing tickets .
(1) From Nagoya to Los Angeles Jan. 1 1 person I smoking seat
(2) From Tokyo to Paris Feb. 14 1 person window seat
(3) From Osaka to Rome Apr. 18 2 persons aisle seats
(4) From Tokyo to Bangkok Aug. 20 4 persons nonsmoking seats
smoking seat = �mt,t � -?i.A.--It�
window seat = � fl!� C0J,t l Cl;'h -It �
aisle seat = i!lf§-fl!� C')t,t nonsmoking seat = 1't��
C. A.- i. A.--11- �
A t t h e S t a f' i o n
Types of Trains
it 1! -------- local _), -? 1
� 11" -------- express :.I'P-j .:. 1
*� � -------- super express L --:> �11>-l
Destination
""'1T � ------ bound for . . . , ,
"-'/J iiD ------- serving . . . areas Ii-i d) A_.,
Types of Tickets and Seats
*� � (boarding) ticket t:�'i L ,., It A.-
@�� coupons 'H' -t 1 ItA.-
�:lt,ij � }:C_ ,, commuter's pass 1: '' ". It !v
�l.I� vouchers; zone tickets -li-P ry It J\.,
��� student discount IJ'( b ')
�iff f£m; reserved seat L --c �, , -1!' �
§ rum; general admission seat t: 11> 1 -\!" �-
;fJ'.-�� -"1' nonsmoking car � lvi..lvl f>
{iil round trip B 1 �L <
J:t � one way &·fc;;/.;?
Places in Stations
""'·�� ----- track number . . . l.fA.--\!"A.-
-w N % ry :t� --- ticket vending area _::.. '? _)! i t.f
ex;fL----- gate b•\ \ 2- ?
it - b ----- platform
%� ------ kiosk u·, , ' A.-
..
tB o ------ exit
A. o ------ entrance ' ' ry (• '?
��it ------stairs fJ'" t:: A.-
1.- \ i? t�f ,Z, � --- first car; front end
'-' \ i? t;f 1\A� ;; -- last car; tail end -; L
Miscel laneous Publ ic Transportation Terms
* � �� .:{. ----- transfer � t'r
;}ZL!� ------ next (stop), . . .
7t: 1E- ------- departing first �A.A.f-:::>
)X )E- ------- departing second 1: l;i-?
,�'t ------- Iast train L>:>i<:·k
Announcements
.i t � < 1E-lf. L .i i"-------- We will be leaving soon. IJ-, L <>
'tif.h�-� � .1 i"----------- A train is arriving. "'(.lv L "i., .i \ '
;)z t;J: � t : Jl .l � .i -t------- Next (we'll stop at) . . . "? �· t'
Useful Expressions
� o:> 't lf. U;f:k.;t� t : Jl:. .i � .i T l.i'o ---Does this train stop at Akihabara? ·c· k L ,, ;, :. r;t rr" 1::
� 't t;:tM* "'C" T I.i'o --------- What time is the last train? L>P�Tk " lv 1:
-*.JY: .i --c··O)��ft}$ � -if.t };lfi '- ' L .i T o - One reserved ticket to Tokyo, please. � 1 �..t:-? L "'"Cl'-t!� l\� .i l ' .tJ.IJ:
�t1i7{1t.Z. .1 T iJ'o -------- Can I get a student discount? IJ' ( h ry -?b· * A : }!�1t � o:> 't lf. U c··n "'C"Th'o
b·.i ( i, , , "{'k l ·:·
*
Which one is the train bound for Kamakura?
B : .::::. {I} *tR "('· To r : rrk-ttk
Track number two.
* .
(•ll• I L E s s 0 N ........................... 1 1� 1tCl:fO)®C After the Vacation
�9
o g u e
Michiko and Mary meet after the vacation.
1 h t; -:: : � 7 1) - � lv , :7-... L .. �: � i:" T tlo 1*-h l.i r:.·· -J "(' L f: .;;� o � � ��
2 � 7 1) - : T -::·· < � L .;;� ""? t:. --c··-t o �00 --e--x '- \�� t L t: � , ��003f4J.t t �� t:. � t, ?l �·/. .: ( I) � ?) � ·A, .: ( � � ;, ' f,
3 L J: L f: o
4 h t; -:: : '- \ '- \ --c-· T tl o ;ft. t * .ft L f: '- \ "('To -hf::.'_ u .- .:. .;1
s � 7 1) - : h t; -:: � lv <1H*-h t.i� L h· ""? f:. i:" T-h�o '(>T r� ?l
6 h t? -: : J: .:b � cJ; --c·· L t: o - E t:'" tt F 7 1 7· t : rr � � L t:: h�, � 8 7 Jv / \ 1 r \ ' !", { : t> � · J. ;. ' l . r.)
7
I! 1.:
® 1 h 1; _:: : Y 3 / � lv , tt! � t.i (.'' _:: -"(''TI;�o
l.,., !... A.
2 :; 3 / : ;t - .A r 7 1) 7 (!) 7 7 / Ai:··-t o
3 h 1; _:: : t- -J i:''TIJ'o
4 :/ 3 / : h 1; _:: � lv l.i ')- 7 / .A• t : .ft ""? f:: _:: (. I;�' if; � � T-h'o
5 h 1; _:: : \ \ \ \ � , Jb � � -lt A.,o
6 :; 3 :,..- : � � {1i .;; � .:b ""? --c , � n '- \ � Y'Jt --c--T J:: o 7" v - r / " 1) 7 1) - 7 --c-- :1f � --c-- To ,·.) :. .; � :!::::;", ,� .: ¥). •
7
, ,
Michiko: Mary, I haven't seen you for a long time. How was your vacation?
Mary: It was really fun. I went shopping, ate Korean dishes, and things like that in Korea.
Michiko: Sounds good. I want to travel, too.
Mary: Did you have a fun vacation, Michiko?
Michiko: It was okay. I went for a drive just for one day, but I was working part-time every day.
Mary: Michiko, I want to introduce you to a friend of mine. This is John. He came to Japan last
month.
John: How do you do?
Michiko: How do you do? Nice to meet you.
Michiko: John, where are you from?
.John: I am from Cairns, Australia.
Michiko: Is that so.
John: Have you been to Cairns?
Michiko: No, I haven't.
John: It has mountains and the ocean and is a beautiful place. It's famous for the Great Barrier
Reef. Where are you from, Michiko?
Michiko: I am from Nagano. Please come to visit me sometime. The food is good, too.
John: By all means, I would love to.
V o c a b u
N o u n s
* :t - .A 1- 7 1) 7 }; 1.1� L
}; L J: -J 1.1"--?
}; t .: O) .:
}; t 't �
}; h,. � O) .:
�.�..-�, , _: <
il' L 11> .:t "" / /
* .: t? G
.: !v ii"-? �
L � l? J: -7
L t1> �t J: -J
L J: -J b " '
* 1-" 7 1 7" t:· - Jv zr t �P "'? 1.1- 1v
* .A 1- 7 7 � 1) -.;z_,_ -r -J h
* � .i
11> &0
Jv - L. ;l - 1-
U · v e r b s
-J f � "'? <
t:; � n- 1.1"-t <
il' -7
;J- ;t; � t � 7J: G -J
O) t f � U: t: b <
4'¥;JtJJ :f±-& t�� �*
• Words that appear i n the dialogue
a r y -----�
Australia
snack; sweets
New Year's
boy
toy
girl
foreign country
singer
camp
this person (polite)
this semester
president of a company
class
future
drive
beer
art museum
host family
lake
mountain
dream
roommate
to tell a lie
to become hungry
to own (a pet)
to cut classes
to take (a class); to get (a grade)
to learn
to climb
to work
(place �=)
R u - v e r b s
"::) h • n .; � 6>) �
r r e g u l a r
tt A-, 1; · -t � * L .t -J IJ ' " ' -t �
::7'' 1 :L ''j � -t � t? ::. < -t � � 11> -J �;� < T �
A d v e r b s
*
*
*
*
*
(it; � L t1> --::> L ..Z,
T ::.-- <
;c L --c
'""-' t::· t t
"-' i: .Z, V' :.s. L , _, � - .,....) :��.
! JtJ ! (!t; t --::> �
v
a n d
�n ; to get tired to quit
e r b s
to haYe a fight; to quarrel
��-t � to introduce
(person t : person � )
to go on a diet
i!!�'J -t � to be late (for an appointment)
t:.7J "*" -t � m + to study abroad (place t : )
0 t h e r E x p r e s s . 1 o n s
�k after (an event) (event CJ)) tt: % coming from (place (J))
very
and then
just . . . ; only . . .
"' -,I; . . . points 1 ' \'\
:;... L .. )� � it has been a long time
okay; so-so
more
G r a m m a r
- -�(..\ You can use a verb stem (the verb form that goes before .i -n + t� \ \ "'(··-t to describe your
hope or aspiration.
�J.t 0) � ;¥:. tL �liiD � Jt t: " \ --c·· -t o or �w 7?" Jt t: " \ "(· -to .: ,<.. t:' Lttd.i ..., ;it l ' IJ' ;;:..., -- � � ' Jr h --I want to see a film this weekend.
" \ --::) 7?· tf 00 t : .fT � t: " \ "(· -to t'.)l!li .:. ( \ \ --
I want to go to China someday.
I verb stem + t;::. L \ -c-9 I want to do . . .
As you can see in the first example above, having t� ._ \ attached to a verb slightly affects
the composition of the sentence. A verb that takes the particle � can have either the
particle � or .;;c: when it is followed by t� ._ \, Particles other than � remain the same.
The combination of a verb and t� ._ \ conjugates as an .. \-adjective. Here are examples of
negative and past tense t� .. \ sentences.
<b 0) A. t : U: t -) %" \ t: \ <b ry i -lt ,Z, o u·� ;,
I don 't want to see that person any more.
r .
I went to a department store, because I wanted to buy a sweater.
If your wish is one you have entertained for some time, that is, if you "have wanted to,"
you can use t� ._ \ C:: �� ""? ""C ._ \ .i -t instead of t� '. '"'(-· 't. ;; ;
t� .. \ "'(··-t sentences are not usually used to describe v,rishes held by others. Somebody else's
wishes are usually reported in Japanese either as quotations, obsen'ations, or guesses. To
quote somebody, saying that she wants to do something, you can use � g -? ""C ._ \ .i L t� with t� '. \.
. . . Mary said she wanted to go to the bathroorn.
. .
To describe your obseryation to the effect that somebody wants to do something, you
must use a special Yerb f::. h{ ""? --c " ' � instead of t::. " '· If a Yerb takes the particle � , the
derived verb t::. i;{ -:J --c " ' � \\�in retain the � , unlike t::. " ', with which we had a choice
between the particles 7;.: and � .
;1. 7 1) - � ,4,; U: :1 - t. -_f_tk7-J. t::. -IJ >-' -? i: \ ' j: To �
(It see·ms) JV!ary wants to drink coffee.
The verb t::. h'' ""? --c " ' � , which comes from the dictionary form t::. fJ{ � , indicates "I think
that she wants to, because of the way she is behaving." We will have more to say about
this type of sentence in Lesson 14.
I want to . . . /Do you want to . . . ? They want to . . .
• verb stem + t=. {, \ c·9 · verb stem + t=.1f·-:> "L l '*9
• t=. {, \ conjugates as an {,\-adjective
• t:J' or �
• t=.tJ''� conjugates as an u-verb
· � only
You already know that you can connect two clauses with the te�form of predicates, as in:
7d& --c··:A 1. '4� � L --c .. ����H4l.t � �"'"" j: To f;J.; � .? · ,;. t?.> - lrlv ::.. ( l)l:i '1 t:. In Osaka, I will do some shopping and eat Korean food.
This sentence, however, tends to suggest that shopping and dining are the only activities
you plan to perform in Osaka. If you want to avoid such implications and want to
mention activities or events just as exemplars, thus leaving room for other things which
are left unsaid, you can use a special predicate form � t::. � � t::. � T � .
:::kFK --c·· :A 1. '4� � L t::. � , ��OO #l.t � �""'f::. ry L l To j.;j.; �lr ,j· L� -- lr/v :::. ( 'J t 1 � t: In Osaka, I will do such things as shopping and eating Korean dishes.
(activity A) t=. D (activity B) t=. D 9 � do such things as A and B
To get the t::. � form of a predicate, you just add � to the past tense short form of a
predicate. (Thus we have L t::. � for the verb T � , whose past tense is L t::. , and iz""- t::. � "
for iz""- � , past tense iz""- t::. .) Note that the helping verb T � at the end of the sentence .,1.: -:�
indicates the tense of the sentence. You can change a � t::. � � t::. ry T � sentence into the
past tense, or incorporate it in a bigger sentence, by working on the helping verb part.
il! ?fZ t.;L � 5§1 L f:: ry , jj:_ t::: i? t: � L t:: ry L 1 L t:: o l wiJ -:> "'"-'-'l"i 1::: t r;it._· I studied and talked with my friends, among other things, over the weekend.
�m '"'? t:: ry , -f- � � Bll " \ t:: ry -t � C1) 1; .-�t � --c·· -t 0 ).; !::' t-; !..,1;'< -" -- -t I like dancing, listening to music, and so forth.
The past tense short form of a verb + .:: t: IJ'' &;) � describes that you did something, or
something happened, in earlier times.
, , , , Have you ever been to Europe? Yes, I have.
f:: tt L � h.- t.±{tAt � 1;f.h.- f�· .:: C: 1;>' j;) ry l � A..-o L t:. �� .::-l .._.,-t
Takeshi has never been absent from classes (in his life).
verb (past, short) + � ct.)'�� have the experience of . . .
0 noun A � noun B "'(> connects two nouns, as does t: . "'(> suggests that the things referred to are proposed as
examples, and that you are not citing an exhaustive list.
I A f.' B A and B, for example
*t� � *- R t : 1t � 1 L f:: o �J:.-l � J;,.: ; \ \ I went to Kyoto and Nara (for example, and may have visited other places as well).
�J.JI / - t-.. E x p r e 5 5 i o n N o t e 5 !11\ U'J;5 (:ffv \!J/
I� in negative sentences..,_ In negative sentences, you often find the
particle �j: where you expect if· or �. Observe the reply sentences in the
following dialogues:
Do you watch TV, Prof Yamashita?
No, I don 't.
� and if·, respectively, v.rould not be ungrammatical in the above examples.
Many Japanese speakers, however, find the �:t versions more natural.
The rule of thumb is that negative Japanese sentences tend to contain at
least one �j: phrase. If you add fU;;J: to the sentences above, therefore, the t>t�L-
need for �;;!: is already fulfilled, and Japanese speakers feel much less
compelled to use �;;�: after 7 v 1:::· and ::r - 1::: -.
�j: may also follow particles like -r:· and �;:.
�lffl-r:· tt� L J.: < � � * -lt lvo I don 't want to speak in English . .it) ::: -u:IJ' It lih �;: �j: 1-T -:J t.:. .:: c i:J>.;.!) IJ * '1t lvo I have never been to Hiroshima. U -? L � - P
t.:lj..,_ You can add tnt to numbers to talk about having just that many
items. t! �t implies that you have something up to the amount needed, but
not more than that.
I have met that person just once.
I have just one question.
I slept for just thirty minutes.
t! �t suggests that you can live with that few, though the number admittedly
could have been higher. We will learn another word in Lesson 14, namely,
G iJ>, which means "only" in the sense that you do ·not have enough of.
I;: ..,_ You can use the particle �;: to indicate the occasion on which you do
something.
I ate salad at dinner.
�;: can also indicate the role you want something to play.
I bought a postcard as a souvenir.
1'5 .. ( ':1' ..,. F 7 1 7. is used when you go somewhere by car for pleasure. To
say "to have a drive" or "to go for a drive," use F 7 1 f�;::Jj- < or F 7 1 7· ,,
� i � F 7 1 f �fi � ! L k/ F 7 1 f L ! L ko b1'?b , ,
I went for a drive to the lake.
When you simply want to say "to drive a car" (not necessarily for pleasure),
use Jillii't � instead. 1/,-c/,
n*�if't �:i!Ui L t.: .: c if�� lJ * 'tiJ)o �� ItA.. <'->J' ?A-<:A..
Have you ever driven a car in Japan?
�..,. �, like the English word "dream," has two meanings. One is the dream IP� >)>'> you have while sleeping; the others the dream that you wish would come
true. To say "I have a dream," in Japanese, you use the verb �� for
sleeping dreams, and �-:.? "t t- ) � or (£) � for your visions. t
-�
(;:I�..,. The particle �i often follows the particle �::: in sentences describing
a place in terms of the things that are found there.
There are lots of big department stores in Tokyo.
'ff>.O) )\.� �:: !i t- • t- • B *lffiO))t�iJ>t-, i To bt:l.- f!\>tJ'<-- I� liA.. :: "\tA.."lt\>
We have a good Japanese teacher in my college.
These sentences would be okay without ti, but there is a subtle difference
between the versions with and without �i. The �i sentences are about the
places; they answer questions (either explicitly asked, or implicit) like
"What is Tokyo like?" The sentences without �i after �::, on the other hand, are answers to a
question like "Where do you find good teachers of Japanese?"
See the grammar note discussing the difference between iJ� and ti in
Lesson 8. In the case of the particle �;:, the contrast is between the simple
�;: and the combination t;: ti. (See also the grammar note on counting people
in Lesson 7.)
P r a c t c e
CD )\/ 1\-jj'-fj':&:l\t� L \Cg t::_
A. Change the following phrases into -t.::l \ sentences. 8)
Example: / " // ".- 7f - � 1,;:.--..:::. � ,,
c u: "' \) � / ..., :.--- / ". - 7l- �; "1,;: .--..:::. t:.. " \ ·-e -t 0 •.
1 . j;;� � = 1t < ( tj: \- \ ) 2 . 8 *� 0 7 - 7° � &, < ;z.-n;z. " �: !:.<. .: �
3 . �tz1t � -t � ( tj \- \ ) 4 . 11:> --? < ry 1*- t.' ( \- \ \,. \ ;(. ) 1) � .: 1 �T
5 . -%-;f± 0) ;f±-& t : � � ( \- \ \, \ ;(. ) 6 . 8 * "(" ffh < ( tj: \- \) .?·� ' L , .. L �:-,.::1 1: l.i/.., l.lt� ;,
7 . ljt � J{ -) ( tj: \- \) 8 . a * t : 1i t: ( \, \ \, \ � ) (;;,; >�· I : !lh. T
9 . WJ ¥: -t � ( tj: \- \ ) 10 . t.L t : if � ( \- \ \,. \ � ) � •>itr< '\.., ;. ">I!
( tj: \- \)
B. Pair Work-Ask if your partner wants to do the things above. When you answer,
give reasons as in the example.
Example: A : / " :.o ". - 7f- �;�·1,;:.--..:::. f:.. \- \ --c� -t h• o r,
B : U: "' \ , 1,;:-"' t:.. "' \ "(·· -to }; � h' h" -t "' \ "( "' \ .i -t h' � o " \ " \ � , 1,;:.--..:::. t:.. < ib ry .i -tt ,.t,o � "? � 1,;:.--..:::. .i L t:.. h· � o
t: t:.
C. Change the following phrases into -t.:: l \ sentences in the past tense. 8)
Example:
B t � {" 0�Jf. ·-e� .. ); -.:.<. L <> ;, �
c t:J: "' \ ) � -1-1� 0) * , B t � {" 0 � -* --c-·�u·t:.. n' "? t:.. --c··-t 0 .: � t !:: � T.Z, L ,• h ·?
( 1. \ I. \ ;Z. ) � -1-1� 0) *, B t � {" O) � :f. "(··�u-'t:.. < ib ry � -tl.- ,.\_, "(·· L t:.. o .: �::· t !:: ) '('.Z, L -(> h i:
1 . -T v c· � Jt � h
3 . }; f!t g t : A. �
5 . ¥:� � � &>) � ( 1. \ \, \ ;(. ) IJ'? .: i
7 . J}J 0 -f' / -k 0 -f' � �-t ( 1. \ \, \ ;(. ) l->1:::.: .: 1->h.� .: !.!"-'
2 . ffit1t� t = *- � ( tj: l. \) j' .: .; � ?)
4 . * � !� '7 ( tj \- \ ) \ 'IJ n·
6. ,f/!, � 1,;:.--..:::. � ( \, \ \- \ ;{_ ) !'>!"..: t,
8 . C0 7 J � � 'J ( \- \ \,- \ ;{_ ) (,._- �
11 . � '/ .:{- - • -;:n7 A t:� 7 ( t;i \ "'� ) ;,
10 . � � t : 1i .'6 ,, 1 ..,,,
D. Pair Work-Ask if your partner wanted to do the things above during their
childhood.
E. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions and report the answers as
in the example.
Example: A �t lv :: lv tJ:1PJh�it""'( f.: \ ' "{''Th'o
B <; . : t"
Co ·if iJ �·it""'( f.: \ 'I "{'"T 0 f:.
A : tt lv :: lv t.i t:o ·lfh{it""'( f.: " , C: i "? '1: " ' l L f.: o .,1..: "'
tt /v :: /v t:J: Co ·lf' f' it""'( f.: ]j{ "? "{ \ 'I l To
2 . 1PJ h � " ' i? t J 1v ]{ " ' f.: " ' --c·---r h • o '=': :: lr
, , 4 . f�: ;M, t : " ' i? tJ 1v � " ' f::. " ' --c·· i" h • o
;;
5 . 1PJ h{W " ' f.: " ' --c·· -th·o �·': (.: �
6 . +�O)�;t., Mh � L f.: " ' --c··-th·o � I...L�t�.:; L.:--1.! � ::..·.-
7 . 1PJ h ,. L f.: < JiJ � :! * 1v h • o -!.: .:
..
8 . -J-1� <?) *, 1PJ t : 1i � f.: h • "? f::. "{''Th'o .: 1::' t t:: � �.:
9 . ��*' 1PJ t : 1i ry f_: \ '1 -{'' Th'o L � -1? \ ' J;l �:
Additional Vocabulary-m �- (Occupations) l-&:<'1!:&:?
� "'? h• ( 1'F %Z.) writer :; -\" - -j- 1) A � journalist
lt 'v , � --?iJ •.Z, (�.flrg) police officer L l'P v�' (j:_�f) housewife
(;i 'v \ \1l 7 (131=1!) actor/actress L J: l'P 7 (:k1i) actress
h' A,; .::·· v;, (���%f) nurse L J: 7 Lt 7 L OIHJi ±) firefighter
""' h., .::·· L ( 4Hi ±) Ia \Yyer
� � vJ> 7 -1t h., L l'P (Jf:f;J(�.:}) baseball player
t::_' \ \ � 7 ry J: 7 (.::k.Mf.<iJi) president of a country
F. Complete the following sentences.
t� 'v \ -r:·-T 0 ----------------------2 . � L t� U:1*-h t�h· G ,
<'T t� 'v \ '\:'To ----------------------
_________ t� \ � ry j: -\:t- hto
4 . ��t � tZ, t.l '- \ L b � t�·h· G , ::�� t: _____________ t: < � ry i -tt A.,o 5 . � � 0) at, t "? � t� h· "? t� "C·· To
.: 'i .: 'i � � ----------------------
0 tffl� u t� t:> , �7t� u t� t:> u*9 t-5 l..i ttlv t=<
A. Tell what the following people did on the weekend using �t.: 0 �t.: 09-@ . @] Example: Y 3 / : saw temples in Kyoto, went to a museum, etc.
1 . t.::. �t G: went camping, went for a drive, etc.
2 . � J: ? .: : made sweets, read books at home, etc.
3 . 'A - : went to Osaka to have fun, went to eat, etc.
4 . �t lv: cleaned his room, did laundry, etc.
5 . t v \- !"- : met friends, watched videos, etc.
6 . Llff 7'G1:.: went to a hot spring, rested, etc. '!>l Lt"-t!"A."Itl>
B. Look at the pictures and make your own sentences using �t.: 0 -t.: 0 9-@ .
C. Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use
-t.: tJ -t.: tJ 9-@ as in the example.
1 . i)! J1Z J: \ 1PJ � l j: . "f f.l'o Lwi-"-:> <;: I:
2 . �y- r cry'*" 1PI � L j: 't f.l·o <::: �. ;j.,• t:
3 . &;y 7J: t-: cry 00 --r- tJ: B lE J1 t: 1PJ � L j: -t 1.1· o ( 1: (_db'-:> " ( :
4 . -J-1� cry '*" l < 1PJ � L j: L t::. 1.1, o :: c:•t <::: ,:. � ! :
5 . 8 * --e1PJ � L 1 't f.l·/ L j: L t::. f.l'o
7 . 7 7 7-. ··e-FJ � L -c U: �t \ t t j: -1t .-Zt 1.1 • o �: t:
8 . 4-,0C cryi)!J1Z-. 1PJ � T � -:) t � -c''T f.l'o .: A. � L�H-:> >;,: 1 :
9 . 1PJ � -t � cry f.l'-�f � -c---t f.l · / � G "' \ -c---th·o �· (: -t
® ��A���-=> t� � C:.tJ® � *9f.J' �? 661.. \ L/ fv il5
A. The following are what John has or hasn't done. Make the sentences using
-;: C:]:i'®-@. 8J
Example: 0 eat tempura � � .. .;� G � iZ-" t-: .: t h� &;y � j: i' o
1 . 0 eat sushi
3 . 0 work at a restaurant
5 . X write love letters
7 . 0 climb Mt. Fuji
9 . X see Japanese movies
2 . 0 study French
4. x go to Hiroshima
6 . 0 sleep in class
8 . x drive a car in Japan
B. Pair Work-Make questions using -;: C:ti'®-@ and ask your partner.
Example: 8 * cry }; 5� � jk U 1: r;,z. :.<1-t �
� A 8 *-cry B 5� � jj: .-Zt t::' .: t h � &;y � j: -t h, o :: I.:: A. :0 It �
B · tJ: �t \ " &;y � j: To
A t'' 7 -c-- L t-: h'o
B : }; �t \ L 1.1 ' --::> t-: -c" -;--o
1 . :9'' -1 ::L '/ � � -t � 2 . T A � ·-e 0 ,?,, � lR �
3 . * � � �Jc ;{_ � i.. � ' ::: h L
h \ ' � 1... r
4. if � A. t : % � ..-n -) d)\ , l:.{.. �
5 . fJ 7 :t 7 t = 1t < 6 . -�. <·· (blo-wfish) � 1Z""' � · '
7 . 9 J;ID � � �5! -t � t_,rPi .:· < :._· -"'..<..:: .t1
8 . �1f�f:,MU : *- � L A..b·A..it A.. (/)
9 . -7 .f � '"':) < 10. 8 *--#:£.! � 1"F � .: !.:A.,ry ;: -j ry ? (
1 1 . i!�1] -t � 12 . ��� � -tj- ;f' � � .::. < t: >:> c·d
t::.
13. fJ:..t::.· -t/ Jv - L. � - � /;t A � 7 T � 'J - � tt A-- h · -t � � b
® 9 u�:R�3'6�ct < �"'*9 t:Jv t;:
Pair Work-Ask your partner the following questions. When you answer, use -f.:>-
as in the example.
Example: A : �-- ,.{- � 8 *#:£.! � J: < 1Z""' :i T h ' o ! : liA.,ry!'} ry t;
B : -t L � JZ.�� G � J: < 1Z""' :i -to ' A.. t;
1 . �-- A-- � A ;f - '/ � J: < Jt :i Th'o .1,.
2 . �--,.{- ���;Q{�f � "(" T IJ'o hA..b' ( -t
'l t 'i 'J ? (
4 . ji) � f: O) :k# 0) 1ZX t : tj , �·,.{- 1J: 1Z""'4'�fJ{ji) � ;i Th'o t:,•n'< L l (!::' 'i to t (J)
5 . ji) � f: 0) :k # t : tj, �-- .:: 0)@ O)A_;Q{>.. \ ;i Th'o t:PT;'( ( ! : rJ- /c:
6 . ?'rOO t : :r'r --? t: .:: � ;�;�-&1) 0 :i Th'o �-- .:: --c-·-th·o h'\ ' .: < � '
7 . .-1}' �--,.{- � ;}� � � lR --? --c ... \ ;i -t 1; > 0 �, , .1 l t-ttY.t-7 t:
8 . i�Hl (actors) 0 9 --c-·, t::.·nh'-�f � -c-·-t;Q•o i.l.\ ' I'll --j t;j ;,. -t
9 . �4'- 0 9 i\ t::.·n;�;{�t � -c-·-th·o l r L >1> "-'lr 't
® * cc51JO)�� :ttlvu$5
A. Talk about your dream for the future or what it was when you were a child.
1 . ;t � f:. (J) ,. tjfiJ'{''T h'o ID6>) �J(_
Example: ;ft. tj�� *' }; -i:-{� i? t : � � f:. 'v \ "C''T o f L "C , 'v \ :; 'v \ :; � 00 t : �t � bt.:L l.ti �> � ' h·r.t t. < :: \ '
2 . -r-w� (J) * (J) ,_ tj M --c, L t:. h' 0 .: �t 1:: .;. tPn "" "-
B. Class Activity-Find someone who . . .
1 . has seen celebrities
2 . has never used chopsticks
3 . wants to live in Japan in the future
4 . wanted to be a star ( 'A 7' -) as a child
5 . wants to cut classes tomorrow
6 . doesn't want to go out today
C. Class Activity-Bring pictures of your hometown and describe it.
Example:
it. tj .::. .2 - 3 - ? (J) :±l !J "Z''T o .::. :1. - 3 - ? tj � --c t *- � < --c t: �: f=' h' "Z'' T o bt�L L•�.., L h- 1-i n
� n " \ � �ml f=' 1f ;g � �::v-ijj-g-{=' t:. < � h.t(J)jlj J� (theater) h{ ;t � l To .: i .:t. h- tP i n' ' if t.:w?l.>·h- rt �l: ! -i
J: < � .2 - :; :tJ Jv � JL t:. � , �ml --c--� � L t:. � L l L t.: o ;. .: i i.. h- ":< J\- 1!
.:£ 1*-h t : lJ� "? --c , iz t:�· i? t :%" \ t: " \ "Z''T o >:.:?�T t·t.. 1:: t J>
In the Japa n e se Class
Useful Expressions
�··-t; G "'(" t "\"\"(''To --- Both are fine.
� L "C''T o ------- Same thing.
t::_·�, \ t::. "\ � L "C"'t o ---- More or less the same. ;.;�
i; J:: -:> �it"\ .i To---- A little different.
1� .:Z .i -1!- h-o------ Can't use it.
Mit-:> "(1,\j To ----- It's wrong.
+ � &;; !J"C < t::_' � "\o --- Raise your hand. '
�ft h- 1:'' � 1: < t::.· � " \ o Read it before coming to class. J:
fEf� � :±: L 1: < t::.· � "\o Hand in the homework. L n.<f.:"\' t:.·
��{4:!" � fu-, L 1: < t3.' � "\o Close the textbook. :-.t-? ;,. L � 1::
� � � CI)A.t:&j\,\"( < t::.·� \,\o--- Ask the person sitting next to you. 111:: :-
� dJ 1: < t::.· � "\o -------- The time is up. Please stop.
� E Li.:: i/'1, "C''�;b � .i 'to That's it for today. :..ri ;..;
Useful Vocabulary
ra� homework L»<ff'' LdJ � � deadline
< t3.' tt t::. � \,\ :q ,, lrt"
1;> t::. \,\ � \,\ :q ,, IJ·t�
colloquial expression
bookish expression
�� exercise "("\b."\� � "\:;?--polite expression tt.A.L•:>-? ,, lrf:
:t� meaning :Q-2=-6 dialect ,, "' ll-?lfA.
1E-� pronunciation ��:a >1' < �0 standard Japanese 1.:1 ?).; A. 1t .t'il:t>/v ::: X5! grammar t::. � � tJ for example .;:fvl;!'-j
1trp, question ti h' t: anything else L-:>Uv � answer """*" number .. . ::.t:i._ I.!" A.
17� example """ "'"" - � page number ... n''
1;> � -::> ...... ( ) "'-'fTI3 line number ... S.e1 >'>
.16 0 (correct) ::...A. f'--J two people each .;.t: ry
tJ--J X (wrong)
(•12•1 L E S
� � Feeling Ill UJ:5 �
s 0
D . a o g u e
(!) Mary and Michiko are talking at school.
1 7:J. "f?.: : ;1. 7 1)- � lv� ft�iJ>'diJ ry � -lt /vtlo , ... ;(. �
2 ;1. 7 ') - : '? -lvo i? J: -:J � t? � ;�;� n'·rm \ 'lv "C''"t o
3 7:J. i? .: : �-- '? L t� lv -r· i' 1J • o '-'f:.
N ........................... 12j
4 ;1. 7 ') - : � (/) 7 }}:_ t:.' i? � B)t .:'' tt lv � �""' t:1t--:) t::. lv "(''1" 0 t� ��� lv�� T �,, t� lv t: � :i'h. i:. t;.
5 t:.' � I� \ \ � -r 0 i;t
6 7:J. i? .: : * 3::. ::k "('' -r 1;. 0 f.:\ �L: .:.1 _).
7 ;1. 7 1) - : � � o ���C L � \ \ "{' < f:_' � 1,. 'o • "" • • dfJ dfJ � :Jffi 1,. 'o L 41.1.\' , ,,,
a 7:J. t? ::. : � F;t t:-ft--:) t� u-? ;�;··.., '�.- '--c··-t J: o u-.ti\ \h. \\
{!) At a hospital.
1 ;1. 7 1J - : 7t�� (/) �� ;�;{rm \ '1v --c··-t 0 � (J) 7 tt t? � ;�;� ;�;{rm ;�;�--:) t::.lv --c·'-t 0 1:th,1t\\ l\f::. \\f:.
2 � 13" : dfJ JiJ, f 7 "C''Tn�o � t diJ ry � Ttlo 1;�-tf--('Ttlo '' L<> h? 3 ;�. 7 'J-: diJ(J)� t 7 -t <··r.=...A(J)�-@-n{JiJ � (!)"(··� �� L � < i?�\'H��,.,Iv
4 "(''TiJ''······o L i>, i�il.L .oi
5 � 13-: .:::-�.�-- ��L��.-'ti 7 7Ji'�,-,�,.,-r-LJ: 7 o '' L <' •• • ·A. .. .., �il.l::'�
6 ;1. 7 1) - : tJ ;�;� ry � L t::. o
7 � ::ft : � E tJ:Et � ik/v "{'-, .!f- < Ql "( < f:_' � \ 'o '' L<> .'<!1 <-t'l ?> !.!:-<' t:>
Michiko: You don't look \Yell, Mary.
Mary: Urn ... I have a little stomachache.
Michiko: What's the matter?
Mary: I went out to haYe dinner with my friend yesterday. I think maybe I ate too much.
Michiko: Are you all right?
Mary: Yes. Don't worry about it. Oh, it hurts.
Michiko: You had better go to a hospital.
Mary: Doctor, I have a sore throat. I had a stomachache yesterday.
Doctor: I see. You have a fever, too. It is just a cold.
Mary: Well, I will have a tennis tournament soon, so I have to practice, though ...
Doctor: You had better not exercise for a couple of days.
Mary: I understand.
Doctor: Take medicine and go to bed early tonight.
Mary: Yes. Thank you so much.
Doctor: Take care.
* �lv
V o c a b u I a r y
No u n 5
s L
\. \7;!. * j:? 1j: -h' * 1;; '-lf
-h' 0 L: J:
-h·n �t?lv
< t � * L s \.\
S-/..:2.-/Z -\:t-1..\l' -ltv'�-tt � -\t�
* 0) �··
tj tj 1j: tJ:n
�_;, ""'? 1;;· J: \. \ 7·v-e·::.-- � ;j;-b�·;;? t0 1-P� J:-JL
L\ - a d i e c t v e 5
* 1,\f::.\\ j:? j:? \. \ -\tjl..\ ""'? ,::·' 7 iJ"'b � \. \
it\.\ :® \.\ �I,\ 5� \.\ -itn A J.. ,. if£ 'Ill ' 'C IJ > •= \. \
'�I,\
* Words that appear in the dialogue
leg; foot
meaning
stomach
cold
girlfriend
boyfriend
temperature (weather-not used
for things)
cloudy weather
match; game
JUICe
politics
grade (on a test, etc.)
cough
throat
tooth
flower
sunny weather
clothes
hangoYer
present
homesickness
thing (concrete object)
snow
business to take care of
sweet
hurt; painful
there are many . . .
narrow; not spacious
inconYenient; to have a
scheduling conflict
bad
fc:J:- adject v e
-t--c � (t:) -!-�
U - v erbs
1; ' -l:f � 7.J' < � J: -? h 1;{ &t; �
t:<-t * tJ. -:) 1; ;;' &6 �
0 t''iJ>'iJ•.b <
Ru - v erbs
-lt � 1; ;;' "(•' � .b�J·n�
rregular
�A-l?J:-?T� * LA.-u:· ... \ -r �
�I;{ &t; � 0 t''7J>'5� <
V e r b s
�7&-t� ���c.-t �
fantastic
to catch a cold
to be interested (in ... )
(topic t:) to lose
to have a fever
to become thirsty
to cough
to break up; to separate
(person t)
to get nervous
to worry
Adverbs and Other Expressions
1.\-:Jt * };t.:· ... \tt: * t-f'A.-�IJ{t:l.\ * t: �;�A.-
--r· � � t.:· tt * ""' --r· L J: -?
""' t''
* t: �A-t: t?
j(. 7t. iJ>' t: ... \
��
always
Get well soon.
don't look well
probably; maybe
as much as possible
probably; ... , right?
... degrees (temperature)
for two to three days
because ...
for the first time
very soon; in a few moments/days
G r a m m a r
There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report
the facts as they are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In
this lesson, we will learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.
A report is an isolated description of a fact. When you are late for an appointment, you
can already report in Japanese \Vhat has happened, /"'A -�Ji-*. .i -l:t lv -e L t::.. This sentence, :.
however, does not have the right apologetic tone, because it is not offered as an explana
tion for anything. If you want to mention the busses failing to run on time as an excuse
for being late, you will need to use the explanation mode of speech, and say:
(As it happens,) the bus didn't come.
An explanation has two components, one that is explicitly described in the sentence (the
bus not coming), and another, which is implied, or explained, by it (you being late for the
appoinlment). The sentence-final expression lv --c··-r serves as the link between what the
sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:
I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)
JiJ L t� T :A. � �;�· JiJ � lv "("'To I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can't go out tonight.)
� 1 v t:n � t� �,, vc··-t 0 ,,
� 1 v t:1t � t� 1, '!v vc··-t o ,,
I want to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish)
I uant to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.}
,.\,; ·r·-t goes after the short form of a predicate. The predicate can be either in the
affirmative or in the negative, either in the present tense or in the past tense. ,.\,; --c·-t itself 1
is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms. In
writing, it is more common to find (!) --c·-t instead of ,.\,; --c··-t.
PX.,�th�· J: < 7j: \. 'lv vc··-t o (in response to the question, "'Nhy do you look so upset?") -tt'\ \{! � (As a matter of fact) il1y grade is not good.
1 In casual exchanges, h.- --c·-t appears in its short form, h.- t-::. In casual questions, h.- --c·-tiJ' is replaced by
�. We will examine these further in Lesson 15.
�i\.��1;>',�-b "-? t::.lv "'C''T o (explaining to a person who has caught you smiling) L ��h. h
The exam is over. {_That's whv I'm smiling.)
\i\Then it follows a noun or a �:-adjectiYe, 1j: comes in between.
report sentences explanation sentences
tJ: -adjective:
noun:
You can use lv ·e-t in questions to inYite explanations and further clarifications from the
person you are talking to. It is Yery often used together with question words, such as �· 7 L "( (why) and �· 7 L f.: (what has happened).
o : �-- -J L --c 1Jt � 41J n t::.lv --c··-t �;- o Q·h ht·
Why did you break up with your boyf1-iend? (You've got to tell me.)
A: 1&:, -tflv-1flvB�g t:A.� �1.-\/v"'C''To �·tt �i· :i? L!�' Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)
Q • �-· -J L t::.lv --c-·-t h· o
What happened? (You look shattered.)
A : 1tli 1J 9t lv t:-· lv --c·· To 2
n..: L JV!y cat died. (That should explain how I look today.)
You can also use A., --c·-r to provide an additional comment on what has just been said.
A : � "C t "'\"' \�Jc�4· --c··-ttlo �1-l Q' L ;
That's a great textbook that you are using.
B . X.. i.. o ;fl. c?) :k tf 0 7t� �;···"' \ t::.lv --c··-t o .hf:L t::••Q'( <!'A-it•• b·
You bet. The professors at my university wrote it (for your information).
2 A ?::.' '? L t: lv "'C'-t 1:1' question is best answered by a lv -r·-t sentence with the subject marked with the
particle-�;: rather than 1;1:, as in this example. See Lesson 8 for a related discussion.
Verb stems may be followed by the helping verb -t :/�,which means "too much," or "to
excess." -t ::,-· � conjugates as a regular ru-verb.
iZ"'"'- -t 5' -r tt \, \ tt .i � ,z,o You nzust not eat too much. t:.
I got up too early.
-t ::,--� can also follow "'- and t:-adjective bases (the parts which do not change in
conjugations); you drop the"' and t: at the end of the adjectives and then add -t ::,--�.
JiJ tJ) A. (j �Ji {}) -t �-- l -t 0 Ut:: l/"""""
This book iS too expe-nsive.
That person is too nice.
ti -? lx'·" ' " ' ... e-t "it is better (for you) to do . . . " is a sentence-final expression that you can
use to give advice. \¥hen you suggest an actiYity with ti -J I.J"" ' " '--c---t, you are giving a
very specific piece of advice; namely, that it is advisable to do it, and if one does not
follow the advice, there is a danger or a problem.
ti -J I.J''" ' " '--c-·-t is peculiar in that it follows different tense forms, depending on whether
the advice given is in the affirmative or the negatiYe. \Yhen the adYice is in the affirma
tive, ti 7 I.J"" '" '"{··-t generally follows the past tense short form of a verb. \Vhen the advice
is in the negative, however, the verb is in the present tense short form.
You'd better eat more vegetables.
It is better not to skip classes.
You can use t7) 1:· to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the
sentence. Semantically, t7) "{-- is just like I.J· G. Stylistically, t7) 1:-· sounds slightly more
formal than I.J• G.
(reason) (J) c (s ituation)o (situation), because (reason).
1,.\--:::>t E;:f.�--c··�-tel)"t··, E;:f.�l.l{.l.-t-t:� � ;i Lt;:o !: !i,(, :: !.!IJ:
-- !: !!,(, ::: l:.ti l
My Japanese has improved, because I always speak Japanese.
� J1! 1.1 { t;: < � lv � -:> t;: 0) --c··, � 0) -? 0) +Z, :OC 1 -lt lv --c·· L t;: a L•o<t:''' J: <> f.> I did not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework.
The reason part of a sentence ends in a short form predicate. When (1) ... (" follows a
�-adjective or a noun, � comes in between, as it did with the explanatory predicate
lv --c··-t.
-c 0) A (j 1,. \ t b � � 0) "(''' � � 1,. \ --c·· T 0 (}'1:; ---
I do not like that person, because he is mean.
� 8 (j: 8 B� 8 � 0) ''('', }�{f U1*7J. "{''To :.1-l t:s.J:-JU'=-- SA...:i �-t
Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.
3 We use�< t? f>"'tt l-1!-lv to say that it is necessary to do something, or "must."
*-� 7 7.. � 1.7{ � � 1.7· �, t: < � lvifzz'� L � < t; ��,-\ttl -lt Iva I?\ 'Lttd ..-.::A.,!'-.t� I have to study a lot, because there will be an exam next week.
� < 1? "\'> means "if you do not do ... " and "'ttl-It lv roughly means "you cannot go";
� < 1? "\'>"'ttl-It lv therefore means "you cannot go not doing ... " with the double
negatives giving rise to the affirmative sense of the mandate. To form a � < t? "\'>"\It l-It lv sentence, we substitute �" \ in the negative short form of a verb with � < t? "\'>.
verb short negative "must" Eti'(Q Etl'(�l, \ Etl'(fc:J: < 15 "\? L \(j*tt lv
t.:. t.:. -- t.:.
=-5 =ptc:J:L \ =P�< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv L\ L\ L\
gQ u�L' u�< 15-\?L\Ij*ttlv
(Q ���.., � fc:J: < 15 "\? L \ lj * tt lv
"'ttl-It lv is grammatically the negative long form of a verb in the present tense. You
can change 1j: < 1? "\'>"\It l-It lv to 1j: < 't:> "\'>"\It l � lv -c-· L t;:. (past tense) to say you had to,
and to � < 1? "\'> "\ tt �" \ (the short form, present tense) in casual speech and before
elements like lv .. C'T.
3ln writing and in very formal speech, >J: < "C Li \' tt :i -kt lv is more common than >J: < t, "(> \ 'tt :i -kt lv.
tt � t�L � * t:� � � < i; � \\ tt l-lt- h, "(' L t: o (long form, past) 1,( t: };
I had to get up at six this morning.
4ii: 8 � � W L � < i; � \ \ �t � \\ h, "C"T o (short form, present) J,q:r, tl.lvL••i (The truth is,) I must practic e every day.
We use the sentence-final expression --c·· L J: 7 (probably) when we are making a guess or
a prediction. --c· L J: 7 follows verbs and \.'-adjectives in short forms, in the affirmative 4
and in the negative.
(verb)
It will probably rain tomorrow.
Fti?�'v\"(''L.t 1o It will probably not rain tomorrow . . i.
(\.'-adjective)
:J.t. ��it U: *"' ' "C'' L J: 1 o li-ob·l'l::"i � It is probably cold in Hokkaido.
It is probably not cold in Hokkaido.
--c· L J: 7 may also follow �-adjective bases and nouns. Note that --c· L J: 7 goes directly
after these elements; we do not use X""�"'(·' L J: 7 , X"" 0 --c-· L J: 7 , or X ......... t.:'"'(•' L J: 7 .
(�-adjective)
� r :?t� tj .T!!, -h��t � "C'' L J: 1 o �.i L t;1tlv1t'' :;.,;.>:,: ...,.----
(noun)
* � L>\"� � \\"('' L 1 1 o
J;) 0 A. tj ;.f -A � 7 1) 7 A. i:' L J: 1 o �� l:lv
Professor Yamashita probably likes fish.
Professor Yamashita probably doesn't
like fish.
That person is probably an Australian.
;.f -A � 7 1) 7 A. t � � \ ' "('' L J: 1 o That person is probably not an Australian. t:lv
4"'t L J: 7 may also follow predicates in the past tense. \Ye will, however, concentrate on the present tense
examples in this lesson.
"C"L .l: -J sentences can be turned into questions (""'·-eL .t -? 1;·), which can be used to
invite another person's opinion or guess.
E *� � �00 � �, �---? i? <?) ti 7 n"$ L " ' --c- L J: 7 iJ· o :: 11.<- ::: b·h,.: ( ::: t:1'b· Which would you say is more difficult, Japanese or Korean?
The short form of --c·· L .l: '? is t:··:; -J . You can use it to cautiously phrase a prediction or
an analysis.
t: It L � � tJ:��-h" ct � t:·.; 7 ���"'� To �..t1 h J.; t
I think Takeshi would be interested in it.
In casual exchanges, you can use --c· L .t '? (with the question intonation, and most often
pronounced as somewhat shorter ·-e L .t) when you want to check if your partner agrees
that you have the correct understanding about what you have just said.
:/ 3 /, lf1 00 �-h"h iJ' � --c· L J: ? .:: n, �.'it� "'C"o t,,,.;.:· ( .:· .t
John, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?
P r a c t c e
CD c 5 u t�fv c9tJ' A. You are in the following situations. Explain them using -fv c9. 8J
� Q : �-- 7 L t:: lv "C''Tn'a
A : �� 1; � *i I, \ lv "('' T 0 l>t:.1 \ 't;
cz) 7° v -e ::.--- r f' t J?l,\l L t::
(4) � CJ) 7 t.;t � j:_ a ""C" L f:: t;h.-l.:�-1 U'
C6) e0 �--n{*i..., \ --c---r \'t;
(8) "W* � � < L :i L t:: (9) � L f:: r 7-. r h� � ry l T � � .;=
<n) :vt-k � .s� n 1 Lt.: !;•?) 1.: � i?ll·
B. Respond to the comments using -fvc9.@) Example:
(1)
My father's � X t7) � lv "'C''T o
I received them
from my friend.
(2)
.., ..,
I tali an ones
(3) -t--c���-:7-
--c··-t tJ.o
My mother made it.
(5) �------
iJ' � .:: \\'It \1Jt "(''T tJ.o n·n
It was cheap. kind
C. Pair Work-Your partner has said something nice about what you have.
Respond using -fu c·9.
A : ���-i? t: t G <? t� !v ---c··'t' o 1:: t
D. Pair Work-Make u p d ialogues asking for reasons.
Example: I went to Tokyo last week.
� A : ;t�Jit� t:1t � .l L t� o -lth..Lwl/::1��1 I•
B : �-- 7 L ---c Jft � t: 1t <? t� !v ---c-· 't' h • o 1:: i�d ,,
A : -I!J:h�-� :J 1) 7J h• G *-.t::. !v ---c··'t' o �u �
1. I am very tired.
2. I have no money.
3. It is not convenient today. (��-@-1;{,!� \ ') ... )' .: ? h.::.
4. I want to marry my boyfriend/ girlfriend.
5. I am going to Japan to study.
6. He speaks Chinese very well. ('i'OO�IJ''..t.:t-·e-t) t:.,,p1,:· < : .. : L .t� .Y
7. I don't want to watch that movie.
CD�I\9�* u t.: f;:_
A. Describe the following pictures using -9�-@. Use "verb+ 9�-@" for (1) through (4) and "adjective+ 9�-@" for (5) through (10). BJ
Example:
� 1'!: � 't' �£- .l L t::. o -::>(
(2) (3)
(4) (6) (7)
(8) (9) (10)
B. Look at the verbs below. Think about the results of over doing these things and
make sentences as in the example.
Example: ��6 t:
1. 1X.�> (TJ
4. * � :0* t; �% llh, J:
7. ���7 -j t: -it:
� ��-t �tt:.h' G, t:
2. �,�,6 --..:A.,:.�.;
5. r=-7..�?6
8. �7it?6 :. A...'>!-'1
3. :J / t.o .:1. - 7' - � 1� 7
6 . i:t'v\�����6 J)j t� t=.
"':>/)'
® �1J:fXfvt�la:5ti·L 'L \c9 <9� (})
A. Using the cues below, give advice to a friend who has a headache. Decide if you should use the affirmative or the negative. 8J Example: *-� 1k <L' -+ B : �Jb?{fffj '-''A-- "C''T o
<T� IT) ntJ ''to
A : *-�1kA--t.:'ti '"? n'''-''"'"'C'T J: o
1. ]f- < ;rl � li'!' *"
4. 1±:f:. �1*-t: L :::�::: 'I'T
<-n IT)
2. i21ctt:1t < � ·Y: �'
3. m FJ£ t:n < {_f J:-11. ,.z, I.\
B. Pair Work-Give advice to your partner in the following situations, using -1a;5 t.i'L \L \.
Example: 8 *�1;{ J: 4=- t: td: � f::. \' !: li/v ::: L:.d f
-> 8 • 8*��1;>'J:-t-t:� ry f::.\\A--"'(''To 1: l.ilv ::: l.d -r
A : 8 -* ;,._ o:> � t.:· i? � 11: ":) t::. t i 7 1J ,, " ' " ' --c-· T J: o
1. * - L. :, '/ 7 t::.''
4. h -i:-1;{ � \ \ J)·b
7. 1ii 1;{ fffi \ \ 1.1 \\f::.
1: Ukl:lv 1:::!, "'?(
'""(·'� � f::."tt*��Mf� �1,\t:f 'J 1;{\\1,\"(''T J:o ;{_ � \ ::._· (j: �·
2. Jf;=> -1-t t::. 1, \ 3. if: . .t.:· i? � t t A--n� L t::. 2:: b
5. .n�JJ:t;>'�"' 6. :::.. 8 f,§� \ \ f.:' -li-\ 'Jf:. ;b:(, .).--:Jir ..t
8 . �k�4·� � < Lt::. 9. 1, \ '"'::) t {�� t: ��IJ T � .'<1-i >l· L l L: 1')>�: l"i I? ..: <
C. Pair Work-You are a health counselor. Someone who hasn't been feeling well
is at your office. Ask the following questions. Complete this form first, then give
your advice using -la;5t.i'L \L '·
b . J: < tf"\\�� ���j: Th�o �!. t� f:.
c . J: < Jf*-��� l -tn�o � :::-\\ t:.
d . �A�--t;i A--��� j: Tn'o n� t:.
e . J: < };5� �1k.,Z,. j: Tn'o :· • .;. V)
f . f::.tJ'��"?&\'j:TIJ'o T
h. �--A--�;ftl.f � J: < ��j: -tn�o l) .t-1 'l r:
1 . J: < � � j: -tn�o .t�
t;i 1, \
t;i 1, \
t;i \ \
t;i \ \
t;i \ \
t;t \ \
*M ---- L:J)·Iv
® L 'L \;R�tc�:(J)c, �� l.l*9 <:lv � �fv I£
A. Connect the two sentences using -(J)c:. BJ
Example: "\" \�� "C'''t /1&� L l 't 'l"" ;:. ="'"" l.i'
- \,\\,\��fJ(/')··r· ... 1&� L 1 To 'l"" �- ="'"" ll'
1 . �\,\''C"'t /�1.\l 't >i>i" lr
2. &;_, C7) �!® tj � t L � < &;_, ry 1 -tt lv / Jt t;: < &;_, 0 1 -tt lv ;{.<• ,, ;!,.
3. �i!! tj ·l't L h'--? t: ·r·-t / �tl "'C "\ 1 't �kL,.-J <•fiJ' -:>IJ·
4. m � "(·· L t;:/t�3it � 1*-hl L t: lhi -' 1.: •• :: .ti -?i"
5. iLt-ktjl.\--:::>t�Jt{JJ"'C··-t / A.�t;iJi> ry 1 't n·<'l 1.: Jc L h--1!:-:> r:-<- :.
6. Jlj,:.�� t=��t;s Ji> 0 .i-tt lv / �Jtl1fl � ��,2;. l -tt lv -it<• l: 3.d h L -<-.;:-<- J:
7. Ji> L t;: 7 A � t;s Ji> 0 l 't / � 1! L l 't "'""""" 1 8 . C7) c:·'t;{t;, tJ � l L t;: / :/ .::1.- A t;sjk;z;_ t;: "\ -r·-t
?)
9. � � T � --- 1 L t;:/ Jtt;{:rm" \ --c·-t �-5 JJL l'f:
B. Make sentences using the cues below as reasons, according to the example.
Example: h'-tf � V' � l L f:
3. ;t - b � ·;; 7 "'C� T
5 . if-� C7);t�1J{b 1;> ry l -tt lv t:lv �· <• h
- h'-tf � V'" \ t::. C7) --c· ... t�3it � 1*-h 1 L t: o Lr�>.O<n 'i'T
2. t?fJh'1Ji'"f"\"(\,\1T
4 . ffl :f 1; >' Ji> 0 l 't J: i L
C. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1 . (/') "(''' t:f oo t:1t � t: "\ ··e-t 0 i>tl>i �- ( ,,
2. (/') "'(''' ),_�1;{ Ji> 0 l To I:,{_ .'
3 . (/') "(''' h'·tf � V' � 1 L t;: o
4. (/') "(''' 411 tL l L t;: o {?;j•
5 . (/') --c·' E * t:1.ih f;: < J'J 0 l-tl.- /vo r: Ilk T
6 . (/') "(".., ��IJ L l L f;:o t; � (
7. (/') "(" ... W:5tt L "'C "\ 1 'to � A..."t:>.t-1
Ci)t;B�l���tJ:< 15� � '':t*ttlv u"5 l..i <13
A. Look at Tom's schedule and make sentences, according to the example. 6J Example: 7:00A.M./�� � ----+ r f.,. � lv t.:i -1: * t=-� � 1i < t?-'(> ... \ H;! -tt lvo
7:00A.M.
8:00A.M.
9:00A.M.
1:00 P.M.
2:00P.M .
3:00P.M.
5:00P.M.
6:00P.M.
8:00P.M.
9:ooP.M.
10:00 P.M.
n:oo P.M.
Ex.
(1)
.h L'?l i;
��� ;· n
-Jt?�ili� -.:·
(2) {�* t: ili �
(3)
(4) (5) (6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
t:» .Y.d -.:·
� r 7t::t �=-%- -J -<'! L t"itA.,-ti-'' "
����$'�:Z � ;Z �' ::...· I;L
L L t:1t--? 'l �
.Z..J V.X...J V ,,
-) t? �: l)� � fr ;(
if;.Ar7r� fe!Jt!�'t� Lt"A t=.·\,
}:;�g t:A.� .i. 7, Li\'
� �ikiL' ('f� !7)
7-7° � Jilj < �
1) - � B)t :::..·' t.:i Jv � 1z""' � 1!/v t:
-) t? t: it�� h' tt � "(' /,... -h
B. Pair Work-Invite the partner to do the following things together. Turn down the
invitation and give an explanation using -td:( 't5f.>l.\(j-td:l.\.
Example: play tennis
B : 1? J: --? � ;1i�-@--h{}�"' \ lv -c·-t o ib L f.: tit�* t: ili 1i < 1?-'(> �.t \ tt
1. do homework
4. study in the library
-? :: .. :1 .f?� L:t1)�;.!1 --c·
2. eat lunch 3. drink coffee
5. go to karaoke
C. Answer the following questions.
1. 8 *�0{��--c·M � L � < � � " ' �t J: -lt h,h�o �= li;{. ::: l:t>:O;i c.:.:
2. 8 * ·-c-·7'�@1A..t.iM � L � < � � "' �t J: -lt ,Z,h�o .: .!;{. ,;• . ..: < L;{. c.:.:
3. h'-? _: J: ( � � f::\,\,{,"'(•'To 1PJ� L� < ��\,\�tJ:-ltA.,h�o -:.: .: 4. iZ.t�·� h"�u· t: * j: -to B � L � < � � "' tt l-lt A.,h�o
1::: � i> � :-
6 . -J-i� 0 at , 1;;r � L 1i < � � " ' t t J: -lt ,Z, --c·· L t:: h � o .:. (::"' t t':. � ... :
®®ut=.tct�tL cu� 5 1<1:
A. Here is tomorrow's weather forecast (::R�.:P�). Play the role of a meteorologist -c1v n J: Ill:?
and tell the weather forecasts for each city. ED Examples: Tokyo/snow
city
Tokyo
Sydney
� Jlt* t.i ib L t: � --c·· L 1 � o 1:::-l:O.d "'""
temperature in Tokyo/ around 2oC
ar. _._ ¢=' ·a 1 ..;. m: < ' ..-r- L -
� )'!'.. _,'f.-0 X\ lllll � cl. ' :::.. ,jji:_ •. 0 \, \ , ·· l J 0 1::: i C<:i �· j.;,{. 1: !::"
Ex. snow
(1) sunny
weather
(2) hot
temperature
Ex. around 2oC (3) around 30oC
Hong Kong (4) rain (5) cool (6) around 18oC
Rome (7) cloudy (8) warm (9) around 20oC
B. Pair Work-Play the role of a meteorologist. Predict the weather for your favorite
city. The other person fills in the blanks. Switch roles and do the same thing.
city weather temperature
®*c6'J(J)�� nlvu�-s
A. Using Dialogue I as a model, make skits in the following situations.
-Your friend looks sad.
-Your friend looks happy.
B. Pair Work-A and B. are deciding when they can play tennis together. Play the
role of A and B. Discuss your schedules and find the day on which both of you
are available. Refer to p. 245 for B's schedule.
B : *�(7) �1ft! a tj i; J: "'? � ::M��h,;-i� '- \ � "C''T o * � � �k .:Z. � < i; -f> "'''L»i lf-:>.t 1 U' -:> .:·-; b� ;t\• .:· }; L t.\�t�t.\�"(''To BBIB Li�''-J "C"Th'o
1:-t;.t -j U'
A's schedule
Sunday go shopping
Monday
Tuesday read books
'¥ednesday
Thursday
Friday meet friends
Saturday
C. Role Play-Visiting a Doctor's Office
Using Dialogue ll as a model, act the role of a doctor or a patient.
Doctor-Fill out the medical report on p. 245 and give advice to the patient.
Patient-Describe the symptoms you have and answer the doctor's questions.
Sex: OMale 0 Female
Age:
Symptoms: 0 Sore throat
0 Headache
0 Stomachache
D Any other pain
DCough
D Fever
0 Allergy (7 v Jv.:¥-) 0 Others
Example: A : *-.�0) J1 Ba 8 �:-;tt �= T.::. 'A� L j-\!- lvh'o "'''Lwi lf-:>J: -j V' ,,., L l
'
'
B : *-.� 0) J1 aa 8 t.i i? J: --::> c: t�..g-. fJi' }�" 'lv '"'C'' To * � � �.t ;{. 7j:' < i? � "'''L•>i lf-:>.t i 1.1' --:> :·i .h'O ;t'' :· !?L
"' tt 7j:'"' '1v '"'C''T o 8 aa 8 t.i C:'' 7 '"'C''T h· o 1:"' .t -j V'
B's schedule
Sunday
Monday teach English
Tuesday
vVednesday clean rooms, do laundry, etc,
Thursday
Friday
Saturday practice karate
H e alth and Illn e ss At the Reception of the Clinic
Patient: T h � � lv, :m &0 -r � lv ··e-tn�-o li l:
Excuse me, this is my first visit.
Receptionist: tJ: "< \, 1:%��iE � JL � "( < t� � "< \o
Patient:
li It ;(..ll 'l h OK. Please show me your health insurance certificate .
.: 0)#,1;\ t:-Z 'ijtr � 1i?JT � . ... \ "( < t3.' � ... \0 IJ•h � ;1 i. t.:>�>'ll l lr
Please fill in your name and address on this paper.
.: ntJ:1PJcry� -r---tn�o �;(., <T�
*
What kinds of medicine are these?
Receptionist: �7-;..J:.t!J--('To iz1�t:j_k/v"('' < t3.- � "<\o
Patient:
''fo l:' ll( :;: '7> These are painkillers. Please take one after meals.
;bf;� ry � L f;:o
I see.
Receptionist: ;1:? *• t:o fl\' t.:
Please take care.
Useful Expressions for Illness (��) and Injuries Ot7Ji') .J'.rl �
rm"(·''to ---------- 1 have diarrhea. It 1)
1�{&2 "'('To ----------1 am constipated . ....:;(., U'
.i.:t.! "(''To ----------1 have my period. -\tl' ry
1t.�7Hi "("To ---------1 have hay fever. lr ,;,;(.,L l"i
("" t:) 7 v Jv;f--7;,- Gb ry � To -- I have an allergy to . . .
su� 7;>' Gb ry � T 0 ------- I have a bad tooth. t: L 1.! < L � 7-;. 7J>' ::B � To ------ I sneeze.
j.J�f;�'te � To -------- 1 haYe a runny nose. r; '-' ;z,. 1' �-
�t.1:f7;>'7;�\1)'..\"("To ------ My back itches. 1t �·/)·
��7;>' Gb ry � To ------- 1 have rashes. !.!-, L;(..
�l "'I.Jil l To ------- I feel dizzy.
of.� l L f::.o I threw up. 1.1
� -$]'-7,]'·,�" '--c··-t o I am not feeling well. � .;:;.., b'!.
f> tt �-- � L l L f::.o ------ I burned myself.
Jt. (J) it � {JT � l L f::. o I broke my leg. ,i; L l!t:> ;.;
tt I.Ji � L :f L f::. o I hurt myself.
Useful Vocabulary
• !2S� (Doctor's office) l\ l.>i'>
l*J *+ physician t,:\ \ lr
J.tfit *+ --- dermatologist r.t .;. lr
7'�*+---- surgeon 11" lr & �f A.*+---obstetrician and gynecologist �II- .;. 1:11- h· ��7'�*+--- orthopedic surgeon <t•'lt'' If h· §�*+ ---- ophthalmologist ,;:;�_ ,;-�*+ dentist L ,;.
lf J¥.*+ otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doctor 1: (J- ,;-
• t-O)ftn (Miscellaneous) t.:.
{ft.�4�'if --- antibiotic .: ; -itt '.i:-:> L "?
-=f-iff-t ---- operation L ••I:'"-? i.i� ---- injection ;;..-; L "' 1*-� �+ ---- thermometer fcl'};il-ltl•
読み書さ編
( m2� ) -
( m3� ) -
( ;g 5 �
l)'l:JfJ"fJ. Hiragana --------------252
j]/gj]-j- Katakana 257
� L \(;:!;(})ttL \"/J'-:J Daily Life 262
lZ9 _n .....1-..... , -l: f'-.. ft. + a + 7.j fi3 *
� c:t � '5 Travel---------------270
ill(J)g�fcJ:I..IA �?� My Favorite Restaurant ----- 276 :bt.::!J
�YIJ-t!lv(J)1:.1i''ib Mary's Letter--------282
( m 8 � J 8*(J)�ttJI Japanese Office Workers -------- 28 7 ...,_ -------�., I� Fo:lv i:J'll � lllv
( ;g 9 � ) A-<!lv(l.)8ia Sue's Diary ----------- 292 �_......, __ , I::"J -a
( ;g I 0 � J "/J'<! u�5 The Folktale Kasajizo ---------- 298
ft � � � X � � � � k � � � M
( m II � ) �1:1)f!, Looking for Friends ---------- 304
+ �* � 1ft BA m fJt � w � * rn- � 5£ � *
t � Tanabata Festival ------------ 310 �t;r. Itt::
* � ;f$ 1f- � 4 1� 1� it $� It ;Jf -t �
s 0 N .............................. 1]
�a ...... """" }; t·\. J u A.e 0 z
1;"\ ka � ki < tt ke � ku "- ko � \... sa L ski -t su {!: se .z so t� ta -J; chi � tsu l te I � to
-T:!-. na t: ni ¥J. nu tl ne (J) no (i ha u hi � �he I tl ho I �)" fu i ma H.mi C mu I ¥Jme I t mo �ya rp yu I J: YO
� l) ; ru I tlre ; ro ':> ra 1 rz tJ wa : �0 lvn
(Refer to "Japanese \Yriting System" on pages 18-22 for more details.)
CD Hiragana Practice A. Choose the correct hiragana.
1. yo � J: 2. ho t;± 4 . su �} 't 5. ki � ._
7. ta t: �= 8 . ro ;;
B. Match the words.
Person's name
1 . t� t:t ir" · Akai
2. �l t t . ·Nakamura
3. JfJh'-\\ ·Takahashi
4. tj L t t · ·Tanaka
5. t� h" tj L · ·Morikawa
6. t:th"�" b . ·Sakuma
7. t 0 h'-b. ·Yamamoto
8 . � < l ·Hashimoto
ti 3. me
� '-
�
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
6 . chi
9. e
Place name
� -::d l" ;; . � J: � t . h" t:t �--b . }.; h � h" . t:th�� �. �-- " '- .,...,) ,
....... ') 0 ""' --::; .,...,) ,
t?tf
Ml��
IJ. 6/) � i; .._
- !v A.
• Gifu
• Beppu
·Sapporo
·Osaka
·Kyoto
· Kanazawa
·Nagasaki
· Chiba
C. What's wrong with the hiragana below? Rewrite the correct hiragana.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
J
8
D. Write as many hiragana as possible which contain the following parts.
(1)
1
(4)
(2)
t (5) -
........,
(3)
(6)
E. Put the hiragana in the right order to make sense.
Example: t::.' � t i; � � t t::.' i; ----
1. blvi:' ------ 2. .:''\ \ .z
3. lv tit: ------ 4. ;{.lj:;i
5. lv��\\ -------- 6. 1; { t::.' \ \ <
CD Reading Practice
t
Read what the following people are saying and answer the questions.
1. Who is an office worker?
2. Whose major is Japanese?
3. Who is a high school student?
4. What is Harada's major?
®Writing Practice You received a letter from a Japanese friend. Read it and write a letter introducing
yourself.
I! t � t; � 1 L- r , 1 .z. n" t> J7. ; : r--<r 0 11 t: t� 1v t; 1v r--<r o
t> r:: L- t � r: "' '\ n { < 0) "' '\ ; ?td.lv -tt "' '\ r--T 0
-tt 1v t 1v t � .i "' '\ z." r--T o
�:.-- ? ¥'' J: � L- < ;n ?td. n { "' '\ L- .1 T 0
-- �--"' --·-
* c:·· � -t-· J: .; L < B � t;{1.' L l i' is more polite than c:·· 1 -t-• l .; L < .
1 �?� 1 E s s 0 N . . . . . . . . . ..................... 2] tJ/ytJ-j- Katakana
7 a 1 z 7 u X e ;f 0
7J ka � ki 7 ku 7 ke :1 ko
-tj- sa """'
A � '/ -:/" shi su se so
� ta 1- chi '/ ...... r T te tsu to
-j- na 7- "
/ no ---
;;:("'- ne nz nu
/ \ ha t hi 7 fu � he * ho -::? ma
�
b mu /. me � mo � � mz
f ya ::J_ yu 3 yo -
') J V ru V re 7 ra rz 0 ro
r;J wa 7 0
/ n (Refer to "Japanese Writing System" on pages 22-24 for more details.)
8 .... E±(b��� � · t==l �
CD Katakana Practice A. Choose the correct katakana.
;t 7 'J � - 1j-1. 0 2. nu 3. sa T 4 . shi
' '/ 5 . ku 7 7 6 . ma 7 b. / 7. ru v Jv 8 . ho -f: * 9. yu :I.. ::L
B. Match the following words and pictures.
1 . ( ) ?t v / � � _:t - .A 7 . ( ) 1f / F 1 ''J T 2. ( ) 7 7 1 F if -T � 8 . ( ) .A -T - � 3. ( ) -']- - � 9. ( ) .A, " /f ''J T 1 4 . ( ) 1f 7 :1'' 10. ( )
tO�'
5. ( ) 1- 3 :J v - � / '\ 7 :I.. 11. ( ) � - .A � 6 . ( ) :J - t - 12. ( ) v -t: / 7 1 -
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 � (e) ( f ) (g) (h)
� ( i ) (j ) (k) ( l )
~ � ~
C. Match each country with its capital city.
Countries CaQital Cities
1 . 7 v - � 7 • · ;f � ?
2 . ;f 7 / �'' • • ? � / r / DC
3. 7 � lJ tJ • • ..=.. .:::1. - 7' lJ -4 . :I.. :; 70 }' • · 7 b A 7 lv �-· b. 5 . ;f - A }' 7 1) 7 . • 7 7 7 Jv / 7°- Jv 6. A ry :I. - 7· / • • 7'':r.. / A 7 1 v A
7. 1 / F • · � � / ""' 7
8 . 7 Jv �· / 1- / • · tJ 1 o
9 . tJ -}- �·· • · A r '/ 7 * Jv b.
D. Word Search-Find the following country names in the box of katakana .
""- � T L.. (Vietnam)
"/ / tf ;f - Jv (Singapore)
1- .:r.. "::1 (Czech)
7 /- 1) tJ (America)
A 7 .:r.. -.:y / (Sweden)
.I. 7 7 F Jv (Ecuador)
/- .:\=- "/ "::1 (Mexico)
7·· 7. S/ Jv (Brazil)
;t;' A .::. 7 (Bosnia)
.:;f 7 / y· (Holland)
1 / F i-- "/ 7 (Indonesia)
tJ T y·· (Canada)
Jv 7 / y·· (Rwanda)
7 1 (Thail and)
.:;f - A � 7 1) 7 (Australia)
1 / :1 7 ;f -
7 y / 7-y·· � tJ -f: 7 � y 1
F ;f, ... :/ -f: lJ 7'' A r 7
7 -r ... ,. :/ ..X ;;( Jv 1 7 ............
_,, ... ,, c-· T :/ / tJ'' ;t; :J" lJ 7
7 1 Jv 7 / 7 0 7 7 1-l) 7 ... _:;, :1 ..X
7 ;;( � ... :/ :1
c lJ * A.' .... .... -Jv tJ -r y·· -
7
;t;' A - 7 7 -- Jv / '\ / y·· J_ 7 7 F Jv
y·· :1
1 7-""'
r -r L. ;;(
E. Put the katakana in the right order to make sense.
Example: � 7 - � 7 - �
1. r / - 2. =- .::J... ;l --- -- -- -- -- -- --
3. / � 4. / S/ - :A' - - -- - - - - -- --
5. 6. -7°7 - -- -- - -v - 1- r -- - - - - -- - -
CD Name Tags Write your name in the box below and make your own name tag.
Example:
® Reading Practice
.•. '
Mary wrote about the things below. Find out which item she wrote about.
1. ( ) .:: n t:i b t� L C0 ti' 7 L t � Gb � .i -tt A.to -1=- � � - � A.t C0 ti· 7 L --c·--t o
.:::. .:z. - 3 - :7 � / .:\=- - .A C0 ti· 7 L -r·-t o
? 1 7 Jv
2. ( ) .:: n t;i b t:. L (?) L: "C lv L � --c----; o
::t - A � 7 ') 7 (?) L: "C lv L � --c-·-t o
t:. h' 1, \ --c-· -t o
3. ( ) .:: n t;i � Y' .I. lv � /v (J) L: L J: "C"To
A """ 1 / .::·· (?) L: L J: l: � Ji:> � i --lt lvo
7 7 / A .::·' (?) L: L J: "(•' T 0
4. c ) .:: n u ::.; f � '/ / � 1v (?) < -J --c-·-t o
t: ti /v (?) < --? l: � Ji:> � i -lt lvo
(a)
(e)
1 '7 ') T (?) < -J "('' T 0
(b)
(f)
¥50,000 ¥8,000
® Writing Practice
(c )
g) (g)
(d)
tiiJ (h)
~
Write about the things you or your classmates own. Use Mary's sentences in ill as
a model.
001
002
003
004
005
006
007
008
c M3il I L E s s 0 N .............................. £J * l \(�t)O)ttl \fJ\-:J Daily Life
-1 1-•
-1 '/ V' 'C
Cone)
--.,.... v):\t:
'#
(two)
-tj- / ...... 7:;. -;; �
1S£ ..
(three)
J: � J:
1!9 J: -;; �
(four)
-:::l
A \ \ "':)
(five)
o ? 0 '/
.. ) ..... t: -;; � �
(six)
� 1- i'i �
--t (seven)
- "1- / \ '')
/� -'(-' -;;
(eight)
- ( 1 1-) one -* ( 1 1- Y) one o'clock
-Jf-.i.. ( 1 1- _;{, / -l! 1 ) first-year student
--B- (1 •y 'f'/) one minute -"':) (U' t "':)) one
(1) -;::_ (.:::.) two :::_* (.:::. Y) t\'VO o'clock
:::_Jf-.i.. (.:::. _;{, / -1! 1 ) second-year student
;::_ "':) ( ,b t.: "':) ) two ;::_ E M C .b -:J tJ� tJ Y) two days
( 2) - --3. (-If/) three �* (-!fY Y) three o'clock �� .i.. ( -1j- / _;{, /-1! 1 ) third-year student
3. "':) ( lJ. -:::> -:J) three
(3) - - -- --l?E ( J:: lv) four l?E* (J:: Y) four o'clock
l?E�.i_ ( J: ;;t, /-1z 1 ) fourth-year student
'[9 "':) ( J: -:::> "':) ) four
(5) 1 n V1 vq 1i ( -:J) five A*
A "':) ( l.- � -:J -:J ) five
(4) - T 11 li 'ft: ( o 7 ) six 'ft:*
l?Ef] ( 'V 7J '/) April
\!9 (:f Y ) five o'clock
( o 7 Y) six o'clock
'ft: a ( 0 'Y t:: '\" 7 ) six hundred 'ft: -B- ( o 'Y '1' /) six minutes 'ft: "':) ( u -:::> "':) ) (4) l ...J- ...J- ...J-..> -> "'-
six
--1:::' ( :V 1-/ 7:t. 7:t.) seven --1:::'* ( '5/ 1- Y) seven o'clock
--1:::' "':) ( 7:t. 7:t. -:J ) seven
(2) - --t-
-'"'- (J\:f-) eight "'* (;,:f- Y) eight o'clock
/\..a c.�\ 'Y c: '\" 7 ) eight hundred
"'� (l\ 'Y -!f 1 ) eight years old "' "':) ( � -:::> "':)) eight
(2) / /"-
009
ft 0 1 0
+ 01 1
a 0 1 2
+ 0 1 3
7j 0 1 4
P3 0 1 5
a�
.:1=- .::t ? 7
:: :: o:>
(nine)
V .:t ? v .:t ''J � B
(ten)
l:: -1' :7
t:• -1' 7
t:' -1' 7
(hundred)
-t / -ii' /
(thousand)
7 /
(ten thousand)
.I. /
(yen; circle)
v
� � ...
(time)
')r.. (q:- ::z. ?) nine 1Lat ( ;7 S/) nine o'clock
1L� ( ::f ::z. ? -IT1 ) nine years old 1L-;; ( .:: .:: 0)-:>) nine
(2) } 1L
+ C'V ::z. ?) ten +at ( S/ ::z. ? 'V) ten o'clock
+� ( S/ ::z. ';/ -IT 1 ) ten years old + ( c :to) ten
(2) - +
a ( t: ,.. ;7 ) hundred .:=.a (-IT y t:• ,.. ;7 ) three hundred
�a (o '/' c 1" 7 ) six hundred
"""a C-'\ '>' c: ,.. 7 > eight hundred
(6) - -r T n A a
-1- ( � /) thousand .:=. -1- (-IT y -it y) three thousand
.... vt (;\ '>' � /) eight thousand
(3) ..... ::!- 1-
-7j ( 1 1-¥ /) ten thousand
+7i ( S/ ::z. ?¥ /) one hundred thousand
a7i C t: ,.. 7 y /) one million
(3) -
-y 7j
aP3 c �:: ,.. .p x. y ) one hundred yen
P3 ( x. /) circle
(4) l n rJ P3
-a� ( 1 1-S/) one o'clock
1-1�<1>* ( .:: c' <b 0) c � ) in one's childhood
at � C c � c � ) sometimes attt c 1- -7 1 > watch
GOl 1 n R a a- a..J- IF- a:!= a; *
On this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi [pronunciation originally borrowed from Chinese] and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi [native Japanese reading] .)
CD ;l�O)**� (Kanji Practice) 1J'Iv u ttlv u�5
A. Read the price of the following items i' n kanji and write it in numbers.
Example: 1- 3 ::I v - � (1) / '\ / n 1-
(3) � t C1)
� s 1i. + P3
( ¥ )
(4) 7 v t:·-
D OCa:t!Il
+ -=- ::7 .:=. -t- P3 --t + - ::7 1Z9 -T P3
( ¥ ) ( ¥ )
B. Write the following prices i n kanji.
Example: ¥ 5 , 420 � li. -T 1Z9 a .=. + P3
1 . ¥30 2 . ¥ 140
4 . ¥ 6 , 070 5 . ¥ 8 , 190
3 .
6 . ¥42 , 500 7 . ¥ 168 , 000
(2) � lv T
-f-/\ .. s P3
( ¥ )
(5) 7 / � 3 /
¥ 251
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 . ¥ 3 , 200, 000 9 . ¥ 57 ' 000 ' 000
An international exchange student writes about his daily routine. Read the passage
to find out about his schedule and fi l l in the blanks below.
t; t::. L t.l .;t \ " t : t; -l: at t : B � i To -? t; ·r- &6 :: ;::-- t.i � � t::. �
,;t To -'"-at t : f3_' \ \I:J� \ �\ '\ � ,;t To Jt.at t : t : t l /v ;::·' � � /v � J:
-? L .;t To +::.at � t : t:_' \ " -h� < -1::- v � ;:'' t .i lv � t::. � .;t To � � r.± ,z,
�-- � ::1 - t: - � <1) h .;t To 1Z9 a� t :: � L J: -h � lv --c-- t l lv � J: h .;t To
� at ;::" .; -? '!? � -h � 3t � .;t To + * t:: 7 v t:- � h .;t To +..::.at ;:-
J:> tl .;t To
li
!i li . --�·-�-� �- -- - --- -- -��- -- ·�-''
7:00
( ) go to the university
9:00
( ) eat lunch
4:00
6:00
( ) watch TV
( )
® �<�� (Writing Practice) fJ' :tl.fvlt�-P5
Write about your daily routine. Use the above passage as a model.
0 1 6
017
018
019
020
021
022
023
( •4• I L E s s 0 N .............................. 4J
)<]71)-ZfvO)l.Jvp5£J M ary's Weekend
- =-1- (.f' -
E 7.} ;:: .'/
(day; sun)
* ;j\ / t �
(book; basis)
� /
A 7.} � ::=.. /
(person)
J1 J.f':J jf"J "'::)�
(moon; month)
tJ
* 7.}
(fire)
7]<. 7.. 1 �f
(water)
* -t- 7 � .....
(tree)
� .;f- / f;•b 3fi I (gold; money)
a * (.:::..Ji\ � ) Japan 8 B1l 8 (.::::.. 1-- 3 ? TJ) Sunday
� a ( ? 1 .:::.. .::;-) every day � (?) 8 Ui �;:!: OYu') Mother's Day
8 �c C.:::.. 'Y :¥-) diary 3... a ( � ')' tJ ) three days
(4) I n A E * ( * �) book a * (.:::.. * �) Japan
8 *� (.:::.. Ji\ � :I) Japanese language
tL*- � lv (-\b * <b t � lv) Mr./Ms. Yamamoto
(5) - I :t * * a *A. (.:::.. * � y �) Japanese people
-A."('' ( V t IJ t:) alone .:: 0 A. ( ;: 0) V t ) this person
3.-A... (-l]-�.:::.. �) three people
(2) J /.... J1 lf-la 8 ( 7 '/ 3 ? tf) Monday
J3 (-::::> � ) moon
(4) ) n Jj ,13 j(Bi E (tJ 3 ?TJ) Tuesday
j( (U) fire
(4) • . � y� * 7J<.ni a ( .A 1 3 ? tf) Wednesday
(4) J 7] 7f 7]<.. *-Hi E ( -'E 7 3 ? lJ) Thursday
;f.. ( � ) tree
(4) - -t * * �B1l 8 ( :¥- � 3 ? tf) Friday
� � (:BiJ>b.) money
(8) / A A b 4-- �
- J3 (1 1- jj'/) January
7J<. ( OZJ. f) water
4,-- �
024 F ±" 8 ( F ::r i'J lf) Saturday
± --J i? ± (-:::> iS ) soil
(soil) (3) - + ±
HI 3 7 8 " 8 ( ..:=. 7- 3 i'J Lf) Sunday
(weekday) 08) I n A B B, If' � B", �"' �3 �3 Bf3 llf? !!¥ " �1¥ IPtl Bft
025
I X. I _t ( -? .:Z. ) top; above 026
_t S/ 3 7 .L4- � ( � 3 i'J A�) good at
�_t ( ;:;t :7 � 3 '?) rooftop
(up) (3) l }- J:_ 027 L t� r ( G t:=.) under
r 7J :t1Br�� ( 1- J.r=t 'Y ) subway r f � ( A...t� 'l;t) poor at
(down) (3) - T T
~ iJ: h· tf7 (�iP) inside tf7 00 ( 1- ::1. i'J ::l :7 ) China
f- ::t 7 S/ ::t 7 tf7 ¥: ( 1- ::1. i'J 71 :7 ) junior high school
-Jflf' ( 1 1- ;f, / � ::1. i'J) all year around
028
(middle) (4) ' 17 p tP
~ J \ / -=-*.f- ( -lJ->' � J \ >') half past three
.f--$3'" (J \ / 7./) half
(half) (5) ' ' ,. � � *
029
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)
CD ��0)**� (Kanji Practice) tNv v nlv v'P?
A. Match the kanji with the English equivalents.
1. 7_}(Bi 8 • · Sunday
2. �B� 8 • · Monday
3. 8 Hi 8 . · Tuesday
4. J1 0i 8 · · Wednesday
5. ± Hi 8 • · Thursday
6. 7f..BI 8 • • Friday
7. -*.Bi 8 · · Saturday
B. Look at the picture and choose the appropriate kanji for the blanks.
_t r �
1. v .::z � 7 / tJ: t:' Jv O) "C"'t 0
(building)
2. 8 *"-� * � tJ: v .::z � 7 / 0) --c··-t 0 :::: ,, -? :: 1
3. .::z -,\'- tJ: v .::z � 7 / 0 --c··-t 0
� ? U -��������������* ��o
Read the memo and answer the questions.
1. � 7 1} - � � Cj � J: J t: t ::: � L .i Jh'o 2. -7 i? ·-c-tf � .::·· tJ: � � t::. � .i -t h' o 3 . fPJat .::·· � IJ' ;(. ry .i J h'o
(L A.,
CltL� I� ��I
• •
h 1J \ J) -:r � "'--
0
0
0
:i( J: -7 t � t t r �·-t? t r�\ , � I .
-n \' < 1'' ,!\.' lv � J: I L 1 r 6
1 t] --( l i/-v�'c 1 /v � (-:_ A 1 +±. /,vo !Lst � �" J-;; n'Z 1) 19 0
-t � ::- -t- - B
Read the following passage about Mary's weekend.
�Bff E t : E *'-� CI) t: t t:: � t: .:: 7 ;t � t : \ ' � .i L f: o .:: 7 ;t
� --c· t: t t=-· "t t: U: ij: L .i L t: o i- n IJ" G , v A. r 7 / � \ ' � .i
L t: o t: < � � t: � .i L t: o
± a1 a u: - � "'C'' t; "'C ?.:> ""' "' \ � .1 L t: 0 t: < � �h. -tt 1;"' � � 1
L t: o h -tt ·-c-· B .i � t l1l 7 � 1J" "' \ .i L t: o
E Blf E U: t; i- < t; � .i L t: 0 t; /;" � � � t t; i- < }; � .i L t: 0
b t: L ti � � 7 v e-· � h .i L t: o i- nfJ" G , B IJ" Gb � � t: V' �
.::·· ti � � t: � .i L t: o .::·· .::·· ti a *-� � � � � l 7 L .i L t: o *
t J: .,lj. j: L f:o
Arrange the following activities i n the order Mary did.
( ) -7 ( ) -7 ( ) -7 ( ) -7 ( )
h -tt store
}; � lv t 11> i sweet bun
}; i- < late
1 . studied Japanese 2 . bought sweet buns 3. went to a restaurant 4 . watched TV 5 . went to a park
® � < **� (Writing Practice) iJ' ft/vl.,�-5
II
A. You are going out. Write a memo to someone in your house, tell ing when you wil l
be back and whether you wil l have dinner at home.
B. Write about your weekend.
030
031
032
033
034
035
036
037
( •5il I L E-�-OJ:Z: 5 Travel
� �
~ -+}- /
(mountain)
IJ>b
J J ] t;�'b
(river)
1-f:,_; �
JG (origin)
_.t.: �
� (spirit)
j- /
~ (heaven)
�� b t� L �
(I; private)
� \ \ � :1 /
7 (now)
t� t::'
m (rice field)
s s 0 N .............................. sJ
t.L ( � * ) mountain
'i;±t.L (7 Y-lJ->') Mt. Fuji
(3) l J_ � Jl] (ip;b) river
... J�J J J � lv (iLo"b � lv ) Mr./Ms. Ogawa
(3) } ) I J l ]
ft.�� ( 7 Y ::f i:t ) fine
(4) - - r jt
ft.�� ( 7 >' ::f � ) fine �� ( T Y ::f) weather
� � ( T >'::f) electricity
(6) ... _,._ c: � .t:= 7\ � �� ( T >'::f) weather
�00 ( 7 >- :::l ? ) heaven
(4) - - r "ft.. -
{t. ( b t::: L,) I {t.:ir..;k� ( V l) '/ :7'1 7i ? ) priYate university
.... .... � 5fl- 5f� (7) - 1 5f � (t- ) * ) now 4'- 8 ( � J: 7 ) today
�B)t ( ::1 >' J'i >') tonight
(4) / A A b 7
lB.P � lv (t::: i:tiP � lv) Mr./Ms. Tanaka
t.LlB � Iv (� * t!. � lv) Mr./Ms. Yamada
lB !vtJ:· Ct::: AAJ:) rice field
(5) l n m m m
038
'* 039
~ 040
Jt 041
� --
1T 042
~ 043
jk
f> A.t �
:/ 3
(woman)
}) � .::
y· './
(man)
7J.
7 './
(to see)
'v '
:J t) ;:f 3 ?
(to go)
t:.
� 3 7
(to eat)
(J)
1 './
(to drink)
-!J:(J)A. (;13/viJ:'OYU' t ) woman
-J;;·ti ( � 3 � 1 ) woman
(3) 1.... ll.. :!t::
� (J)A_ (;13 c .:: O)l} c ) man
� '11: (7·>-'� 1 ) man
(7) ' n m fR
)L {> (�6) to see
m
JL4!o ( 7 / 7.'/) sightseeing
(7) I n R "" E1
ft \ (It � < ) to go
m -:]
,
}LZ1t ( � / :r '/) bank -1t EJ
(6) ... / { 1- r {t
1z.-...::: {> ( t.:« 6 ) to eat
�
Jt
( -1 1- =¥ 3 ? �) first line
iZ.-...:::4!{; ( t.: ""- � 0)) food 1zy ( v 3 7 r: ? ) cafeteria
(9) / /'- � + + + 1'" � �
ftt: (O)ti') to drink
�.k7J-4!o (0)� � 0)) drink
�.k�l§ii*� (1 / V .:L ? / 7 /) drunken driving
(12) / /' A- 4 4i � 1 i 1' � j? ti:
On this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD �*0)**� (Kanji Practice) n' 1v v :ttlv vtP?
A. Using the parts below, make up the correct kanji.
Example: § - > Jt
2 . X,. 3 . b 5 . t.J
6 . � 8 . � 9 . � lO . ffi
B. Match the following sentences with the pictures.
1 . ( ) X.. 1.. 'n� � Jt :i T o 2. ( ) ::r - l:: - � jJz h :i To
3 . ( ) / '> // '.' - -jf- � �"" :i To 4 . ( ) � O)A � 3t" O)A_1J>' I.. \ ;i To
5 . ( ) � � J ! J IJ>'JIJ ry ;i To 6. ( ) 4'- 8 ti �., , �., ,� �'vr·To
7 . ( ) ��{j" t:{j" � ;i To �J(,. .:: �
(a) ' I (b) (cfS? (d)
- o : ' 1
� (e)
� (f) (g)
m � �
C. Match the kanji with the reading.
1 . ( ) - a 2 . ( ) .:: a 3 . ( ) 3- 8 4. ( ) 1[9 8 5 . ( ) ..li S 6. ( ) � 8 7 . ( ) --t- 8 8 . ( ) f\.. 8 9 . ( ) 1L 8 10. ( ) + a 11 . ( ) .::+ a
(a) 1.. ,�1;� (b) .:: .:: 0) 1J � (c) � �.. ' t::. i? (d) � }; 1;• (e) t: 0)1;� (f) tj: �t;�
(g) ... L �t;� (h) 7;. "? t;� ( i ) t.· \, \ t;� {j ) J: -) t;� (k) J: "? 1;•
A. Match the following katakana words with the English equivalents.
1 . ::r - t - · cake
2. :::1 / -tj- - � . • coffee
3 . 7 1 - / · cafe 4 . tJ 7 :r.. · classical
5. 7 7 � ·') 7 . · concert
6 . 7 - � · Vienna
B. � 5 �����S���������� * � �o Read the postcard below. Write T for the things she did or does and write F for
the things she didn't or doesn't do in Vienna.
1 . ( ) see an old castle
3 . ( ) take pictures
5. ( ) enjoy sweets
2. ( ) go to see a ballet
4 . ( ) drink beer at the cafe
6 . ( ) eat at McDonald's
J-t-? ::_ � /vl'. fu� 't'i 1] ' 0 :ft>-t j.�{->-',l � � \ �
io :. � \ J:. -t)t'1 'L �L\, \l 9 ° 'J-1'__.-ytJ: r1 -t 21-l'- ,r! t:t?-t't o
D �0) l� h L.:� � YL;i Lt� 0 1) ,;-Q\_,
('� 1..''1 -n'-', 'C 1 t> �4K'v r( Gf� o f ( < � lvL� GA.-'k t I ) J: lt� 0 l k Li..1-1 );'VJ <7) J y-t{-�( � {1 =f � J:. LJ�o l. -//'7 r�-r.· i 0
'71- Yt � l l fJ1'1- ti.'('( < � f.vtf) tJ c1
; < ( i\ft1\tft2-5 � J l l J.;-1) ,' � l
io l.v ' � '1) 1J 7:z:-( :J -!::.- ��J+� io lr-� t1<"4:q 0 r··ctt;\,'l,vfl �0
\19 E H� tJ't LJ � -q o 11� s;f-··t" J') v i !LJ:?f:l.o
JCA.pcA.n
""" � J: Mr./Ms. (used in letter writing) }.; L ;; castle
.;;.: but J: � night J: f: again
C. OJ\- j.... c:!fv=5 1c:t1:i'-rr1J:i'J'n-* u t.:o Read the postcard below and answer the following questions in Japanese.
1. 0 / '\ - }' � ,.{, 'j: � (:'' .::_ t: lt \ � T i; � o
2 . (:'',.{, � �� "(•''"f i; � o
3 . � C') -) LJ: � t: � L � L t:: tJ� o
4. � a t.l � t : � L � L t:: i;�o t�· n c: L � L t:: i;� o
5 . B � � b C')�� t C') t.;t c:·· 7 "(··--t tJ�o
D
... ... ....
-
� mountain f::. \- , .....__ .z, tough
"'(" U:, }.; ft.� -c:· Take care.
® 5< **� (Writing Practice) n' :ttlvul1>5
The following are your Japanese friends' addresses in your pocket notebook.
Copy their addresses on the postcards and write about your vacation.
-t 'WJ 1i. rtt Jj_· i :t t.: .. i L l
�.P I'P <h T753-004 1 J.r 0 $ JR J.r 36-8 � .i <· t, L th7'L � .i
J:.m-� T 1 1 2-0002 x * fK..-J--.JO J I J7-7 i i._ t: h·-r ;.; .;:A, C<li ( ::. ' ' L h·.b
( M6R I L E s s 0 N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 fA0)9�fc:J: l/A �5Y My Favorite Restaurant
044
jft 7.Jh{ L jJt ('U-:6'> l.,) east jfto (u':b� l., <-· i?) east exit
r ? ** ( }- ? 4- 3 ? ) Tokyo
(east) (8) - ,- f'7 -A § if1 -* � 045
� : L 5 O;: l.,) west 5o O;: l., (' i?) west exit
~ -1? 1 -+J- 1 ;J.t.5 (it ::7 -lz 1 ) northwest
r� 5 (tJ >'-lf1 ) Kansai region
(west) (6) - iF1 Vt1 8 1 n
m Jj.f:t;j. m ( ;!j. i;t 7}. ) south mo ( 7}. 7:t 7}. <-· t:>) south exit
-T / ffijft_ (7 >' 1-- '/) southeast
046
(south) (9) - -!-- 1-1-- n � n F1 f!j rn
:: t:= 3-t. ( � t;:.) north ;J.t. 0 ( � t;:. <·· t:> ) north exit 047
3-t if\ :7 * 'J jft;J.t. ( 1-- ? * ::7) Tohoku region
;J.t.�it ( * ':J tJ 1 F ? ) Hokkaido
(north) (5) - ; :! :! ... :!t
<-- � ;J.t o ( � t;:. (' t. ) north exit 048
0 \ i? -::I t] 0 ( < t:>) mouth A. o ( S/ Y -::1 ?) population
(mouth) (3) \ n 0 049
"(" ill � (l" �) to exit ill o ( ·c- \'' t:> ) exit
ttl t:: � ::.L 'J ill T Cti-9) to take something out
� ::.L "/ ill!$ ( � ::z. 'Y -lz 4-) attendance �ill (:;... � ::z. '/) export
(to exit) (5) 1 + t-p tl: tB � ::� 7o (7}. 7§') right
* 7 ::L tJ ;lo�Jl- ( ? -lz '/) right turn
;£:{; ( -lT :L '/) right and left
050
(right) (5) J r- :{-- � 7o
E. 7.Jt::· ry ;£ ('U-ti I'J ) left
-+t ii.�JT (-lf-lz '/) left turn
051
(left) (5) - r ;!:= }i ii.
052
~ 053
1t 054
~ 055
* 056
� �
057
�r 058
m
7 / 7"/
7" /
(minute; to divide)
� /
� � - '-
(ahead)
� 1
J � 3 7
(birth)
:7''1 }; }.;
:7 1
(big)
jf-7
jf•J � i;i
Oearning)
1f1
-t- �
(outside)
-::1 '7 -::1''7
< t:
(country)
3i.-$i- ( -::l7 "Y) five minutes
-f--jj- ( � ::z. 'Y 7""Y) ten minutes
§ -$i- ( � 7' "Y) oneself 2f--jj- (!\ "Y 7'"Y) half
(4) / /'-... /.j- -$t
7t:� ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher
7t:il! ( -l! Y V :::r. "/) last week 7t: t: ( � � �;:) ahead
(6) � )- H- � 1- JL
#-� (jj 7 -l! 1 ) student 7t:� ( -l! Y -l! 1 ) teacher
j:_ l h � ( ? * n � ) to be born
-� t : -t.t ( 1 '/ v 3 "/ �;: 1 1- n once in a life time
(5) � J- 1- 4 �
*�� C:Y 1 }J 7 -l! 1 ) college student
::k � \, \ ( ii:t3 � v �) big
*� � (7' 1 .r-..."Y�) tough ::kA (:to t �) adult
(3) - r *
::k� C:Y 1 }J 7 ) university #-� ( jj 7 -l! 1 ) student
¥tt (7J '>' :1 "/) school �--�� U t ;l;t�) to study
(8) ' ,, '" ..... ,. � � � m-. r :..r
7'H�1 (jj 1 :1 7 ) foreign country
7'H�A. (jj 1 :1 7 � "Y) foreigner 7'� ( .::C t ) outside
(5) / � :; :Jl :;�
7'�00 ( jj 1 :1 7 ) foreign court try
o/00 ( 1- ::z. "/ :1· 7 ) China
00 ( < �;:) country
(8) l n i1 Ff1 M � J$1 00
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD �*0)�� (Kanji Practice) 1J'Iv (j niv u�5
A. Combine the following kanji and make compound words. You can use the same
kanji more than once.
E
B. Indicate where each place is located on the map.
1 . ( ) v ;z r 7 / · 7 Jv7� / 7 : � � C')tf' t: JtJ ry 1 -r o ffl D (J) f t.f --c-· T 0
2. ( ) o 1 -t Jv * 7 Jv : � � C') Jlt o � ttl --c , 1 � -r <·· li. 7J" <·· � '- '-r·-r o
3. ( ) tL T 7[. j:_ (J) -) i; : J.t. D � ttl "{ ' 7o """'+ 7J" <·· � '- ' --c-· To 4 . ( ) .:: -) � lv : 5 o � 1 � T <·· + li. 7J" <·· � '- 'rr � "'C < t�' -:: '- ' o
5 . ( ) :k_ ¥ : Jt. D � ttl "{ , t£ """'+� \•' � \. '1T � "{ \ f�' -:: \. 'a
[e) - � A.. � station
b d..; ; lo exil a
.i "? -t <·· straight
CD clv C.Ivld.fv (Bul letin Board) Look at the bulletin board on the next page and answer the questions.
1 . If you want to buy a bicycle, who are you going to contact?
2. Where will the party be held? Are you going to bring anything?
3. How do you get to the concert hall?
4. What can you do for the winter break (from December to January)?
* - A .A 7 4 7° C 7' 7 A
Jft:tt Cl) l � "C'' ;t - b 7-.. 7 1 � L l -li- ,Z, /;' 1:: -j 11 (
+.::: J3 -=-+/' 8 C 8 ) '""""- J3 .=:. 8 (±) .i \,\ .:" a- H L- L -r < r:.- � \,\.,
� ;h., '.. \ � � � J l J C1) f {.f"("To
¥ 20, 000
� t� ,:; L. \.,---ret 0
"1"' Aw t> L. -r ( t-3.. � \.,' 0
(J:: � 7 � "-' I I �) � m 597- 1 65 1
9 3 7 - 2 6 8 2
t iJ-,Z, : 6 a�'"""" � t t�-� � "':) n --c � --c t �, \ �, \ --c-- T l !
···���[il!�k 7J. t C1) � t � --c � --c < t::.' � �, \ o
-(9'J:P:JvA t---?:J 7 / � � - v
I , 200 P3 A -c 'Y � ( -tt 7 y-- • :::1 - t. - ) B -c '/ � (" \' / . :::1 - t. -)
9 F.l 1 2 El (�) 6 : 30 ........
fl§ ::J :J-Ij-- t---It\-) v CflBIR 3 ttl o � t±:rc �" 3 :11)
x�
Mary writes about her favorite restaurant. Read the passage and answer the
questions.
� IJ� � £,. lv - -
lv � lv t '{'' t
0 � };
...
� '- ?p '""" \., \ t:o
'{ � � L -+f < A. T \ \ �
t:' t 0 "('' � � t:::. � T '""" -
\ \ < l 0 j: 0 � J .....
T - '-
lv � ..... 0 '-
� - t.i '{'' 7 j: � \., \ 1 T T --::::> A
0 \., \ t 7
7). "('' t:::. l) t: T < 1
-
--
A. Where is the restaurant?
� . I I I I
@ @
©
1t \ \ � '- L j: \ \
T "('' 0
T 7 0
/ ;fl. ' �
:/ U: � l 1 <
v 7 '{'' / 7 ' ,,
:/
1 � / 1 � v 1k t:
I
X. �
7 --
/ :t r- �
-
- lv -
:t t.i � � lv '{ (}) t � }; l t �
L J � � t.i \., \
� A. '{ "(''
t T };
0
N
4 . . ...
@
l) 7 A. (}) 7 / r-
--
:t � -
lv "(''
T 0
7 / r-
®
\., \ � -
\., \
v A r-
7 / '{'' T
0
� ::L
7 t;;t 1 7
. .
Ttl 0 � te '{
...
;lp """"'
1i. -$1-(''
G \ \
'{'' T
0
t?
� ! l ;fl. �L � (}) J (/) ry T T Cf) �
- � 7 t: �
1i / v v ' ,, A :/ � r- 'A II 1 � 7 v / 7 '{'' t.i / T
...
0 1 A. 7 � '- l) (}) 7
--
� J: 7 � cooking
'v \ ""? t always
h � � lv everyone
B. Circle the food or drink the writer has at the restaurant.
C:o 4f. A " '\' 7 ''J T 1 7 -1 7.. 7 1) - L.
'7 -1 / e:-· - Jv A 7 - .:\=-
C. Choose the correct answer.
® � < •m (Writing Practice) tJ' hlvu�P?
A. You are organizing a party. Write a flyer about the party. Be sure to include: what
kind of party it is, what time it starts, where it is held, what to bring, how to get
there, and so on.
B. Write about your favorite restaurant.
( •1• I L E s s 0 N ................ ············11 )<]71) -�fvO)-c_j]\(f.} Mary's Letter
059
) . .:1=- 3 7 jf.t;f: ( 1- '7 4- 3 '7 ) Tokyo Jf:-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko
OS -*::M� ( 4- 3 '7 1- ) Kyoto �� (capital) (8)
1 _._ _,_ _,_ _._ _._ _,_ _._ \ n p , >"'i .. � �
-T c:·· t c c: c-· � ) child -*-T ( 4- 3 '7 C: ) Kyoko '-
1- Y' ±0-T (:10/v � O) C: ) girl � 0-T (:10 t C: 0) C: ) boy
�-T /. -Jv (f>' V J. -Jv) e-mail
060
(child) (3) _,. J 7-061
i? \ \ >J ... � \ \ ( 1;. \t :) � \t::.) small
�J" Y' 3 tl ·+�� ( V s '7 ff 'Y ::I '7) elementary school
+ � � ( � 3 '7 7f 7 -12 1 ) elementary school student
(small) (3) J ..>J ... J ...
% � n 1 % 7 ( ;t> ? ) to meet %:f± ( 7J 1 V -v ) company
%:f±Yl (7J 1 V -v 1 Y) office worker
062
(to meet) (6) / A A b 4-- � Y' � %:f± (7J 1 � -v ) company
�± - � :f$:f± ( � >' � -v) shrine :/ �
063
(company) (7) -
7 � ;f ;f- ;f+ ;f± 064 1? 1? t: 7 X ( i? 1;. ) father }; X � h., (:10 t ? � lv) father
5( 7 X-liJ: (7 �) father and mother
(father) (4) / ... ... -:/ y:
065 tJ: U: 1;�� -liJ: ( �j: �j:) mother };-li): � h., (:JoiJ);t> � lv) mother
w/Jj if' -liJ: � ( � :2') mother tongue
(mother) (5) L.. lJ C) !J) iff l t:::. h� ::r t] � \ \ ( t� iJ�"::.) expensive; high
� �� ( ::1 '7 ::1 '7 ) high school
Ti5J �;fst� ( ::I '7 ::I '7 -12 1 ) high school student 1 � ..>- '* � � � -is" '*" --5' (high) 00} 1 ,:> ,:> l TlJ lnJ loJ
066
tt :1 rJ �:f.R (ff 'Y :1 l:'J ) school �:f.R ( :1 ':7 :1 ry ) high school
�;fX� ( :1 ? :1 ? -e 1 ) high school student
4' �;fX ( 1- ::z. ':7 ff 'Y :1 7) junior high school
(school) (10) - t t t f {"'- � � t7 �
067
'71 � E ( 7 1 �1--) every day
JiJ: �� (71 V ::1. 7) every week
�B)t ( 7 1 1'\/) every night
068
(every) (6) / � :t. li 1ii 4i 069
�· E .:$..� ( � * / :1·) Japanese (language)
-�n *� ( .::r..1 :1·) English (language) 00
t'O (word) (14)
' ,;,. """ � '::" �T �1i �li. � � � - 1 Tt Q Q 'P 'P 'P 'PI "n l>O
7'' / Y:..� ( 7. / ff 7 ) literature
X 1'F Y:.. ( -lT 7 7· / ) composition
Y:..� ( ;c �) letter; character •
070
(sentence) (4) l ..i-
7 .::t
-�;� i... 1}� � (ip ;Z .Q ) to return
l)� � 1}�00 ( 4"- :1 7 ) going home
(to return) (10) l 1) IJ' IJ"" �r l)P �fa,. �f!- �� �w
071
072 ti \ \ .A � (ktlt> .Q ) to enter .AD ( It ) � <· is) entrance
A \ \ ry I,. \ .A..;ft, � (v>tt .Q ) to put something in
::::.. .::L r] �.A (.::I.� ::z. ? ) import
(to enter) (2) / A (In this chart, katakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi.)
CD ��(l)**� tNv L/ tl.fv u�5
A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji.
1 . 8 :;$. � -r- -s-TCiJ -=- 1F- � '(. £}: X: x }.:ll(,
2. 8 , t.± � * �: ;J? � j To -liJ: 4it 3. 8 :;$. t.± J: < h __ ), � � = ry � To A. A.
4 . *- �:fj- � � l f�o 1z"" t 0 t.i iJ� -? t� -r.,, To _...... _.lf-.
B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below?
Example: X � :ti...
1. 3 � 3 . L. � 4. 0 �
C. What's wrong with the kanji below? Rewrite the correct kanji.
1. 2. 3 .
-ll} r-b> _.l-
TPJ Jf-
4. 5. 6 .
-::-£ l)* fA t'O
I I I I I I I
I -r'
I I
I I I I I I I I I
I ! I
li
i" � L a little
7-J. Iv 1t all
"'"'1;' � from . . .
t .P \ cram school
X ey: literature
r ; to take (a class)
("'"' � ) t:.. 0 L h. t: i" {> to look forward (to)
iJ' � t::· t :� � '"? tt ;
to take care of oneself
Summarize what Mary wrote about the fol lowing topics in Japanese.
1 . Japan:
2 . Her town:
3. Father:
4 . Mother:
5 . Sister:
6. Brother:
7 . School:
(!)�J<�� fJ' tl.lv L,tp?
A. Write about the following topics.
1 . a * ';;t/:f"<J)OO t:i -------------------------------
2 . :f"<J) l -; t;;t --------------------------------------------------
3. b· � < t;;t _______ ______________ __ ______________ _____ ___
4 . ?::: t t:· -; t;;t --------------------------------------------------
B. Write letters to your Japanese friends. Describe your town, host family, friends,
and so on.
073
074
075
076
077
078
079
080
( ;e 8• I L E s s o N .............................. sj E3 �0)��±� J apanese Office Workers
1:) -1 / %.:f±� CtJ 1 V 'V 1 >') office worker
m � ( 7 Y 1 >') store clerk
� (member) UO)
' rt = = = = A = = =
1 n 19 EJ p �
� t� � :,.; ::,.- �Jf L I. \ ( � t� I? LIt �) new �Ji"&1 (V/' 7''y) newspaper
�Jt >¥Jt�f:'�� ( V /' tJ Y � Y) Bullet Train
(new) U3) ' ..._ ?- ?r it i! :f ;f :¥ :¥/ :¥f :¥f :¥1T
00 � 7'' / fifl < ( � < ) to listen >¥Jtfifl ( V >' 7'./') newspaper
(to listen) (14) I r r r f r1 r 1 r, M M M r� Jkj Jirj
1� --:J \ 1-F 6 (-:J < �) to make
-+J- :'7 1-Fx (�:7 7.>') composition
1-F £ ( -lf :7 1:: /') artistic piece
(to make) (7) I 1 1' 1� 1t 11= 1� :,.; 1±* (V .::: c ) job
1± (to serve) (5) I 1 1- 11- 1±
• �: � 1±* ( V .::· c ) job
= � � * ( .:: c ) thing *-* (tJ �) fire
�* ( V 3 :7 �) meal
(thing) (8) -
..,.- 'T"? "i5" "i5" "i5" "i5" • --, -=>-- --:3-
nn� 7' / �JtL (7/' V 'V ) train � � ( 7 >' �) electricity
�M; ( 7 >' 7) telephone
� (electricity) (13)
-I
- r- rr r.r m=-- nr-> w tf> 'f!f iff 'ID' �
~ < 6 j: :,.; -\' lfL ( < � * ) car �JfL (7'/' V 'V ) train
§I �JtL ( � T / V -\' ) bicycle
(car) (7) -
1 n Fi t3 j§1 �
081
1* 082
.... ' .. ......
.......
� 083
;:.* �%
084
l:B J��
085
'h lA
086
1PJ
�-r ;f- .:z. ?
(to rest)
\, \
IT/
(to say)
J: t-·· 7
(to read)
t:J t �
(to think)
�-"'? ._,
:;
(next)
1j t: il lv
(what)
i*t; ( � T u) to be absent; to rest
i;f...,l;. ( � T cl}.) holiday; absence
i;f..E ( ;f- ;:z.. ':7 :/ 'Y) holiday
(6) l 1 1- 1t 1t 1t. g 'J ( It ) ? ) to say -=-a"*' i5 ;0 -r ( -'j / :J7i :7 ) linguistics
(7) - - -=- =- ...::-- -=-
' rt �* L' �� ( J: u) to read
�fe· ( }:' :7 S/ s ) reading books
Q4) ' � - -,: � -a--- \ ;:; ii ii
iB ' �� � (to t> ") ) to think
� �� �l il ( 7 S/ ::¥' i:t) mysterious
(9) ' n TT1
;x_ ( "'? r!) next
'Ff1 iB iB I
-=-i5
-?+ ii
iB I�
'b-f;r:: 1A ( :/ :/ 3 ) one's second daughter
(6) ' ' ,, 'h )y ;x_ J J J
-?-:1- i,-:1- �-:r �-:r ii "' �,.... �r
iB I� iB ��
¥I ( T;t �;:) what ¥I* ( i;t lv '/) what time
¥JA. (i;tlv.::. /) how many people
(7) I 1 1- 1 r- � fi
�-:1-�%
On this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD ��OJ�� tNv Li n lv v�?
A. Using the parts below, make up as many kanji as possible.
Example: .X. � X :)( 1 . g 2 . * 3 . a 4. m 5. 1 6. 0
B. Match the following phrases with an appropriate verb.
1 . �Jt&, � . 11: ; 2 . 7 :/ ;;f � · . 1*-t: 3 . 1±· � "'"* t; • 6%
4. a *-� t.± }; t L ;; '- \ c:: • · "t {> 5 . 7J v - � · tY ' . �� )
6 . 'llll �: · M <
7. 7 7 7.. � · · 0 {>
A. ���W�-����7��- �����, B*AID�tt����* ��o �lj>') Read the following questionnaire.
Y /7 - r 1 . 1± * '0 A r v A �� 1; ry � -t �-- 0
2 . J: < 1�� � L � T h "o :.<" lv=: .d
D J: < T � D t: � t:'' � T � 3 . 1±· '0�k, 1PJ � L � T ��o
;, �:_
I
'
I!
7 / 7 - � questionnaire 1� � ( �-lv ::· J.: 1 ) overtime work
A � v A stress '"'"' C1) �i ('"'"' C1) ib � ) after . . .
B. How would you answer the above questions?
Read the report below and answer the questions.
E :J.f..O) %:f± � t�t. �ill O) lfr "('' , � � �,, � �n-M � �ft lv "'(' \ \ .i T iJ� ..
f;: '-' " "C '-' " h lv t: Ql "C v " .i To h lv t: � "( t �rt "C '-' " � � �� '-' " .i To t:J "?/)·
�L U: 7 / 7 - � � f"j: -? "C , %:f± � +A.. t: M � .i L t;: o
.i f .. 11± � 0) -A � v -A IJ� � ry .i i"i7"J � M � .i L t;: o :JLA.. tJ: l tJ: '-' "J � � ;t .i L t;: o 11± � i7 � :*. � "'(', 1*-h iJ � � .i ry t: '-' "J � % -? "C "' "
= t� t�\'""h..
.i L t;: o ;)( t : , I l < � � � L .i T i7,. J � M � .i L t;: o .::. A.. tJ: I l < :<A.:< .ti
"C '-' " .i L t;: o ;)( t: 11±� 0) ��-- M � L .i T i7"J � M � .i L t;: o �A.. U: n � •
I � 51§ � �h t::ft < J � % -? --c '-' " .i L t;: o .::A.. tJ: I tJ 7 ;t 7 t : :ft < J � �t
L t;: o --t-A.. t J: It£ n --c '-' " � i7,. b , * t: '-' " � J � § -? --c "' " .i L t;: o -?ir \ ' ;(.
E :J.f..O)%:f± � tj t;: < � lv 1±� � L "( ' A � v A t s ry .i T 0 t3.' 1J:.
G , 1*-h tJ: M t L .i -1!- lv o 7 / 7 - � � L "C , E :?.f.. cry %:f± � tJ: � "C t
* � t3.' � I� \. \ .i L t;: 0 t� \ ' "-h..
'"'"' t :-? \ \ '""( about; regarding to
�tl, '""( \ \ ; ( -? h•tl, '""( \ \ ; ) to be tired
;i -r first of all
� ;t .; ( :: f: ;t .; ) to answer
;j(_ t: secondly
B:�i t : ( � \ \ ::• t:) lastly
II
(a) 1±. 0 7-. r v /.. il{<b � 0 (b) J: < :7�� � 't � o
(c) t � t'' � :7� � � T � o
® �< �� tJ' nlvu$5
"A-C<. J;"i
A. ----
A. ----
A. ----
A. ----
____ A.
Make a questionnaire and ask several people the questions. Then, write a report
based on the result.
087
088
089
090
091
092
093
094
(•9• I L E s s 0 N .................... . . ....... 9� A--t5_fv0) a PG Sue's D iary
1=-
�� � ' .!-
flU
~
8
FlU '
•
jj:
-:J''
(noon)
-:J'' c}) �
(after)
C-:> �
1=-mr c :t -e /) A.i\1. 1=-�l ( ::l ::i) P.i\L; in the afternoon
1=-mro/ (:::t-tf/ 1- .::I.. '/ ) in the morning
(4) � � !::;:... q:-1 L 1=-1k ( --:J' --:J') P.M.; in the afternoon
'"""<7){�. ( 0) tV:> t ) after . . . 1� ··(" ( &? t -c-) later
1kJS ( -:) L- -? ) back; behind �1l t : ( 4J- 1 --:J' �;:) lastly
(9) .; j 1 r 1� 1� 1f 1ffi' 1�
j: ;Z �-/ Wr ( i :Z) before; front 1=-� ( . . ) I'}� ':1 --1! / A.i\l.
.Z Wr (7j: i ;Z) name
(before) (9) ' ,, � � � � � � .;!.L-I n ll ij ijl ijlj
� � Wr (7j: i :Z) name
;>( 1 1f .Z � ( ::z. '/ 7- 1 7j:) famous .Z ;f1] ( ;1. 1 V) name card
(name) (6) .) :7 !7 � � � L JS g \ ' ( G -? It l) white
/ \ 7 8 *-� (l' -7 V ) blank sheet
(white) (5) / ( f1 A a Gb th Pfu ( <:b 3fJ ) rain
r; PfuJ't,ij ( '/ .::\=- ) rainy season
Crain) (8) - - m fh m m r,m l n
I tJ . I• < ("IJ) < ) to write
� 3 #. ( � V 3 ) dictionary
(to write) 00) ...., ..=r � � -.;;3---=- jk jk ' • • •
� t Jx.t=.-� ( t b t! i? ) friend
::l.. tJ �l:Jx. ( V / ::z. '/) best friend jj:_A.. (::z. '/ �/ ) friend
(friend) (4) - r i7 jj:_
t; � � 1, \f:3.' *M (:Y :JJ /) time .::atM (..::: :Y :fJ /) two hours
ra, M ( 2b 1.t � t!.) between A.M (..::: / 7 / ) human being
-�M < 1 'Y ':./ :1- ? n Y) one week
(between) U2) l r r r r · r1 r1 r, ft, rn, rA, ra,
095
�,, I, \ ;(. � ( l.t � X.) house
tJ �� (:h '/ 7 ) family
� � ( -:3 1?) house; home
(house) (10) ' l ' r r--- r? � � � � �
096
U: li t.i fi L �*i" (tj:f;tj') to speak £- Ot l;t L-) talk; story
�* 7 1[£- ( T / lJ ) telephone
�£- (:JJ 1 lJ) conversation
097
(to speak) U3) � .;,. .;: � � � -,: .;:.-- � * * � � \ ii u �- ii �\ � �
y� 'j" ;: 1' L ( T :: L-) little
i" < Y 3 T/ 1' fi\, \ C-t < i;tl.t � ) few 1'--7 ( V 3 7 V 3 7 ) a little
(little) (4) 1 f1 f1' �'
098
.. )� � l5"" \ ( .b � l.t �) old (for things)
t!;- :J 'o/ l5" ( 1- :1- 7 :I ) secondhand
(old) (5) - + T 71 t!1
099
100 L �o � ( L- � ) to know
�0 1- �oA. ( 1-:Y /) acquaintance
(to know) (8) ? � � !J � �� �n �0
< � � *� ( < � ) to come 3ki i" C � * 't) to come ......
* 7 1 *-fi\, \ ( :: t;tl.t�) not to come
*-11! ( 7 1 V :1- '7) next week
(to come) (7) - "<7 :;:L � * *
101
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun 'yomi .)
A. Fi l l in the blanks with the appropriate kanji.
1 . .: 0) 1. \ T � -1'" '/ t.l.A P3 --c-· L t::. o
2. � 1, \ 7 - ::t- � L �""" 1 L t::. o
3 . -at -T - 7· � � l L f::. o
4. 8 * � L 1 T o
B. Choose the most appropriate word for each blank.
L t;± t &) 1 L --c o ;ft. 0) t;± ::t- b --c·· To ---
2 . � 8 t::. \ \ '1. " \ -t-*" ;::·· .; J? � 1 To ----
+- J1 .::.+.n. a (±) r-m
8 8 �J' 1' m] ra, � � 9'0
-*fa, \'' t-y \ \ 13-� � Jirj \ \ t� 0 � ;:'' .; ;>( 7 1) - Cl) � �-n- "? t� 0 a < '1: "' j.; lvf.J< ( 1.} �
:k � \ \ '/t t�· --? t� o ;l 7 1) - Cl) ;l\ A � 7 7 � 1) - Cl) tL * � � t:%--? t� o b l:::
j? :X. � h-- tJ: � n{� < � -- �Jd: � \ \ � A. t�· --? t� o � --c·BJt ;:'' tJ: Iv � �� l.t;V
t� o jS � � lv t J: I M t JtJ 0 � Jd: h-- n { J c: i "? '1: \ \ t� n {.. t� < � h-- ;:�
i? 1C -5 h� � "'? t::. o � .::" tj: lv Li ?::: 'l t B '-' " L t;� "'? t::. o � � � lv tj: ?::: 'l l.i' .4-
t 3ftl� h� J: -=t- t�' ?::: ;� -) 0 B)t _::'' tj: lv 0)1jL_ "' \ .; "' \ .; i;t � � L t::. 0 ;c L 'l .t: 'i 'J l.t:'i f 1£.4.-
"( ,. � n \ \ t: � t 0) � t b "'? t::. 0 � � � 1v tj: �-- L -5 \ " ?::: -t "'? --r \ " t::. •
IJ� .. ?::: 'l t � h'-t \ f�'o ;1. 7 1} - 0) ;j\ _A � 7 7 ::_ 1} - tj: ?::: "( t L /v -t£-
··:::r(" � L h � "'? t::. o f: (/)
a �c. ( t : "? � ) diary \,\;;j \,\;;j lj: various
-T-lf.r.:P in the morning � � T � to have a talk
;t; .A � 7 7 � 1) - host family f l "'C and
::_''1? f -] excellent food
A. Put the following pictures in the right order according to Sue's diary.
( ) � ( ) � ( ) � ( ) � ( )
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
B. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true.
1 . ( ) A - :: A., tJ: ?:1 '- ' � t C0 � t G -? t::. o
2 . ( ) }.; X :: A., t J: -1:t 1J � V' < < '"( ' � -1:t '"( \, \ .; 0
3 . ( ) B)t ::_'' tJ: A., tJ:M t t;t h ' -? t::. 0 l.f;,
4 . ( ) A - :: ,.z, tJ: }; -tif :: ,.z, 0 #s� lJi'�t � t� 0 � l "i ') T
5 . ( ) ;R. � 1Ji' .f < t;t 1;> -? t::. 0
6 . ( ) � ; 1) - :: ,.z, 0 * A r 7 -r � 1J - 0 .z -wr tJ: tL m t�-0
Read the following letter.
�4-1 1
tJ;: 8 l X i'-7 t' Jf) I } v\' t ) 2"::i'� ,.;t_ L r � () �� I
� 1 t' t '- <1) L -JJ "71' -tlj" I Lt 7 --( l l YJ 1-I) \37-f-0 t } j: 7 l) "&_ /� ;\'J {! Jv 7J \', J:J-l:E� lv
rJ) lj .t ] t ) l J. [1 tJ h'v ' L1J'?1� -c''go .t( 11-n'G , �t0 l cf) 1) �\' t ) �"�\ , j L- f:: o
t i t 2itl \f£ :2 t d)1 q tJ- o t\' 7 1 , ,1J\( � < t :: *--c < r �, � l \ � � 1 1
') '7 I � 0) J::; t L 7-:; � ' t � � � 9(o ? 1 �v '1 1 1]\ C) , dJ}Jv(J. 'v \ l l 9o
-t -J§ ::- tJ '\..8
{ b. /Z- ·
-�·
Jlt. B (-1!- /v t -?) the other day
0 .l: 7 dormitory
� lv � '- ' i" :G to show someone around
,; : II : I ! !
.: 1 i I
fr
II _ _ll
A. What did you do yesterday? Write a journal.
B. Write a thank-you letter to someone.
� - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - � ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Useful Expressions for Letters and Cards:
'II \ .; 'II \ .; }; -lt b �: ij: ry � L f::. o (Thank you for everything.)
1* �: � � "? t t "'( < t�· :: 'II \ o (Please take care of yourself.) lri,t:;
}.; �'II \ "'('' � � (J) � � L 7-;. �: L "'( 'II \ j: To (I am looking forward to seeing you.) t: I1J
"-J }; 60 -e t -? ( ::..·· ::� " \ .i T) o (Congratulations on . . . )
}.; f::. lv t J: 7 7.!'}.; � "'(" t 7 o (Happy Birthday)
1 02
103
104
105
106
1 07
108
1 09
(•l 0;!11 1 L E s s 0 N ........................... 1 0 I /J\0'L/�5 The Folktale Kasajizo
-t
1i � .:z. 7
(to live)
:...-- 3 7
iE t:::. t::'
(right)
if-::[., / � L
(year)
� J
/ '\'1 'jt_;
(to sell)
-/;> tl ', Jl
(to buy)
j �
lBJ f- .3 7
(town)
fz �-!;>'
f- .3 7
(long)
it � 1? F 7
(way)
1i.t? (Ttl') to live
1i.PJT ( � .:z.. '/ S/ 3 ) address
( 7) ) 1 r 1.:>- 1t 1:f 1i. J? iE A (iJS/ 3 '/ 7f '/ ) New Year
iE L " \ C t.: ti G 1.t )) right
(5) - T T iF .LE .=..�� (� / :t, / � -1 ) third-year student
*� ( 7 1 :t, /) next year �� ( Z: t G) this year
� ( t G) year
(6) � /-- c:
1G ; ( -:? � ) to sell
-r �
%� (;\1 7/) stand; stall
(7) - + -:i= -:i= -:i= I ,..->
� -) Cn� -:? ) to buy
� \ \4!o (/J' l.t ) t 0)) shopping
1 (12) ' r-> ......... .,..,., = =
l
lmr ( j: i?) town
if
'::!= '::!= r %
=n ft w
:l.tt11BJ ( � t.:.Sif> � + 3 '/ ) Kitayama town
1BJ -fz ( + 3 '/ + 3 '/) mayor of a town
( 7) ) n m m 1B m- 1BJ -fz \ \ (�iJ!l.t)) long
-fzJ1j ( + 3 '/ T / ) one's first son
I
( 8) 1 I F F .lL -t- -t- .&_ :@. ( 0ZJ. i?) way; road
w y;
:!":it ( S/ 3 F '/ ) calligraphy *-:it (� .:z.. '/ F '/) :l.t��:@. (It -:; 7J 1 F '/) Hokkaido
(12) ' " � � ;1-- t1 11 1t � -� �!§" 1
Ji
judo
�
1 10
11> � � (19> � ) snow
m? -\? '/ �Jf� ( � � -e '/) new snow '
a (sno,y) Ql)
- ' - ,=. r=r r<r ,;F. ,;f.> m? m? m? ,m. I =! 3
1 1 1
t: iL� (t.:.-:J) to stand
iL l) 'j @JiL::k� ( :1 :7 l) 'j )l1 jj' ;/' ) national university
:fL.iL �tx ( � l) '/ :1 7 :1 7 ) private high school
(to stand) (5) l ...l- r- Tr :iL
§ :; § -$)- ( -::./ 7'/) oneself
§ �h� ( S/ F 7 � -1> ) automobile
§ jf�� ( S/ 7 / � -1>) bicycle
(self) (6) )>
( f1 19 (:f §
1 1 2
J: � � ( J: � ) night
1� J: � �o/ (J: i;tiP) midnight 4-� ( :1 /'V) tonight
1 1 3
(night) (8) ' ...... ......
/ 1 � {7 � -K
-'A &;) � �)1 ( &? � ) morning 4-�A O:t � ) this morning
T 3 rJ .¥A� ( 1- 3 7 � 3 :7 ) breakfast
(morning) (12) - .... t !; li Jl; E � �) �)] �n �}j
1 1 4
t� t t�� ( � -:J) to hold t� -? "( < � ( � -:J ""C < � ) to bring
:; r1Tt� tfo ( � 3 -::.; t: :/) belongings
(to hold) (9) -
t { t- .{ .... F ¥= {9: {�
1 1 5
(In this chart, katakana indicates the on 'yomi and hiragana indicates the kzm'yomi.)
CD ��O)�� tJ'Iv v nlv L.,�5
A. Add strokes to the kanji below and turn them into new kanji from this lesson.
Example: - � :iL -
1 . _t � 2 . m � 3 . � ' � 4 . � �
5. a � 6 . ± � 7. 0 � � 8 . § �
B. Write each antonym in kanji.
2. 'tb � 4 . �
C. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate kanji from the list, and add hiragana where
necessary.
1 . 111J --c--_____ � L j: L t� o
shopping have
3 . *! -·e t.l * � ___ --c �.,. \ j To (are) sell(ing) snow
was long live
was standing
' A. Answer the following questions.
3. (Picture 2) .: (J) B t \ ' � lv <:::: B t.f � � lv h{ .: (J) � (J) � A. � (main characters) "1:'' L "' l:Jl, .: 1
T 0 C:::''lv � A. t:· <::: I� 'v \ .;!: T h > 0 t'' lv � � 515 � L "1: 'v \ ; <::: I� \ \ .;!: T h > 0 1.1·?
B. Read the Japanese folktale "trts: l/�5" on pp. 302-3.
C. Put the following pictures in the right order.
( ) � ( ) � (
(a) (b) . . . .. z � ill·�� . �
Jv .
• p
(d) (e)
) � ( ) � (
(c)
(f)
) � ( )
� \, \ IJ->.' ----, L :f lv h :f 1L h h ;c h f= J L � iE L -_::) t t t7) tJ
0 � f=
""' }3 f= "( \, 'I \, 'I � � t : 0
t.· h· L t.' h' L once upon a time :f t7)
0 \, 'I � � h � qw h- � bamboo hat
'-. '-. '-.
L �Jl :f lv lv ;c lv ""? J? .iE � New Year's f= t : L U:
' < U: "(
if 0 ij: f= ? (: h ' ----, '
year h - ry 0
� C h h J? t t? rice cake -C
% 6 to sell A.. :f j:; 1ffl J? \, \ t \, \ t ti L C tt � \, \ \, \ '-. �
h' t:t. L � , sad c t::. ?r:'' "( lv � '-. � �it mountain road "( 0 � ' 0
lv lv lv J l__ ....
t ?c'' '7 guardian deity of children t h � (f U: \, 'I ti ri!P L C lv ""? t�' h 3 snow
� ti < n \, 'I
tJ \, \ -,..__, t : '"'-' � 1;-.)�-\t 6 to put (a hat) on a
b � j:; ry IJ' '- � person's head -lt lv iE L t7) c �
-d::" ,: � '-.
§ � oneself "('' c }3 :f J" ;t L lv � 6 to take off L h r7) L � t:
\ \ \ \ .:. � good deed f= tJ h f= fk'j :f h
0 � t 0 � L C � ( .:. .:it. ) i f= r voice � � ..1- ?r:'' '-. / '
F ( � ) door lv � A.. L � � J 1f-? < � -t 6 ti t::. t7) f= l__ � to be surprised c
h < h 0
lv L � b -lt "IJ. happy --
t � C p t7) \, \ � lv ;c�
:f �*
� ?9= ) L �
f= ""? � L '-. f= < "( lv 0 :f
D. Mark T if the following statements are true. Mark F if not true.
1 . ( ) }.; t "' ' � lv C:: }.; t.:f cf:> � lv U: }.; 1d� t:; t::.- -:> f:_ o lrl.':l
2 . ( ) t::.- n t 'h t "' ' � 1v 0 1.1- � � Yr t> ij: 1.1- '? f:_ 0
3 . ( ) B t "' ' � 1v tJ: B t.>c-,- -J � 1v �: n' � � % '? f:_ 0
4 . ( ) � 0 t:f -e B t.:' "' ' � 1v tJ: B L ?c'' -J � 1v � � --J Jt f:_ 0
5 . ( ) t:; L "' \ � lv lJ: :¥Jt L "' '7.7, � � � --? # -:> -c "' ' f:_ o
6 . ( ) }; tJ' cf:> � lv {j: }; t \- \ � lv 0) �f! � l3fj \- \ -c ' h' ij: L < iJ '? f:_ o
7 . ( ) }; t f'' -) � lv {j: }.; � � f:_ < � lv t� '"? -c � f:_ 0 ;:i•i.:l
8 . ( ) }.; t \- \ � lv c:: }.; tJ' cf:> � lv 0) }.; iE J'l {j: c:: -c t l h' '? f:_ 0
• --, --, --, --, � 1;� 1)� ti iE };
...,. }; 1)� }; �� }; b ,m. J1J L ;I? � ;I? � ;I? Ji t tJ '- 3 -- --
(J) t � "':::> t I t t (J) '"'? t::. t � t � �lr
"'('' ' ' .t:l \, \ 1;� 1;� \, \ ti
" \, \ f� f'' \ \ t:p I 0
\, \ 1( \, \ -d: h� -t � L % --� � A -
� 1;� ' � t: � \ \ � tJ: 0
lv t_.� h" -- - 7 --;I?
-- -- '"'?
tj: lv "':::> "':::> lv � � lv b lv � lv "'( 1;� �n- � h" � -- --t
l!7 "
� lv t "
L ;I? L ._
ti "'(" ti ti f''
ti -lt U: '"'? t
§ L -
b 1�J: ti --, f'' -& lv 1)� }; t::. tJ'
" \, \ -
b ' \, \ ?c'' -7 "'(' � t::. "':::> t '"'? 1PJ
' \, \ "(' � t h" lf- J1J �
t 7 �
' --J -t (J) 0 "
f� "'( t � --� L � i?
' h�' � (J) ?c'> --lv £::> --
h{ h" 1m < '"-:=" lv i! t::. t:!f �
" ti lv t:p 7 5 f3.' "
� A.. "':::> � t=.' \, \ I h{ � 0 '""? 1( h t U: t: � I �-- � (J) "
lv � � -- _.l- � � }; "'( iE .i ;I? ' --lv
/ ' L_ I 7 J � ;I? A (J) \, \ -lt "':::> \, \ t
" "':::> Ji � i? t "
f'' � t "':::> J1J 0
lv :iL "'( \, \ lBJ t (J) � i:' \, \ 0 L_ � L_ � �-- � t::. "'('' -- '""? 1)� � t : � }; -t h" �
L J � L u "'( � lv
-d: "'('' t 0 � lv � < %
'"-:=" f::. � (J) f::. s \, \ � ti � L i? "'('' � � 5 0 lv J:. 0
� L 1;� t : t::. t t 11: ;I? '"'? � ti t : L t::. �- 1t 0 J1J
" '"'? tJ' "'( � " h" h" t::. 0 L � � j:; "'( J1J -lt .....
j:; � � 0 � < � � t \, \ � -- --lv
--
t h{ � t;� h{ tJ: L -lt \ \ � lv f'' J1J 1;� t::. � t::. lv � L h�'
0 --
J � ' ,, L_ < �
0 "'('' lv t::. 1i. ,.,) > � � � -lt � L "'('' L � 0 lv -- ll:f1 --
lv -lt .i lv t::. t t::. j:; J1J "'(' t : lv L
� ' 0 " 0 tJ' L \, \
� ,.) >
h" "'('' t::. '""? t=.' -J1J t::. �
L -
' ,, L 0 "'( n A.. � ti L ,.,) > t::. -lt t::. 0 \, \ t ti lv j:; t::.
0 0
® �<�� ;f"l.fvl.-�5
Choose one topic from the list below and write a story about it. For example: What
do people do on these days? Do you have good memories? Do you know unusual
tales about these days?
�� 8 (Birthday) t;h- t:"-1 U'
��ff� (Thanksgiving Day) n·h. L <- !· ' '
1 3 8 0�8fi 8
s s 0 N ........................... 1 1j Looking for Friends
"( � .:t +** (""CiJ�]j.) letter �+ (7J � .:z.. ) singer
4=-+ (""C) hand +� ( � .:z.. ? ) sign language
J:..::j=- ij ( � 3 7 X � ) good at
1 1 6
Chand) (4) - - - if-.=-
1 1 7
�* 1;>.'7-J. + �� ( ""C iJ� lj.) letter �� (iJ�]j.) paper
1;•7.). � ;fo�� ( '7 �) Japanese paper
(paper) QO) l f r. � * #. #." #,( #.f *'* -t �7 � 1i (T � �) to like
�t :J r'; .: 0) �t� ( ::1 7 1 ) good will �7 7-J. ( ;: 0) h) liking; taste
1 1 8
(favorite; to like) (6) � � � �.,. � �f
1Ji i?'h' .:t- / lft \ ( i? iJ� < ) nearby lftp!f ( q:. / � 3 ) neighborhood
ll.lft ( � 1 q:. /) recently
4' iftJft ( 1- .:z.. 7 q:. / 1- 7 ) the Middle and Near East
1 1 9
(near) (7) -" r r- JT 'fr iJT 1ft
ji) 'h' BA � I.- \ (t.biJ, :Q it�) cheerful; bright BA ;( --'f BA 8 ( £19 G t..:) tomorrow
IDtBA ( -e 'J ;J. 1 ) explanation
120
(bright) (8) 1 n H B 8) BJ] Bfl BA
ffl t:'' 3 ry mm (c 3 7 1 /) hospital m� ( e:· 3 7 q:. ) illness
�ffl ( � .:z.. 7 t: 3 7 ) serious illness
.�m ( q:. .:z.. 7 c 3 7 ) sudden illness
121
Cill; sick) QO) � r- r r- r- w= m rn ffl
-1 / mFJt C e:· 3 7 1 Y ) hospital
F* .:k�FJt (:$" 1 jJ 7 1 /) graduate school
��fJt ( t: 3 7 1 /) beauty parlor
Cinstitution) QO) '? 1 F r F " F,.,., Fo f� FY f)t
1 22
1 2 3 ..I. -1 �i® ( .::r.. 1 jj) moyie
~ 1 7 � �i®tS ( .::r.. 1 jJ 7J /) movie theater
�� ( '5 '"? :Q ) to be reflected
(to reflect) (9) I n H B B• g.-. UP- � BJt
124 tf �® (x1 7i) movie
@j tJ 7 ®� U f n) painter �t® ( 7 1 7J :7 ) plan
(picture) (8) - n m f!f w mi @j 1
7 t::. tJ � 7 ( ? t.: ? ) to sing � ( ? t.:) song
~ �f ( 7J 'V :.L ) singer
00 � (':J. ':! 7J ) national anthem
(to sing) (14) - ;- T' " Of §1 §1 §1 §1 � � �h � � ' ,.. "'
125
� J l l Ortf (;O>;b <-- '�:> V) Kawaguchi city
$ 1,. \ i; rtf1�r1T (V� :7 v 3 ) city hall rtf-& (V1- 3 7) mayor
rtf t� (It� t> �i') market
126
(city) (5) ' � � � '$ 1 11
r :: .; :/ 3 \ \.; \. \ .; lj: FJT (It) ::S It� ::S id. t ;: ::S ) various places
FJT t:'' :: .; � 3 :iftpJT ( :t YS/ 3 ) neighborhood
-€7 r1T (?'' 1 c:· ;: ::s) kitchen 1i.r1T ( Y ;I_ 7 'V 3 ) address - _ _.,.
(place) (8) -:; � r r ff pf fff
127
~ """'- / �?iT :G («>':f- 3 7 T � ) to study
--:::> ?:::: �&0 -'G (-:> t tJJ � ) to try hard
ifJ� Ij: ( ::f >' « >' l;t) diligent
(to make efforts) (10) / h <' � � .;z, ' JL >h )fa
128
.:t 3 7 -:::> J: �?§iT :G («>'::f 3 7 --t � ) to study
5£ �--7 ?i \. \ ( -:J � It�) strong
?§l't"t lj: ( :::f 7 Y 3 ? id.) obstinate
(strong) UD -. ::> 5 5� ?A ?f' ?� 5� ?$ 5� ?!
129
1f ::LtJ if .Z lj: ( .:::z. 7 � 1 /;t) famous
Jt; if# ( .:::z. 7 lJ 3 7 ) toll; fee
if -'G ( tb � ) to exist
(to exist) (6) / r :1 ;;f) if 1f
1 30
~ l) 3 �1t ( 1) 3 :::1 7 ) travel
t::. tf' �qz�-g ( 1) 3 7J >') inn
-A.,�qz (lf t IJ t.: 7.f) traveling alone
(travel) (10) ' .). .l- }j }j' }j,_ }jr Jit }jf Jitz ]
1 3 1
On this chart, katakana indicates the on'yorni and hiragana indicates the kun'yorni)
A. Combine the parts below to form the new kanji from this lesson.
B
B. Put one kanji in each box to make compunds.
(1) I �
0 �t�t5JJ� 1£ �IP5
(2) 1----1 --+--------' ___J
I rJT <3) I :�rr (4) ! I F;t I
I � I
A. �rc�(;:*;t "L < t.=� � \o (Answer the following questions.) Lot>lv :::.�
1 . &tJ 7J: t: ?) oo t : t.;t ;.R t.:· t:, �� 0 *I��;·- &tJ � .i T IJ· o I! L.,� �- --, L
2 . &b 7J: t: t.1*l� --c--;,R t.:· t:, � :i--� L f: � � �;·- &b � .1 -t�J·o ;.R t.:· t:, � �� L --c " ' � A. � "':) ..... ..:- ._ .. -:: '1 c: L.,-1
t : + *� � 1!" �,- ' t: � � 1J � &tJ ry .1 T 1J • o
�t.:tsl�fd:? � < tO::�L' :k�.:=.Jt..i. "f'To � F9 Li 7 7 / A X �
'ttk � l.. "f'T 0 A $' - './ IJ":k-Jtt � --c-- , 1:f:.� 0 8 t : t.;t , 7 .::. A � L t: � , -+t ''J 7J - � L f: �
L --c " ' .1 To 7J 7 ;;t 7 t : t J: < 1T � .1 To �,Ji_ l, \ "? L J: t : � '(f' ,i -tt" h,IJ•o
:: "' - �::- n �
;z..-r ?) .� .; .: • .:. -. ; :;
�� < tc�L' ! 4-i±� "'C''T 0 J l ] D $ t : 1i. lv "'('' \, \ j: T 0
7 7 r r 7 7.7�� � "f·, 1*� 0 8 t.;t � --e in: < ?) � � nJ t : rr � .i To H *- t.1 7'�00
1f � 0 1;�� � lJ: A, f *� < f_:' ::: \, 'o � �
{�;}. 8)1 (23�/ � )
C.
:: L \ "( , f:. tJ :_ � *-b 1j I, \A_o � �{ -t lrh
-&. " ' A. � { �f � --c·· To t i' < U: #HJG t : fh <16 -? 1::
--c " ' j To �ut. t.l F 7 1 7·· (:: B;Itt® --c·· To L ,, ;z.
tp # V � L �b·t: i:>
(26�/� ) � \ '
"'�� (ti· L � -3 ) looking for . . .
-k ( j:; ,z, lj: ) woman
� ( t; � .:: ) man
7 7 � f 7 outdoor activities
!ft. < near place
L ' -=> l.t � (;:J\/ t'��� *ttAdJ' o ''/ 7 �"�f � "i ± 0 -=f --c··-T o .:f 7 - �
7_} < Cl) �{�f � "C'', �� *- t.!�-=t t: 1j ry t:.
I, \ (:: I� -? "( I, \ j T 0 ft. (:: " \ -? L .J: t : / \' / F � � ry j -tt A..- �-o -c n �;- � ::1 / -tt - � t : t " ' -::> L .J: t: 1t � j L .J: -J !
�-� �?·) IAl ( 1 8�/:i<-) �
) I I river
1/t::k ( I.J • Gi) t J: ) girlfriend
B}J � \, \ cheerful
i'l!! "*- ( L 11> h ) hobby
/ " / F band
O(O)Aid:t.:� c:91J'o �O)A0):8'ffii1fi�L' "L < t.:<!L 'o
1. The person who is 18 years old
2. The person who is a college student
3. The person who likes movies
4 . The person who likes climbing mountains
5 . The person who is looking for a girlfriend
1 . 7�Jf :: lv u (::''A..- 1j A ;f- - '/ � L j T�' 0 ;z.-r �
2. 7�Jf :: A..- 0-W- r, t.!M--c··-tt;'o hT � 1tl\.. t lv
3 . .P # :: A..t tJ: (::'' A..- � A_1;{� � "(''T tJ'o " h· t" .,
( ) :: lv ( ) :: lv ( ) :: A..-( ) :: lv ( ) :: A..-
5. !RiJ m � � tj-FJ�: � � t� �... , � ;� -? i: l.. ' l T t.J�o j-; , ,. t:
E. �����, 1J 1//�lvlct¥�*<!/vi:=F����* ld=o =F���Iv c\ �rc�l:*;t L: < t� �"" v ;l:::>t.c t-::>t.A.. ;:.t:
(!l,\o
t.l t 66 £ L "'C o �It� � Jt � L t:: o ;f� t J l l o Y:P t: ti lv �- �, \ � To 11tr1T :<".., L
"'C''Ttlo ;f� t.1 7J -J- 77''A._ O) � � :£ �-To - JJ t : E -*" t: 3R � L t:: o �--'h�i
E -* � {-> E -* 5c 1 t � � 1! L "'C "' \ � To ;f� t 7 7 � F 7 h� :k �f � �,, .;: ;{., l.r
t-1 t : i£ --::> t:: ry , -:;; ry � L t:: ry T � O) h��t � "'C'' T o �tz:ff t �f � �'To <7)(:1'
7>H� lt.l, � / n''if - Jv {-> -= .:z. - :; - 7 / r t : if --::> t:. � � h� -s ry � T 0
E -* �- t .1 , � t:: &; � ry �tz 1t L "'C "' \ � 1!- lv h �, :.: n h � G '- \ ;s '- \ ;s 1i rtf t :it < --:) t ry "('' -t 0 l5" \, \ j:; � .!(> i$ �± � JL t:: \, \ � ;� --::> "( \, \ � T 0 E *
·n, t.: h.- t.: �
C1)=1f � 1i � ry t Jt t:: '- \ "'C''T o A if - '/ t.l/ "- A 7 'J � h��t � "'C''T o E
-*"A.. O) � f�' i? � t:: < � lv 1'F --::> "'C , E -*��' \ \ JS '-' ' JS 1i � � � � L t:: "' \ � I� --::> "( \, \ � -t 0 J: h � --::> t:: G ' }; �. < ��- � \, \ 0
--..,.{, L:
) ' . ' ' ! • ' • '
; JJ �+- E .
1ft. FIT neighborhood
x1t. c;;- ��;-) culture
"J � fishing
;f$;f± � 0
n v / · � 7 - : .
' ·- -·
( t � t "\"') shrine
( � "J 0 ) festival
}.;�� ( }.; ""'� t) reply
® �< �� :ttlvu19>5
A. �t.:5W� O)=Fm1d:w� * u J: 5o '" u�5
1 32
1 3 3
1 3 4
1 35
136
1 37
1 38
139
(M 12�� 1 L E S S 0 N ........................... 121 t 5' Tanabata Festival
t:.:"/J. fd:t:.:
� ...
a
�
f$
lf-
~
4
1�
1fh
Ch· L
(ancient times)
(symbol of repe-
tition of a kanji)
1;•h :,/ / � /
(God)
lj� '/ rJ
(early)
}.; �
(to get up)
-? L .:f .:z. rJ
(cow)
":) 1;' �
(to use)
l.± t: � li't: � F ?
(to work)
{f ( tn'J> G) old times
{f� (tl'iJ) G �i� G ) old tale
(8) - 4- +r 3±.. 3±.. 1 3±.. n 3±.. A * 1f/.Z (tl'iJ) Vfi'iJ> G) once upon a time
A. /.1 (U' c 7.J c ) people
a#f /.1 ( c � c:· � ) sometimes � /.1 � (It ) 0 1_, ) 0 �) various
(3) / /7 /.Z
:fi¥ � .f (iJ)?:J.. t!: £ ) God f$;f± ( Y Y � -v ) shrine
:fi¥lt ( � Y l- 7) Shinto religion
(9) ' 7 i ;f. * :fn ;f-R :fs *¥
.!f.'-' \ Oi�v�) early
.!f.�� T {J Oi� .to � T {> ) to get up early
.!f..$}} ( 'J 7 1- 3 ? ) early morning
(6) 1 n R a §. .!f. � � ; (.to � {> ) to get up
� .:: T ( .to ::. T) to wake someone up
�ir. T {J (� 1) 'J T {J ) to stand up
(10) - � ;:!: -r -l t ;1_ t � � 4 ( ? G) COW
4;jL ( ::¥ _:z_ 7 ::=. _:z_ 7 ) milk 4 � ( ::¥ _:z_ ? �: < ) beef
(4) ' � !::=.. 4 1t -? ( ""J iJ) -? ) to use
::k.1t ( � 1 �) ambassador
1tffl r;f ( � 3 7 7- _:z_ 7 ) "Occupied"
(8) I 1 1- 1' {n {i:i 1Ji 1� 1fh < ( tj: t:. I? < ) to work
�1fh � ( c t �;ft.: I? � ) both husband and wife working
for a living %'1fh ( 0 7 r· 7 ) labor
(l3) I f r r f fo f� ,� ft¥ fw fj ffJ ffh
140 '"'? it;f'V( ')w :f> (-::Jh -cv� .:Z. .Q ) to take home
it v / 001! ( :I 7 v /) United Nations
it1;;f.. ( v / ::f .:z. ':7) consecutive holidays
(to link) UO) -1 A � i§ i§ * '!!! if!! it
14 1 hh� �''/ .8'J n :f> (;b il�n .Q ) to separate .81] t : ( � 'Y �<:) not in
$� particular �t $'] � ( 1-- 7 � 'Y i:t.) special �4�(-lj-�'/) discrimination $'] /.Z t : (�'Y�'Y �<:) separately
(to separate) (7) 1 '["? "' "" $ $' $'J J
& r -1§_ ( 1 -T F ) once A,J§. ( :I >' F ) near future
�� (;t / F) temperature I .:=.. + J§. ( -tt >' � .:z. ':7 F ) 30 degrees
142
(time; degrees) (9) ' __,__
r f= r= F fF 75 }$..
~ �t;� � ( Gb 7J>) red color � " \ ( il!":dH·)) red
-e;f- � -t? "\"' lv (ibiJ' "t.:> � lv) baby �ill ( -l! ::f F ':7 ) the equator
�-t� ( � ::f � .:z. ':7 �) the Red Cross
(red) (7) - + .±.. T- it iff 4f
143
• � B t" (Gb:to) blue color . .... \ (Gl):Bt-)) blue
t 1 --� (� 1 ;::f, ::;_,-) youth
-·
(blue) (8) - + � .:=£.. f- -Tt -ff t-
144
I, \ ;; @. ( 1.- )0 ) color
~ /.:1=- / 3 7 @. /.Z � ( 1.- ) 0 t- ) 0 i;t.) various -ff-@. ( -'T �::f) scenery
�t @. ( 1-- 7 � 3 7 ) characteristic
(color) (6) "' n � .q., <$ �
145
(In this chart, kalakana indicates the on'yomi and hiragana indicates the kun'yomi.)
CD 1l!¥!0)�� tJ'fv Li tLiv u�5
A. Match the read ing, kanji, and translation .
Example: t.; �� L • .!f. • · to use
1 . t.i� ( '-' \) . -t . . cow
2 . j:; ( � .; ) � a · to get up
3 . --::> � · ( -? ) . 4 . • early
4 . b � · c n .; ) . � . • color
5 . ch �� . *' . ancient times
6 . <h j:.; • j§_ • • to separate
7 . \- \ ;; • $1J • · blue
8. -? L . 1t . · red
B. Which new kanji from this lesson include the katakana below?
2 . * � 3 . tJ � 4 . 7- �
C. Which new kanji from this lesson shares the same component as each pair of
kanji below?
Example: �,ij 'WJ � W
1 . 13:. 1± 2 . it 1ft 3 . 7j �tz
@ t; $7 "k.1J. I<! "k.
A. � (picture) ��<: < tO::�L'o �nla:fclt.:cmL'*91.J'o t:i$70)E31::i1= � *9o A. t.:t.J:I;t.t.:
n "( �' 'Jw � � � � tj L (:: t=. "(
0 t - -J<;t f; -- �� .:
J..... "'?
tj "( $1] ' tl, }; fj: � < U' "( � tj � \,. \ � tt t : � it
� t : tj -tt �' \,. \ � }; ,Z, � "( "( � "('' � ' t U' L tj -tf' 1-f � t=. �� ,Z, � (::
0 ry -lf t : U' � ,Z, fj: =. L fth � tl' t=. � � L
o � L tj "'('' -tt t=. Mi'! t ,Z, 0 :h�i .:::.. --c-- "' \ L J..... L -:J � U t=. t L 1± 0 \,. \ t=. * "'? 0
� L .:::.. L J: J.....
fth =. �1 \,. \ tl' (/) �' "C L J J ]t; � \,. \ "('' (/) � � L ft;Jt.· tj L t=. :. � t=. 0 1 t
0 V' t: � =. 1i. fj: tl' ,Z, !Jj L "'C'' (/) tj \,. \ J..... 4 ; � � J..... JL 1� "'('' --::) "'? ' tt "( � �
' WI L �m� tj t=. "'(',It (J o
� tj -�f; � J..... * "'? "( \,. \ "'<
"( t "( ' \,. \ � ' J(.. � t � t : L � m �' t=. "'('' t j � 0 ' }; �
-iii: ry 7;{ E3 U' 1£
' � ,Z, �}] "'('' "'('' .!f. L "' \ < t=. � �
0 L � }; t=. "( ry 0
tj V' ��� t=. � h{
0
L < =. t:.- - ---, "' \ "C -tt tj - 1? 1 ° !§_ }; � �' ' ,Z, % � � t : }; t:.- ry L � -iii: "'C'' "' \ t: "' \ 1t ry tt v t=. � a L .i - tt "'? U' % � 0 tj iJr. � t=. T l.t. ij: --c � "'?
, .:::.. "' \ 0
0 ' \,. \ t ' "( U' J..... "( }; .:::.. --t�� "' \ 1J t =. h{ \ \ ry J..... 7 � ly \ fj: \,. \ tl' h " � U' (/) (/) o t=. \ \ L b L � .MiJi�� "'('' tj 0 ' \ \ t=. tj \,. \ t: t ;c ;c s ;c
0 V' tj }; ' � tl, fj: 1 =. h"' ry �}] a u t=. t� tl' ij: V' � ' --t t=. (:: L 1 � "('' J(..� J1 1? I� t: (/) � t: (/) --t tj "'? % --c-- v 1w n 1t a - --c "' \
T =. � (/) (/) it- ' t=. 0 tl' fj: ft;]t.· � t : 6 <
� the heavens; the sky
�·$ � .i God
:!!� ( {; T 60) daughter
.i t 60 i';i serious
t.i t: � � ; ( t? ; ) to \YeaYe
� ; """' one . . . ( � ; 8 one day)
:kA. (t? � i';i) adult
...It"? tt ; to find
�0 11 ] ( � .i 01.7>'.-.b) the Milky \Yay
foJ .:: 1 ( t; .:: 1 ) the other side; oYer there
4 CO\Y
�m ( !J: f: �t) farm
� ; ( t-; .:: ; ) i!h "( 1)� ;
i.ft < ( t:.: < ) 1.7 · .-.b l. \ f -J i';i -Sf ! : -.11_ '"" .i --c·· t : � I. \ (�1J>'I,. \) tJ' i';i -) ;fJ.,. t: 1? ""'-' i';i �· t: lv �-· < A. .?<
to get angry
to take back
to cr:r
pitiful
once a year
by . . . "·ish
to be realized
we
and so forth
strip of fancy paper
people
.!:} f:, . .. : � .
. _.f /·.:-� ;·�:
-� . .. . * . · ��> .
. �/
q
-·
�*· . .
;.*'
�
. . 'C1 . 1t .
. -lt. . >t " • . . ·· tr : * z:). . . a- :
lr_ ·. {! .. :: � :: : . . � � �. -�- . _(:{ · .t:r .. r:r_ -� � : : . . " -�-A---r � <tr· _. _. .:, .- . .,; . . � ��w��
5. t:·· 7 L "Z {L t.: i? t.l--t 5 0 E t : t.: lv :::·· < t : � " ' � · � £ Th'o t:. :..· .::t:. ,t;:;·
<!<C Vv 1 ._ .- Japanese-English
3 1 6
�<L Vv 2 .. .,_ English-Japanese
329
�� IJI> Numbers 1J'9'
342
Conjugation Chart 344
� < L \Ju 1 J a p a n e s e - E n g I i s h
i§�§O)��r<tl.-�.tFO)[A]���-g o
Items at the end of each entry indicate the following: �-·· · · · ��5·)2:$�
(Conversation and ·Grammar section) �-·· · · · �#���
(Reading and Writing section) G · · · · · · ®L \i5:-:J (Greetings) (s) . . . . . . �*:J5b. (Supplement) I • II · ill··· · · ·F&JJmm�(wed:J.���)
(number of excercise in the Reading and Writing section)
®L \f:!. ra, between � L4
®5 4:- 1 to meet; to see (a person) � L4
Y 'J I'- I' Y outdoor activities we L11- II
®d:>L \ 1f \ ' blue 'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)
®il'L \ ;iff \ ' red 'ft L9, 'ft L9(s)
®il'� L' BA ; \ \ cheerful we L11- II
®� tk fall 'ft L10
®It� 1m It ; to open (something) ® t5: $Jl morning £: L3
® � Z:: [j:A_, ¥JHiip� breakfast � L3
� L6
®� -:::> <: the day after tomorrow � L4(s), � L8
®u Jt leg; foot 'ft L7(s}, £: L12
:PVJ71thr� Jg> 5 7 :/ 7 -Gtt1E Asian studies � L1
® u fc. tomorrow 'ft L3, 'ft L4(s)
®tZ: over there � L2
®ti3\ �-;: to play; to spend time pleasantly
'ft L6
®t:::.. t:::..il'L \ B£1.1' \ ' warm � L10
®t:::.. * llJ! head � L7(s)
®t:::.. *il''L\L\ ll}i;l;t \ ' \ ' bright; smart; clever
'ft L7 ®t:::.. 6 u L \ �if L \ ' new 'ft L5
® :J L \ � \ ' hot (weather) � L5
®:JL\ � ' ' hot (objects) � L5
(-O)) ®C: �l after (an event) � L1 1 , we L8-II
®C:c 1l --c· later on � L6
®tc:J:t:::.. you 'ft L4
®1;: JL (my) older brother � L7(s)
®� -k$ (my) older sister � L7, � L7(s)
®0) urn . . . 'ft L1
®0) that . . . (over there) � L2
Y J\- 1-- apartment � L7
®*L\ tt ' ' sweet 'ft L12
®* O)il\b � 0 Jll the Milky Way WG L12-II
®* � + negative not much � L3
®IY.> iifu rain 'ft L8
®IY.>il'''3':Q iifu ;i;'lt ; it rains 'ft L8
y )l. l) 7J U.S.A. £: L1, £: L2
®65 )Jt 1 to wash 'ft L8
® � il-'C:5 Thank you. � G ® � tiC:5 Z::ti'L\*9 Thank you. (polite) 'ft G ®:Q there is . . . 'ft L4
®:Q- one . . . we L12- II
®:Q L n: '!.Ji' ' ' 't on foot 'ft L10
J7 Jv/\1 1-- part-time job � L4
®:tt that one (over there) 'ft L2
Y ':..17- 1-- questionnaire WD L8- II
®A.Jfcl:L\g:Q �l*J T ; to show someone around WG L9- II
L\L\ good � L3
(.,\I, \;t No.; Not at all. (.,\I, \Z: ' ' \ ,.:y- good child � L9
L\1,\Z: C:: good deed we L10-II
L \3 't 1 to say � L8
L \;{_ � home; house � L3
-t., \n �.ft ,:.. bound for . . . � L10(s)
1' � I) :A Britain � L1, 'ft L2
L \ < .ft < to go � L3
L \ ( b how much � L2
L \ u "\'=' �if doctor � L1, � L10
L \ L/;b:Q (tel:) �H�.� mean-spirited � L9
L \g chair � L2(s)
L \ tfJ' u L \ ·tt L \ ' busy (people/ days) � L5
L \t <:' .� <·· to hurry � L6
L \t:::.. L \ :ffll \ ' hurt; painful � L12
L \t:::..t:!.n*9 Thank you for the meal. (before eating) � G
L \ 'b il"'-:J - � January 'ft L4(s)
L \t:; L/ -� one o'clock � L1, � L1(s)
L \ 'b l/ il'N - � M one hour � L4
L\'b�luttL\ - � i. first-year student � L1
L\'b�fu(;: L\'bc -� 1:-zt once a year
� L12- II
L \'blct'lu --ff best � L10
L \'blct'lu5 v -3 - .t!Ht. .; last car; tail end
� L10(s)
L \ 'b lct'fu* ;t -.f} iltr first car; front end
� L10(s)
L \-::> when � L3
L \-:>fJ' .n. 8 the fifth day of a month � L4(s)
L \ ·:>ts: L \ -� one year old � L1 (s)
L \ ? v J: (;: -K.t 1 : together � L5
L \-::>-::> .n. -? fiye � L9
L \ ? <:�*9 I'll go and come back. � G
L \ ? <: b? v � L \ Please go and come back. � G
L \?,3\fu -'0- one minute � L1(s)
L \-:>t, always � L12, � L6- ID L \6Q *-. dog � L4
L\* + now � L1
L \Jj. ;g'* meaning � L11(s), � L12
L \t,5 c (c!fu) M;.( :_t h-) younger sister � L1,
� L7, � L7(s)
L\b? v� L\*tt Welcome (to our store) � L2
L \ 0 (''b A.. o entrance � L10(s)
L \� (a person) is in . . . ; stays at . . . � L4
L\� to need � L8
L \-3 � color � L9
L\-3L\-3fcJ: Yarious � L9-II
5 5 fu uh-uh; no � L8
5;t J:. on � L4
5 v 4 cow � L12- II 5 v-3 1i.'; back � L4
5-t�-::> < to tell a lie � L11
5 1=. �t song � L7
5 "k. 5 ift 1 to sing � L7
5 'b home; house; my place � L3
5'b0);: 1 t;, <l) -f (my) child � L7(s)
5b"O)V'c 1 t;, <l)A. husband � L7(s)
5J7. ;� sea � L5
5 � 1G � to sell � L10- II
5fu uh-huh; yes � L8
5fu<:fu9� il�T � to drive � L8
5fuc59� il�T � to do physical exercises
� L9
I?D-:7'5.b aerogramme � L5(s)
;t L \f.)' �@I movie � L3
;tL\� �� English (language) � L1
;t;t yes � L1
;t� � station � L10, � L6- I
LL(IJ!JIJ!J) language lab � L3
-;tfu � P3 . . . yen � L2
;tfuU-::> ta¥ pencil � L2, � L2(s)
d5 L \ v L \ delicious � L2
d:>-5'3'< 1.i 1Jl. round tiip � L10(s)
d5d5L \ � � ' there are many . . . � L12
SS�L \ :k � ' ' large � L5
71"-.A I'-- 5 � ? Australia � L1, � L11
d51J'�c!fu �� :_t h., mother � L1, � L2,
� L7(s)
d51J';t 0 fcJ:c!L \ Welcome home. � G
d:>t:J'v B;l.-t snack; sweets � L11
d51J'� }.; 1:- money � L6
d51J'�'b 'b �1:-�� 'I? rich person � L10
d:>�� � � � to get up � L3
d5 < c!fu � :_t h., wife � L7(S)
d:><:c!lv t:i -t � A,; child f3i L7(s)
d:><:� � � to get angry � L12- II d:>c!l:t }; �ili sake; alcohol � L3
d5 liL \c!lu grandfather � L7(s)
d5 v ;t � �Jc .:{. � to teach; to instruct � L6
d5 v J: 5 1J'::> }; if. � New Year's � L11,
� L10- II
d5 v 0 buttocks � L7(s)
d5 v -3 };1»;. castle � L5- II
d:>tL \ 1£ \ ' slow; late � L10
d:>t < il < (do something) late � L6, � L4- III t:>t< fcJ:� ll < 7j: � to be late (for) � L8
d51:::L \ L/(;::: }) :fr..:;f:l: Get well soon. � L1 2
d5'5� }.; � green tea � L3
d5?c 7z husband � L7(s)
d5 L: � b L \ }.; .:t iJI:. ' ' restroom � L2
d:>L:b �� temple � L4
a3c5<!fu BX: :_t h.- father � L1, � L2, � L7(s)
d5 c 5 c ( c! fu) * ( :_t h.,) younger brother
d5 C <: � man � L11- II
� L1, � L7, � L7(s)
d:)(: ;::O);:: !JJ (1)-f boy � L11
d:)(: ;:: O)(}c !JJ (l) J-... man � L7
d3 C: C: (., \ the day before yesterday � L4(s)
d3 C: C: v the year before last � L4(s)
d3C:tJ: *..A. adult �� L12-II
d3c� �iii � to dance � L9
d31d:f.J' stomach � L?(s}, � L12
d3fJ:f.J'f}9< to become hungry � L11
d3 t: I.,\� fv I? JL � A.- older brother � L1,
� L7, � L7(s)
d3:tdx�fv }; � � A.- older sister � L1, � L7,
� L7(s)
d3:tdt.J"l\v*9(-�) . . . , please. � L2
d31<f(li)c!fv grandmother; old woman � L6, � L7(s)
Slcf:d::-5 Good morning. � G Slcf:d::-5 �rr(., '*9 Good morning. (polite) � G S13,-3 };Jag bath � L6
d313,-?l:lcf:L \� }; JJl. g r : A. � to take a bath � L6
Sl"\.fv l../ };i[&:$= reply � L1 1 - II
d3�fvC: -5 };-#- � boxed lunch � L9
Slifx � 1t it � to memorize � L9
d3* fv l../ $ -5 S\Yeet bun � L4- III
Siht->11 };±Ji souyenir � L4
s=t5 .� 1 to think � L8
<5=5v--3U iii a � ' interesting � L5
S=t b rice cake � L10- II
s=t b-\? toy � L11
d3t->9ihtJ:�L \ Good night. � G d3d:: <:· i;K (' to swim � L5
d3 1J � M: ry � to get off � L6
SP� -*t;b � (something) ends � L9
d3fvtJ" < �� music � L3
d3fvitfv i.I.JR spa; hot spring � L9
d3fvfJ: -!;:; woman � L11 - II
SfvfJ:O) ;:: -!;::(1) -f girl � L11
d3fv1J:O)V'c -!J:: (l)J-... woman � L7
-fJ'- or � L10
t.J" but � L7, � L5- I1
7J -7-/ curtain � L2(s)
tJ"(., \;:: < 7'H!l foreign country � L11
fJ'(., \�::> e9:.tL gate � L10(s)
fJ' l\v-f.> �:f.±. company � L7
fJ'l \ v -f.> l\fv �::f±J office ''-orker � L1, � L8
fJ'(., \9-5 1tfv @1�� coupons � L10(s)
f.J'(., \�fv fl�H� stairs � L10(s)
fJ'(., \=t,O) � \ '4fo shopping � L4
fJ'-5 :It 1 to buy � L4
fJ'-5 !OJ 1 to own (a pet) � L11
fJ'x 9 it&T to return (things) � L6
fJ' X� •j\f, � to go back; to return � L3
fJ'S trn face � L?(s}, � L10
fJ'd3fJ''®d3l \ ro! 1;1-f � ' to look pale � L9(s)
fJ'tf< H� science � L1
fJ'fJ'� to take (amount of time/money) � L10
fJ'=t:ic� :!� registered mail � L5(s)
fJ' < :f < to write � L4
fJ" < ttL\ � 3: student � L1
fJ"' ( P IJ ��1 student discount � L10(s)
fJ'If� (6D1J'tl�) to put on (glasses) � L7
-fJ'(j'::> �1;· � for . . . months � L10
fJ'� :$:" umbrella � L2
fJ'� bamboo hat � L10- II
fJ' v ;lit -T snack; sweets � L 11
fJ' v $ �-=!- singer � L11
fJ'tf JJl.Jf? cold � L12
f.J'tf� V' < half? � 7.t < to catch a cold � L12
fJ'r< �� family � L7 fJ't;:::. � shoulder � L7(s)
1J'f.:: (., \l. \l. \f.J'i':: IJ· t:. � ' i \ ' :.0 bookish expression
� L11(s)
fJ'tcih"b .Ftit one way � L10(s)
fJ'? ;:: parenthesis � L11(s)
fJ'-::> ;:: 1.,\I.,\ great-looking � L7
fJ-..? ;:: -5 �� school � L3
fJ'c fll corner � L6(s)
fJ'fJ:(., \ � P'i wife � L7(s)
fJ'fJ:5 to be realized � L12- II
fJ'fcl: vl\ � L \ ' sad � uo- n
fJ':td � money � L6
fJ':td=t !> %�� i? rich person � L10
fJ'O) l../ � 1&:-!J:: girlfriend � L12, � L11-II
fJ'Icf.fv bag � L2, � L2(s)
fJ'iS\75; Kabuki � L9
i:J'J3\tt� f-I::::-:Z) tO put (a hat) on a person's head
� L10- II fJ'iS\� to put on (a hat) � L7
fJ'ih Jl hair � L7, � L7(s)
fJ'ih�* :f$ � 1 God � L12-I1
fJ'ih � fv ,,·ife � L7(s)
tJ )1.. 5 camera � L8
fJ'� 5 U :k HI 8 Tuesday � L4, � L4(s)
tJ 5 7t 7 karaoke � LS
-fJ'6 because . . . � L6
-fJ'6 from . . . � L9, � L7-II
fJ'6 t::l;:-cr�-::> lt� #- t : � � -:> It � to take care of oneself � L 7- II
fJ'�� i� � � to bon-ow � L6
fJ'n �tt boyfriend � L12
fJ':t> n 1 river � L1 1 - II
fJ'P L \ L \ cute � L7
fJ'P L \t5fc:J: pitiful � L12- II
tJ'IvfJ' D�H ophthalmologist � L12{s)
fJ'/v� < �@I Korea � L1, � L2
fJ'/v L.i 5l!f kanji; Chinese character � L6
fJ'/v�lv (fc:J:) M if easy; simple � L10
fJ'/vlcfL \ ¥!:.-fT- Cheers! (a toast) � LS
-crL \�L \ iit � \ ' yellow � L9(s) --crct:>Jv �11! temperature (weather) � L12
-cr< &1 < to listen; to hear � L3
--cr< lifl < to ask � LS
--crtt-::> $-�ji season � L10
-crt:::. :l.t north � L6(s)
=¥9- guitar � L9
--cr-:>�7:./v ��1;5 cafe � L2
-cr-:> "L "W1'- postal stamps � LS, � LS(s)
--cr-=> ,3\ "W 1'f ticket � LS
--cr-=> ,3\5 � let' "W 1'f 1C � j� ticket vending area
� L10(s)
-cr(J)5 B'f 8 yesterday � L4, � L4(s)
--crdJ� 5�6>? � to decide � L10
:fo-p /7 camp � L11
--cr� 5 � 5 �rr express � L10(s)
--cr� 5 � L \ fL/k. nine years old � L1(s)
--cr � 5 ,3,fv fL"n" nine minutes � L1(s)
--cr J: 5 4- 8 today � L3, � L4{s)
-cr J: 5 fJ' u J: �H :&' textbook � L6
--cr J: 5 t::L \ JL!f. brothers and sisters � L7
--cr J: 5 ch-fJ'�� �o;f;_t;:&, � to be interested (in)
� L12
--rr J: 56') "-'.ft 13 line number . . . � L11(s)
--cr J: :tdlv .:t. � last year � L4(s)
� b L \ ( fc() • \ ' disgusted with; to dislike � LS
�� td- � to put on (clothes above your waist)
� L7
--cr� "W � to cut � LS
--a ttL\ (fcl:) beautiful; clean � LS
-cr/vt..\� � � gold � L9(s)
-rrlvt..\� jft � silver � L9(s)
--crtvxlv u "P 1H.t111- nonsmoking car � L10(s)
-rr1v� 5 jftq bank � L2
--cr lv L.i J: :iftpff neigh borhoocl � L1 1 - II
--crtv'b J: 59� 5t5R T � to get nervous � L12
-a/viet-:> 1:-� blonde hair � L9(s)
--cr lv� 5 U 1:-Bi 8 Friday � L4, � L4(s)
< 5-cr �� air � L8
< fJ'-:> fL 1J September � L4(s)
< L.i fLat nine o'clock � L1{s)
< g � � medicine � L9
< 9 � �O)it; � � � t.' to take medicine � L9
< t::lt�L\L\fJ't.: < t::.· !tt::. g " ':;? colloquial expression � L11(s)
< 1::�1..\(-�) Please give me . . . � L2
< 'b o mouth � L7{s)
< -:::> *ft shoes � L2
< 1;: ®I country; place of origin � L7
< U m neck � L7{s)
< =6 � � � cloudy weather � L12
-<:'6 1..\ about (approximate measurement)
� L4
�5� class � L4
�1)-/ green � L9{s)
< � -* � to come � L3
< �* � car � L7
�L.t- gray � L9{s)
� l..t :::J 'Y 1'-- tJ - I' credit card � L1 0
< � L \ ,I! 1. ' black � L9, � L9{s)
It L \ <:! L \ ;)'&itt economics � L1, � L2
lttJ' injury � L12{s)
ljfJ' ?rH surgeon � L12{s)
It� 4-l� this morning � LS
It u :l'b. )j!f l ::i L>. eraser � L2{s)
lt9 WiT to tum off; to erase � L6
It -=> � 5 c9 Mi.t$l --c·-t That would be fine.;
That wouldn't be necessary. � L6
lt-:> �lv9� ��T � to get married � L7
lj'-::>d:: 5 U JJ lljl 8 Monday � L4, � L4{s)
l:t fvtJ'g � to have a fight; to quarrel � U1
11'fv�(tc:J:) 7[. � healthy; energetic � L5
11/v�t.i''fci:!.\ Jt � l.l:>j: \ ' don't look well � U2
lt'fv-t;? JJ!. 1� development � L5(s)
���::::=\©}:::::::! ��� -;::: �� language � L1
-;::: ��� in . . . time; after . . . � L10
Z.. ?�fv �ml park � L4
Z.. 5 ( 5?Jfv AA'.�� airmail � L5(s)
Z.. 5 Z.. 5 �� high school � L1
Z.. 5 Z.. ?ttl.\ ��.i. high school student � L1
Z.. 51tl.\,3\? l./::> tt.i.�'.it antibiotic � L12(s)
Z.. 5 t.: < ® 0 :71:. �.R. <liJ � glossy finish � L5(s)
Z.. ? t.:: < tc:J: u 7\:.5R. >j: L mat finish � L5(s)
Z..� r voice � L10- II
::J - 1::- coffee � L3
::f-Jll I' gold � L9(s)
;:jj'-::> 1i J3 May � L4(s)
z.. < '(! (, \tJ'Ivl:tl. \ oo��i% international rela-
tions � L1
Z.. < l�'fv ,!A&. black board � L2(s)
Z.. Z.. here � L4
;::: ;::: 9'-�� P.�l. � L1
Z.. Z..(J)tJ' 1L 8 the ninth day of a month � L4(s)
Z.. Z.. (J)-::> 7L "? nine � L9
;:(!l. \ li/fff. five years old � U(s)
;::: t; Ji* five o'clock � U(s)
�· u � vfv .:·�A. husband � L?(s)
;:tffv trliu HI. � L1
;:tt fv 5 � 5 9'-lltr <f in the morning � L9- II
z..t.:� � answer � L11(s)
;: t.: � � 1):. � � to answer � L8-II
;:::5-t:-5 excellent food � L9-II
2:'5-t:-5<!£ Thank you for the meaL (after eating) � G ;: 5 G this person (polite) � L11 ;: "5-::>Q:J. + e?. parcel � L5(s)
Z.. C: u A, it- this year � L4(s), � L10
Z.. c� f-* child � L4
Z.. (J) this . . . � L2
Z.. (J) ;::: -3 these days � L 1 0
;:l;:l:fv �f]i rice; meal � L4
;:,3,fv 1i -'if five minutes � U(s)
;:d)fvfc:J:<! l. \ I'm sorry. � L4
- ;::: -3 at about � L3
z.. n this one � L2
Z.. ;b l. \ Hii \ ' frightening � L5
Z..lvtJ' ? :ti A,�AA this semester � L11
Z..fvlj-::> A, }j this month � L4(s), � L8
::J /-if- t-- concert � L9
Z.. fv u � 5 A,i!! this week � L4(s), � L6
'Z..fvc A,!$. near future � L9
'Z..fvl:51;:1: Good afternoon. � G
Z..fvlcf.fv A,BJt tonight � L3
'Z..fvl�'fvl;:l: Good evening. � G
::J / t::= com·enience store � L7
:::J / I::: .:J..-9- computer � U, � L2
-if-7 1 / surfing � L5
-<!l. \ � /J#:. . . . years old � L1, � U(s)
<!l.\ ;::: 1: �.J� t : lastly � L8-II
<! l. \,3, Jl.:t :fil wallet � L2
<!tJ'fc:J: .f!!. fish � L2
<! < ,3\fv f'F.:X: essay; composition � L9
<!l:t )§ sake; alcohol � L3
-if '.!1 :t.J - soccer � L1 0
<! ? � a little while ago � L4
<'i? u Mitt magazine � L3
<!?Jul.\ � L \ ' lonely � L9
-if�� to cut classes � L11
-<!£ �;f!!t Mr./Ms. . . . � L5- II
<!ctl.\ * \ ' cold (weather) � L5
<!J:?fJG Good-bye. � G
<!f:>l.\lj::> �*Jj the month after next � L4(s)
<! b l. \ u � 5 � *-U! the week after next � L4(s)
<! 6l. \;tclfv �*-� the year after next � L4(s)
-<!fv Mr./Ms. . . . � L1
<! fvtJ'-::> ..=. }j !\ larch � L4(s)
<'i fv� J; 5 7� � overtime work � L8- II
<!fv<!l. \ ..=.� three rears old � L1(s)
elvli -=-* three o'clock � L1 (s)
<! fv v � ? ,3\fv ..=. -t -'if thirty minutes � L1 (s)
c!lv=ldlvc9=/d ;� �-c·-t:tt That's too bad. � L8
<! fv,3, Li fvtJ' Ji � A.if4 obstetrician and gynecol-
ogist � L12(s)
(!fv,3ilv ..=. � three minutes � L1(s)
<!fvl£9� � -lY -t � to take a "·alk � L9
- t; �ll'!r o'clock � L1
u®l.\ �1;- match; game � L12
u�:t.i'r> 1±.1:.1)'' ry date/time something is ready
� L5(s)
Lt�trtttd: ¥ -tt >j: happy � L10- II :;)- ":.! ;( jeans � L2 u:f.J' tJ!iH dentist � L12(s)
lt:f.J'? l!9 J3 April � L4(s)
- L/:f.J'iv �*M hour � L4
u It iv �;\� exam � L9
Lt ;:: C: 1±:;:. job; work; occupation � L1, � L8
L/ u J; #:f dictionary � L2, � L2(s)
u 9"1J' (fcl:) lH' quiet � L5
L/t'5 guardian deity of children � L10-II
ut.:: T under � L4
Lt't5:f.J''� --!: � July � L4(s)
V 5 L/ --!:* seven o'clock � L1(s)
U ':) C:{.. \*9 �o "? "{ \ 1 l 't I know � L7
u�=biv 'f;.�M question � L11(s)
lt C:: l.\tt� �g,;t� reserved seat � L10(s)
L/ C: iv u � §1 ��Jli- bicycle � L2
Ltd.l :9t ciQ to die � L6
L/lcl:� ;/(� departing second � L10(s)
L/ U:f.J' lf 4 H otorhinolaryngologist; ENT doc
tor � L12(s)
l../13\fv § §1- oneself � L10- II
l_,(ljfvlJJ; 5l.\iv '$��flt Municipal Hospital
� L6
u61J� r> deadline ft L11(s)
u61J� r,rj .�t:> ; to close (something) � L6
L/ "\"> � then . . . ; if that is the case, . . . � L2
u "\"> uiv :!F� picture; photograph � L4
u "\"> t5 J; 5 ;f±-& president of a company � L11
:; -p •:; shirt � L10
L/ fP 5 l. \ t5:f.J'� +- J3 November ft L4(s)
L/ fP 5 l. \'t5 L/ +-* eleven o'clock � L1(s)
L/ fP 5 l. \ t5 (;:: t5 +- B the eleventh day of a
month � L4(s)
L/ fP 5 l. \ ':) c! l. \ +- � eleven years old � L1(s)
L/ fP 5 l. \ ':) 13\fv +- $1- eleven minutes � L1 (s)
L/ fP 5 :f.J''� + Jl October � L4(s)
- u fP 51J'iv �ii!M for . . . weeks � L10
l./ �5�� 5131/v -t:!L$1- ninteen minutes � L1(s)
L/ $ 5 ;::131iv + li. -$]'" fifteen minutes � L1(s)
L/ � 5 c!/vl3\lv +:=.. §! thirteen minutes � L1(s)
L/ $ 5 L/ +* ten o'clock � L1 (s)
:;·.:1.-.:::Z.. juice � L12
L/�5tt� §1 m� general admission seat � L10(s)
u $ 5 c·fv �� last train � L10(s)
L/�5td:tJI31/v +--!:-$]'" seventeen minutes � L1(s)
L/ fP 5 (;::f.j'� -t,::: J3 December � L4(s)
L/ � 5 1;: L/ -t:::'* twelve o'clock � L1(s)
L/ fP 5 (;:13,fv -t.:::$1 twelve minutes � L1(s)
L/ $ 5 ���fv/L/ $ 5 �':)�fu -f-A$1-eighteen minutes � L1(s)
u$ 5*� Y!-* weekend � L3
L/ $ 5 J:: ':) :f.J' -tl!9 8 the fourteenth day of a
month � L4(s)
L/ � 5d::/vl3\fv -tl!9$! fourteen minutes � L1(s)
L/ $ 5 -3 ':) 13\fv + � $1- sixteen minutes � L1(s)
L/ $ � J; 5 ��� class ft L11
L/ $ < � cram school � L7- II u $ < t.= t.. \ ffi*! homework ft L5, � L11(s)
u $ Ll $ � -'f-i;!it operation � L12(s)
u fP Lliv .:£.!-... husband � L7(s)
L/ $ ':) c!l.\ -t� ten years old ft l1(s)
u $ ':) u iv 1±:! .if coming from ft L 11
l../ $ ':) 13\fv + � ten minutes � L1(s)
lt $131 .:E-!lw housewife � L1
u fP (lj �o"*- hobby �% L11-II
u J; 5:f.J'l. \g � -�?511'-'t � to in troduce � L11
u J; 5 :f.J'� i£ 13 New Year's � L11, � L10-II
l.l J; 5 Lt r.> It lv JftJiqf. (boarding) ticket �L1 O(s)
Ll J; 59" (tJ:) J:.-'t skillful; good at . . . � L8
u J; 5 6 l.\ �4 *- future � L11
u J; < c5 1<:-E cafeteria; dining commons
� L7
u r> buttocks � L7(s)
u r> *itiv �o ry ;! -\t A., I do not know � L7
u� :}co � to get to know � L7
Sl JIJ/\- silver � L9(s)
u-3 ift.X castle � L5- II
lt -? l. \ 8 \ ' white � L9, � L9(s)
u-3 < -3 8 -� black and white � L9(s)
Ll-3 L/-3(1j� 1: 7;, 1: 7;, Jt ; to stare (at) � L8
- Liiv �!-... people � L1
uiv:f.J'ivitiv t1H�kt Shinkansen; "Bullet Train"
ft L9
uiv Z:::5 1€:% traffic light � L6(s)
l../iv l../f.> *H± shrine � L11 - II
uivtt�(tJ:) tJi-l;JJ kind ft L7
uiv!ct'l. \9� ��!,leT ; to worry � L12
uivJ3\iv '*ITM newspaper ft L2
Lliv�l. \tJ' < /-...�� * anthropology � L1
9l\ d:: 5U 7f_Bll 8 Wednesday � L4, � L4(s)
A rJ I -7/ Sweden � L1
A-1\- supermarket � L4
9� (fJ:) �t .!< fond of; to like � L5
A =f.- ski � L9
9 (' right away � L6
9� < very � L11
9;: v 1' l a little � L7-II
99-'vl\ � l \ ' cool (weather) � L10
9"L�(fJ:) -!"� fantastic � L12
A 1--. 1/ A stress � L8- II
Aif'{-'Y sports � L3
9cr;g:tt1v Excuse me.; I am SOlTY. � G 9it 1i.t.' to live � L7
A 5.-f I' slide � L5(s)
9� to do � L3
9;b� l.i � to sit down � L6
ttl \tl'-:J j:_ ii5 life; living � L10
ttl \l:tl \I1'1J' �1f�:7�H orthopedic surgeon
� L12(s)
ttl\li i!9:5€; politics � L1 . � L1 2
ttl \it� Ji'Ul grade (on a test, etc.) � L12
ttl\� l:t lv 1tJ! * vouchers; zone tickets
� L10(s)
tttJ'l,\ 1!!-� world � L1 0
tttJ''f.: tJ'l, \ ",f t;:� \ ' tall � L7
tttl"V'( l,\ "f!" t;:i!&\ ' short (stature) � L7
tt� cough � L12
tt�tJ"c� -It ,!< t;t::B � to cough � L12
tt�tJ' lf<t back � L?(s)
i:tO !t �f. by all means � L9
ttg:t.,\ �\' narro;Y; not spacious � L12
ttlvlj'-:J 7t. Jl last month � L4(s), � L9
tt lv Li -:J 7t E the other day � L9- II
ttlv v � 5 7ti!! last week � L4, � L4(s)
ttlvttl \ ]L j:_ teacher; Professor . . . � L1
t!lvt!lv + negative �� not at all � L3
tt lvtt lv v � 5 7L /{ i!! the week before last
� L4(s)
ttlvt.: < 9� );\:afT � to do laundry � L8
ttlvl;f-:J 1(; � rleparting first � L10(s)
ttlvt,lv �r, major � L1
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t5 c·9 That's right. � L1
-t5c·9tl That's right.; Let me see. � L3
t < �-:J i!i! special delivery � L5(s)
-t ;: there � L4
-t v "L and then � L11, � L9- II -t(J) that . . . � L2 -tiel:' near � L4
-t,3, ;f.ll.X:. (my) grandfather � L?(s)
-tl� ;f.ll� (my) grandmother � L?(s)
-t:h that one � L2
t:htl' G and then � L5
9'.-( I 'Y t-- 9� to go on a diet � L11
f.:: {., \;Bivl:tl \ 1<!>-1N.H thermometer � L12(s)
t�t.,\tJ"< *.rif college; university � L1
t.: l, \t.J' < L \lv1tL \ * � f�j: graduate student � L1
tcl\t.J'<ttL\ *.i"j:_ college student � L1, � L8
fc l,\�Gt.,\(�) *-.� \ ' to hate � L5
t�L \ li � 5,3\ 7d::;k It is okay.; Not to worry.;
Everything is under controL � L5
tcl\9Z!(tJ:) :k�t .!< very fond of; to love � L5
f.:{.,\"Ll,\ *�� usually � L3
t.:: L \1'\lv ( fJ) * � tough (situation) � L6, � L5- II
t.:fJ'{., \ � \ ' expensive � L2
tctJ'G so; therefore � L4
f.: < ts.lv many; a lot � L4
-tcl:t just . . . ; only . . . � L11
t.:t=.l '* I'm home. � G �-;:) :ft "'? to stand up � L6
t.: c;t(;f for example � L11(s)
t.:(J) v l,\ � l \ ' fun � L5
f.: (f) vibl::9 � ( -tg) � L .;. t: T � to look forward (to) � L7- II
f.:(;f;:1ct95 f:: tJ .: � '?& -? to smoke � L6
f.:,3\lv � "71 probably; maybe � L12
t.:/'\.t,(J) 't'""'-4� food � L5
t.:r:..� �.-..::. � to eat � L3
t.:n who � L2 f.:lv� lj!.� word; Yocabulary � L9
t.:lvt!.< strip of fancy paper � L12-II
f.::lv Li � 5 U tEj;. El bi1ihday � L5
tclvfJ: husband � L?(s)
'51..\� 1.. \ + � \ ' small � L5
'5fJ'( ift ( near place WG L11-II
'5fJ'7:.-::J :leTi9;. sub"·ay � L10
'5 � < 9 .Q if!�'] T 7.> to be late (for an appoint-
ment) � L11
'5'5 X (my) father � L7, � L7(s)
'5 � ?t green tea � L3
'5 � 1.. \�1,. \ -?t � \ ' brown � L9(s)
'5 1P 5 � < <1' 00 China � L1, � L2
'5 1P 5 G � i.iM injection � L12(s)
'5 J; ? c a little � L3
-:Jl. \t::'5 - B the first day of a month � L4(s)
-::JfJ'I.. \97:.:t.l ;>( 5 1� \ \#f"'( jJ � 7 disposable camera � L5(s)
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:J� ;:k_ next � L6
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-:J < X. ;fJL desk � L2(s), � L4
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a scheduling conflict � L12
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-:J* � wife � L7(s)
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-:::>/9)f::l.. \ "/it t::. \ ' cold (thing/people) � L10
-::JD fishing WG L11-II
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C: + hand � L7(s)
-c b y (means of transportation); with (a tool)
� L10
C:l. \�lflv .;tAA� commuter's pass � L10(s)
T Yi? ':J T-shirt � L7
:r· 1 A :J disco � L8
7:.1.. \;tdl. \fc:J:l. \I.. \fJ't:: "'( \ \ p \ \ >d: -g \ \ :;0
polite expression � L11(s)
:r·- t-- date (romantic, not calendar) � L3
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ctJ"� -'t�� letter � L4
c�.Qt.:lt as much as possible � L12
c<''5 :±: 0 exit � L10(s)
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7 A t-- test ti L5
7:.-:::> t�-5 .:f-1i: 1 to help � L6
7-=A tennis � L3
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�� L5- II
7 J\- t'-- department store � L4
7':.13\( � +� gloves � L10
c=E. but � L3
7:. 6 't temple � L4
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� L6- I
7 � t: TV ti L2(s), � L3
7 � 1::::7-b. video game � L6
7:./v 7C. the heavens; the sky � L12- II -Ziv """',n, . . . points � L11
clv� JC. � weather � L5
c:fv� 'it � electricity � L2(s), � L6
C:lv� d::!a:-5 'JC.� t ¥R weather forecast � L8
clv G � 't.!li train � L6
cfv'5 'it il!!. battery � L5(s)
cfv;b 't� telephone � L1
clv;b�fJ'If� �� � IJ· It 7.> to make a phone
call � L6
c ? door � L10- II
-C: together with (a person) � L4
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I'? door � L2(s)
c5 G L' why � L4
c-s�·(-�) llere it is. � L2
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c -5 =5 Thank you. � L2
c5f.>?7:. how; by what means � L10
cd3 + ten � L9
cd3fJ' + B the tenth day of a month � L4(s)
c� * when . . . ; at the time of . . . � L4
c�c� * "< sometimes � L3
C:ltL \ �t+ watch; clock � L2
c;:: where � L2
C: ;::t> hi'- & barber's � L10
C: ;:: -3 i'IT place � L8
C: ;:: -3 c· by the way � L9
C: v � rear � L10- IT
C: v J;. fJ'fv @ �tg library � L2
c'b6 which � L10
C: -::> t!' � 5 q� .� super express X.. L 1 O(s)
C-:>b which � L10
C:<:=t very � L5
ctcJ: D F4 next � L4
c(J) which . . . � L2
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C:£� is i {, to stay (at a hotel, etc.) � L10
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c J: 5 U ± Bi 8 Saturday � L3, � L4(s)
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� L1 1 , giiJ L?-II C:� � {, to take off gilj l1 0 - II
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clv1;J. what kind of . . . � L5
fcJ:L \:t.J' l*ln physician � L12(s)
fcJ:fJ' 9> inside � L4
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fcJ: < iir. ( to cry � L 12- II tcJ: < 9 to lose � L12
fcJ:-:> R summer � L8
-tcJ:c and so forth � L12- IT
fcJ:fcJ:�L\ -t� seven years old � L1(s)
fcJ:tcJ:-:> -t '? seven � L9
1;J.1;J.,3,fv -l::: $3' seYen minutes � L1(s)
1;J.I;:fJ' Mil• something � L8
1;J.I;: =t + negative 1PJ t not . . . anything � L?
't,J.(J)fJ' -1::: 8 the seventh day of a month � L4(s)
tcJ:£.:Z � iltr name � L1
1d. 6 5 'lD 1 to learn � L11
1;J.� to become � L10
1d.lv/fcJ:I;: 1PJ wh at � L1
l::t.J'If?�t;{. ::::: 1.!· fl Wr two months ago � L4(s)
l;:tJ':J ::::: fl February � L4(s)
1;: �t>fJ' (tel:) lively � L5
1;: < � meat � L2
I::�L \ :::::� two years old � L1(s)
l::�fu l;:'b :::::;.. 8 for two to three days � L12
(;: u i1!i '"est � L6(s)
1:: Li :::::* two o'clock � L1(s)
1:: Li l;:i:fu ::::: at .:f half past two � L1
l:: li � 5 J: -:> fJ' :::::-t- 1!9 8 the twenty-fourth day
of a month � L4(s)
1:: Li � 5 J:fu£ L \ C t:) 24l.�Jl � 24-print roll
� L5(s)
I::: Li � -:> 13\tu ::::+ n- t\Yentr minutes � L1(s)
1;: 'b J: 5 U 8 Bfl 8 Sunday � L3, � L4(s)
-1;:-:JL\"L about; regarding to � L8-II
(;: -::> � 8 �c diary � L9-II
1::13,fu ::::: $3' two minutes � L1(s)
1;: l�fu 8 ?.j;;. Japan � L1
r::l�fu� 8 *� Japanese language � L1
l::l�fulifu 8 'f.A. Japanese people � L1
1:: =5-:::> 1"T4?1 baggage � L6
1::: &;. 5 1a:'5 -it:#; '"ife � L?(s)
-l;:-�fJ',3\tt� to put (a hat) on a person's head
� L10- II
-l;:fu �A. [counter for people] � L?
1:::/v�fJ''®� A.� 1.1 { JiJ {, to be popular � L9
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tlfJ'L \ �It \ ' wish � L12- II
t,l ;:: �tli cat � L4
t.l-:>ti'®� �1.!{ JiJ {, to haYe a fever � L12
tltJL \ D� \ ' sleepy � L10
tl� � {, to sleep; to go to sleep � L3
-tlfu �� . . . years � L10
-tllvttL \ �� � . . . year student � L1
J - 1-- notebook � L2
-(J)c· because . . . � L12
(J)c throat � L12
(J)cfNJ'tJ< � t:•il:�� < to become thirsty � L12
(})Ia;'� 1t {, to climb � L11
(J)Jj.:Jo(J) ik.H-4� drink � L5
(J)t; ikt: to drink � L3
(J)YJfJ'x *- IJ �;{. transfer � L10(s)
(])� 1ft; to ride; to board � L5
I� Em tooth � L?(s), � L12
)\-7--{- party �L8
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(�I,\ yes � L1
I�L \L \-3 JJ(@. gray � L9(s)
lci'l.\Z'Iv ?tl.!i kiosk �L10(s)
(�I,\� A.; to enter � L6
l�f.j'� 'i:• postcard � L5, � L5(s)
I�< to put on (items below your waist) � L7
I� v chopsticks � L8
I� v*� -?!� £ ; (something) begins � L9
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l�ucY.>� -!!��; to begin � L8
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J\'AZ'I,\ r\.::Zi� bus stop �L4
l�t;::lj �m farm � L12-II
l�t;:t5 .::.-t-� twenty years old � L1(s)
l�t.: 6 < if» < to work � L11
l�t.::{td3� t.i f::. � .ti\ � to weave � L12-II
l�'btJ'::> A� August � L4(s)
l�'b l.i -"-* eight o'clock � U(s)
l�t5'3'1v A-jJ- eight minutes � L1(s)
lei'::> X (wrong) � L11(s)
!�:Jd31v *:--t- pronunciation � L11(s)
1�-:::>fJ' .::. -t- 8 the twentieth day of a month
� L4(s)
1�·:::>�:1, \ -"-lt eight years old � L1(s)
l�-.::>t3\lv A-7;'- eight minutes � U(s)
1�1J: 1t flower � L12
1�1J: l. nose � L?(s)
1�1J:[..,{tg� Md:T.'6 to have a talk �L9-II
1�1a:9 �T to speak; to talk � L3
J\j 57 panoramic � L5(s)
!�let if}: (my) mother � L?(s)
���1,\ �\' early � L3
���1,\ i!\' fast �L7
��� < .!f- < (do something) early; fast � L10
1�65 t.b.-7 to pay � L10
��� $ spring � L10
l�:tt �;ft sunny weather � L12
l�lv � half � L1
-l;ilv ""'* number . . . � L11(s)
J\/ bread � L4
!;ilv�-5 ·� number � L1
lcflv2:1�1v ll>t1ar� dinner � L3
}\/-If b. (fa:) handsome � L5
c!<lVvl<lll S
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J\/ I' band � L11-II
)\/ J'i..-tJ- hamburger � L3
1:::? J piano � L9
1:::-JI.t beer � L11
"OfJ' v >It east � L6(s)
"0-�fJ';;{.I:tlv 71��.:{.� receipt �L5(s)
V'< 5!j! < to play (a string instrument or piano)
�L9
u-;:: 5� �ft;fl!t airplane � L5
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� L11
t::::i'.::?-.'A business � L1, � L2
Ul.i �:JfJ'Iv �{ijq�'& art museum � L11
"0-t=. � � left � L4
"0-tO:: YJ 1.)':t> � il!1 left side � L6(s)
U-:::J < 09� to be surprised � L10-II
1::::-T:;t video tape; VCR � L2(s), � L3
"0 c A. person � L4
V'c::> -"? one � L9
"0-c:JIY.> --? El first � L6(s)
"0-cUc A.� people � L12-II
"Oc� -A. one person � L7
"Oc � c -A. "'(· alone � L4
?)-,3,fJ' l.tllH dermatologist � L12(s)
u-a; (1J:) BR not busy; to have a lot of free time
�L5
U�5l,\lv �??.f.lt beauty parlor � L10
UJ:-5{,\Jv fflF.i1: hospital � L4
UJ:5� �� illness; sickness �L9, �L12(s)
V' J: 5 l.i � lv � �it!� standard Japanese
� L11(s)
"0� ���lv �1ar� lunch � L3
Ulv 1� flight � L10
I::/? pink � L9(s)
==========�@8�========== 71 Jvb film � L5(s)
13, 5lJ ct t-t1£ letter � L5(s)
13, < nR clothes � L12
/3,f=.? .::. "? two � L9
J3,fc.?t!.> .::. "? § second � L6(s)
13,� fJ .::.A two people � L7
/3,�fJ9"? .::.A f"? two people each � L11(s)
13,--:::;5 iti!i. local � L10(s) 13,--:::JfJ' .::. 8 the second clay of a month � L4(s)
/3,--:::JfJ'd::l. \ .::. 8 ��' hangover � L12
13,(::-:> C::l. \£9 ;�.\. "'? '( �' � T to be on the heayY
side � L7 13,(::� ;�.\. � to gain w·eight � L7 J3,tJ.7Yfv t.l'ci-1� surface mail � L5(s)
J3't.l /.1',} ship; boat � L10
13,� � winter � L8
71) / t-- print � L5(s)
13,�(.,\ -;5"\' olcl(thing) �L5
7Ltit/ t-- present � L12
13,-3 1!1. g bath � L6
13,-3(;:(;il.\� J!l,g t:A.� to take a bath � L6 J3\fvfJ' X11::. culture � L11- n 13\fvfJ-,< Y:.� literature � L1, � L7-II
/3\fv(;f? X5f. grammar � L11(s)
========���======== 1"\.-:J page � L6
-1"\.-:J page number . . . � L11(s)
/'\,� (td:) T-4- clumsy; poor at . . . � L8
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/'\,f.> ':}� & room � L5
1"\./ pen � L2, � L2(s)
�L7
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1'\,fv 1./ i!&::fl: :reply � L11- II 1'\fv C 5 -#- 3 boxed lunch � L9
1'\fvfJ (fd:) 1t:;f1] convenient � L7
(a;511fv 1i g dialect � L11(s)
1�5 u t"l!i-t hat; cap � L2 -(a;?tf.>fv '"'-'1iiiii serdng ... areas � L10(s)
lt\-b platform � L10(s)
Jt\-,b:;•.!J? homesickness � L12
It\-b"A 71' homestay; living with a local family
�L8
(a;fJ'(;: anything else � L11(s)
I�< � I (used by men) � L5 (a; It fv -f*.F1i: insurance � L5(s) -liflJI:P5 '"'"'�� looking for ... �L11-II It\ "A t-- 7 J1 2 �- host family � L 11, �7'C L9-II
/t\7 Jv hotel � L4
(a;fv * book � L2, � L2(s)
ta;fvc?c·9fJ' *a-c·-tf.1· Really? �L6 (a;fvf.> *& bookstore � L4
£G5£G5 okay; so-so � L11 -£(., \ '"'"'tt [counter for flat objectsJ � L5
£ l. \ lJ I;P 5 4f1!! every week � L8
£ l. \ (;: 15 4f 8 eYery day � L3
£(., \(;ffv �BJt every night � L3
£;{_ lltr front � L4
£fJ''� !lb1.1: � to turn � L6(s)
£ 1./t!.>fd: serious � L12- II £9" first of all � L8-II
£ � again �� L5- II £ t::. + negative not . .. yet � L8 £15 8lJ town; city � L4
£? i�"? to wait � L4
£-:> 9 <:: straight � L6(s), � L6-I
£?f) �ry festival �L11-II
-£c to (a place); as far as (a place); till (a time)
�L5
-£cl;: by . . . � u2-n £C. � window � L2(s), � L6
£C.<:'15 �o counter � L5(s)
£� 0 (correct) � L11(s)
£ fv 1./ I;P 5 sweet bun � L4-Ill
d:J.=/:1 ::Ia right � L4
d:f=cifJ''t:J ::6'1!\1] right side � L6(s)
d:J. 1./fJ'l. \ �.E.�' short (length) � L7
d:J. 9- 7]<.. \Yater � L3
d:J. 9-'l. \-3 7]c. � light blue � L9(s)
d:J-9-?d:J. iilill lake � L11 d:J. tt ;;!; store � L4-Ill d:J. "? fJ' .=. 8 the third day of a month � L4(s)
Ct.f-::>lt.Q Jt "? !t � to find
{}j.? -::> .:=. ":? three fl:: L9
Ct.fc � f� green fl:: L9(s)
Ct.ftJ.� fv � � lv everyone
Ct.ftJ.Ct.f l¥J south fl:: L6(s)
{}j.{}j. 1f ear fl:: L7(s)
� L12- II
� L6-lll
Ct.f'f->(j' ±� souvenir fl:: L4
{}j..Q Jt � to see; to look at; to watch fl:: L3
Ct.ffvf� all fl:: L9, � L7- II
{}j.fvf�c all (of the people) together fl:: LS
ctJL \fJ' � 8 the sixth day of a month fl:: L4(s)
11:JfJ'v11:Jt:J'v 1\"--z once upon a time � L10-II
ctJ;:: 5 fa) .: ") the other side; over there
� L12-II
ctJ9"fJ' v L \ � L �' difficult fl:: L5
ctJ96fJ i� daughter � L12- II
ctJ ? -::> � "? six fl:: L9
cttl n� breast fl:: L7(s)
<tt>�n 'jl{ purple fl:: L9(s)
61) El eye fl:: L7, fl:: L7(s)
6fJtJ'tl D!HJ! glasses fl:: L7
)(=.:::r.- menu fl:: L2
=D 5 already fl:: L9
=D59<' very soon; in a few moments/days
fl:: L12
=D < J: 5 U *-Hi 8 Thursday fl:: L4, fl:: L4(s)
=D v=D v Hello? (used on the phone) fl:: L4
=D t5 rice cake � L1 0- II
=D t5 -3 fv of course fl:: L 7
=D-::> ti<f-? to carry; to hold fl:: L6
1:,? C: L \ < �;;f-::> -c \' < to take (something) fl:: LS
=D? C:: < .Q �'t -::> "C < � to bring (a thing) � L6
to C: more fl:: L11
=t,O) �� thing (concrete object) � L12
=D65 to get (from somebody) � L9
'f->n* v };� � :Jllf L reprint fl:: L5(s)
'f->n � 5 JN;)(. baseball fl:: L1 0
-f.>� L \ Jf *- vegetable fl:: L2
'f->�l_.,l,\ easy (problem); kind (person) fl:: L5
f.>gl,' *�' inexpensive; cheap (thing) fl:: L5
'f->get.f f:f.h holiday; day off; absence fl:: L5
f.>gctJ f:f.<L' to be absent (from); to rest
-f->ttC::L\*9 to be thin fl:: L7
'f->tt.Q to lose weight fl:: L7
-f.>?-::> A"? eight � L9
'f->* ..L mountain fl::L11, �L5-II
'f->*Ct.ft5 ..Lit mountain road � UO-II
-f->61)-Q to quit fl:: L11
'f->.Q to do; to perfom1 � L5
�5Ufvnd:: < ��f�,§j post office � L2
�56fJL \ (tJ.) 1f � famous � LS
�56fJL\L/fv 1f�;.._ celebrity � UO
�n � snow fl:: L12, � L10- II
fl:: L6
�? < � slowly; leisurely; unhuiTiedly fl:: L6
�U �lii finger � L7(s)
�61) � dream � L11
J:5fJ' AS the eighth day of a month � L4(s)
J:5 1./ m * business to take care of � L12
d::f:J'? 1::. b if you like fl:: L7
J: < often; much fl:: L3
J: 1./ 1!9* four o'clock fl:: L1(s)
J:? fJ' 1!9 8 the fourth day of a month � L4(s)
J:?-::> 1!9 "? four fl:: L9
J:ctJ �it iL' to read fl:: L3
J:'f->< t%-fJ resenration fl::L10
J:.Q 1iZ night � L6, � L5- II
J:fv�L\ 1!9� four years old � U(s)
J:fvJ3\fv 1!9 -$t four minutes fl:: L1 (s)
bL\ti'?n **:Jtij next semester fl:: L10
b L \(j'-::> * J3 next month fl:: L4(s), fl:: LS
bL\1..;�5 *� next week � L4(s), � L6
bL\;t.:lfv *� next year fl:: L4(s), fl:: L6
�I':P5f.f'(9-@ �*T� to study abroad fl::L11
� I':P 5 f:J' < ttL\ W * j:_ international student fl:: L1 � d:: 5 '!f dormitory � L9- II
� d:: 5 � ;ffl.! cooking � L6-III
� J: 5 �9-@ #J.!T � to cook � LS
� J: ;: 5 �rr traYel � LS
� fv-;::. apple � L10
)[1-b..>(-1--- roommate � L11
tl.l.' �1 example � L11(s)
n =cr u J!t :R history � L1' � L2
1/.::::ZI---5/ restaurant � L4
tl.fv u 11> 5 K!. � exercise � L11(s)
tl.fvu!1>59-@ f*-�T � to practice � L10
1// 1---7'/ X-ray � L12(s)
����@�===! ���
� < tJ'·--:J 'f:;.fl June � L4(s)
� < <! l.' 'f:;. ;;& six years old � L1 (s)
�<v �* si.-..:o'clock � L1(s)
�?1"S\fv 'f:;.�'- six minutes � L1(s)
9-{ 7 ''"ife � L?(s)
t>fl'l.' � \' young � L9
t>fl'-@ to understand � L4
t>f.J'tl.-@ $•Jn� to break up; to separate � L12
t>9tl.-@ ;$;/'L� to forget; to leaYe behind � L6
;bt;:: u ,ft. I � L1
t>t;:: u f;::'5 :fl. t.: i? we � L12- II
t>t.:-@ 51!� to cross � L6(s)
;b.Q l.' .� \ ' bad � L12
A B .C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
a- ( L \Ju 2 E n g I s h - J a p a n e s e
aJW§O)���d:J..�l'O)pgg��9 o
Items at the end of each entry indicate the fol-
lowing:
�······ ��. )(:$�
(Conversation and Grammar section)
�······ �(lj��� (Reading and Writing section)
G ······ �l, \�:) (Greetings)
(s)······ �*::J5b (Supplement)
I • II • III······F&I���(MDJf�'i'f�) (number of excercise in the
Reading and Writing section)
about - 1:::::-:::>t.\c � L8-II about (approximate measurement)
-<"St.\ � L4 absence t'9Jf it..;. � L5 absent (from) �9ct it-t: � L6 adult d3C:tc�: *.J..... � L12- II
aerogramme I7D-:7'5b. � L5(s) after . . . -;:::: ��� � L10 after (an event) (�O))®c': {�q)H� � L11, � L8-II again *.tc � L5- rr
air < 5'i'f :<!� � L8 airmail Z..5< 5<Jiv Jilti.:<!1� � L5(s) airplane oz.. 5'i'f ifufff,l � L5 alcohol (d3)<:!1t 0?) iil§ � L3 all Jflvt.J. � L9, �L7-II
all (of the people) together Jffvtc�:c:: � L8 alone U'C: � c::· -J..... -c· � L4
already t. 5 � L9 always l. \:::>'!:. � L12, � L6-lll A.M. ctflv T-iltr � L1 and so forth -t.J.c � L12- II and then t:tLf.J'G � L5 and then t-v-c � L11, � L9-II (get) angry d3Z..� � � � L12-II answer z..tcX. � � L11(s) answer z..tcX.� �;t � � L8-II anthropology ufv�l. \f.J\< J.....�Ji:* � L1 antibiotic z.. ?ttl. ''3\::> V:> #i:.�4hjf �L12(s) anything else la.:f.J'I::::: � L11(s) apartment 7/\-1-- � L7 appear C'� ::1:! � � L9
apple � fvc � uo April vf.J\:::> 1!9 � � L4(s) art museum <Jv11>-::>f.J'Iv �mn � L11 as far as (a place) -*.?:: � L5 as much as possible C''i'f�t.::lt � L12 Asian studies 7':i7'111v�l1>5 7 :17�'9E � L1 ask 'i'f< llfl < � L5 at about -c-3 � L3
at the time of . . . C:� * � L4 attend C'� ::1:! � � L9 August lcl:t5f.J\:::> -"� � L4(s) Australia 71'-.::ZI--5�7 � L1. � L11
���==(®���� back 5v-3 ��� � L4 back ttt.J.f.J' lftf> � L7(s) bad b�L\ -��� � L12 baggage l:::::t.:::> f.Hh � L6 bag f.J'I"j,fv � L2, � L2(s) bamboo hat tJ'<:! �� L10-II
band /\/I' � L11-II bank �lvZ.. 5 }R.fT � L2 barbecue 1\-r\..�.:::J..- � L8 barber's C:Z..� lt-& � L10 baseball ��11>5 Jf$;J(. � L10 bath (d3) ,3,-3 ( J?) 1!t g � L6 battery C'fvt5 'lti1!!. � L5(s) be on the heavy side ,3,c'::Jc::L\*9 :k?"C\'lt �L7 beautifu I �:ttl.' (t.J.) � L5 beauty parlor <JJ:5l.\fv ��Ffr: � L10 because . . . -f.J' 6 � L6 because . . . -(J)C' � L12 become tc�:� � uo beer t:-Jv � L11 begin lcl:vd.>� ��&0; � L8 (something) begins lcl:v*.� �� .i 7.> � L9 best l. \t:;l"j,fv -:fif � L10 between ®t.v.:: M � L4 bicycle v<::lvv'f> §�* � L2 birthday tcfvvJ:.5<J IDE.� s � L5 black < -3l.' ,�, �' � L9, � L9(s) black and white v -3 < -3 8 -� � L9(s) black board z.. < lcffv -�.f&. � L2(s) blonde hair =i'ffvlcf-::> 1:Je � L9(s) blue ®st.' 1t \' � L9, � L9(s) board (!)� *- J., � L5
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
boarding ticket LiJ:5ltt->I:Jfv *-**'- � L10(s)
boat J3,;fd. ffa � L1 o book 13:/v *- � L2, � L2(s)
bookish expression iJ'f.::l \l \l \1J't.:: n' t:::. ' ' § �,,::7 � L11(s)
bookstore 13:/v� ;f;.& � L4
boring :Ja::GtcJ:l' � L5 .
borrow fJ' I:J � 11r � {> � L6
bound for . . . �l '� �rr � � L10(s)
boxed lunch (<13) -"Zivc 5 C t;)-#- � � L9
boy <bcz::O);::: � (l)"'f � L11
boyfriend tJ'n iLt � L12
bread J\'Y � L4
break up tJtJ'n� $•Jn 6 � L12
breakfast ®<!�fd:fv -'Jlfi!r� � L3
breast �;fd. n� � L7(s)
bright ®t.::*1il \l' �J!n"', ... , � L7
bring (a person) :J:h -c < � I!n -c < {> � L6
bring (a thing) =b-::. -c < .Q �;f "? -c < {> :3o L6
Britain -1=t:l.J.A �L1, �L2
brothers and sisters �J:5t.=l' X.� � L7
brown �t->l\0l\ �� ... , � L9(s)
Bullet Train GfvtJ'Ivttfv �k�#:$. � L9
business t:::J:t.A � L1, � L2
business to take care of J:5 t; ffl * � L12
bus J\.A � L5
bus stop /\.A"'Cl\ ;\.A1� �L4
busy(people/days) l\ttJ�ul' ·ttL,, �L5
but c·=t � L3
but tJ' � L7, MG L5- II
buttocks (<13) l.t I:J � L7(s)
buy 1J'5 1( '5 � L4
by . . . �a::ct: MG L12-II
by (means of transportation) �c � L10
by all means ii'U' � qf. � L9
by the way cz::;:,-c· � L9
by what means c·5�-::. -c � L10
����©):::=· ��� cafe �-::.<!"'Cfv ��m � L2 cafeteria v J: < c 5 1�'¥ � L7
camera :JJ x 5 � L8
camp :fi" 'Y7 � L11
cap fi=f5G t� -t � L2
car <.Q3: :f �L7
carry =b :J �� ""? � L6
castle (<b)l.t-3 (�)� MGL5-II
cat ;!d;::: �li) � L4
catch a cold fJ'tf�V'< J�l)f� a- v- < � L12
celebrity 11l5libl' L/ lv 'ij � ;.._ :3o L10
chair l ,-g � L2(s)
cheap(thing) �9L.\ �'' �L5
cheerful ®f.J'iDl.\ R}!��,, �L11-II Cheers! (a toast) fJ'fvfcfL.' ftt-f � L8
child z::c·t, 7-1� � L4
child <132::<!/v �-t � lv :3o L7(s)
(my) child 5�0);::: '5 t, (l)-f � L7(s)
China �f1l5�·< o/00 �L1.�L2
Chinese character fJ'fvl/ �:f. � L6
chopsticks let l.t � L8
city a:� HlJ � L4
class ?5.A :3o L4
class L/ f1l� J:: 5 {�3t. � L11
clean �nl' (1J:) � L5
clean t-5 L/9-Q t-¥�T {> � L8
clever ®t.::a::tJ�l\l\ �J!n"'''' �L7
climb O)f3:'� it{> � L11
clock cl:tl ' *t+ � L2 close (something) G<1.l.Q F:t'lt16 {> � L6
clothes ,3,< nR � L12
cloudy weather < =b I:J 1: � :3o L12
clumsy A,f.:: (tJ.) r 4'- � L8
coffee :::J-t:- � L3
cold fJ'ii' 1!\.;f]) � L12
cold (thing/people) :Jlibt.:::l' 'l>;t::. �,' � L10
cold (weather) <!ct L.' *- �,' � L5
college t.=l \f.J"'< ::kif: � L1
college student t.:'l\tJ�<ttL.\ **.i. �L1, �L8
colloquial expression <t.=r:tt.:::l\l\tJ't.::: < t:·ttt::."t,,7J �L11(s)
color l\-3 � � L9
come <� *-6 � L3
coming from uf1l-::.ulv ±l� � L11
commuter's pass C:: L.\�I:Jfv �:JtJl*'- � L10(s)
company fJ'l' u t-> 4<--:f± � L7
composition <! < ,3\fv 1-t ::>c � L9
computer :::J'/t:-=r.--$7- � L1, � L2
concert :::J 'Y-tJ-- 1--- � L9
convenience store :::J'Yt::= � L7
convenient -"ZfviJ (tJ.) i�f·J � L7
cook I:J J:: 51:J9.Q JFI-�T {> � L8
cooking I:J J:: 51:J #I.! Me L6-m
cool (weather) 99-'GL.' 5Jl\ L �,' � L10
corner fJ'c � � L6(s) correct (0) *� � L11(s)
cough tt� � L12
cough tt�tJ'c·.Q -It� ;Qt±l {> � L12
counter *c<·� �o � L5(s)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
(counter for flat objects) -* L' "'"'l� � L5 (counter for people) -f�fv ......., ;..._ � L7 country < !� 00 � L7 coupons t.J'L r95ftfv liD�� � L10(s) cow ::>u 4 � u2-n cram school L/ � < � � L7-n
credit card ? vV·.:; 1---n- t' � L10 cross bt::.Q �lit� � L6(s) cry tc�:< jJr. < �L12-II culture ,3\fvfJ' X1t � L11-II curtain n-7-"/ � L2(s) cut �8 -w � � L8 cut classes -lfft{-@ � L11 cute fJ'bL \L' � L7
dance <De.@ $ili � � L9 date (romantic) 7'-1--- � L3
date/time something is ready u®tJ'� f±J:.I.l� 0 � L5(s)
daughter it91tl :!!&. � L12-II day after tomorrow, the ®<!-:>Z: � L4(s),
� L8 day before yesterday, the <13 c c L' � L4(s) day off �9# 1-"'.h � L5 deadline u��IJ � L11(s) December L/�5f�tJ'� +=-� � L4(s) decide ��.@ 51t&f> � � L10 .. . degrees (temperature) -c .......,&_ � L12 delicious <13l\uL' � L2 dentist ufJ' �H � L12(s) departing first ttfv!ct� 71::.� � L10(s) departing second L/lct� ;x_� � L10(s) department store -TJ\-1--- � L4 dermatologist (),3,fJ' lt.�H � L12(s) desk �<X. �JL � L2(s), � L4 development f-:ffv-'2'5 JJ!.1� � L5(s) dialect !�5!'1fv :Q � � L11(s) diary !�-:>� B�i: �L9-II dictionary l.i u J: �:tlt � L2, � L2(s) die u61'J JEi:l � L6 difficult ct9'fJ'uL' � L'•' � L5 dining commons uJ: < c5 �1:' � L7 dinner f;:J:'fv;:-(ctfv BJt�p� � L3 disco 7'1 .A::J � L8 disgusted with �GL\(1J:) -ill•' � L5 dislike �GL\(fJ:) 1t•' � L5 disposable camera �fJ'L\9Z:nx5 �-'�
-r:. tJ .F7 � L5(s)
do 98 � L3 do �.@ � L5 do laundry ttfvt::< 9.@ iJI'.liT � � L8 do physical exercises 5fvc59.@ ii.�T �
� L9 doctor L\u� �::t � L1. � L10 dog L \61'J ft.. � L4 don't look well fffv�fJ\fci:L\ 7t�1.l��-,,
� L12 door t':P � L2(s) door c ? � L10-n
dormitory IJ J: 5 � � L9-n
dream 11>6fJ � � L11 drink O)ct; � t: � L3 drink O)ib=f,O) �.h#J � L5 drive 5fvZ:fv98 il�T � � L8 drive t'51':7' � L11
����®)::::::::!��� ear bib lf � L7(s) early fctt>L' 1f. •' � L3 (do something) early lett>< 1f. < � L10 east V'tJ' u Jtt � L6(s) easy fJ' fv t:: fv C tc�:) r.ii Jfi. � L1 o easy (problem) t>c:!uL\ � L5 eat t::r>Z.Q �"' � � L3 economics ftL\�L\ *&* � L1, � L2 eight "\?-:>� A"? � L9 eight minutes lct-:J,3\Iv/ld:'t5'3'1v A $1" � L 1(s) eight o'clock !ct't5 L/ A* � L1(s) eight years old !ct-:>c:!L\ A/il!i; � L1(s) eighteen minutes li�51d:'t5'3,fv/Li�5fct-:>i5\fv
-t-A $1" � L1 (s) eighth day of a month, the ct.51J' AS
� L4(s) electricity <:fv� �� � L2(s), � L6 eleven minutes L/..P5Lb,3\lv -t---$3- � L1(s) eleven o'ctock L/�5L\'!5L/ +-* � L1(s) eleven years old Li�5L\-:>c:!L\ +-it
� L1(s) eleventh day of a month, the
L/�5L\'!5f�'t5 +-a � L4(s) (something) ends <13b.Q -�:b � � L9 energetic 11 fv� CtJ:) ::1t � � L5 English (language) X.L\;:- *� � L1 ENT doctor l./UfJ' lf.fH4- � L12(s) enter lctL \.Q A 6 � L6 entrance L' � <.""b A o � L1 O(s) erase lt9 jilf T � L6
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
eraser l:t v ::r.u �Jli L ::1· L.. � L2(s) essay ts < ,3,1v 1'F x � L9 every day *l'l�"5 �8 �L3 every night *l'lc!lv �BJt � L3 every week *l'v�5 �il! � L8 everyone #/;J..islv � � lv � L6-III Everything is under control.
t.:c' L/ J: 5,3, :f:.;J.:..� � Ls exam v l:t lv �� � L9 example ;tu' i7•J � L11(s) excellent food �"5-t-5 � L9- II Excuse me. 9#*ttlv � G exercise ttlvv�5 *!� � L11(s) exit C'� :±l {> � L9, � L6-I exit c·<·t:; :±l o � L10(s) expensive t:::.1J'l' T§i", � L2 express ��5Z.5 .�.ft �L10(s) eye � 13 � L7, � L7(s)
������� ��� face 1J''S lUi � L7(s), � L10 fall ®� tx � uo family 1J'-f:< �-* � L7 famous fg>5�l\(tc�:) 1!-Z � L8 fantastic 9<:�(tcJ:) -!"� � L12 farm l;tt:::.l:t :,qg � L12-II fast l;tt->l' i!"' � L7 fast l;tt-> < .!f. < � L1 0 father d3C::::>e!lv nX � lv � L1, � L2,
� L7(s) (my) father "5"5 X � L7, � L?(s) February 1�1J'"J ::... fl � L4(s) festival *:JIJ �� �L11-II fifteen minutes L/�5�'3'/v + .n. -$]" � L1(s) fifth day of a month, the l \"J'/J' .n. 8 � L4(s) film 71 Jvb. � LS(s) find #:JI:t� Ji.--?lt{> �L12-II finger f:PU �� � L7(s) first V'C::"J� -"? 13 � L6(s) first car l\"5lc!lv*X. -=i-wr � L10(s) first day of a month, the "Jl 't:::."5 - 8
� L4(s)
first of all *9- �� L8- II first-year student l \t:;;t.:llvttl' -� � � L1 fish ts.t:J'tJ. f!!. � L2 fishing :J IJ � L11-II five l \"J"J .n. "? � L9 five minutes �,3,fu E.§J- � L1(s) five o'clock �L/ .n.!Jlf � L1(s)
five years old z::ts.l\ E./if. � L1(s) flight Ulv -f!t � L10 flower (;3:tcJ: n � L12 fond of 9�(/;J..) -».:. � L5 food t:::."'-.=b(J) �""-t� � L5 foot ®v Jt � L7(s), � L12 for example t:::.C:X.Ict � L11(s) for ... months -'/J'I::J'"J �-h· fl � L10 for the first time l;tl/�<: 1JJ6>':>"C �L12 for two to three days l�tslvl�"5 ::...:=.. 8
� L12 for ... weeks -v�5i'J'Iv �i!M � uo foreign country tJ'l ,z. < ?�1!1 � L11 forget b9rt-@ iS n {> � L6 four J:?"J 1!9"? � L9 four minutes J:fv,3\lv 1!9§}- � L1(s) four o'clock J:L/ 29* � L1(s) four years old J:lvtsl' 1!9/tf. � L1(s) fourteen minutes L/�5J:fv,3\lv +1!9'7.7"
� L1(s) fourteenth day of a month, the
L/�5J:?1J' +1!98 � L4(s) fourth day of a month, the J:-:dJ' 1!9 8
� L4(s) Friday �lvJ:5U 11:-Bi 8 � L4, � L4(s) friend c:tst.:"5 :JJ:..t::·-; � L1 frightening Z.Vl' ·t:lji"' � L5 from . . . -1J'6 � L9, � L7- II front *X. f.r � L4 front end l\"5lc!lv*X. -=i-iltr � L10(s) fun t:::.(J)vl' �L"' �L5 future v J: 5 f:Jl' �'** � L11
gain weight ,3,(:-@ :t.� � L? game v®l\ �.g. � L12 gate 1J'l \c.!"J c�{L � L10(s) general admission seat L/f:P5tt� § w/$
� L10(s) get (a grade) c� lPt {> � L11 get (from somebody) :ts65 � L9 get off d31J� Ft � 6 � L6 get to know v-@ � {> � L7 get up 4:3�-@ �� 6 � L3 Get well soon. t:>tcl\L/1� n:k�n: 'ft L12 girl d3fvfcJ:(J)Z. -k0-T � L11 girlfriend 1:J'O)L/J: .flt-k �L12, �L11-II glasses �i'J'tl H!H.1t � L7 glossy finish z.5t:::.<®IJ ;?(.)R.c'b � �LS(s)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
gloves <::'3'< 0 4'--Ji � L10
go L \< 1T < � L3 go back fJ'x?:> �� � � L3 go on a diet -5''-{I·Yt--9� �L11 go out c1J'I1?:> iliiJ· tt � � L5
go to sleep tl?:> � � � L3 God 1J'd:J.tn3� :fiji� .i � L12- rr gold �lvL \-3 §!:-� � L9(s) gold =f-J[; f-.:: � L9(s) good L\L\ � L3 Good afternoon. <::fvf;:::t)fct: � G
good at . . . l./ J: 59' (tc:J:) .1:. 4'- � L8 good child L\L\<:: ''\'-f � L9 good deed L\L\<::c �L10-II Good evening. <::lvr�·lvrct: � G
Good morning. d3fct:�5/d3fct:�5;::�L'*9
Good night. d3�9d:J.fc:J:<!L' � G
Good-bye. <!�5tc:J:E> � G
grade (on a test, etc.) ttL \it� Ji'<J.l � L12 graduate student tO::L\tJ�<t-\lvttL\ :k�P.lt�
� L1 grammar ,3\lvf£5 x5t. � L11(s) grandfather d:>vL \<!lv � L7(s) (my) grandfather t-,3, :fllX � L7(s) grandmother d:>fcl:�<!lv � L6, � L7(s) (my) grandmother tf� :fll� � L7(s) gray ?1...-- � L9(s) gray fct:L \L \-3 '* � � L9(s) great-looking fJ'?;:: L \L' � L7
green -'J' �-Y � L9(s) green d:J.c'O k-t � L9(s) green tea (d3)t5t-> (}.;)� � L3 guardian deity of children l./-t'5 � L10- II guitar :¥5'- � L9
hair fJ'd:J. � � L7, � L7(s) half lct:lv -'¥ � L 1 half past two 1;::: L/ lct:lv .::. at-'¥ � L1 hamburger /\'./ J\-7j'- � L3 hand <:: 4'- � L7(s) handsome 1\Yt:tb.(tc:J:) � L5 hangover ,3o1J'�L' .::. e G!!:•' � L12 happy L-®t>tttc:J: $-It >j: � uo- II hat 1�5 L- tlil-t � L2 hate t.:L\�E>L\(tc:J:) *�"' �L5 have a fever tl:::>tJ�®?:> �h{ .t � � L12 have a fight 111v1J'9 ?:> � L 11
have a lot of free time V'* (tc:J:) aFI � L5 have a scheduling conflict
-::>;::51J�P�L \ ot�"*IJt.� \' � L12 have a talk lct:tc�:L-�9� �a: T � � L9- II head �it* $� � L7(s) healthy l'flv�(fd:) Jt"- � L5 hear � < M < � L3 heavens, the <::lv � � L12-II Hello? (used on the phone) =b L-=b L- � L4 help <::::>t.:5 4'-1z- 7 � L6 here ;:: ;:: � L4 Here it is. (-7d:)c5-t' �L2 high school ;:: 5;:: 5 �iX � L1 high school student <::5<::5ttL\ �iX�
history :tt�L- Jttj;_ �L1, �L2 hobby L-fild:J. �'* � L11-II hold =b-::> �"--:::> � L6 holiday �9d:J. -f*.J.,. � L5
home L\X. � � L3 home 5t5 � L3 homesickness 11\-b.�·y? � L12 homestay 11\-b..::Z 71' � L8 homework L- 11> < t.: L' fa' I! � L5, � L11(s) hospital UJ:5L\Iv rnf'Jt � L4 host family 11\.::Zt--7?2�- �L11, �L9-II hot (objects) ®::>L' � \' � L5 hot (weather) �::>L' � \, � L5 hot spring d:>lvttlv 1�=* � L9 hotel 11\7 J[; � L4 hour -L/t:J'fv �*raj � L4 house L \;t � � L3 house 515 � L3 housewife L-11>,3, .:£.� � L1 how c5�?l: � L10 How about ... ? c 5 c91J' � L3 How do you do ? let: l./6'J* L-<:: � G
How is ... ·? c5c:91J' � L3 how long cO)<.E>L\ � L10 how much L\< E> � L2 how much cO)<:'GL' � L10 (become) hungry d3tc�:1J'1J'9< � L11 hurry L\t<." .�<· �L6 hurt L\ltL\ fill"' �L12 husband 5150)V'c 7 -t; �J.... � L7(s) husband d3?c r.. � L7(s) husband (Z::)L-!1>vlv (;:::·).:t.J.... �L7(s) husband t.:lvtc:J: � L7(s)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
I tJ t.:: v :f.t.. il:: L1
I (used by men) 1£< fl � L5 I am sorry. 9(h.3::ttlv � G
I do not know v 0 3::ttlv � � i-tt 1v il:: L7 l know v?C::L\3::9 �o-?-(\'iT �L7
if that is the case, . . . L/f.>® � L2 if you like J.:.t:J'-:.d: ... S � L7
I'll go and come back. LbC::�3::9 � G
illness UJ:5� �71. �L9, �L12(s)
I'm home. t.::tC.L '* � G
I'm sorry. ;:::(J)fvtcJ�L' � L4
in a few moments/days =b59<" � L12 in the morning -::::iilv'5�5 '1'-1\tr.P � L9-II
in ... time -2 �qb: � L10 inconvenient -='-::::51J\b�L' t�''*-h:.� \'
� L12
inexpensive '\?9L' � �' � L5
injection '5�5vf.> i.H-t � L12(s) injury lff.l' � L12(s) inside tcJtJ' <t � L4
instruct <13vX.� ��� �L6 insurance 13:11/v f¥.� � L5(s)
interested (in) � J:. 5(h.f.l'0� �''.1d: 1:> � �L12
interesting <13=5 v-3L \ iW a\' � L5
international relations ;: < �L \f.l'lvi1L' 00� �f� il:: L1
international student 0 � 51:l'' < ttL' WI ¥ .i. �L1
introduce vJ:51:l'L\9� �11-T � � L11 (a person) is in . . . L '� � L4
it has been a long time V'�v,3\0 :A. L.;: � � L11
It is okay. tC.L\L/J:5'3' :kJ:..7<... � L5
(;\J ========����======== January L \'51:l'-=' - � � L4(s) Japan 1::: 13:/v 8 * � L 1
Japanese language 1::1a::Jv2:: 8 *� � L1 Japanese people l::ta::Jvl/lv a*" � L1 jeans :;J-:Y :A � L2 job v2::c i±l= �L1, �L8 JUice V.:z.-:::z �L12
July v'51:l'-=' -c � � L4(s)
June 0<1:l'-=' �� �L4(s)
just . . . -tC.I1 � L11
Kabuki 1J',3i� il:: L9
kanji 1:l'lvl/ )l� � L6
karaoke 1:J5::t7 � LB kind vlvtt-='(tc�:) �-w � L7
kind (person) '\?� v L' � L5
kiosk lcfL\C::fv %� � L10(s) (get to) know l.t� ja � � L7 Korea 1:l'lv:: < �00 � L1, � L2
========���======== lake (h.9"5(h. iiJl � L11
language -2:: �� � L1 language lab LU:r:JI.a:Jv) � L3 large <13<13�L' :k !< \' � L5
last car L\'5lilv5v-3 -·t!Hb:7:. � L10(s)
last month ttlvlt-=' 7t � � L4(s), � L9
last train v�5C'Iv �'t � L10(s) last week itlvv�5 Jt� � L4, � L4(s) last year � J:. tJ.Iv � � � L4(s)
lastly �L \;::::!;: Jil.���: � LB- n
late <13tL\ 11�, � L10 (do something) late d3-t< 1£ < � LB, � L4-rrr
late (for) <13t < 1J:� i! < � � � LB
late (for an appointment) '5 z: < 9 � i£�11 T � � L11
later on ®C:C' 1Jt -c· � L6
lawyer "fv;::· v 4Hi ± � L1 learn fci-65 W -J � L11
leave behind :b9tl� Sn {> � L6 left v-tc. 0 tL � L4
left side V'�IJ1:l':b E:fP.� � L6(s)
leg d8v Ji. � L?(s), � L12
leisurely �? < 0 � L6 Let me see. t5C'9tl � L3
letter C::f.l'(h. 4-� �L4 letter ,3,5 v J: #:et � L5(s)
library C:vJ:f.l'lv @:fH'& � L2
I ife ttl \tJ'-=' .i. ;;5- � L1 o light blue ih9'l\0 7]<.� � L9(s)
like 9�(1J:) � !< � L5
line number ... -�J:5(J) �ft § � L11(s) listen �< &, < � L3
I iterature ,3\fvf} < x ¥ � L1, � L7- II
little, a '5J:. ?C � L3
little, a 9::v 1'L �L7-II
little while ago, a �?� � L4 live 9ct ii.{; � L7
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
lively r::�-1->tJ'(tcJ:) � L5
living ttL 't.J'-::> j:_);5- � L10
living with a local family l!\-b7.-T-1 �L8
local (train) ,305 iH! � L10(s}
lonely �UuL' >JR L " ' � L9
long tJf.J\L' -&"' � L7
look at (f}.� JL � � L3
look forward (to) (-;a:)t.:O)u(f}.l::9� � Lh t:-t� �L7-II
look pale t.J'd3f.J\®d3L' H.lh'J{-t"' � L9(s)
looking for . .. -l�uf1:>5 ........ �� � L11-II
lose tJ< 9 � L12
lose weight -1->tt� � L7
lot, a t.:< �fu � L4
love t.= L '9� (tJ) *.:iff � � L5
lunch u-�cld::lv �1iEJl� � L3
������� ��� magazine if-=> u **-� � L3
major ttfv=bfu .w.r, � L1
make -::> < � fl' � � L8
make a phone call c·fvp;a:t.J'I1� �� � n· It� � L6
man <De;::: � � L11-II
man sc;:::O)V'c � (!)J.... � L7
many t.:< �fu � L4
March �futJ'-::> .::. .R � L4(s)
(get) married 11::><:fv9� �ti:ll�T� �L7
mat finish ;::: :St.:< tJu Jt5Rt: L � L5(s}
match u®L' �-g. � L12
May Z:.t.J"'--:J 1i .R � L4(s)
maybe f.:,3\fu 5- � � L12
meal cld::fv 1�r� � L4
meaning L \(f}. �'*- � L11(s}, � L12
mean-spirited L' t;tJ�(1J:) ;t-:11!!.}� � L9
meat r::< � � L2
medicine < 9� rt#. � L9
meet <:155 %7 � L4
memorize si�X.� 'it it� 3i L9
menu x=:J..- � L2
Milky Way, the ®*O)f.J\p }((!)!ll � L12-II Monday 11-::>J:SU .R aa a � L4, 3i L4(s}
money (<13) t.J';Q (j:.;) � � L6
month after next, the �GL,I1-::> .:ij.*�
3i L4(s}
more =b::>c � L11
morning ®� -'JJ 3i L3
mother d3i'J'®"t"lv :lS ��A., � L1, � L2, � L7(s}
(my) mother ld:ld:: � � L7(s)
mountain �* J.. � L11, � L5-II
mountain road �*(f}."b J..it � L10-II
mouth < t5 o 3i L7(s}
movie X.L 'f.J' �i® � L3
Mr./Ms. . . . -�fv � L1
Mr./Ms. . . . -�* ........ � � L5-II much J:< 3i L3
Municipal Hospital u(f}.fvUJ::5L'fv $��Bt �L6
music sfut.J'< �� � L3
my place 5t5 � L3
������� ��� name tJ*X. � iW 3i L1
narrow tt*L' �"' 3i L12
near t-l;:f � L4
near future <:fuc." 1-J.t.
near place "bt.J'< iii< neck < U it 3i L7(s}
need L'� � L8
negative .::f.n· 3i L5(s}
�L9
�L11-II
neighborhood �fvlJJ:: i!ifiT � L11-II
(get) nervous �fvt5J::59� �*i" � 3i L12
new ®t.:GuL' �iTL"' 3iL5
New Year's (d3)uJ:3t.i'-::> (;t;).J:.� �L11,
� L10-II
newspaper ufv,3\fv �Jtlil1 3i L2
next c1J:IJ � 3i L4
next -::>� IX. � L6
next (stop), . . . -:J�Id::- ;xt.i........ � UO(s}
next month GL,I1-::> *� 3il4(s}, 3il8
next semester GL,t.J''-=>� *-*AA � L10
next week G L' u f1:> 5 *-I!! 3i L4(s}, � L6
next year GL,;fdfv *� � L4(s), � L6
Nice to meet you. C.'5-tJ:6 u < � G
night J:� 1Z � L6, � L5-II
nine ;::: 2:0)-:J fL---::> � L9
nine minutes �f1:>5,3,fv fL� � L1(s}
nine o'clock < c; fL* � U(s}
nine years old �f1:>5�L' fL/};. :3: L1(s}
ninteen minutes uf1:>5�f1:>5/3\fv +fL�
� L1(s}
ninth day of a month, the <:<:O)f.J' fL a � L4(s}
nonsmoking car �luxfvu� ��5¥- � L10(s}
north �t.: :!t � L6(s}
nose ld::tJ J¥. 3i L7(s}
not . .. anything t,J(;:t, +negative 1PJ t � L7
not at all iffvitfv +negative �� � L3
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Not at all. L \L \X. � G
not busy V'i:l: (1J:) aFI � L5
not ... in particular .r\.-.::>1.:: +negative 31] 1:
�L7
not much ®i:l: IJ + negative � L3
not spacious tti:I:L \ � •, � L12
Not to worry. tC.L\l.iJ:-5'3' *..;t._!<._ � L5
not ... yet i:!:tC. +negative � L8
notebook / -1--- � L2
November Li�"5L\"t5t:J'-.::> +-� �L4(s)
now '-'* � � L1 no "5"5fv � L8
No. L\L\X. � G
number f<ffv�-5 it-� � L1 number . . . -f<ffv """'* � l11(s)
����@):::::::! ���
obstetrician and gynecologist t5_fv,3,l.ifvtJ' &'*A.H � L12(s)
occupation G�c 1±• � L1, � L8
o'clock -Li """'* � L1 October l.i �"5t:J'-.::> + � � L4(s)
of course '5t50fv � L7
office worker t:l' L \ u � L \fv 4,:-:f.± Jl � L1, � L8
often J;: < � L3
okay *05*05 :e l11
old (thing) ,3,-@L\ 15"•' � L5
old woman t:>f<f®"ts.fv � L6, � L7(s)
older brother sr.::c \"ts.fv };)(.�A, � L1, � L7, � L7(s)
(my) older brother 051.:: X. � L7(s)
older sister t:>:QX.ts.fv };:l!iji �A, � L1, � L7,
� L7(s)
(my) older sister ®:I'd :l!iji � L7, � L7(s)
once a year L\"t5:Qfvf.::L\"t5c - � 1: -.!t � l12-II
once upon a time a:JtJ'ua:JtJ' u -w� � l10-II
one Oc-.::> --? � L9
one . . . ®-@- � l12-n
one hour l\'5G:f:J'fv -eH,, � L4
one minute L \-:J,3\fv -� � L1(s) one o'clock L \"tsl.i -lltf � L1, � L1(s)
one person oc IJ -A. � L7
one way t.l't::.a:J.t5 J:t:it � l10(s)
one year old Lb"ts.L\ -� � L1(s)
oneself l./,3\fv � � � L10- II
on "5X. J:.. � L4
on foot 05-@L \"<: � \, -c � L10
N 0 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
only . . . -t.::r:t � l11
open (something) ®l:t-@ fm It 7.> � L6
operation u � l.i �-.::> 4'-i;tT � l12(s)
ophthalmologist t:J'fvt:J' D�H � l12(s)
or -t:J'- � l10
orthopedic surgeon ttL \l:tL \lft:l' ��::S'�;f-4 � L12(s)
other day, the tt fv l.i-.::> 7t a � L9-n
other side, the t;::: "5 �::::. -J � l12- n
otorhinolaryngologist l.ilft:l' lf.f¥-H
� L12(s)
outdoor activities YrJ 1--- I'? � l11-II
over there ®-t;::: � L2
over there ;t;:::-5 �.:: -J � L12-II
overtime work t!.fv�J:-5 K� � L8-II
own (a pet) t:l'-5 !iiJ -J � L11
����®)=::��� page .r\.-V � L6
page number . . . -.r\.-V � l11(s)
painful L \t.::L \ � •' � l12
panoramic JU 57 � L5(s)
pants J\'../'Y � L10
parcel ;::: -:5-.::>a:J. + E!. � L5(s)
parenthesis t:J'-;;;::: � l11(s)
park z.? ?...fv �Ill � L4
part-time job Y JvJ\-11--- � L4
party /\-7-1- � L8
pay lett>? �ld � l10
pen -"\.'../ � L2, � L2(s)
pencil X.fvl.J-.::> ftitf: � L2, � L2(s)
people -vfv "'"'A � L1 people V'C:Uc A.� � l12-II
perform �-@ � L5
person v-c A. � L4
photograph u�ufv �� �L4
physician tJ:L \t:l' i*J{4- � l12(s)
piano C:? / � L9
picture G� ufv �Jt � L4
pink C:'../? � L9(s)
pitiful t:l';bL \t?fd: � l12-II
place e:;:::;:, ;;n- � L8
place of origin < r.:: @I � L7
platform It\-b. � L10(s)
play ®t-'3' �-;: � L6
play (a string instrument or piano) o< 5lj!. < � L9
... , please. C-�)d3:fdt:J'L'u*9 � L2
Please give me . . . C-�)<�ts.L\ �L2
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Please go and come back. L \-::> c G-=> G t> L'
�G P.M. ;::-;:::· �H� � L1
... points -clv �.-??, * L11 polite expression cL'tlL,tcJ:L'L'fl't.: --c�'tl
\' lJ: � \ '1i � L11(s) politics ttL'l/ ilil:ii'> * L1, * L12 poor at . . . A..t.: (fcl:) r 4'- � LS popular r:lv�t:J'®-8 A.�i.I''JfJ {, � L9 pork cutlet C.lv1J'-.:J * L2 post office 11!5LJA.r�J:: < !�1�.%; � L2 postal stamps �-=>c W-1' � L5, � L5(s) postcard ld:t.J'� 1lt :tt � L5, * L5(s) practice nfvGrp·Y9-8 t!W't {, * L10 present ::::tL.tiZY 1-- � L12 president of a company l-t>"bJ::-5 :f±-&.
* L11 print ::11):.:.; 1-- * L5(s) probably b3\lv ?"n'" �L12 probably -c·GJ:-5 � L12 Professor . . . ttfvttL' 1t;E * L1 pronunciation I<J:-.:Jd3fv *:-1t * L11(s) purple ctG�� � � L9(s) put (a hat) on a person's head
-!;:::-1if:1J',3\tt-8 � L10-II put on (a hat) f.J',3\-8 � L7 put on (clothes above your waist)
�-8 � {, � L7 put on (glasses) (6fJ1J'tl1if:)1J'I1-8 * L7 put on (items below your waist) ld: < � L7
����@}=::::! ���
quarrel 11/vf.J'"§"'-8 * L11 question u-.:J'I:,Iv 'jfr<., * L11(s) questionnaire Y Y-'7-1-- �� LS-II quiet u9"1J'(tc�:) tf-IJ' * L5 quit t:>OD-8 � L11
rain ®6D m � LS (it) rains 056fJ1J'''3'-8 m IJ{Ft {, * LS read J:ct �iet: * L3 (be) realized f.J'fcl:-5 � L12-II Really? l3:fvc:Sc·"§"'f.J' *� '""C"'th· * L6 receipt 0�1J'x!11v ?l.:S�:it� �L5(s) red ®f.l' L' :;JF �' * L9, * L9(s) regarding to -!:JL 'c � LS-II registered mail 1J'�c6D :tW � L5(s) reply (d3)A..fvl/ t:;�$: �L11-II
reprint t>�* u #a .:X�\¥ L * L5(s) reservation J:t:>< 7 ,f,J � L10 reserved seat VC::L \it� ��lt.l$ * L10(s) rest t>"§"'ct 1::f.t: * L6 restaurant L..t ::z 1--5:.:.; � L4 restroom d3c® G L' t:; 4'- ;;t \ ' � L2 return f.J'x-8 •l* {, � L3 return (things) fl'X.. "§"' � 't � L6 rice <:-ld:fv {ifp� � L4 rice cake (;b)=b"b WC L10-II rich person (d5)1J'.fd=b"t5 (t-:;)�4� I? � L10 ride (f)g * {, � L5 right #'5:. 7o � L4 ... ,right? -C'GJ:-5 *L12 right away "§"'<" � L6 right side #'5:.tJ'v :S"-!l'J � L6(s) river f.J'V Jll � L11-II room "'t> .g:�.!i � L5 roommate Jv-.b.><-1-- � L11 round trip ct:3-5,3,< .fi-ll � L10(s)
���===(®):::==! ��� sad fl'fcl:uL\ .� L \' �L10-II sake (d3)<!"11 (t:;)�i!li � L3 Saturday cJ:-5LJ ±BltE �L3, *L4(s) say L \-5 § "? � LS school t.J'-.:>Z..-5 ¥� * L3 science f.J'f.J'< H¥ � L1 sea -5# ;'!i: * L5 season �tt-.:J $-iP � L10 second ,3,f.:J6fJ .::. -;y El * L6(s) second day of a month, the ,3o1J' .::. a
* L4(s) secondly J'5:.1: ;xt: � LS-II see #-8 Jt {, � L3 see (a person) ®-5 % "7 * L4 se II -5-8 1t {, �� L 1 0- II separate t:Jfl'n-8 $•Jtt. {, * L12 September < tJ'J fL fJ � L4(s) serious * l/6Dtc�: � L12-II serving ... areas -la:-56fJiv �7JiiD � L10(s) seven tc�:tcJ:J -!: -;y * L9 seven minutes tc�:fcl:,3,fv -!:� � L1(s) seven o'clock G"b l/ -!:* * L1(s) seven years old tc�:tc�:�L\ -!:� � L1(s) seventeen minutes L/rp-5tc�:tc�:,3,fv +-!:�
* L1(s) seventh day of a month, the tc�:O)f.J' -!:a
� L4(s)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Shinkansen ufv1J'Ivttfv '*IT�� � L9
ship 13'tl �.} � L10 shirt Yi''.Y � L10
shoes < :::> .¥it � L2
shopping 1.J'L \=1:,0) N: \ '�� � L4
short (length) i7J L/1.J'L\ �.ii\ ' � L7
short (stature) ttt.J;D'< L \ "lfl.l"i� " , � L7
shoulder 1J't:::. � � L7(s)
show someone around <P.ifvtc�:L r9 -8 � r*l T �
� L9-II
shrine L/fvl/� #:.f± � L11- n sickness UJ:: 5� � � � L9
silver �fvL\-3 � @. � L9(s)
silver yJ[;/\- � L9(s)
simple 1J'fvt:::.fv(fc.J.) 1.1i .!j1. � L10
sing 5t:::.5 � 7 � L7
singer 1.J' u � �k. -t- � L11
sit down 9b-8 � � � L6
six �? :::> �"? � L9
six minutes -3 ?13\fv � � � L1(s)
six o'clock -3 < L/ �at � L1(s)
six years old -3 < <!"L \ � it � L1(s)
sixteen minutes L/ � 5 -3?13\fv +�� � L1(s)
sixth day of a month, the �L \1.J' � 8 � L4(s)
ski A:i=-- � L9
skillful L/ J:: 59-(fc.J.) J:.-t- � L8
sky, th e l.fv � � L12-II
sleep tl-8 � � � L3
sleepy tl<tL\ H� \ ' � L10
slide A 5-1 I' � L5(s)
slow t:3tL \ 1! " ' � L10
slowly 11.>? < 0 � L6
small '5 L \c:!L' + � \ , � L5
smart ®t:*t.J'L \L \ JiJU,<\ ' " ' � L7
smoke t:::. lcf ;:: ;{f95 t: t.t• ::: � '2Z 7 � L6
snack (t:3)1.J'u ( t:; ) tit.-T � L11
snow �� � � L12, � L10- II
so t:!.1J' 6 � L4
soccer -tr·;.�:t.J- � L10
something tc�: l::t.J' 1PJ n' � L8
sometimes C::�c� at -« � L3
song 5t:::. ilk. � L7
so-so *iP.l*® � L11
south d:ftc:J:iTJ W! � L6(s)
souvenir (t:3) d:ft>l:f ( }; ) ± & � L4
spa t:3fvttfv ;_giR_ � L9
speak l�fc.J.9 � T � L3
special delivery t < t:::> i!;t � L5(s)
spend time pleasantly ®t-13\ �.;: � L6
sports Alt\-'.Y � L3
spring 1�-8 * � L10
stairs f.J'L \tcfv r%i'i£ � L10(s)
stand up t:::.:::> :iL -.:> � L6
standard Japanese D'J:: 5 L/�fvZ: {if.�� � L11(s)
stare (at) L/-3 L/-3#-8 t 7, t 7, Jt � � L8
station X.� .� � L10, � L6- r stay (at a hotel, etc.) C::*-8 i8 1 � � L10
stays at . . . L \-8 � L4
stomach sfc.J.1.J' � L7(s), � L12
store d:ftt r.s � L4- m
straight * ? 9 <· � L6(s), �7'C L6- I
stress A 1-- [..; A � L8- n strip of fancy paper t:::.fv-0.< � L12- II
student t.J� < ttL' ¥ j:_ � L1
student discount t.J' < t:> O �$1 � L10(s)
study l"(fv� J:: 59-8 1fM! T � � L3
study abroad 0 � 5 1.J' < 9-8 'fll � T � � L11
subway '51.J'l.::> :teTi� � L10
summer tc:J:? 1l � L8
Sunday l::t5c:l:: 5lf 8 Bif 8 � L3, � L4(s) sunny weather l�n � n � L12
super express c ? � � 5 �� .� � L10(s)
supermarket A-J'\- � L4
surface mail 13,fc.J.Ufv �d-i� � L5(s)
surfing -tr-'7 1' :/ � L5
surgeon l:f1.J' ?�*1- � L12(s)
(be) surprised l!? < 09-8 � L10- n sweat shirt 1-- [..;-7-- � L2
Sweden A') :r. -7:/ � L1
sweet ®*L \ 1:t \' � L12
sweet bun (t:3)*fvl5 � 5 � L4-m
sweets (t:3) 1.J' G ( t:;) *--r � L11
swim t:3c:l:: <" i*'- <·· � L5
tail end L \'5 (cffv5 G-3 -{f-q� 7, � L10(s) take (a class) C:: -8 llx. � � L11, � L7-n take (amount of time/money) f.J'f.J'-8 � L10
take (pictures) C:: -8 ia � � L4
take (something) u ? l.L\< t� -? -c �. , < � L8
take a bath (t:3)13,-31::1�L\� ( t:; ) � 8 t : A. � � L6
take a walk c:!lvla:'9-8 � � T � � L9
take back ::>;ttl.t.J';t� i!n-c·�� � L12-II
Take care. C?l�, t:31:flv�C? -c· t.t. t:; Jt � -c·
� L5-II
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
take care of oneself t.J'St.:t::�:;a:-:>!1-Q
1'-f.. t:� a: -? lt {, � L7-II take medicine < 9 '::);a:O)t; � a:�v � L9 take off c � Ji;t {, � L1 0- II talk lcttJ:9 MiT � L3 tall ttf.l\tc.t.J'l' 'M"h{lt � ' � L7 tape 7-7 � L2 teach d3v:Z� fk .:t {, � L6 teacher ttfvttL' 7t.i. � L1 telephone c·fvv 'tMi � L1 tell a lie 5-t:;a:-:>< � L11 temperature (weather) �d3fv ��� � L12 temple (d3)L" S ( t? ) � � L4 ten cd3 + � L9 ten minutes L5 �-P � '3ifv +� � L1(s) ten o'clock L5 �-P 5 L5 +!!l � L1(s) ten years old 1../ �-P� (!l\ +£& � L1(s) tennis 7=7-. � L3 tenth day of a month, the cd3t.J' + a
� L4(s) test 77-. 1-- � L5 textbook � c:�; 5t.J' v J; fXH:t." � L6 Thank you. if5'::) 7.J'c5/0 '::)f.J'C::52<!L '*9 � G Thank you. c 5 =b � L2 Thank you for the meal. (after eating)
Thank you for the meal. (before eating) l\ 1::1:::�*9 � G
that . . . -tO) � L2 that . . . (over there) ®0) � L2 that one -tn � L2 that one (over there) i?.in � L2 That would be fine. 11�;:5c9 �.m-·e-;
� L6 That wouldn't be necessary.
11�;:5-c9 �ti�·e-t � L6 That's right. t5L"9 � L1 That's right. t 5"C9t1 � L3 That's too bad. ti'fvt1fvc·9t.J 7��-c·-ttl
� L8 then . . . Lif>i?.i � L2 there t-;: � L4 there are many . . . d3d3l' $> �' � L12 there is . . . ®.Q � L4 therefore t:3.1.J'G � L4 thermometer tc.l \d3fvl1l' 1'-f..�tt � L12(s) these days ;:0)�-3 � uo thin t->ttz:l '*9 � L7 thing (concrete object) t,O) 4� � L12
think d3t.5 ;� -J � L8 third day of a month, the #-=>t.l' :==.. a � L4(s) (become) thirsty O)ct.J't.J':b< 0 �-·�h� <
� L12 thirteen minutes L.i �5�fv,3ifv + :==.. � � L1(s) thirty minutes (!fv G �-P -=>,3ifv :==..+ � � L1(s) this . . . ;:0) � L2 this month ;:fvl"f-:> � J'l � L4(s), � L8 this morning 11(! �lJl � L8 this one ;:;tt � L2 this person (polite) ;:t:;G � L11 this semester ;:fvt.J'�� �¥AA � L11 this week ;: fv v !1l 5 �i!!l. � L4(s), � L6 this year ;:: e: v �� � L4(s), � L10 three #�-:> :==..-::> � L9 three minutes (!fv,3ifv =.. � � L1(s) three o'clock �fvl5 =..!!l � L1(s) three years old �fv(!l \ =.IJ&; � L1(s) throat O)C:..' � L12 Thursday =t:. < ct5U *-SV a � L4, � L4(s} t icket �� '3' 1:JJ N � L5 (boarding) ticket L.i c:�; 5 vt->l:tfv *-Ji!.� � 10(s) ticket vending area ��'3i5 '::) ld:' VJtf% ry J�
� L10(s} till (a time) -£c· � L5 (be) tired -::>t.J'n L"l \.Q �n -c � ' {, � L8-II (get) tired -:>t.J'n.Q �n � � L11 to (a place) -£c· � L5 today � c:�; 5 � a � L3, � L4(s) together L\� v c:�; t::: -*-t t: � L5 together with (a person) -c � L4 tomato 1--v r- � L8 tomorrow 0 u tc. � L3, � L4(s} tonight ;:fvt<f.fv �B)t � L3 tooth let l'E � L7(s), � L12 tough (situation) tc. l\"'-fv(tJ:) :k�
� L6, � L5-II town £'5 1BJ � L4 toy d3=b'5� � L11 track number . . . -l<tfvttfv �:tiH.t � L10(s) traffic light ufvc5 it� � L6(s) train cfv v f> �Ji!. � L6 transfer 0) '::) t.l':Z *- ry � .:t � L10(s) trave l '::) c:�; ;: 5 :?Rft � L5 T-shirt T V"\? '.Y � L7 Tuesday 1.J'J:. 5 U .:kill a � L4, � L4(s) turn £t.Jt.Q !l!1 1.1: {, � L6(s) turn off 119 ifi T � L6 turn on -::>11� � L6
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
TV T- v t: � L2(s), � L3 twelve minutes t; �g> 5 1;:,3,fv +�-$1- � L1(s) twelve o'clock t; �g> 5 !;: t; + � * � L1(s) twentieth day of a month, the ld:-:>1:J' � + 8
� L4(s) twenty minutes J;: t; � "J'3'1v �+-$1- � L1(s) twenty years old ld:t.::"5 �+.&i; � L1(s) twenty-four-print
!;: t; � 5 J:fv�H,C:0 24-i'xtl � :g; L5(s) twenty-fourth day of a month, the
!;: t; � 5 ci:: "J1:J' �+l!B 8 � L4(s) two ,3,f:::J � -::; � L9 two minutes 1;:,3,1v � -$1'- � L1(s) two months ago !;:1:J'I:f:J*X. �1.1' fl lltr
� L4(s) two o'clock J;: t; �'* � L1(s) two people ,3,f:: 0 �;..._ � L7 two people each ,3,f:: 0 9-:J �;..._ -r-::;
� L11(s) two years old C<!l-\ �il � L1(s)
����cw�� ��====
uh-huh 5 1v � L8 uh-uh 5 5 1v � L8 um . . . �0) � L1 umbrella 1:J'ts. 1j!:- � L2 under ut r � L4 understand bt.J'.Q � L4 unhurriedly I':P"J < 0 � L6 university f;!_l 't.J'< *-'* � L1 U.S.A. 7' :"- IJ tJ � L1, � L2 use :J1:J'5 1� 1 � L6 usually t l \L"l' .:k�£!. � L3
����aoF��==== various l \-3l \-3tc�: � L9- II VCR t: 771" � L2(s), � L3 vegetable '"f->ts.l' Jf*- � L2 very crt. � L5 very 9 ;:: < � L11 very fond of f;!_LY9'(!-(tc�:) .:k*f � � L5 very soon =t. 59<" � L12 video game T-v t:-7-b. � L6 video tape t: -T;:;t � L2(s), � L3 vocabulary t::lv ;:: Jji.� � L9 voice ;::x_ J'E � L10- II vouchers itl\01:tfv �J.!� � L10(s)
wait *:J 1�-? � L4 wallet 'C!l ,,3, M ;(jj � L2 warm �t::t::t.J'l' B£1.1' � ' � L10 wash �65 ijC 1 � L8 watch cltl\ aHt � L2 watch g;..Q Jt � � L3 water g;. 9- 7](. � L3 we vt.:: ut::"5 tL ..t:: i? � L12- II weather L"lv=/5: �� � L5 weather forecast L" fv'(!-J: Ia; 5 � � t ¥It
�L8 weave ld:t::�S-@ t:i t:: � *it � � L12-II Wednesday 9l \J:?U 7](.��'& a � L4, � L4(s) week after next, the 'C!6l-\ u � 5 .pj.*�
� L4(s) week before last, the ttlvttlv u � 5 7t � il!
� L4(s)
weekend u � 5*-:> i!!* � L3 Welcome (to our store) L \ 6 "J u "\"> l\*it � L2 Welcome home. d31:J'X. 0 tc�:ts.L\ � G west 1;:: u � � L6(s) what t:J.Iv/tc�:l;: M � L1 what kind of . . . C:lvtc�: � L5 when L \-::> � L3 when . . . c=/5: '* � L4 where C:;:: � L2 which C:"56/C:"J"5 � L10 which . . . C:(]) � L2 which one ctl � L2 white u-3l' 8 \ ' � L9, � L9(s) who t;:_;tt � L2 why C:? uL" � L4 wife s < ts.lv � � !v � L7(s) wife 1:J'fcl:l' �1*1 � L7(s) wife 1.J'd7ts.lv � L7(s) wife -::>* * � L7(s) wife I;: J: 5 13:5 *� � L7(s) wife 'J47 � L7(s) window *C: � � L2(s), � L6 winter ,3,1-;P jf. � L8 wish tlt.J'l' � � , � L12- II with (a tool) -<:> � L10 woman slvtc�: * � L 11- II woman "Sivt:J.O)u-c * 0 A. � L7 word t::lv ;:: .iji.� � L9 work u ;:: e: i±� � L1 , � L8 work ld:t:: 6 < !l!l < � L11
TI-<L Vv 2 <1111 8
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
work for -:::>c66.@ i!Jth �
world ttt.J' L \ ilt W- � L1 0
worry GlvfcfL Y98 ���ET �
write 1J' < � <
wrong ( X ) ld:'-::>
� L4
� L11(s)
� L7
fi L12
����®�· ��� X-ray L-Y I-- 7'/ � L12(s)
����®�· ��� year c u 1¥- � L10- II year after next, the <! G L\tlfv W-*1¥-
� L4(s)
year before last, the s e c u � L4(s)
. . . year student -tl/vttL \ � 1¥- � � L1
. . . years -t1fv �1¥- � L10
. . . years old -c!L\ �!it. � L1, � L1(s)
yellow � L \�L \ Jit @. � ' � L9(s)
. . . yen -X.Iv � P3 � L2
yesterday �0)5 a'f s � L4, � L4(s)
yes x.x. � L1
yes ld:L' � L1
yes 5/v � L8
you ®tJ.tc. � L4
young tlf.J'L' � � ' � L9
younger brother s c 5 c (<!lv) * < :: A..,)
� L1, � L7, � L7(s)
younger sister L\=b5c (<!lv) � ( :: A..,)
� L1 , � L7, � L7(s)
����@t==· ��� zone tickets tt L \ 0 Itlv �!.!� � L10(s)
It N u m b e r s fJ'�
regular h -+ p h --+ p/b p k
1 " \ i? " \ -:? p " \ -:? p ( 1. \ -:? ) " \ -:?
2 t :
3 � 10 p b
4 J: l0 L J: J: p
5 �--'-
6 IS < IS -:? p IS -:? p ( IS -? ) IS -?
7 � � L i? L i?
8 U: l? ( tj: -:? p) tj -:? p ( tj: -:? ) t.:i-:?
9 � vp -) < <
10 t vp -J L vp -:? p L vp -:? p t vp -:? L vp -:?
how � 10 b many p
-?<> � •:4 ... �. ,!A. .f�
� F lv � � �* �it- � � � * ------"-:/ � h- � dollars month o 'clock year minute sticks page months
:Z 4 L lr4 I_J....,r;-/_ _;.A,..�·;.... .! . \ t· � P3 �* M �Jf- M � �M "'-'{� ...___ ;f / �-· �� yen hours years minutes cups pounds lesson
! \ \ . :;.. ll � ;; . � \
�tx �A_ "'-' IZ£ �® sheets people animals tinzes
!::" ., � ' ::.
�!$_ "" E "'-'i� degrees hundred small
� ..:: .:: items "" T
ten ;; f._
"'-' 7i ten
thousand
This chart shows how sounds in numbers (1-10) and counters change
according to their combination.
1. Hiragana indicate the sound changes in numbers, and alphabets
show the changes in the initial consonant of counters. 2. ( ) means that the change is optional.
3. An empty box means no sound change occurs.
k � g s s � z t special vacabulary
for numbers
I, \ -? I, \ "? I, \ -? \, \ "? V' t:. --? --? I, \ t::::. ""l? (f t:_ ry
--�· t::::. --? .,� .---::; �;- .,� , t::::. ry
g z h. -? --? h. -? 1;• / J: -? --? J: --::> 1;• / \, \ --? --? \, \ -:? ;? > �/
;; "? �· -? --? �' \, \ 1;• / t: t: --? t: (J) il' /
t:t -? tj -? U -? tj -? � -? "'? J: -) I;> / .:: .:: (!) --? .:: .:: (J) iJ > /
L l1> -? l: !1> -? L l1> --:> t ¥).> -? t:. }.; t:. }.; n' / g z \, \ < --? / /
h·l• -< ( -:,.;
'"'-'f� '"'-'� / � "-' Jt. '"'-'iA small items date people
floor cents shoes letters years of age It h. L•<i lrh- -It h. l?ri if> ::.<,
'""'*f ""'il!M "-'f- "-JT EI ct. t.i f::. t:, cf. cf. ,....__ ).._ houses weeks thousand street (20 years old) t tP -) l -? 1.1· (three or more
� -:> address ( 14) people) '"'-'-lflT books l.i--:::>1.1 • (20)
� \ \ 1 : t vp 7 -"Jjj; ;r, J: "? 1.1• (24) years � � � : i?
of age (how many)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
how many
J!Jifi C o n j u g a t t o n C h a r t tr:J �5 OJ:5
verb dictionary long forms
types forms
I (masu) (L. 3)
1rr. T ; I L .i T
1rr. < .; I � .i T I --
ru f.: ""' .; ""' .i T I -
u .;;� � ""' " " .i i"
.i -? I "-' i? .i T u
� .; I """ ry .i i" u -
u � .; '"-J ry .i i" I I
u l t: "-'.l:J. .i i" -
u � � --): """ lf .i T -
u L � I "'"' t : .i i" I -
u I;• < I ""' � .i -t -
" \ < ""' � .i T I u I -
I u " " � <·· '""' �� :i i"
I -
u ti � i" ----.. L .i T
te-forms
(L. 6)
L "'C I � "'( I .--..., "'(
"'--' ---:; "'(
"-' --? "'C
'"-J ---:; "'(
'"-J --? "'C
,...___, lv "'("
.--..., lv --c··
""' lv --c··
.--..., " \ "'( I * .--..., "'? "'(
.--..., \. \ "'(" I
----.. L --c I
short
past
(L. 9)
L f.:
� f.:
.--..., f.:
,...___, '::> f.:
,...___, "? f.:
.--..., "? f.:
,...___, "? f.:
""' lv f::
""' lv f3.'
'""' lv f::
'""' \. \ f.:
x t . ,...___, "'? .:
.--..., " \ f :::
'""' L f::.
I I I
I I
I
I
short 1 short
present neg. past neg.
(L. 8) I (L. 9)
L � " " L � .;;� '::> f::.
.::. � \. \ I .::. � .;;� '::> f::.
"'--' � \ \ I .--..., � I;� "? f::. I
"-'b � \. \ ! � b t;;: I;� '::> f.:
.--..., f.: � " \ I '"-J f.: t;;: I;� "? f.:
.--..., � � \. \ '"-J � t;;: I; , "'? f.:
* � \. \ * � I;• "'? f.:
.--..., _i � \ \ I ,...___, .i � I; , "'? f.:
.--..., t;f � " \ .--..., '.f' � I; • "? f::.
'"-J � � \ \ I ,...___, � � I;, "'? f.:
"'--' /;' � \ \ I .--..., I;, � I;� "'? f.:
.--..., .;;> � \. \ .--..., I;' � I;, "? f::.
.--..., .;;�· � \. \ '""' I; { � I;. "? f.:
'""' � ?J: \. \ I .--..., � � I;' "'? f.:
The forms \\;th * are exceptions.
About the Authors
Eri Banno is currently Associate Professor of Japanese
at Okayama Un iversity, Japan.
She graduated from Nanzan University in Nagoya
and earned her M.A. at St. Michael 's College, Vermont.
She has taught Japanese at Nanzan University
and Kansai Gaidai University.
Her publications include 80 Communication Games
for Japanese Language Teachers (The Japan Times).
Yutaka Ohno is cu rrently Associate Professor
at the Education Center for International Students at Nagoya University.
He earned h is M.A. in l inguistics
at Sophia Un iversity in Tokyo, and has done
post-graduate work at the Un iversity of Massachusetts, Amherst.
He has taught Japanese at the University of Massach usetts,
Amherst College, and Kansai Gaidai U niversity.
Yoko Sakane (Yoko Ikeda) is cu rrently Associate Professor
at International Student Center at lbaraki University, Japan .
She graduated from Morningside College, Iowa
and Kansai Gaidai University, and earned her M.A.
in comparative l iterature at Pennsylvania State Un iversity.
She has taught Japanese at the Eastern New Mexico Un iversity,
Pen nsylvania State Universi ty, and Kansai Gaidai University.
Ch ikako Shinagawa is currently teach ing Japanese
at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
She graduated from Aichi Prefectural Un iversity in Nagoya
and the Un iversity of Arkansas, Little Rock, and earned her M.A.
in Japanese at the Un iversity of Wisconsin, Madison.
She has taught Japanese at the Un iversity of California, Irvine,
and Kansai Gaidai University.
AN I NTEG RATE D COU RS E I N
ELEMENTARY JAPANESE
.
I
II III II 9 7 8 4 7 8 9 0 0 9 6 3 8
I I 1 1 11 11 1 1 9 2 0 0 8 1 0 3 0 0 0 2
I S B N 4 - 7 8 9 0 - 0 9 6 3 - 7
C 0 0 8 1 � 3 0 0 0 E
